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TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


A TREATISE 


ON  THE 

PARASITES  AND  PARASITIC 
DISEASES 

OF  THE 

DOMESTICATED  ANIMALS 


BY 

l.  g.  Neumann 

PROFESSOR  OF  THE  NATIONAL  VETERINARY  SCHOOL  OF  TOULOUSE 


{Translated  bg 

GEORGE  FLEMING,  C.B.,  LL.D.,  F.R.C.V.S. 


SECOND  EDITION 

REVISED  AND  EDITED  BY 

JAMES  MACQUEEN,  F.R.C.V.S. 

PROFESSOR  AT  THE  ROYAL  VETERINARY  COLLEGE,  LONDON 


WITH  365  ILLUSTRATIONS 

VETERINARY  medicine 
library 


NEW  YORK 

WILLIAM  R.  JENKINS 
851  & 853  SIXTH  AVENUE 
1906 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2016 


https://archive.org/details/treatiseonparasi00neum_0 


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PREFACE  TO  THE  SECOND  EDITION 

The  second  edition  of  Fleming’s  translation  of  Neumann  s Traite 
des  Maladies  Parasitaires  non  Microbiennes  des  Animaux  Domes - 
tiques  has  been  carefully  revised  and  brought  up  to  date.  The 
arrangement  of  the  chapters  remains  undisturbed,  but  the  footnote 
references  to  authors  have  been  removed  from  the  pages  and 
placed  together  at  the  end.  In  places  the  terminology  has  been 
altered — a change  which  might  have  been  extended  but  for  the 
fear  that  further  interference  with  familiar  names  would  cause 
inconvenience  to  many  who  may  consult  this  work. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  edition  I have  received  much  assistance, 
for  which  I desire  to  record  my  indebtedness  and  grateful  thanks  . 
to  the  author  of  the  original,  Professor  Neumann,  for  his  untiring 
helpfulness  in  reconstructing  the  chapter  on  the  Dermatomy coses, 
and  in  furnishing  most  of  the  additions  and  corrections  elsewhere  , 
to  Professor  McFadyean— always  accessible  and  ready  with  advice 
on  difficult  points— for  permission  to  transcribe  portions  of  his 
published  articles  on  parasites,  and  to  copy  Figs.  141,  142,  i43>  an(I 
144 ; to  Dr.  Salmon,  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
U.S.A.,  for  many  valuable  publications  on  parasites ; and  to 
Dr.  G.  H.  F.  Nuttall,  Cambridge  University,  for  a copy  of  his 
Critical  and  Historical  Study  of  the  ‘ Role  of  Insects,  Arachnids, 
and  Myriapods  as  Carriers  in  the  Spread  of  Bacterial  and  Parasitic 
Diseases  of  Man  and  Animals.’  I have  also  to  thank  my  colleagues 
—Professor  Woodruff,  for  assistance  with  the  pages  on  Ringworm, 
and  Mr.  T.  C.  Graves  for  revising  the  Index. 


J.  MACQUEEN. 

Royal  Veternary  College, 

London, 

September  1,  1905. 


v 


PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION 

(ABRIDGED) 


The  value  of  such  a work  as  this  of  Professor  Neumann  is  amply 
testified  to  by  the  fact,  that  the  first  edition  was  exhausted  in  less 
than  three  years,  while  the  author  received  the  Vernois  Prize  from 
the  Academie  de  Medicine  in  1889,  and  the  gold  medal  of  the 
Societe  Nationale  d’ Agriculture  de  France  ; the  War  Minister  of 
France  has  also  authorized  its  issue  to  all  the  mounted  corps  and 
the  military  schools  and  establishments.  No  better  evidence  of  its 
great  merits  could  be  adduced,  nor  can  stronger  proof  be  afforded 
of  the  recognition  and  encouragement  such  labours  meet  with  in 
France.  Professor  Neumann,  with  the  greatest  courtesy  and 
generosity,  not  only  gave  me  permission  to  translate  his  admirable 
work,  but  provided  me  with  corrections  and  additions  which  could 
not  appear  in  the  body  of  his  new  book.  For  all  this  goodness  and 
attention,  I beg  to  tender  my  estimable  friend  warmest  thanks. 

There  is  no  work  in  English  to  be  at  all  compared  with  this,  so- 
far  as  veterinary  medicine  is  concerned ; and  even  in  human 
medicine — English  or  foreign — there  is  none  so  comprehensive  and 
complete.  In  his  preface,  Neumann  states  : ‘ Those  who  have 
studied  the  subjects  so  numerous  and  varied,  the  substance  of  which 
is  given  in  this  book,  will  have  had  reason  to  be  astonished  at  the 
multiplicity  of  the  works  in  which  they  are  treated,  and  the  almost 
innumerable  documents  of  which  they  are  constituted.  They  will 
also  have  had  cause  to  regret  more  than  once  that,  in  our  country 
at  least,  no  one  has  ventured  to  give  a didactic  tableau  of  the  injury 
caused  by  parasites  to  the  health  .of  the  domesticated  animals. 
Having,  as  much  as  anyone,  had  to  regret  the  existence  of  this 
void,  we  determined  to  fill  it.  Truly,  this  attempt  is  not  altogether 
without  precedent ; but  none  of  the  French  or  foreign  works  to 


viii  PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION 

which  we  have  referred — excellent  though  some  of  them  are — could 
be  accepted  as  a model ; as  some  were  limited  to  the  “ entozoa,” 
others  to  the  parasites  of  the  skin,  certain  of  them  prematurely 
included  microbic  diseases  in  their  list,  or  confined  themselves  to 
the  parasites  only — neglecting  too  much  the  host  and  the  mischief 
they  caused ; while  the  majority,  if  not  all  of  them,  adapted  their 
plan  to  the  taxinomic  requirements  of  zoology  and  botany.  | “ * | 

‘ As  we  had  in  view  more  particularly  the  damage  done  to  health 
— the  parasitic  diseases — we  deemed  it  useful  to  establish  the  order 
to  be  followed  according  to  the  nature  of  the  organs  invaded ; and 
this  has  been  the  predominant  idea  throughout  the  work — the  rare 
deviations  therefrom  which  had  to  be  made  being  of  no  impor- 
tance, as  they  will  cause  no  trouble  or  hindrance  to  the  attentive 
reader  in  determining  the  character  of  the  parasites  he  may  meet 
with. 

‘ In  dealing  with  the  parasitic  diseases  of  our  domesticated 
animals,  no  notice  has  been  taken  of  those  very  small  and  subtle 
parasites  usually  designated  “ microbes,”  which  belong  to  the  vast 
class  of  Schizomycetes ; for,  notwithstanding  the  incontestable 
interest  that  invests  them,  as  a whole,  in  the  parasitism  of  animals, 
it  appeared  advantageous  to  omit  the  virulent  diseases.  One 
decisive  reason,  among  others,  justified  this  omission  ; for  if  among 
these  maladies  there  are  some  the  parasitic  origin  of  which  is  estab- 
lished, there  are  many  others,  unfortunately,  for  which  the  same 
cannot  be  said,  though  they  are  better  known,  and  cannot  be 
separated  from  them  with  regard  to  symptoms,  course,  lesions, 
conditions  of  contagion,  sanitary  police,  prophylactic  measures, 
etc.  The  diseases  which  we  here  treat  of  are  nearly  all  due  to 
relatively  large  parasites,  which  might  be  designated  macro- 
parasites. 

‘ The  domestic  animals  dealt  with  in  this  book — mammals  and 
birds — are  almost  exclusively  species  belonging  to  our  country,  as 
the  observations  regarding  parasitism  more  especially  belong  to 
them  ; the  species  special  to  Asia,  Africa,  and  America  have,  in 
this  connection,  an  interest  too  secondary  to  warrant  us  in  further 
extending  our  already  very  extensive  work.  Therefore  it  is  that 
they  have  only  received  rare  and  brief  notice. 

‘ Although  pathology  has  been  more  especially  kept  in  view,  we 
have  not  confined  ourselves  to  an  enumeration  of  the  troubles 
engendered  in  the  economy  by  the  organisms  that  invade  it.  In 
order  to  facilitate  diagnosis,  we  have  added  to  the  study  of  the 


PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION 


IX 


parasites — properly  so  called — that  of  the  commensals  which  are 
so  frequently  met  with  ; and  we  have  been  compelled  to  include 
all  the  living  forms  observed  on  the  surface  or  in  the  texture  of 
organs,  whether  they  be  common  or  rare,  frequent  or  exceptional. 

‘ As  it  is  not  always  easy,  in  presence  of  an  intrusive  species,  to 
allot  it  to  parasitism  or  commensalism,  and  as  numbers  are,  in  this 
matter  a powerful  element  in  distinguishing  it,  the  determination 
of  a parasite  is  singularly  aided  by  comparing  it  with  species  having 
the  same  habitat.  The  mention  which  accompanies  each  of  these 
gives  the  measure  of  its  importance. 

‘ In  order  to  render  a nosographical  account  of  the  parasitic 
disorders  intelligible,  it  is  absolutely  necessary  that  zoological,  and 
sometimes  botanical,  information  be  had  recourse  to.  Generally 
speaking,  this  has  been  reduced  to  the  strictest  minimum,  as  the 
reader  can  find  in  other  treatises  or  special  works  any  further  infor- 
mation he  may  require.’ 

I have  only  to  express  the  hope  and  desire  that  the  subject  of 
parasitism,  which  has  been  so  closely  and  advantageously  studied 
by  members  of  the  veterinary  profession — more  especially  in  France, 
Germany,  and  Italy — will  now  receive  greater  attention  from  those 
in  English-speaking  countries  generally — countries  which  cover 
such  a large  surface  of  the  globe,  and  therefore  offer  such  excellent 
opportunities  for  extending  our  knowledge  in  this  important  section 
of  biology  and  sanitary  science. 

The  metric  system  of  measurement  has  been  retained,  as  it  is 
the  most  convenient,  and  is  now  generally  adopted  in  scientific 
treatises.  The  introduction  of  the  micromillimetre  (n)  is  a great 
advantage  in  dealing  with  very  minute  objects.  The  title  of  the 
work  I have  also  taken  the  liberty  of  slightly  altering,  in  order  the 
better  to  indicate  its  scope  ; as  it  treats  not  only  of  parasitic  diseases 
and  their  treatment,  but  lucidly,  if  briefly,  of  the  parasites  them- 
selves— an  advantage  which  will  be  appreciated  by  those  who  wish 
to  gain  some  knowledge  of  them,  and  learn  to  identify  them. 


St.  John’s,  London, 

March,  1892. 


GEORGE  FLEMING. 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Preface  to  the  Second  Edition  . . . . . . . . v 

Preface  to  the  First  Edition  . . . . . . vii 

Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . i 

Vegetable  Parasites  . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 

Animal  Parasites  . . . . . . . . . . 3 

Habitat  of  the  Parasites  . . . . . . . . . . 5 

Degrees  and  Mode  of  Parasitism  . . . . . . . . 5 

Etiology  of  Parasitic  Diseases  . . . . . . . . . . 8 

Symptoms  and  Lesions  . . . . . . . . . . 12 

Diagnosis  . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

Nomenclature  of  Parasitic  Diseases  . . . . . . . . 15 

Prognosis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 

Prophylaxis  . . . . . . . . . . 16 

Treatment  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 

BOOK  I 

PARASITES  OF  THE  SKIN 

General  Considerations  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  19 

CHAPTER  I. — Dipterous  Parasites  in  the  Perfect  Insect  State  . . 22 

CHAPTER  II. — Dipterous  Parasites  of  the  Skin  in  the  Larval  State  . . 36 

CHAPTER  III.— The  Fleas  . . . . . . . . 52 

CHAPTER  IV. — Phthiriases  . . . . . . . . . . 58 

CHAPTER  V. — Acariases  . . . . . . 83 

A.— ACARIASES  OF  THE  DOMESTICATED  ANIMALS  ..  86 

Article  I. — Non-psoric  Acariases  . . . . . . 86 

Article  II. — Psoric  Acariases  . . . . . . 105 

1.  Sarcoptinic  Scabies  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..106 

A.  Scabies  of  the  Equida?  . . . . 127 

1.  Sarcoptic  Scabies  ..  ..  ..  ..128 

2.  Psoroptic  Scabies  . . . . . . 140 

3.  Chorioptic  Scabies  . . . . . . 143 

xi 


Xll 


CONTENTS 


BOOK  I.  ( continued ) 

l’AGE 

B.  Scabies  of  Bovine  Animals  . . . . . . 146 

1.  Sarcoptic  Scabies  . . . . . . . . 146 

2.  Psoroptic  Scabies  . . . . . . . . 146 

3.  Chorioptic  Scabies  ..  ..  ..  ..150 

C.  Scabies  of  the  Sheep  . . . . . . . . 1 5 1 

1 . Sarcoptic  Scabies  . . . . . . ..152 

2.  Psoroptic  Scabies  . . . . . . . . 154 

3.  Chorioptic  Scabies  . . . . . . . . 173 

D.  Scabies  of  the  Goat  . . . . . . . . 174 

1.  Sarcoptic  Scabies  ..  ..  ..  ..174 

2.  Chorioptic  Scabies  . . . . . . 176 

E.  Scabies  of  the  Pig  . . . . . . . . 177 

F.  Sarcoptic  Scabies  of  the  Rabbit  . . . . . . 179 

G.  Scabies  of  the  Dromedary  and  Camel  ..  ..  180 

H.  Sarcoptic  Scabies  of  the  Dog  . . . . . . 182 

I.  Sarcoptic  Scabies  of  the  Cat  . . . . . . 187 

J.  Sarcoptic  Scabies  of  the  Ferret  . . . . 190 

2.  Demodecic  Scabies  . . . . . . . . 191 

A.  Demodecic  Scabies  of  the  Dog  . . . . . . 193 

B.  Demodecic  Scabies  of  the  Pig  . . . . 201 

C.  Demodecic  Scabies  of  the  Goat  . . . . . . 202 

D.  Demodecic  Scabies  of  the  Ox  . . . . . . 202 

B .—ACARIASES  OF  DOMESTICATED  BIRDS  . . ..202 

Article  I. — Non-psoric  Acariases  . . . . . . 203 

Article  II. — Psoric  Acariases  . . . . . . 219 

1.  Scabies  of  the  Legs  . . . . . . . . ..  220 

2.  Scabies  of  the  Body,  Depluming  Scabies  . . . . 223 

CHAPTER  VI. — Cutaneous  Helminthiases . . ..  ..  ..  226 

Article  I. — Parasitic  Dermatorrhagia  . . . . . . 226 

Article  II. — Summer  Sores  of  Horses  . . . . . . 229 

Article  III. — Dracontiasis  (Filaria  of  Medina)  . . . . 234 

Article  IV. — Indigenous  Cutaneous  Filariasis  of  the  Dog  237 
Article  V. — Verminous  Foot-rot  of  Sheep  . . . . 238 

CHAPTER  VII. — Dermatomycoses  . . . . . . . . 239 

Article  I. — Ringworm  of  the  Horse  and  Ass  . . . . 245 

Article  II. — Ringworm  of  the  Ox  ..  ..  ..255 

Article  III. — Ringworm  of  the  Sheep,  Goat,  and  Pig  . . 259 

Article  IV. — Ringworm  of  the  Dog  . . . . . . 260 

Article  V. — Ringworm  of  the  Cat  . . . . . . 263 

Article  VI. — Favus  of  the  Rabbit  . . . . . . 266 

Article  VII. — Tinea  of  the  Fowl  ..  ..  ..  267 

Article  VIII. — Onychomycosis  of  Equid^;  . . . . 269 


CONTENTS  xiii 

BOOK  II 

PARASITES  OF  THE  DIGESTIVE  APPARATUS 

PAGE 

General  Considerations  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..271 

CHAPTER  I. — Parasites  of  the  Mouth  and  Pharynx . . ..  ..  281 

Article  I. — H^emopis  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..281 

CHAPTER  II. — Parasites  of  the  (Esophagus  and  Stomach  . . . . 288 

Article  I. — Parasites  of  the  (Esophagus  and  Stomach  of 

Equid.e  . . . . . . . . . . 288 

Article  II. — Parasites  of  the  (Esophagus  and  Stomach  of 

Ruminants  . . . . . . . . 300 

Article  III. — Parasites  of  the  Stomach  of  the  Pig  ..  310 

Article  IV. — Parasites  of  the  (Esophagus  and  Stomach  of 

the  Dog  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..312 

Article  V. — Parasites  of  the  Stomach  of  the  Cat  ..  314 

Article  VI. — Parasites  of  the  Stomach  of  the  Rabbit  ..  315 

Article  VII. — Parasites  of  the  (Esophagus  and  Stomach  of 

Birds  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  316 

CHAPTER  III. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  . . . . . . 320 

A.  — DOMESTICATED  MAMMALIA  ..  ..  .-333 

Article  I. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Equid.e  . . 333 

Article  II. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Ox  . . 348 

Article  III. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Sheep  ..  355 

Article  IV. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Goat  . . 364 

Article  V. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Pig  . . 365 

Article  VI. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Dog  . . 370 

Article  VII. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Cat  . . 397 

Article  VIII. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Rabbit  401 
Article  IX. — Parasites  of  the  Stomach  and  Intestine  of  the 

Elephant  . . . . . . . . 403 

B . —DOMESTICATED  BIRDS  ..  ..  ..  ..404 

Article  I. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  Poultry  . . 404 

Article  II. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Turkey, 

Guinea-fowl,  Peacock,  and  Pheasant  ..  41 1 

Article  III. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Pigeon  ..  412 

Article  IV. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Duck  . . 414 

Article  V. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Goose  . . 417 

Article  VI. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Swan  . . 420 

CHAPTER  IV. — Parasites  of  the  Liver  ..  ..  ..  ..  421 

Article  I. — Coccidiosis  of  the  Liver  . . . . . . 426 

Article  II. — Echinococcosis  of  the  Liver  . . . . 431 

Article  III. — Distomiasis  of  the  Liver  . . . . . . 440 

1 . Distomiasis  of  Herbivora  . . . . . . . . 440 

2.  Distomiasis  of  Carnivora  . . . . . . . . 464 

CHAPTER  V. — Parasites  of  the  Pancreas  and  Spleen  ..  ..  465 


XIV 


CONTENTS 


BOOK  III 

PARASITES  OF  THE  SEROUS  MEMBRANES 

PAGE 

Equidse  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 

Ruminants  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 

Pig  • . • • • • • • • - . . . . . . 469 

Rabbit  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 

Dog  and  Cat  . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 

BOOK  IV 

PARASITES  OF  THE  RESPIRATORY  APPARATUS 

General  Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . 474 

A .—DOMESTICATED  MAMMALIA  . . ..  ..475 

CHAPTER  I. — Parasites  of  the  Nasal  Cavities  and  Larynx  ..  ..475 

Article  I. — Nasal  Coccidiosis  of  the  Rabbit  . . . 475 

Article  II. — Linguatulida  . . . . . . . 476 

Article  III. — Larv^:  of  the  CEstrus  . . . . 483 

CHAPTER  II. — Parasites  of  the  Trachea,  Bronchi  and  Lungs  . . . . 490 

Article  I. — Pulmonary  Echinococcosis  . . . . . . 490 

Article  II. — Pulmonary  Distomatosis  . . . . . . 493 

Article  III. — Bronchial  and  Pulmonary  Strongyloses  . . 494 

1.  Verminous  Broncho-pneumonia  of  the  Sheep  and  Goat  . . 496 

2.  Verminous  Bronchitis  of  Bovines  . . . . . . 503 

3.  Verminous  Bronchitis  of  the  Camel  . . . . . . 506 

4.  Verminous  Bronchitis  of  Equines  . . . . . . 507 

5.  Verminous  Bronchitis  of  the  Pig  . . . . . . 507 

6.  Verminous  Bronchitis  of  the  Rabbit  . . . . . . 509 

Article  IV. — Helminthiases  of  the  Trachea,  Bronchi  and 

Lungs  of  the  Dog  . . . . . . 509 

Article  V. — Helminthiases  of  the  Trachea,  Bronchi  and 

Lungs  of  the  Cat  . . . . ..513 

B .—DOMESTICATED  BIRDS  ..  ..  ..  ..515 

CHAPTER  I. — Verminous  Tracheo-Bronchitis  (Syngamosis)  ..  ..  516 

CHAPTER  II. — Mycosis  of  the  Air-Passages  ..  ..  ..521 

BOOK  V 

PARASITES  OF  THE  CIRCULATORY  APPARATUS 

General  Considerations  . . . . . . . . 523 

CHAPTER  I. — Hsematozoa  of  the  Horse  ..  ..  ..  ..524 

Article  I. — Nematodes  . . . . . . . . 524 

CHAPTER  II. — Hsematozoa  of  Ruminants.  . . . . . . . 532 


CONTENTS 


xv 


BOOK  V ( continued ) 

l'AC.E 

CHAPTER  III. — Haemotozoa  of  the  Dog  ..  ..  ..  535 

Article  I. — H^ematozoa  of  Lewis  ..  ..  535 

Article  II. — Haematic  Filiariasis  ..  ..  ..  537 

Article  III. — Strongylosis  of  Bloodvessels  . . . . 542 

Article  IV. — Spiroptera  Sanguinolenta  . . . . . . 544 

CHAPTER  IV. — Hsematozoa  of  Birds  . . . . . . . . 546 

BOOK  VI 

PARASITES  OF  THE  MUSCLES,  CONNECTIVE  TISSUE  AND  BONES 

General  Considerations  . . . . . . . . 547 

Coenurus  Cerebralis  . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 

Coenurus  Serialis  . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 

Echinococci  . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 

Distomum  Hepaticum  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..550 

Distomes  of  the  Muscles  of  the  Pig  . . . . . . 550 

Nematodes  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..551 

Spiroptera  Reticulata  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..552 

CHAPTER  I. — Psorospermosis  of  the  Muscles  and  Connective  Tissue  . . 555 

Article  I. — Muscular  Psorospermosis  ..  ..  555 

Article  II. — Connective-Tissue  Psorospermosis  . . . . 560 

CHAPTER  II. — Measles  . . . . . . . . . . 562 

Article  I. — Measles  of  the  Pig  . . . . . . . . 562 

Article  II. — Measles  of  the  Dog  . . . . 575 

Article  III. — Measles  of  the  Ox  . . . . 576 

Article  IV. — Various  Measles  . . . . . . 584 

CHAPTER  III. — Trichinosis  ..  ..  ..  ..  585 

CHAPTER  IV. — Parasites  of  the  Bones  (Echinococci)  . . . . 605 

BOOK  VII 

PARASITES  OF  THE  NERVE  CENTRES  AND  ORGANS  OF  SENSE 

CHAPTER  I. — Parasites  of  the  Nerve  Centres  . . . . . . 606 

Article  I. — Wandering  Helminthes  . . . . . . 606 

Article  II. — Hydatido-cephalus  or  * Gid  ’ . . . . 607 

Article  III. — Larvae  of  the  CEstrid^e  ..  ..  ..  618 

CHAPTER  II. — Parasites  of  the  Sensory  Organs  . . . . 620 

Article  I. — Parasites  of  the  Ear  . . . . . . 620 

1 . Psoroptic  Otacariases  . . . . . . . . ..621 

A.  — Psoroptic  Otacariasis  of  the  Rabbit  . . . . 622 

B.  — Psoroptic  Otacariasis  of  the  Goat  . . . . 624 


XVI 


CONTENTS 


BOOK  VII  ( continued ) 

PAGE 

2.  Chorioptic  Otacariasis  . . . . . . . . . . 625 

A.  — Chorioptic  Otacariasis  of  the  Dog  ..  ..  625 

B.  — Chorioptic  Otacariasis  of  the  Cat  . . . . 630 

C.  — Chorioptic  Otacariasis  of  the  Ferret  . . . . 630 

Article  II. — Parasites  of  the  Eye  ..  ..  ..631 

1.  Ocular  Cysticercosis  ..  ..  . . ..  ..631 

2.  Intra-ocular  Filariasis  . . . . ..  ..  ..632 

3.  Extra-ocular  Filariasis  . . . . . . . . . . 634 


BOOK  VIII 

PARASITES  OF  THE  GENITO-URINARY  ORGANS 


CHAPTER  I. — Parasites  of  the  Urinary  Organs  . . . . 637 

Coccidia  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637 

Cestodes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 

Trematodes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 

Nematodes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 

Acari  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644 

Larvae  of  the  (Estridae  . . . . . . . . . . 644 

CHAPTER  II. — Parasites  of  the  Generative  Organs  . . . . . . 645 

Mammalia  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645 

Birds  . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 645 

Bibliography  . . . . . . . . . . . . 647 

General  Index  . . . . . . . . . . . . 679 


A TREATISE 


ON  THE 

NON-MICROBIC  PARASITIC  DISEASES 
OF  THE  DOMESTICATED  ANIMALS 


INTRODUCTION 

Of  the  diseases  which  are  engendered  in  the  external  media  surround- 
ing animals,  many  are  due  to  inferior  organisms  contained  in  these 
media — organisms  in  various  stages  of  development,  from  the  egg 
to  the  perfect  individual.  The  recent  and  uninterrupted  progress 
of  science  daily  increases  the  domain  of  this  section  of  pathology, 
and  incessantly  tends  to  include  disorders  which,  until  lately,  were 
ascribed  to  purely  physical  causes.  Hence  has  arisen  a special 
branch  of  science,  Parasitology , which  has  a distinct  object  and 
methods,  and  possesses  a particularly  suggestive  interest. 

In  the  immense  laboratory  of  living  matter  representing  the 
organic  world,  the  conditions  of  nutrition  are  so  framed  for  animals, 
and  also  for  non-chlorophyllous  plants,  that  their  aliment  is  ex- 
clusively composed  of  organic  substances.  The  majority  of  these 
organisms  subsist  on  lifeless  matter  ; but  there  are  many  that  prefer 
to  derive  their  nourishment  from  living  beings,  and  so  obtain  it 
during  a part,  or  even  the  whole  period  of  their  existence.  When 
the  relations  between  size  and  strength  are  such  that  the  consumer 
is  inferior  to  its  victim,  the  former  becomes  the  parasite  of  the  latter. 

Parasitism  is,  therefore,  only  a particular  instance  of  Symbiosis 
(De  Bary)  ; and  the  various  forms  of  life  in  common  of  different 
organisms  are  so  named,  there  being  distinguished  mutualism,  com- 
mensalism, and  parasitism  (P.  J.  Van  Beneden). 

In  mutualism,  or  mutualistic  symbiosis,  the  two  beings  in  contact 
form  a real  association  or  union,  which  is  beneficial  to  both.  In 
commensalism  one  of  the  two  alone  profits  by  this  union,  in  which  it 
finds  a refuge,  and  also,  without  injuring  its  co-symbiot,  more 
favourable,  if  only  contingent,  conditions  for  existence.  In  para- 
sitism, or  antagonistic  symbiosis,  only  one  of  the  organisms,  again, 
gains  by  the  union,  which  affords  it  an  assured  shelter  and  subsist- 

i 


2 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


ence — sometimes  only  the  latter — most  frequently  at  the  expense  of 
its  co-symbiot,  which  in  this  case  becomes  its  host  (or  bearer).  It  is 
in  this  sense  that  we  adopt  the  word  ‘ parasite/  and  so  give  it  an 
extension  which  will  be  at  least  justified  by  the  aim  of  this  work. 

The  Parasites  (Trapao-tros,  eating  beside  or  with  another,  from  7 rapd, 
beside,  and  o-iros,  food)  which  live  on  the  domesticated  animals 
(Mammals  and  Birds)  belong  to  the  vegetable  and  animal  kingdoms. 
All  the  vegetable  parasites  ( Phytoparasites ) are  fungi ; all  the  animal 
parasites  (, Zooparasites ) belong  to  the  Invertebrata. 

Vegetable  Parasites. — The  majority  of  the  parasitic  Fungi  of  the 
domesticated  animals  are  included  in  the  group — order  or  family — 
of  Schizomycetes,  Bacteria  or  Bacteriacece.  They  are  formed  of  a 
single  cell  destitute  of  nucleus,  the  homogeneous  protoplasm  of 
which  is  generally  colourless,  and  is  enveloped  in  a thin  membrane. 
Their  essential  mode  of  multiplication  is  by  division,  nearly  always 
transversal,  and  rarely  in  two,  or  even  three  directions.  Among  them 
are  found  the  most  minute  organisms.  If,  indeed,  some  of  them 
may  measure  two  to  ten  millimetres  in  length,  there  are  many  that 
reach  the  limit  of  the  magnifying  power  of  the  best  microscopes.  All 
the  inferior  organisms  which  are  now  popularly  designated  Microbes 
belong  to  the  Schizomycetes.  The  considerable  part  they  play  in 
the  general  economy  of  Nature  is  every  day  rendered  more  evident 
by  the  progress  of  science,  and  there  is  a particular  tendency  to  give 
them  a more  and  more  preponderating  influence  in  the  etiology  of 
infectious  or  contagious  maladies — such  as  Anthrax,  Glanders, 
Tuberculosis,  Swine-plague,  Tetanus,  Fowl  Cholera,  Typhoid  Fever, 
etc.  Pathogenic  microbes,  or  their  chemical  products  (toxines), 
are  now  considered  the  virulent  agents  proper  to  each  of  these 
affections  ; and  their  multiplication  within  the  body  of  an  infected 
animal  affords  an  explanation  of  the  characteristic  processes  of 
these  diseases. 

Their  role  in  pathology,  the  special  nature  of  the  disorders  they 
occasion,  their  biological  physiognomy,  the  delicate  methods  re- 
quired in  their  study,  and  the  different  points  of  view  from  which 
they  may  be  considered,  separate  them  distinctly  from  the  other 
parasites.  It  is  for  this  reason  that  they  are  not  comprised  in  this 
work,  which  is  devoted  only  to  parasites  relatively  gigantic  for  the 
most  part,  localized  in  one  or  more  organs  or  tissues,  and  never 
intimately  mixed  up  in  the  fluids.  But  it  must  be  stated  that  there 
are  between  these  two  large  groups  of  parasites  some  intermediate 
ones  : Schizomycetes,  such  as  the  Sarcina  ; the  Micrococcus  of  the 
funiculus  ; the  Actinomyces  bovis,  etc.,  which  very  closely  localize 
themselves  ; and  macroparasites  which,  at  certain  phases  of  their 
development,  invade  the  circulating  fluid — as  the  embryos  of  the 
hsematozoa.  Notwithstanding  these  few  exceptions,  there  is  more 
advantage  than  inconvenience  in  separating  the  study  of  these  two 
groups  of  parasites.  Consequently,  only  a small  number  of  para- 
sitic fungi  will  be  referred  to  in  this  work. 


INTRODUCTION 


3 


Animal  Parasites. — Three  sections  only  of  the  animal  kingdom 
contain  the  parasites  of  the  domesticated  animals  ; these  are  the 
Protozoa , Worms,  and  Arthropodes. 

A.  The  Protozoa  are  very  small,  often  microscopic  creatures, 
formed  of  a single  and  more  or  less  complex  cell,  and  possessing 
neither  differential  organs  nor  tissues.  Their  reproduction  never 
requires  the  intervention  of  male  or  female  sexual  elements  (sperma- 
tozoids  or  ova),  but  takes  place  by  fission,  budding,  or  sporulation  ; 
at  most,  it  may  sometimes  be  preceded  by  the  definitive  or  transient 
fusion  of  two  or  more  individuals  (conjugation). 

They  are  divided  into  five  classes,  of  which  only  two  ( Sporozoa , 
Infusoria)  contain  parasites  of  the  domesticated  animals. 

The  Sporozoa  are  parasitic  Protozoa  provided  with  a nucleus,  and 
generally  limited  to  the  adult  age  by  a hairless  cuticle  which  has 
no  flagellum  or  suckers.  They  are  reproduced  by  spores , resulting 
from  segmentation  of  their  protoplasm  or  sarcode.  They  are  often 
designated  Psorospermice.  Balbiani  has  arranged  them  in  five 
orders : Gregarina,  Coccidia  (Psorospermice  oviformes),  Sarcosporidia 
(Psorospermice  utriculiformes ),  Myxosporidia  (Psorospermice  of  Fish), 
and  Microsporidia  (Psorospermice  of  the  Arthropodes).  The  Psoro- 
spermiae  which  concern  us  are  the  Coccidia  and  Sarcosporidia.  The 
first  chiefly  inhabit  the  digestive  apparatus,  the  second  are  found 
exclusively  in  the  muscles. 

The  Infusoria  are  Protozoa  provided  with  a nucleus,  and,  generally, 
a cuticle  bearing  cilia,  flagella,  or  suckers.  They  are  divided  into 
three  sub-classes  according  to  the  nature  of  their  appendages. 
Infusoria  are  more  particularly  found  in  the  digestive  apparatus,  or 
its  dependencies,  of  the  domesticated  animals  : they  belong  to  the 
Flagellata  or  Ciliata. 

B.  The  Worms  are  Invertebrata,  with  a soft  contractile  body, 
which  is  symmetrically  bilateral  and  non-articulated,  or  is  markedly 
divided  into  a linear  series  of  similar  (homonomous)  rings,  is  always 
destitute  of  articulated  limbs,  and  is  provided  with  a system  of 
excretory  organs  in  pairs  (aquiferous  vessels)  opening  externally. 

This  section  contains  a vast  collection — the  Helminthes  (e'A jjuvs, 
worm) — which  do  not  form  a very  natural  zoological  class  ; but 
from  our  point  of  view  it  is  useful  to  bring  them  into  one  group, 
because  of  the  analogies  in  their  habitat,  and  their  mode  of  action. 
These  are  the  Worms  which  are  generally  parasitic  ; they  are 
cylindrical  or  flattened,  are  always  destitute  of  a ventral  chain  of 
nerve-ganglia,  and  have  no  rotatory  apparatus  for  locomotion.  All 
those  we  treat  of  belong  to  this  group,  with  the  exception  of  a small 
number  which  pertain  to  the  Annelida. 

The  Leeches  (Hirudines)  have  the  body  cylindrical  or  flattened, 
are  distinctly  ringed,  and  have  always  a ventral  chain  of  nerve- 
ganglia,  an  oesophageal  collar,  a cerebroid  ganglion,  and  a blood- 
vascular  system.  The  Hcemopis  sanguisuga  and  other  leeches  will 
be  considered  with  the  parasites  of  the  mouth  and  pharynx. 

The  Helminthes  demand  a more  detailed  description.  Simple  in 

i — 2 


4 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


their  organization,  they  are — especially  as  parasites — unprovided 
with  sensory  organs,  and  their  feeble  respiration  is  always  carried  on 
through  the  integuments.  Designated  in  many  works  as  Entozoa, 
intestinal  Worms , etc.,  although  they  may  be  found  in  various  organs, 
they  are  divided  into  two  classes  : the  Platyhelminthes , with  bodies 
generally  flat ; and  N emathelminthes,  whose  bodies  are  nearly 
cylindrical. 

The  Platyhelminthes  or  Platodes  comprise  three  orders  : Cestoda, 
Trematoda,  and  Turbellaria.  The  first  two  only  are  limited  to  a 
parasitic  existence.  Nearly  all  the  species  are  hermaphrodite. 

The  Cestoda  or  Cestoides  (kco-tos,  band,  and  efSos,  form)  are  Platy- 
helminthes whose  bodies  are  nude  in  the  adult  condition,  ribbon- 
shaped, nearly  always  segmented,  and  provided  at  one  extremity 
with  organs  of  fixation — suckers  or  hooks  ; they  have  no  digestive 
apparatus.  In  the  adult  state,  they  live  in  the  intestines  of  the 
higher  animals  ; but  before  that  period  they  undergo  a certain 
number  of  metamorphoses  and  migrations,  which  are  often  effected 
in  the  most  diverse  organs  of  different  hosts. 

The  Trematoda  (r/o^/xaTwSrjs,  perforated)  are  Platyhelminthes,  the 
bodies  of  which  are  nude,  soft,  and  non-segmented,  generally 
foliaceous,  and  furnished  with  one  or  more  suckers  ; they  have  a 
digestive  canal  having  a single  opening  and  no  anus.  Those  which 
concern  us  live  as  parasites  in  the  interior  of  the  body  of  their  host 
(endoparasites)  and  belong  to  the  sub-order  of  Distomea.  They 
possess  at  most  two  suckers,  of  which  the  anterior  is  oval. 

The  N emathelminthes  {vrjfia,  thread)  or  round  Worms , in  which  the 
sexes  are  nearly  always  separate,  comprise  two  orders  : Acantho- 
cephala  and  Nematoda. 

The  Acanthocephala  have  no  digestive  canal,  and  have  a protrac- 
tile proboscis  armed  with  hooks.  They  include  only  the  E chino - 
rhynchus,  which,  in  the  adult  state,  lives  in  the  digestive  canal  of 
Vertebrates. 

The  Nematoda  or  N emato'ides  have  a digestive  canal,  generally 
complete,  with  two  openings.  They  are  elongated,  frequently 
slender,  and  even  filiform.  Their  number  is  considerable,  and  they 
are  found  in  all  the  organs  of  the  domesticated  animals,  with  the 
exception  of  the  bones. 

C.  The  Arthropoda  are  Invertebrates,  symmetrically  bilateral, 
formed  of  dissimilar  rings  (heteronomous),  and  always  provided 
with  articulated  limbs.  There  are  four  classes  : Crustacea , Arach- 
nida,  Myriapoda,  and  Insecta.  The  Arachnida  and  Insecta  alone 
contain  species  which  are  parasitic  in  the  domesticated  animals. 

a.  The  Arachnida  are  air-breathing  Arthropoda,  respiration  being 
effected  by  a trachea  and  lungs,  or  by  the  cutaneous  surface  ; the 
head  is  usually  fixed  to  the  thorax  (cephalothorax)  ; there  are  two 
pairs  of  masticatory  appendages  (gnathites),  four  pairs  of  feet,  no 
wings,  and  an  apodous  abdomen.  Of  the  orders  into  which  they  are 
divided,  two  alone  include  parasites  of  warm-blooded  Vertebrates  : 
these  are  the  Linguatulida  and  the  A carina.  The  first  live,  when 


INTRODUCTION 


5 


adults,  in  the  air-passages,  but  in  the  larval  state  they  infest  the 
internal  organs.  The  parasitic  Acarina  almost  exclusively  inhabit 
the  surface  or  the  substance  of  the  skin. 

b.  The  Insects  are  air-breathing  Arthropoda,  with  a trachea, 
having  their  bodies  divided  into  three  distinct  parts  (head,  thorax, 
and  abdomen),  the  head  carrying  a pair  of  antennae,  the  thorax  three 
pairs  of  legs,  and  most  frequently  two  pairs  of  wings.  There  are 
many  orders,  only  two  of  which — the  Diptera  and  Hemiptera — 
contain  parasitic  species,  nearly  all  of  which  live — at  least,  in  the 
adult  state — on  the  surface  or  in  the  substance  of  the  skin. 

Habitat  of  the  Parasites. — Parasites  live  on  the  surface  of  the  skin 
or  in  the  depth  of  organs.  The  first  are  named  ectoparasites , and 
the  second  endoparasites. 

The  ectoparasites  are  vegetable  and  an'mal.  The  first  are  called 
dermatophytes , and  the  others  epizoa  or  ectozoa.  The  two  last  names 
are  generally,  however,  more  part'cularly  applied  to  the  apterous 
Insects  known  as  Pediculidce  and  the  Lxe-like  Ricinidce.  The 
other  animal  ectoparasites  are  the  Acarina  and  Insects. 

The  vegetable  endoparasites  comprise  all  the  phytoparasites  other 
than  the  dermatophytes.  The  animal  endoparasites  are  the 
Sporozoa,  the  Infusoria,  and  the  Worms  ; there  are  also  the  larvae 
of  certain  Insects,  and  notably  those  of  several  CEstridae.  The  term 
Entozoa,  which  is  quite  suitable,  is  applied  almost  exclusively  to  the 
Helminthes. 

Degrees  and  Mode  of  Parasitism. — Parasitism  occurs  in  various 
degrees.  It  may  be  facultative  or  obligatory.  Facultative  or  occa- 
sional parasitism  (Leuckart)  is  rarely  met  with  beyond  the  Fungi, 
and  particularly  the  Schizomycetes,  a large  number  of  which  may 
develop  indifferently  in  lifeless  media,  in  organic  matter  undergoing 
decomposition,  or  even  in  living  bodies.  Nearly  all  the  parasites 
embraced  in  our  study  present  obligatory  or  constant  parasitism 
(Leuckart)  ; their  development  necessarily  admits  of  it,  at  least 
during  a portion  of  their  existence. 

From  this  point  of  view,  parasitism  is  transitory  or  permanent.  It 
is  transitory  for  the  creatures  which,  during  a portion  of  their  life, 
may  be  nourished  external  to  an  animal  organism  ; and  sometimes 
it  may  take  place  only  during  early  age — as  in  the  case  of  the 
QEstridae,  of  which  only  the  larvae  are  parasites  ; at  other  times,  it 
is  only  at  adult  age — such  are  the  Anchylostomes,  the  Ixodinae,  and 
the  Chigoe.  Permanent  parasitism  extends  from  the  hatching  of  the 
egg  and  liberation  of  the  embryo,  to  the  phase  of  reproduction  in  the 
adult.  The  majority  of  the  Entozoa  undergo  permanent  parasitism. 

Parasites  may  also  be  fixed  or  erratic , according  as  they  have  a 
narrowly  defined  habitat  and  cannot  spontaneously  pass  from  one 
host  to  another  (Helminthes,  Linguatula,  larvae  of  the  CEstridae),  or 
enjoy  a more  extensive  domain  (Lice,  Ticks,  psoric  Acarina,  Fleas, 
Bugs,  Gnats,  Leeches,  etc.). 


6 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


For  the  latter — obligatory  and  erratic  parasites — parasitic  life 
may  be  essentially  intermittent , that  is,  when  they  only  visit  their 
host  to  obtain  nourishment,  leaving  immediately  afterwards.  Such 
are  the  adult  Diptera  (Stomoxes,  Haematobia,  Tabanidae,  Simuliidae, 
Gnats,  etc.),  which,  when  they  are  gorged  with  blood,  forsake  their 
entertainer  and  fly  to  other  occupations.  Parasitism  is  continuous 
for  those  which  remain  permanently  on  the  surface  of  their  host  for 
generations  : Lice  and  psoric  Acari.  Remittent  parasitism  is  an 
intermediate  form  between  intermittence  and  continuity,  and 
examples  are  furnished  by  the  erratic  parasites  which  breed  away 
from  their  hosts,  and  are  not  so  closely  attached  to  them — such  are 
Lice,  Hippoboscidae,  Haemopis. 

The  mode  of  reproduction  is,  in  fact,  one  of  the  principal  factors 
that  determine  the  conditions  in  which  parasitism  shall  take  place  ; 
and  in  proof  of  this,  there  is  the  profusion  with  which  the  germs  are 
produced — this  tending  to  compensate  for  the  many  causes  of  de- 
struction to  which  they  are  exposed. 

With  regard  to  intermittent  and  remittent  parasites,  reproduction 
is  independent  of  the  host,  copulation  usually  occurring  far  from  the 
latter,  and  ovulation  always. 

Transient  parasitism  often  commences  at  ovulation,  and  termi- 
nates at  adult  age  (larvse  of  the  (Estridae). 

Independently  of  the  cases  mentioned  above  (continuous  para- 
sitism), in  which  generations  succeed  one  another  indefinitely  in  the 
same  host,  there  are  others  where  the  eggs,  deposited  in  the  body  of 
the  entertainer,  are  soon  expelled,  and  must  remain  external  until 
they  reach  the  maturity  indispensable  to  hatching.  This  may  take 
place  either  in  an  external  medium,  or  in  a new  host  into  which  the 
eggs  may  have  passed  by  various  channels.  The  Helminthes  offer 
in  this  respect  extremely  varied  types,  of  which  we  shall  only  notice 
those  relating  to  the  parasites  of  the  domesticated  animals,  or  to 
neighbouring  and  better  known  species. 

Sometimes  complete  evolution  of  the  species  only  requires  one 
host,  sometimes  it  demands  two,  successive  and,  in  general,  specifi- 
cally different  hosts.  Parasites  may  therefore  be  termed  monoxenous 
( fx6vo<s , single,  and  fei/os,  host)  or  heteroxenous  (eTqoos,  different,  £evos, 
host). 

I.  Monoxenous  Parasites. — a.  The  ovum  having  been  evacuated 
by  the  host,  the  embryo  is  developed  within  the  shell,  and,  while  it 
is  still  there,  passes  into  a new  and  definitive  host.  Examples  : 
Oxyuris  vermicularis , Trichocephalus  affinis. 

b.  The  embryos,  having  left  their  shell,  live  in  water  or  moist  soil, 
and  are  nourished  and  grow  there  ; but  they  are  not  complete — that 
is  to  say,  sexualized — until  after  they  reach  the  body  of  their  host. 
Example  : Anchylostomum. 

II.  Heteroxenous  Parasites. — These  pass  by  an  intermediate  or 
transitory  host , in  which  they  cannot  attain  their  complete  develop- 
ment ; consequently,  this  first  host  must  become  the  prey  of  a 
second  or  definitive  host.  The  choice  of  the  latter  is  subordinate  to 


INTRODUCTION 


7 


its  habits.  This  passing  of  the  heteroxenous  parasites  from  one  host 
to  another  is  named  transmigration. 

a.  Some  of  the  embryos  pass  to  the  intermediate  host ; others 
may  develop  in  the  host  in  which  they  are  hatched.  Example  : 
Ollulanus  tricuspis.  This  type  serves  as  a transition  between  the 
monoxenous  and  heteroxenous  parasites. 

b.  The  embryos  are  hatched  in  the  body  of  the  host  which  shelters 
their  mother,  and  invade  its  tissues  ; they  attain  the  adult  state  in 
a second  host.  Example  : Trichina  ( Trichinella ) spiralis. 

c.  The  eggs  are  expelled  from  the  body  of  the  definitive  host,  and 
the  embryos — free  or  yet  in  the  shell — pass  to  the  intermediate  host, 
where,  after  a first  development,  they  give  rise,  by  asexual  genera- 
tion, to  individuals  different  from  their  parent.  It  is  incumbent 
that  these  individuals  make  one  or  more  migrations,  in  order  to 
realize  the  definitive  form  which  terminates  the  cycle  of  their 
development.  These  parasites,  therefore,  represent  what  has  been 
termed  alternate  or  heterogeneous  digenesis.  By  their  faculty  of 
multiplication  in  the  intermediate  host,  they  realize  more  exactly 
than  the  others  the  heteroxeny  of  the  Fungi.  Example  : Tcenia 
ccenurus,  which  has  the  Sheep  for  a transitory  host,  in  the  brain  of 
which  it  is  developed  as  an  agamous  form  of  coenurus — and  for 
definitive  host  the  Dog,  whose  intestine  it  inhabits  while  acquiring 
the  adult  state. 

Lastly,  there  are  many  parasites  the  metamorphoses  and  migra- 
tions of  which  we  are  still  ignorant. 

In  general,  each  species  of  domestic  animal  has  its  parasites, 
which  are  only  found  in  it,  or,  at  least,  do  not  thrive  in  a different 
species,  and  soon  leave  it.  There  is  between  the  inferior  being  and 
its  host  an  intimate  correlation,  an  exact  subordination,  which  we 
may  recognise  without  being  able,  in  many  instances,  to  determine 
the  conditions.  Parasites  which  escape  them  are  precisely  those  for 
which  parasitism  is  not  imperative,  and  which  only  appear  in  the 
domestic  animals  intermittently  ; such  are  the  majority  of  the 
Diptera,  which,  in  the  perfect  state,  attack  the  Horse,  Ox,  and  Sheep 
indifferently  ; and  certain  species  of  Fleas  that  pass  readily  from 
Man  to  the  domestic  animals,  or  inversely,  or  from  one  Bird  to  a 
different  Bird.  The  Entozoa  are  more  strictly  limited  to  determi- 
nate species,  and  the  exceptions  to  this  rule  are  rare.  One  of  the 
most  remarkable  is  furnished  by  the  Trichina,  which,  in  the  larval 
state,  finds  in  the  muscles  of  very  diverse  species  a favourable 
habitat.  Many  of  the  cystic  forms  of  Taenia  are  equally  rather 
indifferent  to  the  specific  nature  of  their  host,  but  this  does  not  apply 
to  the  sexual  state. 

The  subordination  of  the  parasite  is  not  confined  to  the  host,  but 
usually  extends  to  the  habitat.  In  general,  the  skin  has  its  para- 
sites, which  are  unlike  those  of  the  intestine,  and  the  latter  differ 
from  those  of  the  air-passages.  Nevertheless,  the  forms  which  invade 
the  parenchymatous  organs  often  appear  indifferently  in  one  or 
another  (liver,  spleen,  lungs,  kidney,  etc.) ; such  is  the  cystic  form  of 


8 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Taenia  echinococcus.  Certain  nematode  Worms — Spirojytera  san- 
guinolenta,  Filaria  papillosa , etc. — may  also  be  met  with  in  various 
organs. 

It  may  happen  that,  at  an  early  age,  a parasite  attacks  a host 
which  is  not  suitable  to  its  development ; this,  according  to  Davaine, 
is  a foreign  or  accidental  host ; or,  the  host  being  normal,  the  parasite 
has  penetrated  organs  improper  to  its  evolution  or  growth.  In  both 
cases  it  is  a stray  parasite . It  is  called  erratic  when  it  is  found  in  the 
adult  state  in  an  organ  different  from  that  which  constitutes  its 
normal  haunt. 

Etiology  of  Parasitic  Diseases. — General  ignorance  at  one  time 
prevailed  with  regard  to  the  origin  of  parasites.  Certain  of  them, 
because  of  their  small  size,  escaped  observation,  and  the  maladies 
they  occasioned  were  relegated  to  those  sections  of  pathology  into 
which  the  character  of  their  lesions  seemed  to  warrant  their  being 
placed  ; such  were  the  microbic  diseases,  the  derma tomycoses, 
scabies,  etc. 

The  others  were  considered  as  the  products  of  a spontaneous 
generation  in  the  midst  of  organic  matters,  under  the  influence  of 
heat,  fermentation,  putrefaction,  etc.  These  views  were  discredited 
towards  the  beginning  of  the  last  century,  when  precise  notions 
regarding  the  complex  structure  and  reproductive  organs  of  a large 
number  of  parasites  began  to  be  entertained.  But  until  the  early 
years  of  the  nineteenth  century,  distinguished  helminthologists, 
such  as  Rudolphi  and  Bremser,  clung  to  the  old  doctrines,  and 
Burdach  even  professed  them  in  1830,  in  his  Traite  de  Physiologie. 

When,  in  1842,  Steenstrup  made  known  his  theory  of  alternate 
generation,  and  a few  years  afterwards  Von  Siebold,  Van  Beneden, 
Kiichenmeister,  and  others  published  their  significant  researches  on 
the  generation  of  flat  Worms,  the  early  theories  were  overthrown, 
and  the  necessity  for  an  anterior  germ  for  parasites,  as  for  all  other 
creatures,  was  universally  admitted.  The  ingenious  experiments  of 
Pasteur  prevailed  against  all  refractory  opposition,  and  peremp- 
torily established  the  fact  that  spontaneous  generation  could  not  be 
invoked,  even  for  the  infinitely  small  parasites  or  microbes. 

Our  knowledge  of  vegetable  parasites  was  later  in  being  perfected, 
for  they  were  not  rendered  evident  without  the  assistance  of  the 
microscope.  The  demonstrative  labours  of  Tulasne  in  1847,  an(i  of 
De  Bary,  having  proved  the  nature  of  the  parasitic  Fungi  of  plants, 
the  doctrine  of  parasitic  mycoses  in  animals  obtained  a solid  basis. 
A great  share  of  this  important  acquisition  belongs  to  Ch.  Robin, 
who  has  shown  in  a classical  work  on  the  subject  the  considerable 
part  played  by  these  lower  organisms. 

Another  theory  invoked  by  the  ancients  to  explain  the  origin  of 
parasites- — at  least,  the  intestinal  Worms — was  to  regard  them  as 
hereditary  ; and  it  is  to  be  noted  that,  ignorant  of  the  nature  of  these 
creatures,  they  only  knew  of  three  kinds  of  Worms  in  Man,  and,  it 
may  be  said,  none  in  the  domestic  animals.  When  the  researches  of 


INTRODUCTION 


9 


naturalists  had  established  the  great  number  of  parasites  that  a 
single  individual  may  harbour,  it  became  incumbent  to  renounce  an 
explanation  that  could  not  satisfy  sensible  minds.  All  that  can  be 
admitted  is  that  the  foetus  may  be  invaded — like  the  maternal 
organism,  and  for  the  same  reason — by  embryonic  worms,  which 
the  circulation  carries  to  every  part  of  the  body. 

The  propagation  of  parasitic  diseases  is  subordinate  to  the  con- 
ditions of  existence  of  the  parasites. 

The  eggs  deposited  by  Worms  in  the  intestinal  canal,  biliary  or 
urinary  passages,  are  expelled  with  the  excremental  contents  of 
these.  Those  of  the  air-;  assages  are  carried  outwards  by  the 
vibratile  cilia  of  the  epithelium  (Davaine),  and  more  especially  by 
coughing  and  husking.  Frequently  fragments  of,  or  even  entire 
Worms  are  thus  expelled,  and  these,  by  a process  of  natural  disin- 
tegration, yield  the  ova  they  contain  to  external  agents. 

These  ova  have  various  destinations.  The  majority  are  lost  by 
exposure  to  unnatural  dryness  or  humidity.  Those  which  are  more 
fortunate  may  have  to  wait  a long  time — months,  and  sometimes 
even  years — before  they  can  reach  the  body  of  a new  host ; some- 
times it  is  the  ovum  itself,  at  other  times  the  hatched  embryo,  that 
finds  a new  home  ; often  it  is  a larva  intermediate  between  the 
embryo  and  the  adult,  and  occasionally  an  individual  of  a new 
generation,  which  remains  independent  for  a longer  time. 

In  this  way  the  ova  of  the  A scans  lumbricoides  and  the  Tricho- 
cephalus  of  Man  may  wait  four  years  for  the  chance  that  will  bring 
them  into  their  natural  host.  The  embryo  formed  in  their  interior 
maintains  a latent  existence,  which  terminates  when  it  arrives  in  the 
digestive  canal,  where  it  pierces  the  shell  of  the  egg,  which  has 
become  softened  by  the  intestinal  juices. 

The  duration  of  the  period  of  confinement  of  the  embryo  in  the 
egg  varies  with  the  species.  With  the  ovo viviparous  parasites, 
hatching  takes  place  with  the  laying — as  with  Trichina,  and  the 
majority  of  the  Strongyles  inhabiting  the  air-passages.  This  more 
or  less  protracted  duration  of  intra- ovular  life  corresponds  to  the 
more  or  less  easy  migration  of  the  future  Entozoon. 

‘ The  conditions  which  the  ovum  expelled  from  the  organs  of  its 
host  encounter,  are  generally  related  to  the  mode  of  life  of  this  host  ; 
for  in  a great  number  of  cases  the  ovum  ought  to  develop,  or  to 
complete  its  development,  when  free.  If  the  host  lives  in  water  or 
on  a more  or  less  arid  soil,  it  is  in  one  or  other  of  these  conditions 
that  the  ovum  produces  its  embryo.  The  ova  of  certain  Entozoa 
perish  without  developing,  if  they  are  in  a humid  medium  ; but 
others,  on  the  contrary,  die  if  they  are  placed  in  a dry  medium  ’ 
(Davaine). 

Besides,  in  certain  species  the  ova  have  only  a very  thin  shell, 
while  in  others  it  is  thick  and  resistant ; and  these  differences  are 
related  to  the  durability  of  the  ova  after  they  are  laid.  In  general, 
the  first  are  hatched  in  the  surrounding  media,  and  infection  takes 
place  by  the  embryos  (Ex.  : Sclerostomum)  ; the  thick-shelled  ova 


IO 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


pass,  on  the  contrary,  intact  into  the  digestive  canal  of  the  host 
(Ex.  : A scarifies,  Trichocephalus). 

The  embryo,  set  at  liberty  in  the  digestive  canal,  finds  its  way  to 
the  compartment  suitable  to  its  specific  nature  ; or  it  passes  through 
the  intestinal  wall,  and,  either  by  reptation  or  by  means  of  the 
circulation,  it  attains  those  organs  which  alone  favour  its  ulterior 
development.  In  this  way  are  the  proscolices  of  Taeniae,  and  the 
embryos  of  Trichinae  and  several  others,  eventually  localized.  If 
this  first  sojourn  constitute  only  a stage  in  the  process  of  evolution,  it 
is  necessary  that  the  primary  host  shall  become  the  prey  of  a second  ; 
thus  it  is  that,  having  gained  the  intestine,  cystic  worms  become 
Taeniae  cercariae  Flukes,  the  future  Trichinae  adult,  the  Linguatula 
of  the  Dog  full  grown,  etc. 

The  transmission  of  parasites  may  also  take  place  from  an  infected 
to  a healthy  animal,  and  it  is  in  this  way  that  scabies  and  phthiriasis 
are  propagated  by  direct  or  mediate  contact. 

Lastly,  in  certain  cases  the  instincts  of  the  parasite  count  for 
nothing  in  its  installation,  as  happens  with  the  majority  of  those 
which  live  at  liberty  till  they  are  of  ndult  age.  With  these  it  is  the 
female  which  is  charged  to  deposit  her  eggs  in  the  conditions  re- 
quired to  insure  the  indispensable  refuge,  until  the  larval  stage  is 
reached.  The  (Estridse  furnish  a well-known  example. 

The  circumstances  that  surround  the  propagation  of  parasites 
are  so  varied,  that  they  cannot  all  be  passed  in  review  here,  but  will 
find  their  place  in  the  following  chapters.  In  general,  parasites  are 
singularly  favoured  by  their  prodigious  fecundity,  and  the  great 
vital  resistance  with  which  a large  number  of  them  are  endowed. 
Leuwenhoeck  calculated  that  the  female  Louse  may  become  in  eight 
weeks  the  grandmother  of  5,000  lice  ; according  to  others,  the  second 
generation  of  a single  individual  may  furnish  2,500  progeny,  and  the 
third  125,000.  Gerlach  asserted  that  a couple  of  the  Sarcoptes  of 
Man  might  yield  six  generations  in  three  months,  the  last  generation 
comprising  1,500,000  individuals.  The  female  Chigoe,  when  com- 
pletely developed,  is  scarcely  more  than  a bladder  full  of  eggs.  In 
a female  Ascaris,  the  oviduct  occupies  nearly  the  whole  of  the  body. 
Each  mature  segment  of  a Taenia  is  gorged  with  ova,  and  it  has 
been  computed  that  the  Tcenia  saginata  of  Man  may  throw  off  in  a 
year,  by  the  successive  detachment  of  its  rings,  as  many  as  150 
millions  of  eggs.  These  startling  examples  would  give  cause  for 
great  alarm,  did  we  not  know  how  numerous,  varied,  and  powerful 
are  the  causes  which  hinder  rapid  increase  of  these  vermin. 

But  independently  of  their  prolific  capacity,  many  parasites 
possess  an  altogether  remarkable  vital  resistance.  The  Ixodidse  can 
endure  a very  prolonged  abstinence.  Railliet  has  kept  the  Argas 
reflexus  alive  for  fourteen  months  in  a glass  bottle,  and  Laboulbene 
has  seen  the  Argas  persicus  remain  active  during  four  to  five 
years,  without  receiving  the  least  nourishment.  There  are  Nema- 
todes which  comple.e  desiccation  only  renders  torpid,  and  which 
regain  their  activity  under  the  influence  of  moisture.  The  muscle 


INTRODUCTION 


1 1 

Trichina  can  withstand  cold  of  150  (Cent.).  Other  Worms  continue 
to  exist  in  the  midst  of  putrefying  substances,  and  the  ova  and 
embryos  of  a large  number  of  species  are  endowed  with  the  same 
powers  of  resistance. 

The  propagation  of  parasites  is  facilitated  by  certain  predisposing 
conditions.  The  zoological  species  of  the  host  plays  an  important 
part.  As  has  been  said,  few  parasites  are  common  to  several  species. 
There  are,  nevertheless,  some  which  are  more  or  less  cosmopolitan 
in  this  respect ; such  is  the  Cysticercus  of  the  pig-measle,  the  hepatic 
Fluke,  the  Trichina,  and  the  larva  of  Linguatula  taenioides. 

Age  has  a manifest  influence.  Young  animals  are  often  invaded 
by  Entozoa,  and  readily  so  by  those  which  have  to  immigrate  in  the 
tissues,  which  are  more  delicate  and  offer  less  resistance.  Old 
animals  are  also  the  favourite  hosts  of  parasites,  internal  or  ex- 
ternal ; they  are  less  able  to  defend  themselves  from  attack,  and  the 
contractions  and  secretions  of  the  digestive  organs  are  less  capabl  3 
of  eliminating  these  vermin. 

After  these  observations  it  will  be  understood  that  the  constitution 
of  the  host  plays  an  analogous  part,  and  that  weakly  subjects  are 
more  liable  to  parasitism  than  those  in  the  opposite  condition.  But 
this  is  not  due  to  a verminous  diathesis,  as  was  at  one  time  believed, 
but  very  probably  to  defective  reaction.  This  explains  the  fact  given 
by  Delafond,  that  the  Psoroptes  deposited  on  the  skin  of  Sheep  in 
good  condition  did  not  multiply,  and  soon  perished,  while  in  debili- 
tated sheep  they  rapidly  increased. 

The  state  of  the  surroundings  in  which  the  domestic  animals  are 
placed,  may  favour  or  hinder  the  multiplication  of  parasites.  Those 
whose  skin  receives  but  little  attention  are  liable  to  phthiriases  and 
acariases,  which  are  seldom  seen  in  well-kept  animals  ; and  those 
which  are  clipped  have  more  chance  of  escaping  them.  Crowding 
and  dirty  habitations  aid  in  the  propagation  of  parasites.  The 
Herbivora,  which  live  at  pasture,  alone  harbour  the  larvae  of  the 
(Estridae  ; butchers’  dogs  and  those  of  shepherds,  are  the  favourite 
hosts  of  certain  Taeniae,  whose  cystic  life  is  passed  in  the  tissues  of 
Herbivora ; and  there  are  also  dogs  which  harbour  parasites 
( Linguatula ) in  their  nasal  cavities,  the  larvae  of  these  parasites 
offering  analogous  facts.  Flocks  kept  in  dry  pastures  are  exempt 
from  distomiasis,  and  other  examples  might  easily  be  given. 

The  influence  of  Seasons  is  related  to  the  preceding.  In  summer 
are  seen  the  adult  Diptera,  which  torment  animals  by  living  on  their 
juices,  or  by  depositing  larvae  in  the  skin  ; in  summer,  also,  Ixodinae 
appear,  and  Fleas  breed  ; and  we  have  the  Leptus  in  autumn  and 
the  Lice  in  winter.  Many  of  the  parasitic  diseases — as  Scabies — 
undergo  very  remarkable  seasonable  variations.  It  is  in  the  autumn 
that  Sheep  gather  the  germs  of  distomiasis,  etc. 

Countries  operate  according  to  their  climate,  and  also  by  the 
management  and  the  kind  of  feeding  the  animals  receive  in  them. 
Many  Ixodinae  and  Argasinae  are  peculiar  to  certain  hot  countries  ; 
the  Bilharzia  crassa  has  only  been  found  in  Egypt ; the  Gastro- 


£2 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


discus  in  Egypt,  Guadeloupe,  and  Senegal.  The  Taeniae  of  the  Horse 
are  frequent  in  Germany,  but  rare  in  France.  In  Iceland,  Taenia 
echinococcus  is  found  in  one-third  of  the  Dogs,  and  the  Cystic  form 
in  the  majority  of  the  Sheep  and  Cattle.  Trichina  spiralis  is  par- 
ticularly common  in  Germany  and  the  United  States.  On  the  other 
hand,  there  are  parasites  which  are  found  everywhere — such  are  the 
majority  of  the  Taeniae  of  the  Dog,  the  Ascarides  of  the  Horse,  and  the 
Cysticercus  of  the  Pig. 

Symptoms  and  Lesions. — The  influence  of  parasites  on  the  health 
of  their  host  has  been  at  all  times  the  subject  of  contradictory 
opinions.  Some  authorities — as  Andry,  Nylander,  Leuwenhoeck, 
etc. — have  attributed  to  imaginary  worms  or  inoffensive  parasites 
the  most  diverse  diseases,  and  chiefly  epizootic  or  enzootic  affections. 
Later,  there  was  a tendency  to  consider  the  majority  of  the  parasites 
as  indifferent  to  their  host,  and  even  favourable  to  health.  So  it 
was  that  Abildgaard  and  Goeze  admitted  that  Lice  are  the  natural 
emunctories,  and  remove  the  bad  humours  secreted  by  the  skin, 
while  the  intestinal  Helminthes  stimulate  digestion,  and  consume 
the  superfluous  juices  in  the  viscera.  Bracy  Clarke  expressed  a 
similar  opinion  with  regard  to  the  larvae  of  Gastrophilus  found  in  the 
stomach  of  the  Horse  ; even  in  our  own  times,  the  Abyssinians  con- 
sider that  harbouring  one  or  more  Taeniae  is  a sign  of  good  health, 
and  there  are  physicians  to  be  found — though  they  are  rare — who 
entertain  such  a doctrine. 

It  is  no  doubt  true  that  at  the  autopsies  of  animals  which  showed 
every  sign  of  health,  the  intestines  may  contain  a considerable 
quantity  of  Worms  ; this  is  often  the  case  with  the  Horse  (Ascar- 
ides), and  with  the  Dog  and  Birds  (Taeniae).  The  larvae  of  Gastro- 
philus may  cover  nearly  all  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  left  sac  of 
the  stomach  of  a horse  which  is  otherwise  healthy  ; an  Ox  may, 
without  any  apparent  inconvenience,  have  all  the  upper  part  of 
its  body  studded  with  parasitic  tumours  (Hypoderma)  ; but  we 
cannot  therefore  conclude  from  such  facts  that  these  are  of  any 
benefit  to  the  hosts  infested  by  them.  At  most,  we  might  admit 
the  indifference  of  the  latter,  or,  better,  the  production  of  a reaction 
by  which  there  is  compensation  for  the  inconvenience  of  this 
invasion.  For  these  parasites  are  nourished  on  the  tissues  of  their 
host,  or  on  the  chymous  matters  in  the  digestive  organs,  and  they 
more  or  less  obstruct  those  passages  the  freedom  of  which  is 
favourable  to  health.  They  often  finish  by  being  a source  of  trouble 
especially  if  they  bring  about  disadvantageous  modifications  in  the 
constitution,  these  becoming  manifest  as  parasitic  diseases.  The 
instances  are  numerous  in  which  the  tolerance  of  the  organism  is 
rapidly  exceeded,  either  by  the  nature  of  the  weapons  of  the  parasite, 
its  mode  of  attack,  its  rapid  increase,  or  its  habitat. 

Sometimes — as  with  the  majority  of  the  intermittent  or  remittent 
parasites — the  damage  is  not  so  much  owing  to  the  blood  abstracted 
from  the  host,  as  to  the  torture  the  bites  or  stings  produce  ; and  at 


INTRODUCTION 


3 


other  times — as  with  the  psoric  Acari — their  breeding  brings  about 
in  the  skin  disorders  of  nutrition,  which  have  a bad  effect  on  the 
general  health  ; while  certain  of  them  which  invade  the  ear,  give 
rise  to  serious  nervous  disturbance. 

In  general,  the  intestinal  parasites  act  by  crowding,  so  as  to 
cause  mechanical  obstruction,  and  digestion  may  become  impaired  ; 
though  rarely,  in  consequence  of  some  defect  in  local  resistance, 
there  may  be  perforation  or  rupture  of  the  organ.  Sometimes  the 
injury  is  limited  to  the  abstraction  of  a certain  quantity  of  blood, 
which  the  worm  sucks  from  the  mucous  membrane  (Ex.  : Anchylos- 
tomum). 

When  the  liver  is  very  much  infested  icterus  and  anaemia  occur 
as  well  as  the  symptoms  and  lesions  of  hepatitis.  The  respiratory 
organs,  and  especially  the  bronchi  and  lungs,  with  difficulty  support 
the  presence  of  parasites.  Verminous  bronchitis  and  pneumonia 
owe  their  gravity  to  the  unceasing  and  increasing  effects  of  a cause 
always  acting  more  and  more  energetically.  The  parasites  of  the 
blood-circulation  may  not,  for  a long  time,  attract  attention  ; but 
when  they  manifest  their  presence,  it  is  by  alarming  symptoms 
resulting  from  alterations  in  the  walls  of  the  vessels. 

The  natural  susceptibility  of  the  nerve-centres  scarcely  permits 
them  to  withstand  the  presence  of  parasites.  As  the  bony  covering 
of  these  centres  fits  closely  upon  them,  a parasite  that  penetrates  it 
can  only  develop  by  causing  compression  and  atrophy,  which  are 
nearly  always  fatal.  In  the  same  way  the  organs  of  vision  betray, 
by  disturbance  of  function,  the  invasion  they  have  undergone. 

The  muscles  are,  of  all  the  organs,  the  most  tolerant.  Pig- 
measles,  trichinosis,  etc.,  most  frequently  occur  without  arousing 
suspicion  ; the  histological  alteration  the  muscular  tissue  undergoes 
is  not  betrayed  by  marked  signs. 

Of  the  genito-urinary  organs,  the  kidneys  almost  alone  exhibit 
susceptibility,  particularly  in  the  case  of  Eustrongylosis ; this 
susceptibility  being  accounted  for  by  the  enormous  volume  of  the 
parasite. 

Otherwise,  it  is  evident  that,  independently  of  habitat,  the 
pathological  phenomena  due  to  parasitism  are  subordinate  to  the 
number,  dimensions,  and  mode  of  life  of  the  parasites. 

If  they  are  in  small  number,  they  are  only  obnoxious  when  a 
delicate  organ  is  attacked — as  is  witnessed  in  ‘ Gid,’  or  in  verminous 
ophthalmia  ; or  if  their  volume  causes  a great  destruction  of  tissue 
(Giant  Strongyle).  It  is  usually  by  their  accumulation  that  parasites 
become  dangerous. 

Many  parasites  of  the  stomach  and  intestine  are  nourished  by 
the  more  or  less  modified  alimentary  matters  contained  in  these 
organs.  All  the  others  derive  their  sustenance  from  the  substance 
of  their  host.  Some  feed  on  the  epidermic  cells,  or  the  debris  of 
worn-out  feathers  or  hairs  ; they  might,  therefore,  be  considered 
as  mere  mutualists,  relieving  the  skin  of  useless  materials,  if  we  did 
not  know  that  they  may  become  exceedingly  troublesome  to  their 


14 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


host  by  causing  atrophy  of  the  papillae,  shedding  of  the  feathers,  and 
sometimes  a real  dermatosis. 

The  parasites  which  live  on  the  blood  are,  from  this  fact,  rarely 
dangerous  to  their  host.  Some — such  as  Fleas,  Gnats,  and  other 
Diptera — puncture  the  skin,  and  leave  it  when  their  appetite  is 
satisfied  ; others  plunge  into  the  fluid  upon  which  they  subsist 
(Haematozoa)  ; and  certain  others,  as  the  Haemopis,  may,  neverthe- 
less, extract  such  a large  quantity  of  blood  that  anaemia  results — 
a circumstance  which  is  also  remarked  when  the  Anchylostomidce 
are  in  considerable  number  in  the  intestine. 

The  majority  of  the  parasites  derive  from  the  morbid  products, 
the  secretion  of  which  they  provoke,  the  materials  for  their  develop- 
ment and  maintenance.  Those  which  are  provided  with  a digestive 
apparatus  ingest  these  materials  ; while  others  imbibe  them  by 
cutaneous  osmosis.  Among  the  Worms,  the  Nematodes  and  Trema- 
todes  are  in  the  first  category,  and  the  Cestodes  are  in  the  second. 
This  spoliation,  aiding  the  compression,  may  induce  atrophy  of 
organs. 

The  anatomical  situation  occupied  by  the  parasite  in  the  tissues 
of  organs  is  subordinate  to  its  size.  The  smallest  may  be  lodged 
in  the  elements  of  the  tissues  : the  Coccidium  ovi forme  in  the 
epithelial  cells  of  the  Rabbit’s  biliary  ducts ; the  Sarcosporidia,  as 
well  as  the  Trichinae,  in  the  ultimate  fibres  of  the  muscles ; and  the 
ova  of  Strongylus  vasorum  in  giant  cells.  Others  are  contained  in 
the  natural  cavities  of  organs  : example,  the  majority  of  the 
parasites  in  the  digestive  canal.  Some  are  found  in  cysts  formed 
at  the  expense  of  the  tissues  of  the  host — such  are  the  cystic  or 
bladder-worms,  Cysticercus,  Coenurus,  Echinococcus,  and  also  the 
Trichina.  Or  they  may  be  lodged  in  real  unilocular  or  multilocular 
abscesses — as  the  larvae  of  the  Hypoderma  and  the  Spiroptera  of 
the  stomach  ; or  in  fibrous  tumours,  as  Spiroptera  reticulata  ; or  in 
aneurisms,  as  Sclerostomum  equinum.  Lastly,  the  Worm  is  in 
direct  contact  with  the  tissues  it  has  invaded,  and  excavated  to 
effect  a lodgment  (Ex.  : Giant  Strongyle,  Filaria  papillosa). 

Diagnosis. — The  diagnosis  of  parasitic  diseases  rests  principally 
on  investigation  and  the  determination  of  the  parasites  which  cause 
them.  There  are  many  which  do  not  give  rise  to  any  precise  sign 
or  symptom,  and  their  presence  can  only  be  ascertained  by  an 
autopsy  ; often,  even  the  name  of  the  malady  cannot  be  justly 
applied. 

Sometimes  the  ejection  of  some  parasites  is  the  only  symptom, 
and  this  frequently  happens  in  cases  of  intestinal  helminthiasis, 
especially  in  the  Dog,  and  also  for  the  gastric  larval  (Estridae. 
When  suspicion  alone  exists,  certainty  can  only  be  ensured  by  a 
microscopical  examination  of  the  matters  discharged,  or  of  the 
excrements  ; in  default  of  a parasite,  ova  or  embryos  may  be  found 
— as  in  distomiasis,  and  in  verminous  bronchitis  and  pneumonia  ; 
or,  by  a kind  of  partial  ante-mortem  au'opsy,  fragments  of  tissue 


INTRODUCTION 


15 


may  be  extracted  from  the  animal,  and  their  examination  will 
remove  all  uncertainty — as  by  using  the  harpoon  in  trichinosis,  or 
in  the  ablation  of  tumours  due  to  the  Spiroptera  reticulata. 

The  symptoms  proper,  due  to  functional  disturbance  in  the  host, 
may  also  be  sufficiently  significant  to  permit  a true  diagnosis  being 
established,  and  this  will  be  confirmed  at  a later  period — during 
the  life  or  after  the  death  of  the  patient — by  the  discovery  of  the 
parasite  ; this  is  usually  the  case  in  scabies,  hypodermosis,  disto- 
miasis,  verminous  bronchitis,  ‘ gid,’  etc. 

A somewhat  frequent  cause  of  error  occurs  in  considering  as 
parasitic  the  affections  that  coincide  with  the  presence  of  minute 
organisms — animal  or  vegetable — which  have  absolutely  no  patho- 
genic influence.  There  are  often  found  on  the  skin  Cryptogamic 
germs,  which  are  brought  there  with  the  dust  from  forage,  or  stray 
Acarina  or  small  insects  also  derived  from  forage,  litter,  or  grooming 
utensils  ; larvae  and  various  foreign  bodies  have  also  sometimes 
been  mistaken  for  parasites,  and  in  the  intestine  of  Carnivora 
Helminthes,  belonging  to  a lately  eaten  host,  may  be  found  that 
have  resisted  the  digestive  fluids.  These  are  so  many  examples 
of  what  are  termed  pseudo-parasites. 

Nomenclature  of  Parasitic  Diseases. — The  maladies  caused  by 
parasites  have  received  various  appellations,  according  to  the 
state  of  science  at  the  time  they  were  so  named.  When  their 
nature  was  not  known,  the  names  given  to  them  were  based  on 
some  important  symptom — such  are  the  terms  scab  or  mange , 
ringworm , favus , rot , measles , gid,  hoose , etc.  Later,  more  precise 
terms  indicate  the  progress  made  in  knowledge  ; thus  we  distinguish 
in  the  mange  or  scab  of  the  domestic  animals  sarcoptic,  psoroptic, 
and  chorioptic  scabies,  and  in  verminous  bronchitis,  verminous 
pneumonia,  and  verminous  ophthalmia,  affections  characterized 
according  to  their  seat,  and,  with  varying  precision,  their  cause. 

At  present  the  general  tendency  is  to  designate  each  parasitic 
disease  by  a word,  the  radicle  of  which  is  derived  from  the  generic 
name  of  the  parasite,  thh  radicle  being  followed  by  the  suffix  asis 
or  osis.  Examples  : Distomiasis,  Phthiriasis , Acariasis , Helmin- 
thiasis, Trichophytosis , Filariasis , Strongylosis , Trichinosis.  Para- 
sitic diseases  having  always  an  immediate  and  known  etiology, 
residing  in  the  parasites  producing  them,  this  division  of  pathology 
has  thus  the  advantage  of  possessing  a rational  nomenclature. 

Prognosis. — The  gravity  of  the  disturbances  due  to  parasites  is 
subordinate  to  the  alterations  they  determine.  Inappreciable  with 
some  parasites,  the  symptoms  exhibited  may  appear  in  every  degree 
— from  that  of  mere  inconvenience  to  the  extent  of  deadly  disease — 
a fatal  result  ensuing  more  or  less  rapidly,  according  to  the  organ 
attacked. 

The  seriousness  of  many  parasitic  disorders  depends  upon  their 
often  appearing  in  an  epizootic  form  in  the  whole  of  a herd  or  flock, 


i6 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


over  a wide  district,  or  throughout  an  entire  country.  This  may 
depend  upon  whether  the  majority  of  the  animals  have  been  sub- 
mitted to  conditions  which  permit  the  invasion  of  the  parasites — 
distomiasis,  for  instance ; or  whether  their  agglomeration  has  ex- 
tended the  contagion — as  in  scabies.  There  is  multiplication  of 
the  losses  by  death,  by  depreciation  of  the  flesh,  wool,  or  skins,  by 
the  difficulty  in  fattening,  by  the  incapacity  of  working- animals, 
and  by  the  time  required  and  expense  incurred  in  attending  to  them. 

On  other  occasions,  a disease  which  may  be  benign  in  one  animal 
may  acquire  an  extremely  serious  character  if  due  to  certain  heter- 
oxenous  parasites,  which  become  dangerous  in  their  second  form. 
The  helminthiasis  of  the  Dog,  insignificant  in  itself,  is  of  much  gravity 
for  numbers  of  the  Herbivora,  in  which — according  to  their  species 
and  the  kind  of  Tsenia — it  may  be  the  source  of  ‘ gid,’  echinococcosis, 
or  several  cysticer coses. 

But  that  which  gives  this  study  much  of  its  interest,  is  the  fact 
that  the  danger  from  these  heteroxenous  parasites  is  often  threatened 
to  Man.  Without  considering  scabies  and  ringworm,  which  he  may 
derive  from  contact  with  animals,  he  may  find  in  what  he  eats  the 
germs  of  trichinosis,  and  those  of  the  armed  and  unarmed  Taeniae ; 
while  the  Dog  may  also  transmit  to  him  the  Echinococci. 

Prophylaxis. — If  we  do  not  yet  know  the  precise  mode  of  intro- 
duction of  a great  number  of  parasites,  we  are  yet  not  altogether  at 
the  mercy  of  their  invasion.  For  them  as  for  the  others,  their  germs 
are  certainly  derived  from  without  ; and  it  is  evident  that  our 
animals  can  be  rendered  absolutely  safe  from  them,  if  we  can  insure 
the  rigorous  cleanliness  of  the  various  hygienic  agencies — the  air, 
water,  food,  harness,  etc.  It  is  on  this  point  that  attention  should 
be  fixed  at  first ; but  as  it  requires  continual,  fastidious,  and  patient 
care,  it  is  generally  neglected  in  practice,  and  only  comes  into  notice 
when  circumstances  have  demonstrated  the  existence  or  imminence 
of  an  invasion.  This  is  a consequence  of  the  exigencies  of  rearing 
animals. 

In  dealing  with  ectoparasites,  the  animals  attacked  should  be 
isolated,  and  the  place  they  occupied — and,  by  preference,  the  whole 
premises — scrupulously  disinfected.  In  this  respect,  boiling  water 
is  the  best  agent. 

For  the  endoparasites,  the  preservative  measures  should  be  sub- 
ordinate to  what  is  known  of  their  mode  of  introduction.  Water 
having  in  this  instance  the  greatest  share,  its  purity  should  be 
attended  to.  Abstention  from  such  watering-places  as  ponds,  pools, 
streams,  cisterns,  etc.,  into  which  rain-water  passes,  is  necessary, 
if  these  receive  and  retain  various  dejections  containing  germs  of 
parasites.  In  taking  precautions  against  some  heteroxenous  para- 
site, we  should  keep  away  the  definitive  host ; for  instance,  we  ought 
not  to  allow  Dogs  to  eat  the  heads  of  Sheep  which  have  died  of 
‘ gid  ’ ; flocks  of  Sheep  should  be  kept  from  Dogs  which  have  Tape- 
worms ; Sheep  should  not  be  allowed  to  graze  on  damp  pastures, 


INTRODUCTION 


1 7 


where  they  may  find  Snails  infested  with  the  Cercariae  of  Distomata, 
etc.  But  for  each  malady  to  be  hereafter  studied,  more  precise  in- 
formation will  be  given  on  these  various  points. 

All  the  parasites  met  with — those  ejected  by  the  natural  passages, 
or  collected  by  grooming  tools — and  all  the  organs  which,  after 
examination,  are  found  to  be  infested,  should  be  carefully  destroyed 
by  fire  or  by  boiling.  Above  all,  they  ought  not  to  be  thrown  on 
dungheaps,  where  rain  may  carry  the  germs  they  contain  into 
drinking  water.  At  most,  Dogs  should  only  be  permitted  to  con- 
sume parasitic  viscera  when  it  is  ascertained  that  infection  cannot 
be  transmitted  by  these  animals.  Boiling,  of  course,  renders  the 
viscera  safe  as  food. 

Treatment. — In  the  therapeutics  of  the  parasitic  maladies,  it  is 
sometimes  advantageous  to  improve  the  general  health  by  tonics 
and  alteratives.  Nevertheless,  a definite  result  cannot  be  obtained 
if  the  efforts  have  not  for  their  principal,  and  most  often  exclusive, 
object  the  destruction  of  animal  or  vegetable  organisms  which, 
inhabiting  some  part  of  the  body,  live  at  its  expense.  The  name 
parasiticides  (parasitus,t parasite  ; ccedere , to  kill)  is  given  to  agents 
which  possess  that  property.  They  are  naturally  divided  into  two 
groups  : the  edoparasiticides , which  destroy  external  animal  or 
vegetable  parasites  ; and  the  endoparasiticides , or  anthelmintics , 
employed  against  helminthes  or  entozoa,  which  live  in  the  interior 
of  the  body  of  man  or  animals. 

These  medicaments  are  extremely  varied.  There  are  some,  as 
fatty  substances,  which,  by  closing  the  respiratory  stigmata  of  the 
Epizoa,  asphyxiate  them  ; but  nearly  all  act  as  poisons  on  the  para- 
sites against  which  they  are  directed,  and  a certain  number  being 
irritants  also  for  the  host,  require  the  observance  of  certain  precau- 
tions in  their  employment. 

Parasites  situated  in  the  tissues,  or  in  cavities  not  in  communica- 
tion with  the  exterior,  cannot  be  reached  directly  by  medicaments, 
and  we  do  not  know  of  any  substances  which  can  be  administered 
without  danger,  in  sufficiently  large  quantity  to  be  distributed 
throughout  the  organism  by  diffusion  or  the  circulation. 

Nevertheless,  these  inaccessible  parasitic  diseases  have  not  neces- 
sarily a fatal  issue.  In  general,  the  deep-seated  parasites  cannot 
reproduce,  and  their  number  is  therefore  limited  to  those  which 
formed  the  first  invasion.  If  this  is  not  mortal,  then  time  diminishes 
the  vitality  of  the  parasite  : its  volume  becomes  reduced  ; it  under- 
goes calcification,  and  is  then  only  a foreign  body,  inoffensive 
because  of  its  small  dimensions. 

In  some  instances  surgery  extends  the  resources  of  antiparasitic 
therapeutics.  It  is  by  hydrotherapy  and  trephining  that  we  combat 
the  Coenurus  cerebralis,  by  the  extirpation  of  tumours  the  Spiroptera 
reticulata,  by  injections  or  fumigations  the  Lingua  tula  of  the  Dog 
and  the  larvae  of  the  Sheep  (Estrus,  and  by  puncture  those  of  the 
Hypoderma  of  the  Ox. 


2 


i8 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Lastly,  there  are  parasitic  affections  which  disappear  of  them- 
selves, by  virtue  of  the  laws  which  control  the  evolution  of  parasites. 
Such  are  those  which  are  allied  with  the  seasons. 

In  the  following  chapters,  to  facilitate  study,  the  parasites  will  be 
examined  as  to  their  pathological  influence  according  to  their 
habitat,  and  the  treatment  appropriate  to  each  particular  case  will 
be  indicated. 


BOOK  I 

PARASITES  OF  THE  SKIN 

By  its  peripheral  situation  and  its  relations  with  the  external  world, 
the  skin  is,  more  than  any  other  apparatus,  exposed  to  the  invasion 
of  animal  or  vegetable  parasites.  These  arrive  directly  at  its  surface, 
fix  themselves  there,  and  are  propagated  readily  from  the  affected  to 
the  healthy  animal.  The  maladies  they  occasion  vary  in  seriousness, 
according  to  the  mode  of  parasitism  they  affect  — their  habits, 
requirements,  and  their  habitat  superficial  or  profound.  In  general, 
the  diagnosis  of  these  affections  is  easy,  the  determination  of  the 
cause  being  within  the  immediate  reach  of  the  observer ; and  so, 
for  the  same  reason,  is  the  treatment.  Some  of  these  diseases  dis- 
appear spontaneously,  as  a consequence  of  the  conditions  which 
preside  over  their  development — tumours  (Hypoderma),  and  stings 
(Diptera).  Nevertheless,  the  majority  have  a tendency  to  per- 
petuate themselves  and  become  aggravated,  by  direct  reason  of  the 
fecundity  of  the  parasites,  and — owing  to  the  absence  of  appropriate 
treatment — the  grave  disturbance  in  the  functions  of  the  skin 
bringing  about  loss  of  condition  in  the  individual. 

There  is  a small  number  of  parasitic  dermatoses  which  are 
markedly  distinguished  from  the  others  in  every  respect.  They  are 
due  to  some  Nematode  which  leaves  the  interior  of  the  body  and  is 
attracted  to  the  skin  by  accidental  or  instinctive  selection.  The 
diagnosis  is  easy,  but  not  so  the  treatment  which — not  being  capable 
of  reaching  the  parasite  at  its  source — has  no  influence  on  the  pro- 
gress of  the  malady,  otherwise  in  itself  of  little  gravity. 

The  parasitic  dermatoses  naturally  divide  themselves  into  dermato- 
zoonoses  and  dermatomy coses,  according  as  the  parasites  are  animal 
or  vegetable.  The  latter  are  few,  and  form  quite  a distinct  group,  as 
much  by  their  physiognomy  as  by  their  nature.  The  dermato- 
zoonoses,  on  the  contrary,  are  extremely  varied,  according  to  the 
host  affected,  and  especially  owing  to  the  numerous  species  of  para- 
sites which  may  produce  them.  The  majority  belong  to  the  class  of 
Insects  and  to  that  of  Arachnida  ; some  are  Nematodes. 

All  the  parasitic  insects  belong  to  the  order  Diptera , or  that  of 
the  Hemiptera. 


19 


z — 2 


20 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  Diptera  are  suctorial  Insects,  provided  with  only  two  wings,  and 
undergoing  complete  metamorphoses.  The  two  existing  wings  are  the 
anterior  ones  ; they  are  nude  and  membraneous.  The  posterior  wrings  are 
replaced  by  two  balancers — small  organs,  each  composed  of  a slender  stalk 
terminated  by  a round  knob,  and  furnished  at  its  base  with  a small  scale, 
concave  below,  convex  above — the  spoon  or  tegula.  The  buccal  apparatus  is 
a proboscis  or  sucker,  adapted  for  the  suction  of  fluids,  and  frequently  for 
puncturing  : the  lower  lip,  in  effect,  is  transformed  into  a canal , and  the  other 
pieces  into  setiform  stylets,  six  at  most,  lodged  in  a canal.  To  the  mouth  are 
annexed  salivary  glands,  the  secretion  of  which  is  often  poisonous,  and  causes 
irritation  consecutive  to  the  puncture.  By  the  fact  of  their  complete  metamor- 
phoses, on  their  issue  from  the  egg  the  Diptera  are  in  the  form  of  apodal 
larvae  ; then  they  become  pupae  or  nymphae,  and  Anally  acquire  the  perfect 
state.  They  are  divided  into  three  sub-orders  : Nemocera,  Brachycera,  and 
Aphaniptera.  The  latter  is  constituted  by  the  Fleas,  which,  by  reason  of 
their  mode  of  existence,  are  distinct  from  the  Diptera — properly  so  called — 
from  a parasitical  point  of  view. 

The  Hemiptera  are  also  suctorial  Insects,  generally  provided  with  two  pairs 
of  wings,  the  anterior  of  which  are  of  variable  consistence,  while  the  posterior 
are  membraneous  ; their  metamorphoses  are  null  or  incomplete.  They  are 
likewise  divided  into  three  sub-orders  : Homoptera,  Heteroptera,  and  Aptera. 
The  latter  is  essentially  parasitic,  and  composed  of  insects  which  will  be 
studied  under  the  name  of  Lice.  Of  the  two  other  sub-orders,  Heteroptera  is 
alone  referred  to,  as  it  contains  the  Bugs,  the  noxious  action  of  which  will  be 
considered  after  that  of  the  Lice. 

The- parasitic"  Arachnida  of  the  skin  all  belong  to  the  order  of 
A carina,  the  study  of  which  will  form  a special  chapter. 

The  various  parasites  of  the  skin  contract  with  their  host  relations 
more  or  less  intimate,  more  or  less  continuous,  and  more  or  less 
necessary,  which  are  in  this  respect  subordinate  to  the  state  of 
perfection  of  their  organization.  Some — such  as  the  Simulium 

and  the  Breeze,  Ox,  and  Horse  Flies — only  come  into  contact  with 
the  domesticated  animals  at  long  intervals,  in  order  to  puncture 
them  and  suck  their  blood.  Others — like  the  Hippoboscidae — are 
independent,  and  live  for  a long  time  in  contact  with  the  Horse’s 
skin.  Others,  again,  which  are  agile,  but  have  no  wings,  only 
exceptionally  live — and  then  only  for  a very  short  time — away 
from  their  natural  host  : such  are  the  Epizoa — Fleas  and  Lice. 
Those  which  live  deeper  in  the  skin — the  Dermatozoa — comprise 
the  Acari  of  scabies,  lodged  in  the  epidermis  ; the  Demodex,  not 
so  well  endowed,  sheltered  in  the  hair  follicles  and  sebaceous 
glands  j the  larvae  of  the  Hypoderma,  which  penetrate  beneath 
the  skin  itself  ; the  Nematodes,  which  are  met  with  in  the  substance 
of  the  derma,  and  in  the  products  the  formation  of  which  they 
have  excited.  This  sketch  will  show  the  intimate  relation  that 
usually  exists  between  the  organization  of  the  parasite  and  its 
localization,  more  or  less  deep  and  permanent,  in  the  skin  of  its 
host. 

The  disturbances  generally  due  to  parasites  are  of  an  inflam- 
matory character — hyperaemia,  exudation,  pustules,  efflorescences, 
crusts,  haemorrhage,  abscesses,  nodules,  etc.  They  are  due  to  the 
presence  of  the  parasites  only,  or  to  their  migrations  or  punctures. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  SKIN 


2 


These  organisms  act  also  in  causing  pruritus,  which  impels  the 
infested  animal  to  scratch  itself  ; whence  arise  secondary  alterations 
of  variable  intensity — such  as  erythema,  depilations,  excoriations, 
pustules,  and  ulcerations. 

The  symptoms  of  parasitic  dermatoses  consist  of  the  above 
pathological  processes,  and  especially  in  the  presence  of  the  para- 
sites, their  zoological  characters,  and  their  mode  of  existence. 
The  gravity  of  the  symptoms  is  subordinate  to  the  facility  with 
which  medicinal  agents  may  reach  the  parasites.  But  that  which 
is  most  deserving  of  attention  is  the  contagion,  which  is  sometimes 
exercised  with  provoking  facility,  and  outstrips  by  its  rapidity  all 
endeavours  made  to  localize  the  disorder.  Finally,  when  parasitic 
dermatoses  prevail  among  animals  in  feeble  health  or  badly  attended 
to,  they  may  bring  about  general  troubles,  and  a physiological 
misery  which  is  sometimes  fatal. 

In  the  following  description,  the  parasites  of  the  skin  will  be 
examined  as  closely  as  possible  in  their  zoological  order,  subordi- 
nating this  in  part  to  the  seat  of  the  maladies  and  to  their  gravity. 
This  will  embrace  successively  : 

1.  The  study  of  the  parasitic  Diptera  in  the  state  of  perfect 
Insect  or  imago  ; 

2.  That  of  the  larvae  of  the  Muscidae  and  (Estridae  ; 

3.  That  of  the  Fleas  ; 

4.  That  of  the  Lice  ( phthiriases ) ; 

5.  That  of  the  Acarina  (acariases)  ; 

6.  That  of  the  cutaneous  Nematodes  ( cutaneous  helminthiases)  ; 

7.  That  of  the  Dermatophytes  ( dermatomy  coses , trichophytoses , 
favus). 


CHAPTER  I 

DIPTEROUS  PARASITES  IN  THE  PERFECT  INSECT  STATE 

These  are  free  and  intermittent  parasites,  for  they  only  visit 
animals  at  more  or  less  long  intervals,  in  order  to  prick  them  and 
suck  their  blood,  or  merely  to  feed  on  their  perspiration.  They  are 
commonly  called  Flies , although  only  a very  small  number  belong 
to  the  same  family  as  the  Flies,  properly  so  called.  They  are 
comprised  in  the  two  sub-orders  of  Nemocera  and  Brachycera,  thus 
named  because  of  the  form  of  their  antennge. 

The  antennas  of  the  Nemocera  (vij/i a,  thread  ; Kepas,  antenna)  are  filiform — 
sometimes  plnmose  in  the  males — and  formed  of  at  least  six  articles  or  pieces, 
In  the  Brachycera  ((3paxfo,  short  ; ntpas,  antenna)  they  are  short,  and  com- 
posed of  only  three  articles,  the  last  of  which,  stronger  and  often  segmented, 
usually  carries  a fine  stylet. 

Nemocera.  — In  this  sub -order,  which  has  fewer  genera  than 
the  other,  the  Culicidce  (Gnats)  and  Simuliidce  only  come  within 
our  study.  Both  pass  their  larval  phase  in  water,  in  damp  ground, 
or  in  shady  places.  It  is  in  the  latter  also  that  they  abound  in  the 
adult  state,  although  winds  may  carry  them  far  from  their  place  of 
origin.  They  subsist  on  vegetable  juices,  but  the  females  often 
attack  animals,  to  prick  them  and  suck  their  blood.  The  speckled- 
wing  mosquito  ( Anopheles  claviger)  has  been  shown  to  be  capable 
of  harbouring  the  protozoon  of  malaria  after  being  fed  with 
malarial  blood,  and  the  anopheles  so  infested  has  been  proved, 
by  direct  experiment,  to  be  capable  of  giving  the  disease  to  the 
human  being  (Sidney  Martin). 

The  Gnats  ( Culex  Linnaeus)  form  the  type  of  the  family  of  Culicidae.  They 
are  recognised  by  their  long  body,  their  antennae  composed  of  fourteen  articles, 
which  are  filiform  and  very  plumose,  especially  in  the  males  ; by  their  bulging 
prothorax,  narrow,  cylindrical  abdomen,  their  long  thin  legs,  elongated 
narrow  wings  lying  flat  on  the  body  during  rest,  and  their  humming  during 
flight.  The  proboscis  comprises  six  bristles  or  setae,  and  carries  laterally  the 
two  maxillary  palps,  longer  than  the  proboscis  in  the  males,  and  very  short  in 
the  females. 

The  best  known  species  is  the  Common  Gnat  (Culex  pipiens  L.). 

It  is  5 to  6 millimetres  long,  thorax  brownish-yellow,  with  two  dark  lines  on 
the  dorsal  surface,  the  abdomen  pale  grey,  with  ash-coloured  rings  (or  seg- 
ments) ; the  legs  are  elongated  and  brown.  It  is  found  everywhere,  and 
abounds  particularly  in  the  neighbourhood  of  damp  places  and  stagnant  water, 
which  are  necessary  for  the  opportune  laying  of  its  eggs  and  its  metamorphoses. 

22 


DIPTEROUS  PARASITES  IN  THE  PERFECT  INSECT  STATE  23 


It  torments  Man,  particularly  during  the  night,  and  in  some 
countries  constitutes  a veritable  scourge.  Its  sting,  due  to  the 
penetration  of  the  stylets  of  its  rostrum  into  the  skin,  is  not  per- 
ceived at  first,  but  it  soon  becomes  the  seat  of  intense  itching  and 
slight  swelling,  without  doubt  owing  to  the  poisonous  saliva  the 
insect  ejects. 

To  the  genus  Culex  belong  the  Mosquitoes  of  America,  the 
West  Indies,  Mexico,  and  South  America,  where  they  are,  for 
mankind,  a source  of  incessant  torment.  Certain  travellers  even 
affirm  that  they  are  obnoxious  to  the  multiplication  of  Cattle 
in  the  llanos  or  prairies  of  Venezuela,  persecuting  them  to  such 
a degree  as  to  prevent  their  thriving  on  the  richest  pastures. 

It  is  not  very  probable  that,  in  our  country,  the  Gnats  attack 
animals  ; in  any  case,  they  are  far  from  being  as  aggressive  and 
tormenting  as  with  Man.  Cobbold,  however,  mentions  a Culex 
equinus  which  more  particularly  attacks  Horses. 

The  scourge  which  takes  the  place  of  the  Gnats  with  regard  to 
the  domesticated  animals,  though  not  sparing  Man,  is  found  in 
the  genus  Simulium. 

The  Simulium  ( Simulium  Latreille),  typical  of  the  family  of  Simuliidae  of 
Schiner,  has  a thick  body,  bulging  thorax,  somewhat  short,  cylindrical  antennae 
formed  of  eleven  articles,  the  two  first  being  separated  from  the  others  ; the 
abdomen  is  relatively  short  and  broad  ; the  legs  are  strong,  with  wide  tarsi  ; 
the  wings  are  very  broad,  short,  and  lying  flat.  The  proboscis  only  comprises 
two  resisting  bristles  designed  to  puncture,  and  is  provided  on  its  sides  with 
two  maxillary  palps  having  four  articles,  the  last  of  which  is  long  and  slender. 
These  Insects  do  not  hum  when  flying.  They  are  invested  in  a fine  downy 
covering  ; the  males,  much  fewer  than  the  females,  are  darker  and  more 
velvety,  have  the  wings  variegated,  and  the  legs  broader  and  more  hairy. 

The  Simulium  usually  keeps  to  watering-places,  shaded  by  trees, 
and  flies  in  swarms  towards  sunset.  The  family  subsist  on  the 
juices  of  vegetables,  but  the  females  often  attack 
animals  and  Man,  sucking  their  blood  with  avidity, 
and  producing  painful  stings.  They  are  encountered 
in  all  climates. 

In  Lapland,  they  are  sometimes  extremely  abundant 

in  May  and  July,  and  by  night  and  day  prey  upon  Fig  l * si_ 

Man.  According  to  Guillard,  ‘ it  is  not  rare  to  see  mulium  rep- 
Calves  and  Sheep  succumb  to  their  bites.  The  tans.  — After 
Reindeer  only  escape  the  torture  by  taking  refuge  Woodward, 
beside  glaciers  and  on  the  summit  of  mountains.’ 

The  Lapps  preserve  themselves  and  their  Reindeer  from  these  pests 
by  living  in  the  smoke  of  large  fires.  The  principal  species  are 
S.  boreale,  S.  reptans  (Fig.  1),  S.  cinereum , S.molestum,  S.pecuarium, 
S.  meridionale,  etc. 

Various  parts  of  the  New  World  are  often  infested  with  them. 
In  Brazil  and  South  America  they  are  known  as  Musquitoes  ; in 
North  America  they  are  called  Black  Flies  and  By  (dots. 

* The  line  to  the  right  of  this  and  other  figures  indicates  the  natural  length 
of  the  creature  represented. 


24 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Like  that  of  the  Gnats,  the  puncture  of  the  Simulium  is  followed 
by  a somewhat  smart  local  irritation,  probably  due  to  the  venomous 
saliva  shed  therein.  These  Insects  have  been  accused  of  propa- 
gating anthracoid  or  septic  diseases,  it  being  supposed  that,  after 
having  sucked  the  blood  of  an  animal  attacked  with  one  of  these 
affections,  their  proboscis,  charged  with  this  virulent  fluid,  may 
inoculate  any  healthy  animal  which  they  chance  to  fasten  upon. 

The  Simuliidse  of  Europe,  though  only  numbering  a few  species, 
are,  according  to  Laboulbene,  somewhat  difficult  to  distinguish 
from  one  another .|| b-4 

The  commonest  appears  to  be  Simulium  reptans  (Fig.  i).  ‘The  male  is 
dark  and  velvety,  with  the  margins  of  the  thorax  greyish  ; the  female  grey. 
The  legs  have  white  rings  ; the  base  of  the  wings  and  the  balancers  are  yellow. 
Length,  2 to  3 millimetres  ’ (Laboulbene).  It  is  somewhat  common  in  the 
Paris  basin. 

Spinola  mentions  that  certain  Diptera  in  Brandenburg,  which  he  identified 
as  Simulium  reptans,  and  that,  again,  as  the  5.  Columbatczense , attack  Horses 
at  pasture,  and  prick  their  ears  more  especially.  Where  these  punctures  have 
been  made  there  appear  white  spots,  which  render  the  skin  as  if  fly-bitten. 

The  Grey  Simulium  (5.  cinereum  Mac.)  is  of  a dark-grey  tint,  with  the 
antennae  black,  the  thorax  marked  by  three  black,  rather  indistinct,  longi- 
tudinal lines,  and  the  abdomen  by  three  black  transverse  lines.  Legs  black. 
Length,  3 to  3^5  mm. 

Megnin  has  made  similar  remarks  on  this  species  to  those  of 
Spinola  on  the  S.  reptans.  According  to  him,  it  is  common  more 
especially  in  the  large  forests  in  the  centre  and  north-east  of  France. 
It  chiefly  attacks  Horses  on  those  parts  where  the  skin  is  fine  and 
destitute  of  hair,  as  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  thighs,  and  the 
interior  of  the  auricular  concha.  The  punctures — which  are  usually 
very  numerous  on  a small  space — give  rise  to  a somewhat  severe 
inflammation,  the  subsidence  of  which  is  accompanied  by  an 
abundant  epidermic  exfoliation  and  shedding  of  the  hair.  Some 
Horses,  for  several  days  after  these  attacks,  have  their  ears  so 
sensitive  that  it  is  difficult  to  bridle  them.  In  others  of  good 
breeding  and  nervous  temperament,  the  pricks  of  the  Simulium 
inside  the  ears  have  been  followed  ‘ by  a veritable  psoriasis  guttata , 
characterized  by  small  lenticular  patches,  isolated  or  confluent, 
covered  by  a white,  nacrous,  epidermic  stratification,  beneath 
which  the  integument  has  disappeared,  as  in  vitiligo.’  Fleming 
states  that  he  found  this  insect  in  England  during  the  Cannock 
Chase  manoeuvres  in  Staffordshire,  in  1872.  The  horses  of  the 
Royal  Engineers  were  picketed  in  a narrow  valley  near  the  river 
Soar,  where  they  were  greatly  annoyed  by  myriads  of  this  Simulium, 
which  congregated  inside  the  ears,  and  gorged  themselves  with 
blood.  Subsequently,  the  white  patches  mentioned  by  Spinola 
and  Megnin  appeared  on  the  skin  lining  the  ears. 

Another  species,  the  multiplication  of  which  is  sometimes  very 
troublesome,  is  the  Spotted  Simulium  (S.  maculatum  Meig.). 

The  male  is  of  a velvety  black,  with  the  sides  of  the  thorax  in  front  of  a 
silky  yellow,  and  the  base  of  the  abdomen  also  yellow  on  each  side.  The  female 


DIPTEROUS  PARASITES  IN  THE  PERFECT  INSECT  STATE  25 


is  bluish-grey,  with  three  black  longitudinal  bands  on  the  thorax.  The  abdo- 
men has  three  black  contiguous  spots  above.  Length,  2 to  2*5  mm. 

The  spotted  Simulium  is  abundant  in  summer  in  woody  and 
marshy  places,  and  often  attacks  animals,  particularly  in  warm  and 
stormy  weather.  In  April,  1863,  the  canton  of  Condrieu  (Rhone) 
was  particularly  troubled,  in  consequence  of  the  extraordinary 
multiplication  of  these  flies.  Professor  Tisserant,  of  the  Lyons 
Veterinary  School,  observed  that  they  chiefly  attacked  Horses  and 
Cattle,  annoying  Sheep  and  Goats  less,  and  not  even  sparing  Man. 
They  sought  those  parts  of  the  body  where  the  skin  was  thinnest 
and  had  least  hair.  When  the  Insects  were  numerous  these  parts 
became  red,  even  bleeding,  and  denuded  ; then  followed  a hard  and 
painful  tumefaction,  with  fever,  and  sometimes  symptoms  of 
dyspnoea  and  intoxication,  which  might  result  in  death  in  from 
twelve  to  fourteen  hours  after  the  invasion  of  these  swarms  of 
Simulium.  In  fact,  eight  or  ten  cattle  did  die.  ‘ For  some  time/ 
Railliet  justly  remarks,  ‘ it  was  sought  to  attribute  these  accidents 
to  an  epizooty  of  anthrax,  in  which  the  insects  acted  only  as  carriers 
of  the  virus.  But  this  was  an  entirely  gratuitous  supposition.' 
Conviction  as  to  the  fact  of  these  Insects  being  the  cause  followed 
the  study  of  the  event,  and  especially  when  it  was  remembered  that 
a similar,  if  not  identical,  species  gave  rise  to  serious  consequences 
in  certain  parts  of  Central  Europe,  where  it  is  famous  as  the  Kolum - 
batz  Fly. 

The  Simulium  of  Kolumbatz  (S.  Columbatczense  Schiner),  female — the  male 
is  very  rare — measures  3-37  mm.  to  about  4 mm.  It  is  black,  entirely  covered 
with  a whitish  dust  and  yellowish  hairs  ; the  antennae  are  yellow  ; the  legs  are 
white  in  the  living  specimen,  but  become  yellow  after  death  ; the  wings  are 
hyaline. 

This  species  derives  its  name  from  an  old  castle  in  Servia — district  of 
Posharavatz — on  the  right  bank  of  the  Danube,  where  it  abounds  in  low-lying, 
damp,  and  woody  situations  in  that  neighbourhood.  It  was  there  that  its 
damaging  effects  were  first  observed  and  decribed  by  Schonbauer.  It  was 
subsequently  found  here  and  there  throughout  nearly  the  whole  of  Germany  ; 
but  it  is  only  abundant  in  Southern  Hungary,  Servia,  Austria,  and  Moravia, 
and  is  most  numerous  after  inundations  from  the  Danube.  Damp  shady  places 
are  its  favourite  haunts,  as  it  passes  the  first  phases  of  its  development  in 
water.  Near  the  castle  of  Kolumbatz  are  vast  limestone  quarries,  where  the 
Insects  doubtless  find  shelter  during  unfavourable  weather,  and  this  may 
explain  the  tradition  ascribing  the  abundance  of  these  little  Flies  to  this 
locality. 

From  the  early  days  in  May,  they  appear  in  such  numbers  that,  from  a 
distance,  the  swarms  seem  like  dark  clouds  ; it  is  impossible  to  breathe 
without  getting  them  into  one’s  mouth,  and  white  animals  upon  which  they 
settle  appear  quite  black.  They  alight  upon  Man,  but  prefer  the  domesticated 
animals,  which  they  chiefly  attack  around  the  natural  openings,  penetrating 
even  into  the  air-passages.  ‘ Each  puncture  this  Insect  makes,’  says  Schon- 
bauer, ‘ causes  a burning  itching,  and  a very  hard  and  painful  tumefaction 
which  rapidly  forms,  and  does  not  disappear  until  after  eight  or  ten  days. 
When  the  punctures  are  numerous  and  close  to  each  other,  they  occasion  a 
violent  fever,  and,  in  irritable  individuals,  cramps  and  convulsions.  It  will 
be  understood,  after  this,  how  these  small  Insects  can  kill  large  animals  in  a 
few  hours,  when  they  inflict  at  one  time  thousands  of  punctures  on  the  most 
sensitive  and  thinnest  parts  of  the  skin,  and  when  from  these  punctures  arise 


26 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


thousands  of  small,  very  painful  swellings,  which  merge  into  a large  tumour, 
and  develop  a violent  inflammation.  . . . The  animals  succumb  to  the 
inflammatory  fever  and  asphyxia,  the  Insects  filling  and  obstructing  the  larynx, 
trachea,  and  bronchi.  Some  of  the  animals  even  succumb  during  the  course 
of  the  invasion  of  the  Simuliidse,  ethers  a few  hours  afterwards,  and  others, 
again,  during  the  following  night.  The  finer  the  skin  is  the  more  the  punctured 
part  is  sensitive,  the  consecutive  irritation  is  much  more  intense,  the  swelling 
greater,  and  the  consequences  more  serious.  This  is  why  women,  children, 
and  young  animals  suffer  much  more  from  the  punctures  than  men  and  aged 
animals.  There  are  instances  recorded  of  children  being  killed  by  these 
Insects — these  occurrences  taking  place  more  especially  when  the  mothers, 
occupied  in  the  fields,  have  left  their  progeny  lying  on  the  ground.’ 

According  to  Tomosvary,  death  is  due  to  the  multitude  of  punctures,  to  the 
pain  they  cause,  the  small  haemorrhages,  and  the  poisoning  of  the  blood  by 
which  they  are  followed.  The  female  Insect  is  alone  capable  of  pricking,  and 
it  acts  with  such  vigour  that  it  buries  its  entire  head  in  the  skin,  and,  having 
gorged  itself,  falls  helpless  to  the  ground. 

In  1783,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Kolumbatz,  the  losses  due  to  these 
Simuliidae  were  not  less  than  52  Horses,  131  Cattle,  316  Sheep,  and  about 
100  Pigs.  In  1813  and  in  1830  in  this  locality  many  hundreds  of  Horses, 
Cattle,  and  Sheep  perished  from  this  cause.  In  1878  several  localities  of 
Central  and  Southern  Hungary  were  severely  visited  by  these  pests,  and  in 
certain  parts  from  20  to  30  cattle  died  daily  ; the  herds  were  so  plagued  that 
they  could  only  be  sent  to  graze  at  night. 

Brachycera. — This  sub-order,  which  is  very  extensive,  has  been 
divided  into  a great  number  of  families ; but  the  only  species  which 
belong  to  the  subject  of  this  chapter  are  those  of  the  Tabanidce, 
Asilidcz,  Muscidcz,  and  the  Hippoboscidcz  or  Pupipara. 

The  Tabanidse  have  a broad  and  slightly  flattened  body,  the  wings  often 
apart,  the  head  large  and  depressed  from  before  to  behind  ; the  eyes  are 
contiguous  in  the  males  ; the  last  article  of  the  antennae  is  annulated,  but  has 
no  stylet  ; the  proboscis,  usually  salient,  comprises  six  stylets  in  the  female, 
four  in  the  male  ; the  tarsi  are  furnished  with  three  cushions.  The  proboscis 
is  exserted,  enclosing  lancets  and  ending  in  two  fleshy  lobes  ; their  wings  are 
extended  horizontally,  are  moved  by  powerful  muscles,  and  provided  with  a 
great  number  of  nervures. 

These  Insects,  and  particularly  the  Breeze-flies,  ‘ are,’  says 
Macquart,  ‘ spread  over  the  world  ; each  climate  has  its  own  proper 
species  ; and  with  regard  to  instinct,  it  is  everywhere  the  same. 
The  Lion  in  the  deserts  of  the  torrid  zone  and  the  Reindeer  of 
Lapland  have  them  for  enemies,  as  have  our  Oxen  and  Horses.  At 
the  moment  when  the  Insect  fixes  itself,  the  proboscis  pierces  the 
thickest  skin,  and  blood  flows  immediately.  The  females  alone 
attack,  the  males  living  on  the  sap  of  flowers,  though  the  former 
have  also  been  found  on  them  ; it  even  appears  that  the  Pangonia 
have  no  other  food.  The  Tabanidse  more  particularly  frequent 
woods  and  pastures  ; and  it  is  during  summer,  and  the  warmest 
hours  of  the  day,  that  they  are  most  redoubtable.  Their  flight  is 
rapid,  and  accompanied  by  a buzzing  sound.’  This  revealing 
noise  is  for  the  threatened  animal  a cause  of  alarm ; but  it  is  in 
vain  that,  by  movements  of  limbs  or  tail,  it  can  repel  the  enemy, 
which  suddenly  descends  on  it,  choosing  the  parts  where  the  skin 
is  finest,  and  burying  therein  the  powerful  sharp  proboscis,  which 
is  not  withdrawn  until  the  creature  is  satiated  with  blood.  And 


DIPTEROUS  PARASITES  IN  THE  PERFECT  INSECT  STATE  27 


after  its  departure  there  flows  a last  drop  of  blood ; then  appears 
a slight  swelling,  which  generally  disappears  in  a short  time.  The 
Breeze-flies  usually  only  attack  the  larger 
domesticated  animals — the  Ox  and  Horse, 
and,  in  Algeria,  the  Camel.  They  may 
be  agents  for  the  transmission  of  virulent 
diseases,  when  they  quit  an  animal  affected 
with  one  of  these  maladies  and  introduce 
their  soiled  proboscis  into  the  skin  of  a 


Fig.  2. — Autumn  Breeze-fly,  Female. — Delafond. 

A,  Large  head,  seen  in  profile  : a,  antennae  ; p,  maxillary  palp  ; t,  proboscis. 
— B,  Details  of  the  proboscis  : p,  palp  ; Is,  epipharynx  ; s,  mandibles  and 
maxillae  ; la,  hypopharynx  ; li,  inferior  lip,  forming  the  sheath  of  the 
proboscis. 


healthy  one.  In  this  way  the  Tabanus  tropicus  is  said  to  convey 
the  blood  parasite  ( Trypanosoma  Evansi)  of  Surra  from  infected  to 
healthy  animals. 

The  Tabanidae  comprise  several  hundred  species.  The  most 
common  among  the  indigenous  species  are  the  following  : 

The  Breeze-flies,  properly  called,  belong  to  the  genus  Tabanus  (Linn.)  ; 
they  are  characterized  by  a short,  thick,  slightly  salient  proboscis,  and  the 
last  article  of  the  antennae  is  notched  in  crescent  form. 


The  Ox  Breeze-fly  ( T . bovinus  Linn.),  the  largest  of  the  indigenous  species, 
measures  27  mm.  in  length.  It  is  of  a dark-brown  colour  ; the  thorax,  covered 
with  yellow  hairs,  is  marked  by  black  longitudinal  bands  ; 
the  abdominal  rings  are  fawn-coloured  at  their  posterior 
border,  and  on  the  middle  of  the  dorsal  face  of  each  is 
a white  triangular  spot.  By  its  strength  and  size,  this 
very  common  species  is  most  formidable.  In  Burgundy, 
it  is  known  as  the  Great  Breeze-fly  ( gros  Tavin),  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  others,  which  are  merely  named 
Breeze-flies  ( Tavins ). 

The  Black  Breeze-fly  (T.  morio  Lat.),  18  mm.  long,  is 
of  a shining  black  colour.  It  has  fuliginous  wings,  and 
the  third  article  of  the  antennae  is  sickle-shaped. 


Fig.  3. — Autumnal 
Breeze-fly,  natural 
size. — Railliet. 


The  Autumnal  Breeze-fly  (T.  autumnalis  Linn.)  is 
18  to  20  mm.  long,  is  dark-coloured,  with  the  thorax 

grey  and  velvety,  and  marked  by  four  brown  longitudinal  bands,  three  rows 
of  white  spots  on  the  abdomen,  the  wings  non-fuliginous,  and  the  legs  yellowish 
white,  the  extremity  being  black. 


28 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  Noisy  Breeze-fly  (T.  bromius  Linn.)  is  from  14  mm.  to  16  mm.  long,  and 
differs  from  the  preceding  by  its  smaller  size  and  more  particularly  by  its 
brighter  thorax,  by  three  rows  of  yellow  spots  on  the  abdomen,  and  by  its  more 
hyaline  wings. 

The  Rustic  Breeze-fly  (X.  rusticus  Fab.)  has  the  same  length  as  the  preceding, 
but  is  of  a dark-grey  colour,  has  thick  yellowish  hairs,  and  is  yellow  or  rust- 
tinted  at  several  points. 

The  Tawny  Breeze-fly  (X.  fulvus  Meig.)  is  16  mm.  long,  and  is  more  tawny 
than  the  preceding,  principally  from  the  thick  down  covering  it  ; it  has,  like  the 
Ox  Breeze-fly,  only  one  line  of  white  spots  along  the  abdomen. 

The  White-footed  Breeze-fly  ( T . cilbipes  Fab.),  from  23  mm.  to  25  mm.  long, 
is  black,  with  yellowish  hairs,  and  tufted  on  the  thorax  and  two  first  rings  of 
the  abdomen  ; its  legs  are  yellow. 

All  these  species,  which  are  the  most  important  of  the  genus, 
have  the  same  habits  and  same  avidity,  but  they  are  not  all 
equally  common ; the  order  in  which  they  have 
been  mentioned  is  that  of  their  frequency. 

In  North  Africa,  and  especially  in  Egypt  and 
Algeria,  there  is  a widespread  species,  which 
appears  to  be  the  Tabanus  albifacies,  and  which 
the  Arabs — bedouins  or  fellahs — name  El  Debab 
or  Debane  (Fly).  They  wrongly  blame  it  for  a 
mortality  that  often  occurs  among  their  Horses 
and  Camels  in  the  marshy  regions  they  frequent. 
Piot  has  shown  that  these  losses  are  independent 
of  the  stings  of  this  Insect,  and  should  be 
attributed  to  other  parasitic  affections,  and 
especially  to  a pernicious  anaemia  due  to  the 
presence  of  numerous  hyatid  cysts  in  the  lungs. 

The  genus  Hematopota  (Meig.),  which  differs  from  that  of  the  Breeze-flies 
more  especially  by  the  absence  of  the  crescentic  notch  in  the  third  article  of 
the  antennae,  and  by  the  overlapping  wings,  has  for  its  principal  species  the 
Hematopota  pluvialis  (L.),  or  small  Rain  Breeze-fly.  This  species  is  readily 
distinguished  from  the  other  Breeze-flies  by  its  size  (1  centimetre),  its  elongated 
and  somewhat  narrow  abdomen,  its  very  fuliginous  wings  marked  by  hyaline 
spots,  its  greenish  eyes  with  reddish  sinuous  streaks,  and  the  abdomen  with  a 
white  middle  dorsal  line  and  a row  of  small  white  spots. 

Very  common  in  summer,  the  Hematopota  pluvialis  harasses 
animals  more  especially  in  stormy  weather  ; Man  is  also  liable  to 
its  attacks.  It  is  said  to  be  met  with  in  Lapland,  where  the  Reindeer 
suffer  from  its  visitations. 

The  Chrysops  (Meig.)  is  distinguished  from  the  preceding  genera  by  the 
presence  of  three  accessory  eyes  or  ocelli,  which  are  very  visible  on  the  top  of 
the  head,  and  derives  its  name  from  its  golden-green  eyes,  with  purple  lines 
and  spots.  The  most  interesting  species  is  the  Blinding  Chrysops,  or  Small 
Blinding  Breeze-fly  (C.  ccecutiens  L.).  This  is  an  Insect  9 mm.  long,  with  wings 
very  wide  apart,  and  the  abdomen  flattened  and  square-shaped  almost  to 
its  extremity,  is  yellow  at  the  base,  and  grey  for  the  remainder  of  its  extent  ; 
the  wings  are  brown,  with  a large  hyaline  spot  near  the  base,  and  another 
triangular  one  near  the  extremity. 


Fig.  4. — Small  Rain 
Breeze-fly,  magnified 
two  diameters. — 
Railliet. 


DIPTEROUS  PARASITES  IN  THE  PERFECT  INSECT  STATE  29 


Common  in,  summer,  the  blinding  Chrysops  is  so  named  because 
it  prefers  to  puncture  the  larger  domesticated  animals  around  the 
eyes.  It  also  attacks  Man. 

The  genus  Pangonia  (Latr.),  which  belongs  to  the  same  family,  only  merits 
special  mention  here  because  Megnin  attaches  to  it  some  Dipterous  females 
brought  from  New  Caledonia,  where,  accord- 
ing to  Germain,  they  attack  the  Cattle  like 
the  Tabanidse,  and  thus  concurred  in  the  pro- 
pagation of  an  epizooty  of  anthrax  that  pre- 
vailed in  Pine  Island.  Megnin,  who  describes 
them,  names  them  P.  Neo-Caledonica. 

The  Asilidse  offer  little  interest.  The  Asiles 
{Asilus  Linn.),  which  are  specially  destructive 
of  Insects,  have  the  reputation — perhaps  badly 
founded — of  being  tormentors  of  animals,  like 
the  Breeze-flies.  It  is  the  Hornet  Asilus  {A. 
crabroniformis  Linn.)  which  is  particularly  in- 
culpated in  these  misdeeds.  It  is  recognised  Breeze-fly,  magnified  two  dia- 
among  all  the  Diptera  by  the  resemblance  it  meters. — Railliet. 
has,  at  the  first  glance,  to  a Wasp.  It  is  from 

23  mm.  to  27  mm.  long  ; its  thorax  is  brownish-yellow ; the  abdomen,  narrow 
and  elongated,  is  black  in  its  three  first  rings,  and  bright  yellow  in  the  others  ; 
the  feet  are  fawn-coloured,  the  wings  dull  yellow  and  spotted  black  at  the  inner 
border. 

The  family  of  Muscidae,  which  includes  all  the  Flies  properly 
so  called,  is  extremely  rich  in  genera  and  species. 

With  these  Insects,  the  antennre — usually  inflected  in  front  of  the  head — 
have  their  last  article  enlarged  in  the  form  of  a palette,  and  provided  at  its  base 
with  a bristle  which  is  most  frequently  dorsal.  The  proboscis,  inflected,  is 
essentially  formed  by  the  lower  lip,  and  generally  terminates  by  a soft  enlarge- 
ment ; it  contains  only  two  stylets.  The  tarsi  are  provided  with  two  hooks 
and  two  cushions. 

Allusion  will  be  made  here  only  to  those  Muscidae  which  attack 
animals,  in  order  to  feed  on  their  blood  or  cutaneous  secretions. 
Hereafter,  those  will  be  described  which  are  only  parasitic  in  the 
larval  state. 

The  first  belong  to  the  genera  Musca , Stomoxys , Hcematobia, 
Aricia,  Hydrophoria,  Hydrotcea , and  Glossina j 

The  Flies  ( Musca  Linn.)  have  the  stylet  of  the  antennae  plumose  to  the  end, 
and  a soft  proboscis  adapted  for  suction,  but  incapable  of  penetrating  the 
skin;  so  that  if  these  insects  trouble  Man  and  animals,  it  is  only  to  imbibe 
their  perspiration.  They  cause  annoyance  by  their  importunity,  and  irritate  by 
the  tickling  and  itching  they  induce  by  their  pads  and  proboscis.  They  are 
found  in  our  houses,  in  stables,  cowsheds,  sheep-folds,  etc.,  and  in  paddocks 
and  pastures.  Of  an  ash-grey  or  greyish  aspect,  they  resemble  the  Common 
Fly  ( M . domestica  Linn. ),  so  well  known,  and  are  distinguished  from  each 
other  by  such  minute  differences  that  there  can  be  no  practical  interest  in 
reproducing  these  ; as  all  the  species,  beside  their  general  likeness,  have 
almost  identical  habits,  and  to  an  equal  degree  torment  the  domesticated 
animals  during  warm  weather.  Such  are  : the  bovine  Fly  (M.  bovina 
Robineau  Desvoidy),  the  crow  Fly  (Af.  corvina  Fab.),  the  cow  Fly  (A/,  vaccina 
Rob.  D.).  the  vagabond  Fly  (AT.  vagatoria  Rob.  D.),  the  vitripene  Fly  {M. 
vitripennis  Meig.),  the  executioner  Fly  ( M . carnifex  Rob.  D.),  the  importunate 
Fly  (M.  stimulant  Rob.  D.),  the  garden  Fly  (M.  hortorum  Meig).,  etc. 


Fig.  5. — Small  Blinding 


30 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  Stomoxes  ( Stomoxys  Geoff.),  often  called  Stinging  Flies,  have  a solid, 
elongated  proboscis,  bent  near  its  base,  horizontal,  and  extending  beyond 
the  head  in  front.  This  character  serves  to  distinguish  them  immediately 
from  the  Flies,  which  they  otherwise  closely  resemble. 

A very  common  species  is  the  Stinging  Stomoxys  or  Obstinate 
Stomoxys  (S.  calcitrans  Geoff.).  It  appears  at  the  end  of  summer 

and  commencement  of 
autumn,  and  enters  our 
houses,  stables,  and 
cowsheds.  It  attaches 
itself  by  preference  to 
the  legs  of  Horses, 
which  causes  them  to 
stamp  in  order  to  get 
rid  of  it — hence  the 
name  calcitrans  given 
to  this  species.  With 
fine-skinned,  sensitive 


Fig.  7. — Stinging  Sto- 
moxys, natural  size. — 
Railliet. 

animals,  the  puncture  of  the  Stomoxys  may  be  followed  by  a large 
papule,  on  which  the  hairs  are  erect.  Its  larvae  live  in  the  fresh 
dung  of  the  Horse.  When  at  rest,  the  Stomoxys  and  domestic 
Fly  are  distinguished  from  each  other  in  that  the  first  carries  its 
head  upward,  while  the  second  has  it  in  the  opposite  position.  It 
has  been  supposed  that  the  Stomoxes  may  be  agents  in  spreading 
anthracoid  maladies,  by  stinging  in  succession  a diseased  and  a 
healthy  animal,  but  no  proof  of  this  has  been  given. 

The  Hsematobia  species  (Rob.  D.)  also  resemble  the  Flies,  though  they  are 
smaller.  They  have  a proboscis  like  that  of  the  Stomoxes,  and  are  particularly 
distinguished  for  the  length  of  their  palps,  which  equals  that  of  the  proboscis  ; 
while  in  the  Stomoxes  the  palps  do  not  exceed  the  anterior  border  of  the 
buccal  fossette. 

Thus,  as  their  name  indicates,  the  Haematobia  species  are  no  less 
greedy  of  blood  than  the  Stomoxes,  but  they  do  not  enter  stables ; 
they  only  frequent  pastures,  where  they  are  very  troublesome  to 
Horses  and  Cattle.  Linnaeus  was  of  opinion  that  they  were  favour- 
able to  the  health  of  these  animals  ; for  in  collecting  in  large  numbers 
on  their  bodies,  they  compelled  them  to  keep  moving,  and  so 
prevented  them  from  eating  too  much,  which  might  be  hurtful 
to  them.  The  HcEmatobia  stimulans  (Meig.),  H.  ferox  (Rob.  D.), 


Fig.  6. — Head  of  the  Stinging  Stomoxys,  highly 
magnified  and  seen  in  profile. — Delafond. 

a,  antennae  ; p,  maxillary  palp  ; t,  proboscis. 


DIPTEROUS  PARASITES  IN  THE  PERFECT  INSECT  STATE  31 

H.  irritans  (Meig.),  and  H.  serrata  (Rob.  D.),  are  the  principal 
French  species. 

The  Saw  or  Horn-fly  ( H . serrata ),  chiefly  characterized  by  the 
shape  of  the  posterior  tarsi  in  the  male,  which  have  the  form  of  a 
saw,  belongs  especially  to  Southern  France.  It  appears  to  be 
widely  distributed  in  the  United  States  of  America,  into  which  it 
has  been  probably  imported  from  Europe.  Of  late  years,  by  reason 
of  its  multiplication,  it  has  created  much  alarm  by  the  way  in  which 
it  has  caused  cattle  to  suffer,  and  so  prevented  their  thriving.  When 
these  insects  are  in  large  numbers,  they  gather  to  rest  at  the  base 
of  the  horns,  which  they  cover  for  some  inches.  During  heavy 
rain,  they  collect  on  the  under  side  of  the  animal’s  abdomen.  They 
attack,  by  preference,  the  back,  flanks,  and  upper  parts  of  the  limbs. 
According  to  the  investigations  of  Howard,  the  H.  serrata  deposits 
its  eggs  in  fresh  dung,  where  the  larvae  are  hatched  in  about  twenty- 
four  hours,  and  there  they  develop.  Nymphosis  takes  place  in  the 
superficial  layers  of  the  soil  covered  by  the  dung.  The  perfect 
insect  appears  in  about  fifteen  days  after  the  egg  has  been  laid.  To 
prevent  the  multiplication  of  this  species,  it  suffices  to  throw  lime 
over  the  dung  lying  on  the  pastures. 

The  Arices  ( Aricia  Macq.),  the  Hydrophores  ( Hydrophoria  Macq.),  the 
Hydrotes  ( Hydrotcea  Rob.  D.),  possessing  the  same  habits  and  causing  the 
same  discomforts  as  the  Flies,  are  distinguished  from  the  preceding  genera 
by  their  balancers,  which  remain  exposed  ; while  in  Flies,  Stomoxes,  and 
Haematobia  they  are  concealed. 

They  live  by  preference  in  damp  situations,  and  their  ordinary 
nourishment  consists  of  the  sap  of  flowers  ; but  the  females  attack 
animals,  and  although  their  soft  proboscis  cannot  pierce  the  skin, 
and  only  allows  them  to  suck  up  the  secretion  thrown  out  on  its 
surface,  they  harass  and  torment  them  most  stubbornly.  They 
are  found  in  the  company  of  the  Flies — which  they  much  resemble 
externally — around  the  eyes,  nostrils,  etc. — sometimes  in  veritable 
swarms.  The  best-known  species  is  the  Storm-fly  ( Hydrotcea 
meteorica  Rob.  D.).  Linnaeus  termed  it  the  meteoric  Fly , because 
at  the  approach  of  rain  it  formed  a kind  of  cloud  towards  the 
lower  extremity  of  the  Horse’s  head. 

It  remains  to  speak  of  a species  in  the  family  of  Muscidae,  which  does  not 
belong  to  our  country,  but  which  cannot  be  passed  over  in  silence,  because  of 
the  universal  evil  reputation  it  enjoys.  This  is  the  Tsetse,  or  Glossina  Morsitans 
(Westwood),  which,  by  the  organization  of  its  proboscis,  comes  near  the 
Stomoxys  and  Haematobia.  It  is  a little  larger  than  the  domestic  Fly  ; its 
slender  proboscis  is  nearly  twice  as  long  as  its  head  ; its  thorax,  chestnut  in 
colour,  is  marked  by  four  black  longitudinal  lines  ; the  abdomen  is  yellowish- 
white,  and  has  only  five  segments,  the  last  four  of  which  have  large  black  spots 
interrupted  on  the  middle  line  ; the  wings  are  slightly  smoky. 

There  are  besides  several  Flies  of  tropical  Africa,  known  by  the  common 
names  of  Tsetse,  Tzetze,  and  Zimb,  forming  part  of  the  genus  Glossina  (Wiede- 
mann), and  remarkable  for  their  elongated  proboscis,  which  allows  them  to, 
puncture  with  force.  The  most  celebrated  is  the  Gl.  morsitans,  also  named 
the  Tsaltsaya.  It  constitutes  one  of  the  most  serious  obstacles  to  civilization 


32 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


in  Africa,  for  in  the  regions  it  frequents  it  renders  the  employment  of  the 
majority  of  beasts  of  burden  impossible. 

We  will  borrow  from  Railliet  an  excellent  rSsumS  of  the  history  of  this 
insect  : 

* The  Fly  to  which  the  negroes  give  the  name  of  Tsetse  is  met  with  throughout 
nearly  the  whole  of  Central  Africa.  It  appears  to  prefer  hanging  about  the 
borders  of  marshes  and  watering-places,  and  in  beds  of  reeds. 
It  makes  a loud  buzzing  noise,  which  is  easily  recognised  again 
when  it  has  once  been  heard.  If  Bruce  is  to  be  believed,  the 
buzzing  of  the  Tsetse  is  “ a mixture  of  dull  and  sharp  sound, 
which  is  somewhat  discordant.  This  buzzing  causes  more 
terror  and  disorder  among  men  and  animals  than  the  monsters 
of  the  countries  they  inhabit  could  produce,  if  they  were  twice 
as  numerous.” 

‘ Many  travellers — among  others,  Livingstone  and  Oswald — 
Fig.  8. — Tse-  have  stated  that  this  Fly  is  one  of  the  most  redoubtable  scourges 
tse,  natural  Gf  the  African  torrid  zone ; nevertheless,  the  descriptions  pub- 
size. — Rail-  lished  with  regard  to  it  have,  it  appears  to  us,  something  of  a 
liet.  legendary  character.  Like  the  Stomoxes,  the  Tsetse  attacks 

Man  and  animals.  It  darts  on  the  latter,  say  the  travellers, 
with  the  rapidity  of  an  arrow,  and  prefers  biting  them  inside  the  thighs  or 
beneath  the  belly,  and  a tumour  soon  forms  at  the  part  attacked. 

‘ It  has  been  said  that  this  insect  prefers  the  uncovered  parts  of  the  body  ; 
that  the  action  of  its  bite  on  Man  is  no  more  dangerous  than  that  of  the  Gnat  ; 
that  the  domesticated  animals,  on  the  contrary — with  the  exception  of  the 
Ass,  the  Elephant,  and  the  Goat — begin  to  waste  away  immediately,  and  soon 
succumb  ; that  Dogs  resist  the  bites  when  they  are  fed  on  venison,  but  perish 
when  they  receive  milk  ; that  Calves  nourished  on  milk,  on  the  contrary,  are 
exempt  from  injury,  etc.  On  autopsy,  the  heart,  lungs,  and  liver  are  found 
more  or  less  affected. 

‘ The  majority  of  these  descriptions  of  the  older  travellers  have  been 
contradicted  by  more  recent  observations.  Thus,  a Belgian  expedition  has 
lost  several  Elephants  ; P.  Baur  has  witnessed  several  of  his  Asses  perish  as 
a result  of  the  stings  of  this  Fly,  and  he  asserts  that,  instead  of  preferring 
uncovered  parts,  the  Tsetse  usually  gets  underneath  the  clothing  and  up  the 
sleeves  of  men,  and  below  the  tails  of  animals.  Others  have  observed  that  those 
bitten  generally  succumb  as  a consequence  of  the  gradually-increasing  weak- 
ness, which  may  continue  for  several  weeks,  and  even  months.  Finally,  the 
most  careful  autopsies  have  not  revealed  any  lesion  of  the  spleen,  liver,  lungs, 
or  brain. 

‘ All  these  contradictory  statements  show  that  the  action  of  the  Tsetse 
punctures  is  extremely  variable,  and  that,  consequently,  they  ought  not  to 
be  venomous.  Besides,  Nocard  and  myself  have  introduced,  without  any 
result,  beneath  the  skin  of  the  thigh  of  a Sheep  the  head  and  proboscis  of  a 
Tsetse,  brought  from  Zanzibar  a short  time  before  by  Paul  Leroy. 

‘ In  reality,  the  Tsetse  can  merely  be  regarded  as  a carrier  of  virus,  and 
its  bite  is  only  dangerous  when  its  proboscis  has  been  previously  infected. 
With  regard  to  the  virus  that  it  habitually  inoculates,  it  is  difficult,  in  the 
present  state  of  our  knowledge,  to  say  what  it  actually  is  ; but  contrary  to 
what  Megnin  has  advanced,  it  is  impossible  to  say  it  is  that  of  anthrax — at 
least,  in  the  majority  of  instances.  We  have  already  given  the  opinion  that 
it  might  well  be  the  virus  of  various  maladies,  and,  perhaps,  even  of  affections 
peculiar  to  Central  Africa.’ 

Later  investigations  have  shown  that  Nagana  or  Tsetse-fly  disease,  is  caused 
by  a hsematozoon,  the  Trypanosoma  Brucei,  and  that  the  Glossina  morsitans 
is  capable  of  transmitting  this  parasite  to  Horses  and  other  animals. 


The  small  family  of  Pupipara,  or  Hippoboscidae,  naturally  con- 
cludes this  list,  for  the  Insects  composing  it  live  exclusively  as 
parasites,  either  on  Mammals  or  on  Birds.  The  name  has  been 


DIPTEROUS  PARASITES  IN  THE  PERFECT  INSECT  STATE  33 

given  to  it  by  Latreille,  as  the  family  does  not  lay  eggs,  but  pupae 
or  nymphae.  In  reality,  according  to  Leuckart,  the  eggs  developed 
in  the  ovaries  undergo,  in  a dilatation  of  the  vagina,  the  evolution 
which  leads  to  the  formation  of  larvae  ; the  latter  remain  in  this 
organ,  where  they  are  nourished  on  the  secretions  of  the  glandular 
appendages  of  the  uterus,  undergoing  several  moultings,  and 
acquiring  their  development  before  expulsion.  Immediately  after 
this  hatching,  they  are  transformed  into  pupae.  Therefore,  the 
term  ‘ Pupipara  ’ is  not  quite  exact.  In  the  pupa  state,  the  insect 
is  in  the  form  of  an  egg,  nearly  as  large  as  the  abdomen  of  the 
mother,  this  region  being  covered  by  a continuous  membrane, 
without  distinct  rings,  and  capable  of  great  dilatation — a structure 
necessary  to  the  female,  from  the  peculiar  manner  in  which  she 
brings  forth  her  progeny.  When  the  pupa  case  is  expelled  it 
quickly  becomes  hard,  and  suddenly  enlarges  to  a greater  size 
than  the  abdomen  itself  in  which  it  was  contained.  The  larger 
end  has  a sort  of  hood,  which  the  insect  scales  off  as  soon  as  it  is 
ready  to  make  its  escape. 

These  Insects  have  a flat  broad  body  of  leathery  consistence.  The  rostrum 
comprises  only  a sucker,  formed  of  an  extensible  tube  contained  in  a setiform, 
horny  sheath,  which  is  in  its  turn  protected  by  two  velvety  valves.  The 
antennae  are  rudimentary,  and  usually  reduced  to  scarcely  apparent  knobs. 
The  legs  are  strong,  and  terminate  in  dentated  hooks.  The  wings  may  be 
absent,  and  the  insect  is  then  a permanent  parasite,  like  the  Louse. 

Only  two  species  of  Pupipara  interest  us.  One  is  the  Melophagus 
of  the  Sheep,  and  is  apterous — consequently  a permanent  parasite, 
and  does  not  enter  the  group  now  under  con- 
sideration. The  other  is  Hippobosca  equina 
(Linn.),  which  lives  in  intimate  relation  with 
the  domesticated  animals,  but  being  provided 
with  wings,  easily  quits  its  host,  and  therefore 
belongs  to  the  group  of  remittent  parasites. 

The  Hippobosca  of  the  Horse,  Spider -fly  (Reaumur), 
or  Flat- fly,  is  about  8 mm.  in  length.  The  head  is 
yellow,  has  a brown  spot  at  the  summit,  and  is  salient 
and  distinct  from  the  thorax  ; the  eyes  are  dark.  The 
thorax  is  brown,  with  three  yellow  spots,  one  at  each 
anterior  angle,  the  other  median,  posterior  and  tri-  bosca  equina,  magni- 
angular  ; the  scutellum  is  white,  margined  with  brown,  hed  two  diameters. — 
The  abdomen  is  yellowish-brown.  The  legs  are  deep  Railliet. 
yellow,  with  some  brown  bands,  and  the  tarsal  hooks 

are  bifid.  The  wings  are  oblong,  rounded,  fuliginous,  and  have  nervules  only 
in  their  antero-external  third.  The  body  is  covered  with  short  stiff  hairs  at 
intervals.  According  to  Leuckart,  the  transformation  from  the  pupa  into  the 
perfect  insect  requires  about  a month. 

This  Insect  is  very  common  in  summer,  and  sometimes  attacks 
Cattle  and  Dogs,  but  it  more  particularly  selects  Horses,  fixing  itself 
on  their  flanks,  and  especially  on  smooth  parts — as  around  the 
anus  and  vulva,  and  on  the  perinaeum  and  inner  aspect  of  the 
thighs.  It  runs  with  rapidity  on  the  body  of  its  host,  and  certain 

3 


Fig.  9. — Hippo- 


34 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


animals  which  are  particularly  sensitive  to  its  presence  kick 
furiously  at  the  contact  of  a single  Fly.  Habit,  in  the  course  of 
time,  overcomes  this  irritability,  and  Horses  learn  to  endure  swarms 
of  these  insects  without  disturbance.  They  are  very  difficult  to 
drive  away,  always  obstinately  returning,  and  their  coriaceous 
integument  resists  a moderate  degree  of  pressure  intended  to  crush 
them.  When  animals  are  badly  groomed,  the  Fly  only  leaves  them 
at  long  intervals. 

Rondani  has  separated  into  three  species  the  different  forms  which  the 
Hippobosca  equina  may  present.  Thus  he  distinguishes  : H.  canina,  which 
attacks  various  Mammals,  but  more  particularly  the  Dog  ; H.  equina,  which 
torments  Horses,  Cattle,  Dogs,  and  other  animals  ; and  H.  taurina,  found  on 
the  Ox. 

Preventive  and  Curative  Measures  against  the  Action  of  the 
Diptera. — The  various  Diptera,  generally  designated  by  the  name 
of  Flies,  cause  different  degrees  of  injury  to  the  health  of  animals. 
At  least,  they  prevent  them  resting  in  their  habitations,  and  they 
increase  their  fatigue  during  work  by  the  superfluous  movements  and 
inconvenient  attitudes  they  compel  them  to  assume.  It  is,  there- 
fore, useful  to  endeavour  to  prevent  their  approach. 

What  is  most  necessary  is  to  keep  them  away  from  the  interior 
of  habitations,  or,  at  any  rate,  to  destroy  them  there.  The  first 
object  to  be  attained  is  keeping  these  in  comparative  darkness  ; 
but  curtains,  blinds,  and  shutters  interfere  more  or  less  with  the 
ventilation.  A procedure  indicated  by  Spence  as  resorted  to  in 
Italy,  which  avoids  this  inconvenience,  ‘ consists  in  providing  the 
windows  externally  with  a simple  net,  the  meshes  of  which  may  be 
wide  enough  to  allow  several  Flies  to  pass  through  at  a time.  If 
the  light  enters  at  only  one  side  of  the  building,  the  Insects  will  not 
venture  to  traverse  the  net  ; but  if,  on  the  contrary,  there  is  a window 
in  the  opposite  wall  which  admits  the  light,  they  will  not  hesitate 
to  enter  ’ (Railliet). 

When  Flies  have  entered  the  dwellings,  it  is  somewhat  incon- 
venient to  endeavour  to  expel  them  by  means  of  certain  odorous 
substances,  and  it  is  preferable  to  impregnate  certain  parts  of  the 
bodies  of  the  animals  themselves  with  a solution  of  bitter,  nauseous 
materials,  such  as  those  mentioned  below.  In  some  countries,  while 
the  animals  are  out  of  doors,  it  is  customary  to  burn  the  dry  leaves 
of  the  pumpkin,  the  acrid  smoke  of  which  immediately  drives  out 
or  kills  the  Flies.  In  other  countries,  small  bundles  of  heather, 
broom,  willow,  or  ferns,  are  suspended  from  the  ceiling  or  walls, 
.and  in  these  the  Flies  take  refuge  during  the  night,  and  while  they 
are  asleep  the  wisps  are  shaken  over  a fire  and  the  Insects  in  this  way 
destroyed. 

During  work  or  while  at  pasture,  animals  can  be  protected  by 
means  of  covers  and  linen  sheets.  The  garniture  most  employed 
with  this  object  is  the  net  that  is  spread  over  the  bodies  of  Horses 
and  working  Oxen,  which  is  bordered  by  a fringe  of  twine,  the  con- 


DIPTEROUS  PARASITES  IN  THE  PERFECT  INSECT  STATE  35 

tinual  movement  of  which  keeps  away  Insects.  Sometimes  this 
fringe,  fastened  to  the  reins  on  each  side,  constitutes  all  the 
caparison  ; and  only  too  frequently  the  protection  for  the  Ox  is 
reduced  to  merely  a bit  of  cloth  covering  the  face,  and  defending 
the  eyes  and  muzzle.  The  abdomen  is  sometimes  protected  by 
a kind  of  linen  apron.  The  bonnet  or  hood  which  envelops  the  ears, 
neck,  and  face  prevents  the  entrance  of  Flies  to  the  ears.  Much 
employed  in  the  east  of  France  and  in  Germany,  this  is  made  of  net, 
or,  better,  of  linen.  These  contrivances  are  often  replaced  by 
twigs  and  branches  of  trees,  which,  tied  to  the  saddlery,  by  their 
continual  movement  drive  away  the  Insects. 

Finally,  the  bodies  of  animals  may  be  dressed  with  odorous,  bitter, 
or  nauseous  substances.  In  many  countries,  use  is  frequently  made 
of  a decoction  of  walnut-tree  leaves,  or  of  a maceration  of  them  in 
vinegar.  This  need  only  be  applied  to  the  skin  once  a week. 
Sometimes  it  is  sufficient  to  merely  rub  the  animals  with  the  walnut- 
tree  leaves.  There  have  also  been  recommended  weak  decoctions 
of  tobacco,  aloes,  and  assafoetida.  Substances  should  be  avoided 
such  as  empyreumatic  oils — which  soil  the  harness  and  the  coats 
of  the  animals,  and  are  not  superior  in  their  effects  to  those  just 
mentioned.  The  lotions  and  frictions  need  rarely  be  generally 
applied,  but  should  rather  be  localized  on  the  regions  of  the  body 
which  are  most  sensitive,  or  which  are  most  exposed  to  attack. 

There  are  no  particular  instructions  to  offer  with  regard  to  the 
accidents  that  may  sometimes  be  occasioned  by  the  dipterous 
parasites  ; and  attention  has  only  to  be  directed  to  the  local  or 
general  phenomena  which  present  themselves.  Usually  cold 
affusions,  douches,  and  local  or  general  bathing,  cause  the  dis- 
appearance of  the  tumefaction  and  pruritus  that  are  manifested 
and  it  is  only  these  that  appear  to  demand  therapeutic  intervention. 


3-2 


CHAPTER  II 


DIPTEROUS  PARASITES  OF  THE  SKIN  IN  THE  LARVAL 

STATE 


A certain  number  of  Diptera  pass  their  larval  phase  either  in 
wounds  on  the  surface  of  the  body,  or  in  the  substance  of  the  skin 
itself.  Sometimes  this  sojourn  is  only  accidental  for  them,  and  at 
other  times  it  is  absolutely  necessary.  Parasitism  is,  therefore, 
less  complete  for  the  former  than  it  is  for  the  latter,  which  only  com- 
prise the  larvae  of  the  (Estridse,  and 
which  are,  for  this  reason,  named  cuti- 
coles. 

All  these  larvae  are  acephalous ; the  anterior 
extremity  is  destitute  of  eyes  and  antennae,  and 
has,  at  most,  two  horny  hooks ; food  is  introduced 
into  the  mouth  by  suction.  On  transformation 
into  nymphae,  the  skin  becomes  hardened  and 
assumes  the  form  of  a small  barrel  ( barrelled 
pupa),  in  the  interior  of  which  is  the  real  pupa. 
The  perfect  Insect  makes  its  escape  by  raising  a 
more  or  less  rounded  valve. 

The  term  Myiosis  designating  every 
disturbance  due  to  the  larvse  of  Diptera, 
it  is  naturally  only  a question  here  of 
Cutaneous  Myiosis.  This  is  caused  by 
the  larvse  of  the  Muscidse  and  (Estridse 
— sub-orders  of  Brachycera. 

Larvae  of  the  Muscim. — The  latter 
Fig.  io. — Head  of  the  Blue  belong  to  the  genera  Sarcophaga,  Lucilia, 
or  Flesh  Fly,  highly  magni-  an(j  Ochromyia ; for  it  is  not  proved  that 
fied.  Delafond.  the  Blue  Flesh-fly  (Calliphora  vomitoria 

a,  antennae  ; p,  maxillary  L.),  which  contributes  SO  largely  to 
palps ; t,  proboscis.  changes  in  meat,  nor  the  Carnivorous 

Sarcophagus  ( Sarcophaga  carnaria  L.),  or 
Gray  Carnivorous  Fly,  really  deposit,  even  accidentally,  their  eggs 
and  their  larvse  on  wounds.  On  the  contrary,  it  is  now  known — 
thanks  to  Portchinsky — that  the  majority  of  larvse  which  are 
found  in  Europe  on  the  wounds  of  Man  or  animals,  are  those  of 

36 


PARASITIC  DIPTEROUS  LARVAE  OF  THE  SKIN 


37 


the  magnificent  Sarcophagus  (5.  magnified  Schiner,  Sarcophila 
Wohlfarti  Portch.),  which,  according  to  Laboulbene,  has  the 
following  description  : 

Length  io  mm.  to  13  mm.  General  colour  gray  ; face  and  sides  of  head 
white  ; antennae  and  palps  black  ; thorax  ash-gray,  with  three  black  longi- 
tudinal lines  ; abdomen  light-grav,  with  three  black  spots  on  each  segment. 
Wings  hyaline,  base  yellow.  Legs  black. 


Like  the  other  species  of  Sarcophaga,  this  one  is  viviparous  ; the 
females  deposit  their  larvae  in  wounds  on  Man  and  animals. 


These  larvae  are  fusiform,  with  very  distinct  segments,  and  destitute  of 
spines  ; the  buccal  extremity  is  furnished  with  two  hooks  ; the  posterior 
extremity  shows  two  stigmata — openings  of  the  respiratory  apparatus. 


Fig.  11. — Blue  Flesh-fly,  natural 
size. — Railliet. 


Fig.  12. — Sarcophaga  magnifica, 
male. — Laboulbene. 


‘ This  Dipteran,’  says  Portchinsky,  ‘ is  entirely  rural,  and  is 
never  seen  in  houses.  In  the  perfect  state,  it  is  difficult  to  find, 
and  it  can  only  be  procured  by  hatching  the  nymphae  obtained  from 
the  larvae  gathered  on  animals’  wounds.  It  is  one  of  the  finest  of 
the  Sarcophila , and  it  is  not  only  very  annoying  to  Man,  but  also  to 
animals,  in  the  Government  of  Mohilew.  in  fact,  I have  obtained 
the  Sarcophila  Wohlfarti  exclusively  from  different  larvae  derived 
from  Cattle,  Horses,  Pigs,  Sheep,  Dogs,  and  even  domestic  Birds — 
chiefly  Geese.  In  certain  years,  the  infection  of  Cattle  by  the  larvae 
of  Flies  extends  to  two- thirds,  or  to  at  least  one-half  of  a herd. 
An  insignificant  wound  is  suddenly  invaded  by  these  larvae,  and  it 
soon  becomes  considerable.  This  species  prefers  the  mucous  mem- 
branes, but  more  particularly  the  inguinal  region  of  Cows,  where 
the  larvae  cause  extremely  serious  sores  ; this  occurrence  is  frequent 
here.  With  Dogs,  the  same  larvae  are  often  met  with  in  the  ears, 
and  it  is  not  rare  to  see  them  at  the  same  time  punctured  by  legions 
of  Stomoxys  calcitrans  and  covered  with  blood.’ 

Megnin  mentioned  having  found  the  larvae  of  this  Fly  not  only 
in  wounds  of  the  domesticated  animals,  but  also  in  the  depressions 
or  folds  of  skin  where  the  sebaceous  secretion  is  always  in  a state 
of  more  or  less  ammoniacal  fermentation — such  as  the  lacuna  of 
the  frog  of  the  Horse’s  foot,  the  cavity  of  the  prepuce,  or  hollow  of 
the  pastern  of  that  animal.  In  these  places  the  larvae  finish  by 


38 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


inducing  ulceration  of  the  skin,  and  they  may  even  sometimes 
penetrate  beneath  it,  causing  more  or  less  considerable  disturbance. 

After  their  transformation  into  nymphse,  Megnin  has,  by  hatching 
them,  always  obtained  the  same  Fly — Sarcophaga  magnified.  He 
is  of  opinion  that  it  is  these  larvae  which  are  most  frequently  found 
in  wounds  in  Man,  and  that  if  they  are  mistaken  for  those  of  the 
Calliphora  vomitoria,  Sarcophaga  carnaria,  and  Lucilia  Ccesar , it 
is  only  because  they  all  resemble  one  another  so  much  that  they 
cannot  be  distinguished,  except  by  hatching  out  the  perfect  Insect 
— which  is  rarely  successful. 

The  genus  Lucilia  (Rob.  D.)  contains  Flies  with  a soft  proboscis  ; the 
epistoma — the  superior  border  of  the  buccal  cavity — is  not  salient ; the 
antennae  to  the  third  article  are  quadruple  the  size  of  the  second,  and  the 
stylet  is  very  plumose  ; abdomen  short  and  round,  wings  wide  apart.  These 
characters,  joined  to  the  bright  metallic  colours,  constitute  a facies  which 
distinguishes  this  genus  from  all  the  others. 

The  Lucilia  Caesar  (Linn.)  is  the  type  ; it  is  of  a fine  golden- green 
colour,  is  widely  extended,  and  deposits  its  eggs  on  decomposing 
organic  matter.  It  lays  them  also  on  the  wounds  of  Man  and  animals. 

The  Lucilia  sericata  (Meig.)  much  resembles  it. 

It  is  smaller  and  of  a greenish-blue  tint.  The  epistoma  and  face  are  white, 
while  the  first  is  of  a pale  red  in  the  Lucilia  Caesar.  The  first  ring  of  the 
abdomen  alone  is  black,  while  in  the  other  species  the  second  ring,  in  addition, 
has  a black  dorsal  line. 

In  Holland,  the  Lucilia  sericata  often  causes  an  affection  of  a 
certain  gravity  in  Sheep,  which  the  breeders  designate  the  f worm 
sickness  ’ (Worm-ziekte).  It  was  first  studied  by  Bouman  and  by 
Gerlach,  then  by  Jennes  and  Van  Laer. 

The  larvae  are  found  chiefly  in  young  Sheep,  and  especially  those 
suffering  from  diarrhoea  ; adult  Sheep  being  seldom  troubled  by 
them  unless  they  are  badly  kept.  Attracted  by  the  faecal  matters 
about  the  hind-quarters  of  the  animals,  the  flies  there  deposit  their 
eggs,  and  from  these  issue  small  cream-coloured  larvae,  formed  of 
ten  to  twelve  rings,  with  points  on  their  borders.  The  head  has 
two  hooks,  and  the  posterior  extremity,  more  voluminous,  shows 
three  stigmata.  These  larvae  attack  the  skin  and  cause  itching, 
which  compels  the  animal  to  keep  its  tail  continually  in  motion,  and 
to  bite  and  rub  itself  against  surrounding  objects.  The  wool  is 
then  very  closely  matted,  and  in  hard  patches,  beneath  which  the 
skin  is  perforated  by  small  openings  or  is  largely  abraded,  and  a 
thick  viscid  fluid  of  an  unpleasant  odour  is  discharged  from  it. 
When  exposed,  the  larvse  are  greatly  disturbed,  run  away  in  every 
direction,  and  try  to  conceal  themselves  beneath  the  skin.  They 
are  sometimes  found  towards  the  croup.  If  the  disease  persists, 
it  complicates  the  diarrhoea,  and  contributes  to  bring  about  mar- 
asmus in  the  young  animals.  This  condition  is  observed  among 
sheep  in  the  United  Kingdom  which  are  said  by  the  shepherds  to 
be  affected  with  the  ‘ fly  ’ or  ‘ maggot.’ 


PARASITIC  DIPTEROUS  LARVAE  OF  THE  SKIN 


39 


Another  better-known  species  is  the  Lucilia  macellaria  (Fabr.), 
more  frequently  designated  the  L.  hominivorax  (Coquerel)  and 
L.  anthropophaga  (Conil.).  It  measures  9 to  10  mm.,  and  is  recog- 
nised by  its  blue  thorax  streaked  with  three  darker  blue  bands  of  a 
purple  tint ; the  legs  are  black,  and  the  wings  brown  at  the  base. 
The  larva  measures  14  to  15  mm.  This  fly  is  met  with  over  a great 
portion  of  America,  from  the  north  of  the  United  States  to  the 
Argentine  Republic ; but  more  particularly  in  the  warm  regions. 
It  is  redoubtable  because  of  its  larvae. 


It  deposits  its  eggs  in  the  wounds  of  the  domesticated  animals  and  Man, 
and  even  introduces  them  into  the  natural  cavities.  By  means  of  their  two 
buccal  hooks,  the  larvae  attack  the  tissues  and  rapidly  produce  serious  dis- 
order, with  loss  of  substance  and  mutilation.  The  facts  published  with  regard 
to  this  interesting  insect  are  chiefly  concerning  Man.  Liguistin  has,  never- 
theless, observed  extremely  grave  complications  caused  by  the  larvae  of  this 
Lucilia  in  wounds,  and  more  particularly  in  the  ulcerations  ( crevasses , cracks 
or  fissures)  from  which  the  Horses  and  Mules  suffered  during  the  (French) 
expedition  to  Mexico. 


The  last  species  of  this  group  of  parasites  is  the  Oehromyia  anthropophaga 
(E.  Blanchard).  Railliet,  who  has  particularly  studied  it,  thus  describes  it  : 
‘ A fly  of  a grayish-yellow  tint,  measuring  8 to  19  mm.  long.  The  head  is 
testaceous  and  covered  with  small  black  hairs  ; the  style  of  the  antennae  is 
plumose.  The  thorax  has,  in  front,  two  black  longitudinal  bands  ; the  wings 
are  slightly  smoky.  The  abdomen  is  covered  with  somewhat  large  black 
spots,  particularly  behind. 

‘ It  is  a Senegal  Fly,  met  with  principally  in  the  Province  of  Cayor — hence 
the  designation  of  Cayor-fiy  by  which 
it  is  generally  known.  It  has  been 
seen  sometimes  to  hover  over  animals 
(Xotaris)  ; nevertheless,  it  appears  to 
deposit  its  eggs  in  the  sand.  In  any 
case,  it  is  observed  that  the  larvae,  known 
by  the  improper  name  of  Cayor-worms, 
develop  beneath  the  skin  in  Man  and 
various  animals — Dog,  Cat  and  Goat. 

With  the  Dog,  which  is  more  particularly 
affected,  a small  inflammatory  tumour 
is  seen,  which  increases  rapidly  and  is 
covered  by  a brown  crust.  In  about 
six  or  seven  days  the  larva  has  completed 

its  evolution,  and  leaves  this  tumour  in  order  to  be  transformed  into  a pupa, 
cicatrization  of  the  wound  being  spontaneously  effected. 

‘ When  the  parasites  are  few  in  number,  they  occupy  the  tail  by  preference, 
as  well  as  the  paws  and  ears — parts  in  contact  with  the  ground.  But  if,  on 
the  contrary,  they  are  numerous,  they  are  found  on  all  parts  of  the  body. 
Young  animals  are  oftenest  attacked,  but  adults  may  be  so  seriously  invaded 
as  to  succumb.  It  is  remarkable  that  this  parasite  abounds  at  Mount  Pal, 
about  twenty  miles  from  St.  Louis,  while  it  has  never  been  seen  at  the  latter 
place  ; and  what  is  more.  Dogs  which  enter  St.  Louis  covered  with  larvae  are 
free  from  them  in  about  two  days.’ 

R.  Blanchard  considers  the  Cayor-fly  as  belonging  to  the  family  of  (Estridae, 
and  allied  to  Hypoderma  and  Dermatobia. 


Fig.  13. — The  Cayor-flv,  magni- 
fied two  diameters. — Railliet. 


Prophylaxis  and  Therapeutics. — The  prophylactic  measure  to  be 
opposed  to  myiosis  consists  in  preventing  the  approach  of  the  Flies, 
and  has  been  sufficiently  indicated  in  the  preceding  chapter.  In 
the  case  of  wounds,  and  in  view  of  their  usually  small  dimensions, 


40 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


it  is  advantageous  to  apply  some  empyreumatic  oil,  as  oil  of  cade, 
around  them  ; its  strong  and  persistent  odour  allows  of  its  employ- 
ment in  very  small  quantities. 

It  is  evident  that  dressings  carefully  performed,  and  sufficiently 
frequent,  will  prevent  the  invasion  of  wounds  by  larvae ; and 
thorough  cleansing  will  expel  them  from  the  parts  (prepuce,  frog, 
pastern)  where  they  may  lodge.  Keeping  the  wool  of  the  Sheep 
clean  will  prevent  the  visits  of  the  Lu cilia  sericata  ; and  as  for  the 
Cayor-fly,  the  prophylactic  measure,  says  Lenoir,  is  to  prevent 
dogs  from  lying  on  the  sand,  or,  better  still,  keep  them  away  alto- 
gether from  the  usual  haunts  of  that  insect. 

The  curative  treatment  is  very  simple,  for  the  larvae  are  very 
sensitive  to  an  infinity  of  agents  that  cause  but  little  irritation  to 
the  wounds  that  harbour  them,  and  they  are  easily  killed  or  ex- 
pelled. So  that  they  may  either  be  removed  immediately,  or 
treated  with  ether,  chloroform,  benzine,  petroleum,  tincture  of 
camphor,  etc. 

Larvae  of  the  (Estrid^e. — Although  the  larvae  of  the  (Estridcs 
infest  the  subcutaneous  connective  tissue,  their  study  naturally 
comes  in  here,  for  their  presence  is  associated  with  perforations  of 
the  skin. 

An  essential  characteristic  of  the  CEstridae  is  the  necessary  para- 
sitism of  their  larvae.  Guided  by  a special  instinct,  the  female 
lays  her  eggs  on  the  bodies  of  Mammalia,  choosing  the  species  to 
which  their  future  development  is  subordinate.  In  order  to  be 
hatched,  the  larva  employs  various  means  to  reach  the  organ  or 
region  most  suitable.  Sometimes  it  is  the  subcutaneous  connective 
tissue,  and  in  other  instances  it  is  the  frontal  sinus,  or  pharynx, 
the  stomach,  or  intestine.  It  remains  in  its  special  habitat  for  a 
variable  period,  generally  from  the  summer  until  the  following 
spring,  when  it  contrives  to  leave  it  by  a mode  of  procedure  appro- 
priate to  each  type,  and  buries  itself  in  the  ground,  conceals  itself 
beneath  a stone,  or  seeks  the  shelter  of  some  place  which  is  a little 
damp,  where  it  may  become  transformed  into  a nympha  or  pupa, 
before  appearing  in  its  perfect  state.  The  latter  is  generally 
somewhat  rare  to  find. 

The  (Estridse  are  recognised  by  the  following  characters  : 

Body  usually  hairy  ; head  somewhat  voluminous  and  hemispherical  ; two 
faceted  eyes,  usually  separated  by  a broad  forehead,  which  bears  three  ocelli  ; 
antennae  very  short,  fixed  near  the  forehead,  and  folding  into  two  correspond- 
ing cavities  which  are  completely  or  incompletely  separated.  Of  their  three 
articles,  the  last,  which  is  almost  globular,  has  a dorsal  bristle  or  stylet,  inserted 
near  the  base,  and  usually  simple.  Proboscis  generally  very  small,  or  scarcely 
visible  ; two  palps  sometimes  distinct,  sometimes  rudimentary  ; thorax  large, 
elevated,  and  prothorax  very  marked  ; wings  large  ; abdomen  formed  of  six 
apparent  rings,  the  extremity  being  rounded  in  the  males,  and  terminated  by  a 
very  extensible  oviscapt  in  the  females. 

Certain  species  are  viviparous,  bringing  forth  the  larvae  already 
hatched ; others  are  oviparous,  laying  eggs  of  different  shapes, 


PARASITIC  DIPTEROUS  LARVAE  OF  THE  SKIN 


4i 


with  a resisting  shell  sometimes  operculated,  which  always  present 
at  its  posterior  pole  an  appendage  that  serves  to  attach  the  egg  to 
the  skin  or  to  the  hair  of  the  host.  The  number  of  larvae  or  eggs 
which  each  female  deposits  is  always  considerable. 

The  bodies  of  the  larvae  are  composed  of  twelve  segments,  the  first  two  of 
which — cephalic  segments — are  not  always  very  distinct  from  each  other. 
Between  these  two  first  segments  are  two  very  small  respiratory  stigmata — 
anterior  stigmata — in  the  form  of  points,  nodules,  or  minute  slits  ; these  are 
sometimes  concealed  in  a depression  in  the  integument.  The  last  segment 
has  also  two  stigmata — the  posterior — consisting  of  openings  into  which  the 
tracheae  may  project,  or  in  large  peritremes  pierced  with  a variable  number 
of  openings.  At  their  birth  the  larvae  have  external  buccal  organs,  formed 
chiefly  of  two  hooks,  which  sometimes  persist,  or  disappear  as  development 
progresses.  Above  these  buccal  organs  are  seen  two  small  horny  or 
cutaneous  projections,  which  represent  the  antennae.  The  anus  is  very  small, 
and  is  situated  below  the  stigmatic  plates  of  the  last  ring.  During  their  para- 
sitic existence,  the  larvae  undergo  two  moultings,  which  divide  this  period 
into  three  stages. 

When  the  larva  has  quitted  its  host  and  reached  a place  favourable  to  its 
nymphosis,  its  skin  becomes  hardened,  and  is  detached  from  the  body  of  the 
nymph,  the  covering  of  which  is  supple,  and  to  which  it  sometimes  remains 
united  by  four  tracheae.  The  shell,  more  voluminous  than  the  insect  which 
ought  to  leave  it,  is  distended  at  its  posterior  part  by  fluid  that  afterwards 
escapes.  The  nymphal  state  continues  from  three  to  eight  weeks,  and  even 
longer  if  the  weather  is  cold.  At  the  instant  of  hatching,  the  Insect,  by  means 
of  a vesicle  which  is  developed  on  its  forehead,  makes  such  pressure  on  the 
inner  surface  of  the  shell  as  to  cause  this  to  rupture  at  the  cephalic  extremity, 
and  in  the  direction  of  the  sutures  of  its  arches.  The  wings  of  the  newly- 
hatched  creature  are  extended  in  ten  to  fifteen  minutes. 

In  this  perfect  state,  with  their  mouth  atrophied,  the  (Estridae 
appear  to  be  no  longer  able  to  take  food  ; they  may  live,  neverthe- 
less, for  several  weeks  on 
the  fat  accumulated  in  their 
bodies.  Quiescent  until  their 
reproductive  organs  have 
attained  their  maturity,  they 
then  exhibit  an  extreme 
vivacity,  particularly  if  at- 
mospherical conditions  are 
favourable.  They  fly  chiefly 
during  the  warmest  and 
finest  days  of  summer,  and  during  the  middle  of  the  day,  and  they 
generally  frequent  pastures  in  the  vicinity  of  woods. 

According  to  the  particular  habitat  of  the  larvae,  the  latter  and  the 
species  to  which  they  belong  are  distinguished,  since  the  time  of 
Bracy  Clark,  as  gastricolcz  or  chylivorous — gastric  or  intestinal ; 
cavicolce  or  lymphivorous — those  frequenting  the  cavities  of  the 
face  ; and  cuticola — those  which  are  subcutaneous. 

Brauer,  whose  works  on  the  (Estridae  constitute  him  an  authority, 
has  arranged  all  the  species  into  thirteen  genera,  only  four  of  which 
— Hypoderma , Dermatobia , Cuterebra,  and  (Estromyia — are  cuticole 
larvae.  Of  these  four  genera,  the  first  two  alone  develop  their 
larvae  beneath  the  skin  of  the  domesticated  animals,  in  Europe  or 


Fig.  14. — Wing  of  the  Ox  Hypoderma, 
magnified  five  diameters. 


42 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


other  parts  of  the  world,  and  are  consequently  only  those  which  will 
be  noticed  here.  From  a zoological  point  of  view,  they  belong  to 
the  group  whose  wings  have  a terminal  transverse  nervure  (Fig.  14). 

Hypoderma. — The  European  cuticole  CEstri  belong  to  the  genus 
Hypo  derma  (Latr.). 

In  the  perfect  state,  the  body  of  these  Insects  is  hairy ; the  head  is  generally 
larger  than  the  anterior  part  of  the  thorax  ; the  antennae  are  very  short,  and 
the  stylet  nude  and  deeply  buried  in  two  separate  depressions.  The  proboscis 
is  quite  rudimentary  ; the  thorax  is  nearly  spherical,  and  generally  larger  than 
the  abdomen.  In  the  female,  the  ovipositor  (Fig.  16)  is  long,  consists  of  four 
articles,  and  is  continuous  with  the  fifth  ring  ; the  segments  composing  it 
pass  within  each  other  in  telescope  fashion.  When  it  is  extended  it  projects 
backwards  and  slightly  upwards,  and  at  the  end  of  the  last  article  are  three 
horny  appendages,  a little  curved  inwards  toward  each  other  like  pincers, 
between  which  the  eggs  pass  out.  The  wings,  most  frequently  fuliginous, 
are  small,  divergent,  and  inclined  outwards. 

In  the  first  stage,  the  larvae  are  free  in  the  subcutaneous  connective 
tissue,  in  the  panniculus  carnosus,  and  sometimes  under  the 
fasciae  of  the  superficial  muscles.  The  skin  covering  them  does 
not  show  any  perforation,  this  being  obliterated  after  giving  passage 
to  the  young  larva.  The  duration  of  this  period  appears  to  be 
several  months. 

At  the  end  of  this  time  the  larva  is  about  13  mm.  long  ; it  is  nearly  cylin- 
drical, and  only  about  2*2  mm.  thick.  The  mouth,  which  is  altogether 
anterior,  has,  above,  a salient  stylet,  completed  on  each  side  by  a hook  curved 
almost  at  a right  angle.  These  hooks  can  be  brought  together  so  as  to  become 
parallel  to  the  median  stylet,  and  thus  form  a point  well  adapted  to  bore 
through  the  tissues,  while  by  their  separation  they  are  opposed  to  withdrawal 
and  facilitate  progression.  It  is  doubtless  by  this  mechanism  that  the  newly- 
hatched  larva  can  penetrate  beneath  the  skin.  This  larva  is  formed  of  eleven 
rings  ; it  is  white  except  at  the  mouth,  pharynx,  and  posterior  stigmata,  where 
it  is  brown.  The  stigmata  consist  of  thin,  porous  plates  of  chitin,  which  do 
not  yet  perfectly  fulfil  their  role  of  respiratory  openings.  This  function  must 
be  accomplished  partly  by  the  skin — which  is  thin,  almost  transparent,  and 
nude— if  it  is  not  carried  out  in  the  infundibuliform  depression  of  the  mouth 
and  on  the  border  of  the  lower  lip,  where  there  are  two  microscopical  spines. 

In  the  second  stage,  which  occupies  about  a month,  the  larva  increases  in 
dimensions  in  every  direction,  but  preserves  its  white  colour  except  at  the 
inferior  surface,  which  presents  black  spots  formed  by  agglomerations  of 
microscopical  spines.  The  upper  surface  is  nude,  with  the  exception  of  the 
first  two  or  three  rings.  The  mouth  is  V-shaped  and  circumscribed  by  plates 
of  chitin  ; the  stylet  and  hooks  have  disappeared.  The  plates  of  the  posterior 
stigmata  are  reniform  and  have  large  alveoli.  The  posterior  extremity  is 
thin,  the  anterior  expanded  and  vesiculate. 

The  third  stage  lasts  two  to  three  months.  The  larva  becomes  thick, 
pyriform,  and  almost  spherical  in  a state  of  contraction  ; it  has  the  shape 
of  a boat  when  elongated,  being  convex  below  and  plane  above.  Soft,  flexible, 
and  very  contractile,  it  becomes  yellow,  then  brown,  and  finally  black.  The 
buccal  fossette  is  infundibuliform,  with  the  rudimentary  antennae  above  it. 
At  the  upper  surface  of  the  cephalic  extremity  is  a slight  horseshoe-shaped 
furrow  that  extends  to  about  the  fourth  ring.  This  furrow  encloses  the  part 
which,  at  the  termination  of  nymphosis,  is  detached  by  the  Insect,  in  the  form 
of  an  operculum.  Each  ring,  from  the  second  to  the  ninth,  carries  three  pairs 
of  lateral  ridges  ranged  beside  each  other  and  garnished  with  spines,  the  dis- 
position of  which  varies  according  to  the  species  ; the  last  ring  is  hemispherical 
or  cylindrical. 


PARASITIC  DIPTEROUS  LARVJE  OF  THE  SKIN 


43 


Three  species  of  Hypoderma  with  larvae  parasitic  in  the  domesti- 
cated animals  are  actually  known  : the  Striped  Hypoderma , the 
Reindeer  Hypoderma , and  the  Bovine  Hypoderma.  The  latter 
belongs  more  particularly  to  this  country,  and  has  been  the  longest 
recognised. 

The  Striped  Hypoderma  ( H . lineata  de  Villers)  is  black,  very  hairy,  12  to 
13  mm.  long,  and  derives  its  name  from  the  gray  longitudinal  bands  on 
the  upper  surface  of  the  thorax.  It  has  been  found  in  England,  Norway, 
Germany,  Italy,  Southern  Russia,  and  in  Kentucky,  America.  Brauer  sup- 
poses that  its  larva  lives  beneath  the  skin  of  the  Ox,  and  that  it  must  be  in- 
cluded among  the  larvae  of  the  (Estridae  which  have  been  several  times  observed 
in  Germany  beneath  the  skin  of  Sheep  recently  clipped. 

The  Reindeer  Hypoderma  forms  the  sub-genus  CEdemagena  (Latr.),  which 
is  only  distinguished  from  the  Hypoderma  by  the  latter  having  no  palps,  and 
the  spines  on  the  surface  of  the  larva  being  fewer  on  the  lower  than  on  the 
upper  surface  ; while  in  the  CEdemagena  palps — small  and  globular — are 
present,  and  the  two  surfaces  of  the  larva  are  equally  spinous. 

The  Hypoderma  of  the  Reindeer  (H.  {(Ed.)  Tarandi  linn.)  is  black  and  very 
hairy.  The  female — larger  than  the  male — is  16  mm.  long.  The  thorax  is 
covered  with  yellow  hair,  and  has  a wide,  black,  transverse  band.  Ttie  first 
segment  of  the  abdomen  is  covered  with  pale-yellow  hairs,  the  other  segments 
with  short  hairs.  The  thighs  are  black  : legs  and  tarsi  grayish-yellow. 

The  larva  is  in  every  way  larger  than  that  of  the  Ox  Hypoderma,  which  it 
much  resembles  in  other  respects. 

This  species  is  found  in  Eapland  and  North  America. 

Linnaeus  states  that  it  inspires  so  much  fear  in  the  Reindeer,  that  ten  of  the 
Insects  will  alarm  a herd  of  more  than  five  hundred.  As  soon  as  they  appear, 
the  Reindeer  tremble,  run  about,  snort,  bellow,  and  stamp  their  feet.  He 
also  mentions  that  the  female — as  with  other  species  of  Hypoderma — only 
deposits  its  eggs  on  the  skin  of  these  animals.  Once  hatched,  the  larva  pene- 
trates beneath  the  hide  of  its  victim,  and  is  there  nourished  after  the  manner 
of  the  Hypoderma  bovis. 

The  Insect  deposits  its  eggs  early  in  July,  when  the  Reindeer  has  shed  its 
coat.  It  prefers  to  attack  young  animals,  though  it  does  not  spare  the  old  ; 
it  pursues  them  in  the  valleys,  among  precipices,  and  even  on  the  icy  mountain- 
tops.  In  their  agitation,  the  Reindeer  can  scarcely  settle  down  to  feed,  and 
it  is  not  uncommon  to  see  them  lying  down  all  the  day  before  the  hut  of  their 
owner,  without  attempting  to  eat,  in  order  that  the  thick  smoke  issuing  from 
the  habitation  may  preserve  them  from  the  attacks  of  the  CEdemagena.  The 
larvae  are,  however,  not  numerous  on  the  same  animal,  being  six  to  eight  on 
young  deer  ; but  their  presence  causes  much  emaciation,  and  sometimes  they 
are  blamed  for  destroying  as  many  as  one-third  of  the  young  animals  (N.  Joly). 

The  Ox  Hypoderma  ( H . bovis  Geer)  is  by  far  the  most  interesting 
of  the  cuticole  species,  for  it  is  abundant,  and  extends  from  Scan- 
dinavia and  North  America  to  the  South  of  Europe,  and  to  Asia  and 
Africa.  It  has  the  following  characters  (Fig.  15)  : 

Black,  very  hairy.  Face  gray,  with  white  or  yellow  hairs.  Similar  hairs 
on  anterior  half  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  thorax,  black  on  the  posterior  half, 
and  marked  by  broad  longitudinal  bands  of  shining  black,  close  together. 
Abdomen  black,  covered  with  white  or  yellow  hairs  at  its  base,  black  in  the 
middle,  orange-red  in  its  posterior  third.  Legs  black  at  the  base,  yellow  in 
their  terminal  moiety  ; wings  somewhat  brown.  Length,  exclusive  of  the 
ovipositor,  1 3 to  1 5 mm. 

In  its  perfect  state,  this  insect  lives  during  the  months  of  J uly  and 
August,  and  may  even  be  met  with  in  the  first  days  of  September. 


44 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


It  is  particularly  well  known,  from  the  fact  that  it  can  be  artificially 
hatched  when  the  larva  is  extracted  from  the  Ox’s  skin,  and  kept 
in  favourable  conditions.  The  female  is  provided  with  a soft,  short, 


Fig.  15. — Hypoderma  of  the  Ox. 


A,  Female,  natural  size.  B,  Larva,  making  its  exit  from  a tumour. — Reaumur. 


black,  cylindrical  oviscapt,  which  is  folded  beneath  when  the  Insect 
is  resting,  and  which  serves  to  deposit  its  eggs  on  the  skin  of  bovines 
while  they  are  out  of  doors.  It  prefers  the  upper  parts  of  the  body 

B 


Fig.  16. — Hypoderma  of  the  Ox. 

A,  Extended  ovipositor,  magnified. — Reaumur.  B,  End  of  this  ovipositor, 
highly  magnified  ; e,  spines  which  cover  the  outside  of  the  second  last  tube 
of  the  ovipositor  ; v,  vulvar  tentaculae  ; c,  middle  piece  of  the  spoon. — N.  Joly. 


— the  shoulders,  back,  loins,  croup,  sides  and  flanks.  Its  flight  is 
rapid  and  accompanied  by  a buzzing  sound.  When  it  is  about  to 
lay  its  eggs,  it  flutters  above  the  back  of  the  Ox  for  a minute  or 


PARASITIC  DIPTEROUS  LARVJE  OF  THE  SKIN 


45 


two,  then  suddenly  drops,  deposits  an  egg  on  the  skin,  rises  in  the 
air,  again  flutters,  descends  with  rapidity  as  before,  and  drops 
another  egg.  This  manoeuvre  is  repeated  ten  or  twelve  times  in 
a quarter  or  half  hour. 

It  is  a widespread  belief — which  the  majority  of  authorities  have 
subscribed  to — that  the  approach  of  the  female  Hypoderma  causes 
great  terror  among  cattle  : they  are  restless,  become  more  and 
more  agitated,  and  finally  start  off  in  a frantic  manner,  with  tail 
horizontal,  until  beyond  the  sound  of  their  enemy.  Sometimes 
they  plunge  into  water  to  shelter  themselves  from  the  dreaded 
pursuit ; and  in  this  way  accidents  may  occur.  This  fear  is 
contagious,  and  one  Hypoderma  will  put  to  flight  a whole  herd  ; 
it  is  even  sufficient,  it  is  said,  to  closely  imitate  the  buzzing  of 
the  Insect  to  realize  the  same  moral  effect,  and  to  this  trick  is 
often  attributed  the  stampedes  among  Cattle  which  sometimes 
occur  at  fairs. 

Virgil  is  considered  the  first  writer  who  has  described  the  fear 
that  the  (Estrus  inspires  in  herds  (f  Georgicorum/  lib.  iii.)  ; but  it 
is  more  than  doubtful  that  the  Insect  which  he  mentions  belonged 
to  the  family  of  (Estridae ; and,  on  the  other  hand,  doubt  has  been 
thrown  upon  the  correctness  of  the  popular  belief  which,  from  the 
time  of  Virgil,  has  been  transmitted  to  our  own  day.  It  is  really 
founded  on  the  dread  the  Ox  may  experience,  of  the  puncture  the 
female  (Estrus  makes  on  implanting  each  egg  in  the  skin.  But  it 
is  well  established  that  the  oviscapt  (ovipositor)  of  the  (Estrus  is 
not  adapted  in  any  way  for  boring,  and  is  merely  a depositing  appar- 
atus ; consequently,  egg-laying  does  not  cause  any  pain  to  the  host. 
Bracy  Clark  first,  and  Hertwig  afterwards,  remarked  on  this  fact ; 
and,  besides,  Goudot,  who  has  personally  experienced  the  effects 
of  the  larvae  of  the  Dermatobia,  asserts  that  he  never  heard  or  saw 
the  flies,  much  less  felt  them  deposit  their  eggs  on  the  uncovered 
parts  of  his  body,  and  is  inclined  to  attribute  the  fear  of  animals 
on  the  approach  of  the  Dermatobia  to  an  instinctive  prevision  of 
the  future  trouble  that  awaits  them.  On  the  other  hand,  it  may 
be  asked  if  the  share  the  Hypoderma  has  in  causing  fear  among 
Cattle  is  well  founded,  or  if  fear  is  not  rather  due  to  the  cattle  being 
unable  to  discriminate  between  the  buzzing  made  by  the  Hypo- 
derma and  that  of  the  Breeze-flies,  Gnats,  and  other  Diptera  which 
torment  animals  under  the  same  circumstances — that  is,  in  hot 
and  stormy  weather.  Although  Brauer,  who  is  responsible  for  the 
statement,  says  that  two  females  of  the  Hypoderma  Actceon  have 
been  seen  depositing  their  eggs  on  the  backs  of  Deer  without  these 
appearing  to  notice  them,  yet  he  is  careful  not  to  draw  an  inference 
from  one  species  to  another.  On  the  contrary,  he  brings  forward 
a document  to  prove  that  here,  also,  popular  observation  cannot  be 
relied  upon  without  an  imposing  array  of  facts  to  support  it.  It  is 
a letter  from  Schleicher,  an  intelligent  farmer  of  Gresten,  Austria, 
who  had  seen  the  perturbation  caused  by  the  Hypoderma,  and  was 
able  to  capture  the  Insect  in  the  act  of  laying,  forwarding  it  to 


46 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Brauer,  who  recognised  it  as  a female  Hypoderma  bovis,  with  an 
egg  still  between  the  pincers  of  its  oviscapt. 

It  is  probable  that  the  ova  are  deposited  on  the  skin  itself,  or  at 
the  hair-roots  ; but  no  one  has  seen  them  there.  Those  who  have 
described  the  eggs  have  obtained  them  directly  from  the  female, 
by  slight  pressure  on  the  abdomen. 

These  eggs  (Fig.  17,  B,  C)  are  white,  elongated,  spindle-shaped  and  a little 
flattened  ; they  have  a posterior  pole,  with  a brownish  appendage,  which 
appears  to  be  used  to  make  the  egg  adhere  to  the  hairs  ; they  are  1*25  mm. 
long.  The  duration  of  incubation  is  not  known,  neither  is  the  form  of  the 
larva  in  the  first  stage.  However,  C.  Curtice  considers — and  in  this  he  is 
supported  by  C.  V.  Riley  — as  belonging  to  this  first  stage  of  the  H.  bovis 
larvae  of  from  10  to  1 5 mm.  long  and  1 -5  mm.  broad,  similar  to  those  of  H.  Diana 


C 


Fig.  17. — Hypoderma  of  the  Ox. 

A,  Genital  apparatus  of  the  female  : ov,  ovaries  ; pc,  copulative  pouch  ; 
do,  oviduct ; g,  annexed  glands  ; t,  portion  of  the  second-last  tube  of  the 
oviscapt  ; v,  vulvar  tentaculae  ; c,  middle  piece  or  spoon.  B,  Eggs  from  the 
ovary.  C,  Eggs  from  outside  the  ovary. 

figured  by  Brauer,  which  he  found  in  the  wall  of  the  oesophagus,  beneath  the 
costal  pleura,  and  in  subcutaneous  tumours  on  the  back  of  Oxen  in  the  United 
States. 

In  the  second  stage — which  usually  corresponds  to  the  month  of  May  and 
lasts  about  thirty  days — the  larva  is  club-shaped,  and  measures  13  mm.  long 
and  4 mm.  broad  at  the  fourth  segment.  The  lateral  prominences  are  very 
salient  ; the  microscopical  spines  of  the  integument  are  in  small  groups  on 
the  sides  of  the  two  first  segments,  at  the  anterior  border  and  upper  surface 
of  the  second  and  third  segments,  at  the  two  borders  and  inferior  surface  of 
the  second  and  ninth,  and  over  the  entire  surface  of  the  last. 

At  the  third  stage  the  larva  is  thick  and  pyriform,  and  the  lateral  promi- 
nences are  still  more  salient.  On  the  upper  surface  is  remarked,  at  the 
anterior  borders  of  the  second  to  the  fifth  segments,  small  spines  more  numerous 
anteriorly  than  posteriorly  ; the  same  is  seen  at  the  posterior  borders  of  the 
second  to  the  seventh  or  eighth  ; and  the  same  also  at  the  superior  and  middle 


PARASITIC  DIPTEROUS  LARVAE  OF  THE  SKIN 


47 


prominences  of  the  second  to  the  fifth  segments.  On  the  inferior  surface,  the 
spines  running  along  the  two  borders  of  the  second  to  the  ninth  segments  are 
larger  on  the  anterior  than  the  posterior  border  ; and  it  is  the  same  on  the 
anterior  border  of  the  inferior  lateral  prominences  from  the  second  to  the 
eighth  segment.  The  two  last  segments  are  completely  unarmed.  The  skin 
is  wrinkled  and  furrowed,  and  is  at  first  white,  except  where  the  spines  and 
stigmatic  plates  are  ; there  it  is  of  a dark  brown.  As  age  advances,  the  larva 
assumes  a grayish-yellow  tint,  then  it  becomes  speckled  with  brown,  and 
finally  becomes  blackish-brown  at  complete  maturity,  which  occurs  in  June 
or  July,  exceptionally  in  August.  It  then  measures  22  to  28  mm.  long,  and 
1 1 mm.  to  1 5 mm.  broad,  at  the  eighth  segment. 

Larval  existence  is  passed  beneath  the  skin  of  the  host,  in  the 
subcutaneous  connective  tissue,  in  the  panniculus  carnosus  muscle, 
or  under  the  aponeuroses.  In  the  earlier  period,  no  irritation  is 
remarked  around  the  parasites  ; but  when  spring  arrives  the  presence 
of  the  larvae  is  made  manifest  externally  by  tumours,  the  size  of 
which  increases  with  the  development  of  these  creatures.  The 
number  of  the  tumours  is  variable  ; there  are  rarely  fewer  than 
four  or  five,  and  usually  there  are  ten  to  twenty,  sometimes  as  many 
as  fifty,  and  even  one  hundred  have  been  counted.  They  are  of 
unequal  volume,  but  seldom  exceed  the  size  of  a nut ; they  have  the 
characters  of  a cold  abscess,  are  not  abnormal  in  temperature,  nor 
markedly  painful.  At  their  summit,  or  towards  their  base,  they 
are  pierced  by  an  opening  which  is  at  first  little  apparent,  but  which 
measures  from  4 mm.  to  7 mm.  in  diameter  in  those  tumours  from 
which  the  larva  is  about  to  escape.  From  this  opening  flows  pus, 
which  dries  and  agglutinates  the  adjacent  hairs  ; this  comes  from  a 
subcutaneous  abscess  in  which  the  larva  is  lodged.  It  is  in  the 
second  stage  of  larval  life  that  the  tumour  appears,  and  it  is  due  to 
the  presence  of  the  parasite,  which  acts  as  a foreign  body,  irritating 
the  tissues  by  the  spines  with  which  it  is  covered,  and  producing  a 
moderate  degree  of  inflammation  that  results  in  the  formation  of 
embryonic  tissue  in  concentric  layers.  The  skin  is  infiltrated  and 
marked  with  ecchymoses  and  blood-stains.  The  opening  results 
from  a process  of  ulceration  ; there  is  no  hole  at  first,  although 
Strieker  has  admitted  that  the  larva  penetrates  by  the  orifice  of 
a hair  follicle  or  sebaceous  gland,  and  that  the  tumour  of  the  (Estrus 
commences  in  one  or  other  of  these  elementary  organs.  The  larva 
almost  exactly  fills  the  sac,  the  shape  of  which  is  reproduced  ex- 
ternally ; and  the  creature  is  so  placed  in  it  as  to  present  to  the 
opening  its  oval  anal  extremity,  furnished  with  the  stigmated 
plates,  while  the  cephalic  end  is  turned  towards  the  bottom  of  the 
sac.  It  is  nourished  not  only  by  pus,  but  also  by  the  blood  of  its 
host,  as  an  abundance  of  that  fluid  is  found  in  its  digestive  apparatus. 

When  the  development  of  the  tumour  is  somewhat  advanced, 
methodical  pressure  at  its  base  will  readily  cause  the  expulsion  of 
the  larva.  A few  days  before  leaving  its  abode,  the  creature 
enlarges  the  opening  in  the  tumour  by  pushing  at  intervals  the  last 
segments  of  its  body  into  it,  until,  finally,  it  emerges  in  a state  of 
complete  maturity — usually  in  the  morning  between  six  and  seven 


48 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


o’clock,  as  Reaumur  had  long  ago  remarked.  Those  larvae  which  do 
not  perish  by  being  trodden  upon  by  their  host  or  devoured  by 
birds,  creep  along  by  means  of  the  hooklets  on  their  inferior  surface 
and  the  energetic  contractions  of  their  bodies,  until  they  find  a con- 
venient place  for  their  transformation  into  nymphae  ; they  then 
penetrate  the  ground  to  a depth  of  about  two  or  three  inches,  or 
conceal  themselves  in  hay,  among  leaves,  etc.  The  nympha  is 
about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long  externally ; in  shape  it  is 
pyriform  and  expanded,  its  anterior  extremity  showing  a plane, 
oblique  surface  turned  upwards,  and  infringing  on  the  superior 
surface.  The  condition  of  nympha  lasts  for  twenty-five  to  thirty 
days. 

After  the  larva  has  left  its  cyst,  the  formation  of  pus  gradually 
ceases  and  the  wound  cicatrizes  ; though  for  a long  time  it  bears 
traces  of  the  alteration  it  has  undergone,  so  that  the  skin  is  seriously 
depreciated  in  value,  especially  if  the  larvae  have  been  numerous. 
But  it  rarely  happens  that  the  animals  themselves  suffer  in  health, 
though  it  is  doubtful  if  these  larvae  exercise  a salutary  effect  on  the 
economy — preventing  disease  by  acting  as  derivatives,  according 
to  Bracy  Clark’s  belief.  Lafore  asserts  that  country  people  con- 
sider the  presence  of  the  larvae  as  a proof  that  their  animals  are  of 
good  quality  and  that  they  fatten  well ; and  they  explain  this 
belief  by  the  instinct  that  impels  the  Hypoderma  to  deposit  its 
eggs  on  animals  with  a fine  supple  skin.  However  this  may  be,  it 
is  certain  that  if  aged  animals  are  spared  its  visitations,  calves  are 
equally  exempt. 

The  pecuniary  loss  occasioned  in  this  country  by  the  f Warble- 
fly,’  as  the  Hypoderma  bovis  is  popularly  designated  in  England, 
has  been  represented  as  very  great,  being  estimated  at  as  much  as 
one  pound  per  head  on  every  animal  unsheltered  from  its  attack. 
Among  dairy  cattle,  the  loss  has  been  estimated  at  three  pounds 
per  head. 

The  loss  by  damage  to  the  hides  is  extremely  heavy,  and  has 
been  given  as  averaging  one  penny  per  pound  weight,  or  five  shillings 
and  tenpence  for  each  hide.  One  extensive  hide-importing  firm 
reports  : ‘ Parcels  of  ox  and  cow  hides  and  goat  and  sheep  skins, 
coming  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  all  contain  a varying  proportion 
of  warbled  hides  and  skins,  the  damage  being  greatest,  as  a rule,  on 
those  from  the  hottest  climates,  and  generally  affecting  goat-skins 
to  the  greatest  extent.  Those  hides  and  skins  from  Mogador,and 
other  northern  parts  of  Africa,  suffer  most  in  this  respect,  an  average 
of  about  one-fourth  of  them  being  damaged  to  the  extent  of  60  or 
70  per  cent,  of  their  value.  Those  from  Kurrachee,  India,  also 
suffer  damage  to  almost  the  same  extent ; while  those  from  Calcutta, 
Madras,  and  Bombay  are  depreciated  perhaps  to  the  extent  of 
50  per  cent,  on  10  per  cent,  of  the  skins.  From  Cape  Colony  the 
skins  are  comparatively  slightly  damaged,  and  still  less  are  the 
hides  and  skins  from  Australia  and  South  America  ’ (Ormerod). 

Treatment. — To  preserve  animals  from  the  ravages  of  the  Hypo- 


PARASITIC  DIPTEROUS  LA R VIE  OF  THE  SKIN 


49 


derma,  it  is  only  necessary  to  employ  one  of  the  many  measures 
indicated  when  dealing  with  the  Flies.  Brauer  relates  that,  in 
certain  localities  where  the  OEstridse  abound,  the  inhabitants  have 
succeeded  in  diminishing  their  numbers  by  not  allowing  cattle  to 
pasture  after  ten  o’clock  in  the  morning  from  April  to  August.  As 
the  mature  larvae  usually  quit  their  host  before  that  hour  they 
fall  on  the  cowshed  floor,  and  not  finding  a suitable  quarter  in 
which  to  pass  their  nymphosis,  they  die  ; consequently,  the  species 
is  much  diminished.  It  has  been  remarked  that  such  cattle  are 
very  much  less  visited  by  the  Hypoderma  than  those  of  the  Alps, 
in  which  the  larvae  are  exceedingly  numerous,  because  the  animals 
live  out  of  doors  night  and  day. 

In  order  to  free  the  skin  from  the  larvae  which  have  invaded  it, 
they  may  be  extruded  by  pressure  of  the  fingers,  or  they  may  be 
killed  en  place  by  introducing  a lancet,  or  a bistoury,  or  a red-hot 
stylet  into  the  orifice  of  the  tumour.  The  same  result  can  be 
obtained  by  the  use  of  benzine,  oil  of  turpentine,  tar,  or  salt  water. 
But  these  have  the  disadvantage  of  causing  a long  suppuration,  in 
order  to  bring  about  the  gradual  elimination  of  the  dead  body  of 
the  parasite.  It  is,  therefore,  preferable  in  every  respect  to  remove 
it  at  once,  if  necessary,  through  its  exit  orifice,  by  enlarging 
this  and  seizing  the  creature  with  forceps.  Nothing  more  is  then 
required  than  attention  to  keeping  the  wound  clean  and  healthy. 

In  England,  much  attention  has  been  paid  to  this  subject  of  pre- 
vention and  treatment,  and  many  suggestions  have  been  made  and 
carried  into  practice.  One  experienced  veterinary  surgeon, 
H.  Thompson,  says  : ‘ Respecting  the  application  of  anything  to 
prevent  the  Warble-fly  depositing  its  eggs,  there  are  many  sub- 
stances of  a tarry  nature  that  might  be  applied,  but  nothing  better 
than  Stockholm  or  green  tar.  This  should  be  rubbed  along  the 
back  of  the  Cows  before  turning  them  out,  and  the  dressing  should 
last  all  the  summer  season.  Or  sheep-salve — bad  butter  and  tar 
mixed  with  sulphur.  About  two  applications  should  last  a full 
season.  Or  the  application  of  brine  is  useful.  It  is  a common 
practice  to  wash  the  Cows’  backs  with  pickling  brine,  the  application 
being  made  two  or  three  times  during  the  season.  In  this  part — 
Cumberland — large  farmers  keep  what  is  called  a “ pickling- tub,” 
wherein  they  put  beef  and  mutton.  The  brine  is  made  with  salt 
and  water,  salt  being  added  until  an  egg  will  float  in  it.  This  is 
an  old  remedy,  and  I think  a good  one,  as  I believe  the  ova  would 
be  destroyed  immediately  the  mixture  was  placed  on  the  skin.  I 
have  used,  and  also  recommend,  the  following  mixture  as  a 
preventive : sulphur,  four  ounces ; spirit  of  tar,  one  gill ; train 
or  whale  oil,  one  quart.  Mix  well  together,  and  apply  it  to  the 
spine  of  the  Cow  once  a week  with  a small  brush.  The  smell  drives 
off  the  flies,  and  prevents  them  depositing  their  eggs,  the  cattle  are 
left  at  peace  to  graze,  and  warbles  thus  prevented.  Paraffin, 
kerosine,  carbolic  acid,  phenyle,  etc.,  are  all  too  transient  to  be  of 
much  service,  and  would  have  to  be  frequently  applied.’ 


4 


50 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  Hypoderma  of  the  Horse. — Horses  which  are  allowed  to 
pasture  during  the  summer  season  are  sometimes  found  to  be,  in 
the  following  spring,  more  or  less  invaded  by  the  larvae  of  the 
Hypoderma.  Vallisnieri,  Huzard,  sen.,  and  Bracy  Clark  had 
already  observed  this.  Roulin,  cited  by  Joly,  relates  that,  in  the 
llanos  of  South  America,  the  Horses  which  live  there  in  a semi- 
savage condition,  are  gathered  together  at  certain  times,  in  order 
that  the  larvae  of  the  (Estrus  may  be  removed  from  them.  Loiset, 
in  particular,  has  given  a good  description  of  this  cutaneous  malady 
of  the  Horse,  from  which  it  appears  that,  so  far  as  external  appear- 
ances go,  the  tumours  produced  by  the  Hypoderma  resemble  in 
every  way  those  of  the  Ox.  ‘ The  (Estrus  cuticole  of  the  Horse  is 
common/  he  says,  ‘ not  only  in  the  North  of  France,  but  also 
throughout  Belgium,  Holland,  and  the  whole  extent  of  the  littoral 
of  the  Baltic  and  North  Sea  ; for  I have  very  often  found  it  in  young 
animals  from  these  regions.’  Fleming  has  observed  the  larvae 
in  the  cutaneous  tumours  of  army  remount  horses  in  England. 

The  larva  is  vesiculate,  fusiform,  expanded  in  front,  and  ter- 
minating in  a blunt  point  behind.  Much  smaller  than  that  of  the 
Ox,  it  is  only  about  9 to  10  mm.  in  length  ; its  skin  is  thin  and 
diaphanous,  and  destitute  of  spines  ; its  segments  are  very  marked. 
The  mouth  is  altogether  unarmed  (Loiset). 

Joly,  by  reason  of  these  particular  characters,  looks  upon  it  as 
a distinct  species,  which  he  designates  Hypoderma  equi.  Brauer, 
however,  is  inclined  to  think  it  is  identical  with  the  H.  Silenus. 
But  the  question  is  still  undecided,  as  it  has  not  yet  been  possible 
to  ascertain  the  nymphosis  of  these  larvae,  nor  yet  has  the  perfect 
insect  been  found. 

The  tumours  caused  by  the  Hypoderma  give  rise,  in  the  Horse* 
to  the  same  inconvenience  as  in  the  Ox  ; in  addition,  they  prevent 
the  use  of  harness  on  the  invaded  parts  of  the  body. 

The  preventive  and  curative  treatment  is  similar  to  that  for 
the  Ox. 

The  larvae  of  the  Hypoderma  have  also  been  found  beneath  the 
skin  of  the  Ass  ; but  Brauer  considers  that  they  belong  to  his 
Hypoderma  Silenus. 

Dermatobia. — The  Dermatobia  (Brauer)  can  be  distinguished  by  the  pro- 
boscis, which  is  bent  at  its  base,  concealed  in  the  buccal  cavity,  beneath  the 
inferior  surface  of  the  head,  and  by  the  stylus  of  the  antennae,  which  is  plumose 
at  its  superior  border.  The  genus  is  interesting,  for  the  reason  that  Man  is 
sometimes  the  host  of  the  larvae  of  one  species — the  noxious  Dermatobia 
(D.  noxialis  Goudot),  which  lives  in  America,  from  Mexico  to  Brazil.  For 
it  would  certainly  appear  that  it  is  to  this  Dermatobia  that  must  be  allotted 
not  only  the  larva  which  according  to  Goudot,  is  known  in  New  Grenada 
as  the  Nuche  or  Gusano,  but  also  that  which  in  Cayenne  is  named  the  Macaw- 
fly  ; in  Brazil,  Ura ; at  Costa  Rica,  Tor  cel ; and  in  Mexico,  Moyoquil 
Worm.  It  lives  chiefly  beneath  the  skin  of  the  Ox  and  Dog. 

It  is  elongated,  terminates  in  a point,  has  spines  on  the  borders  of  the  seg- 
ments in  its  anterior  half  only,  carries  two  strong  buccal  hooklets,  and  measures 
about  3 cm.  The  perfect  insect  is  about  17  mm.  long,  has  the  face  and  fore- 
head yellow,  with  short,  silky  brown  hairs  ; thorax  brown,  striped  with  gray  ; 


PARASITIC  DIPTEROUS  LARVAE  OF  THE  SKIN 


5i 

abdomen  flat,  blue,  and  covered  with  small  black  hairs,  their  base  being  of  a 
dull  white. 

According  to  Goudot,  the  Dermatobia  noxialis  is  found  in  very  great  numbers 
on  the  borders  of  large  woods  and  lands  covered  with  underwood,  so  that 
such  localities  are  regarded  as  unsuitable  for  herds  of  cattle.  When  they  do 
chance  to  frequent  them,  it  is  observed  that  they  pass  the  greater  part  of  the 
day  in  sterile,  sandy  places,  rather  than  venture  to  graze  in  the  shade,  where 
their  enemies  are  so  abundant.  In  certain  years  the  larvae  of  this  fly  are 
counted  by  hundreds  on  one  animal.  They  occupy  a large  portion  of  the 
shoulders  of  Cattle,  forming,  by  their  agglomeration  beneath  the  skin,  a great 
collection  of  tumours,  from  which  purulent  matter  is  continually  flowing 
through  a multitude  of  openings.  These  orifices  are  frequented  by  other 
Diptera,  which  deposit  their  eggs  in  them,  and  in  this  way  wounds  are  pro- 
duced which  sometimes  are  dangerous,  and  are  always  difficult  to  heal.  The 
larvae  of  the  same  Dermatobia  are  also  located  on  the  head,  flanks,  tail,  and 
along  the  dorsal  region  ; but  their  principal  haunt  is  always  on  the  shoulders, 
as  this  is  the  part  where  the  animal  can  least  defend  itself  by  its  horns,  tongue, 
or  tail. 

In  the  countries  where  Dermatobia  species  are  abundant,  the  hides  of  the 
slaughtered  Cattle  are  frequently  so  perforated  by  holes  as  to  be  of  little  value. 

Dogs  are  also  very  much  attacked  by  these  redoubtable  Diptera,  and  often 
harbour  a great  number  of  larvae  ; but  Mules  and  Horses  are  exempt  from 
their  annoyance. 

It  is  probable  that  the  Dermatobia  deposits  its  eggs  in  the  same  manner  as 
the  Hypoderma — that  is,  clandestinely  and  without  pricking  the  skin.  The 
agitation  and  dread  the  Cattle  manifest,  as  Goudot  has  remarked,  ought  there- 
fore to  be  ascribed  to  a special  instinct  or  acquired  experience  of  the  effects 
of  these  Insects. 

In  America,  in  order  to  free  Cattle  from  the  larvae  of  Dermatobia,  measures 
are  adopted  similar  to  those  employed  in  Europe  against  the  Hypoderma. 
By  methodical  pressure,  the  larvae  can  be  expelled  from  the  tumours,  which 
are  then  dressed  with  salt  water,  removing  at  the  same  time  all  the  eggs,  which 
the  Muscidae  never  cease  depositing.  Not  infrequently  an  animal  which  has 
been  carefully  attended  to  in  the  morning  has,  by  the  evening,  in  the  openings 
made  by  the  "Dermatobia,  a perfect  swarm  of  small  larvae  ; these  are  destroyed 
by  filling  the  holes  with  an  infusion  of  tobacco,  or,  better,  some  Cevadilla 
powder. 

It  is  not  known  to  what  species  the  CEstridae  belong  which  deposit  their 
larvae  on  the  Oxen,  Buffaloes  and  Gazelles  of  South  and  Central  Africa. 

According  to  P.  Dutrieux,  the  natives  of  Unyamouezi,  Central  Africa, 
designate  by  the  name  of  founsa  ia  ngombe — that  is,  the  ‘ Cattle-worm  ’ — 
a larva  which  is  developed  beneath  the  skin  of  the  Ox  and  Man,  and  which 
produces  a kind  of  furunculous  eruption  ; this  larva  is  deposited  in  the  egg 
stage  by  a large  Fly  that  usually  accompanies  the  Cattle.  It  appears  to  be 
unknown  between  the  central  plateau,  or  the  Ugogo,  and  the  east  coast. 

With  regard  to  these  subcutaneous  larvae  of  Africa,  there  is  an  interesting; 
peculiarity.  Certain  birds  of  the  order  Passeres,  allied  to  the  starling  tribe, 
and  belonging  for  this  reason  to  a genus  named  the  Buphaga,  or  Beef-eaters 
(/3 ovs,  an  Ox  ; tpayw,  to  eat),  constantly  accompany  herds  of  ruminants,  and 
when  they  see  the  tumours  of  the  CEstri  on  their  skins,  they  fix  themselves, 
upon  the  backs  of  these  animals,  and  with  their  bill  (which  is  fashioned  like 
a pair  of  scissors)  they  dig  and  squeeze  out  the  larvae  that  lie  beneath  the 
tough  skin,  finally  extracting  them.  The  Cattle  and  Buffaloes  willingly 
endure  this  operation,  as  if  they  appreciated  its  utility. 


OP  ILL  LIB. 


4—2 


CHAPTER  III 


THE  FLEAS 


Under  this  well-known  name  are  comprised  the  Insects  designated 
in  zoology  as  Suctorians , or,  better,  Aphaniptera.  As  has  been 
already  mentioned,  the  majority  of  naturalists  are  agreed  to  con- 
sider them  as  a sub-order  of  Diptera. 

These  are  jumping  Insects,  whose  metamorphoses  are  complete,  and  whose 
buccal  apparatus  is  arranged,  in  the  larvae,  for  mastication,  and  for  suction 
in  the  adults. 


Fig.  i 8. — The  Human  Flea, 
male. 


Fig.  19. — Head  of  the  Human  Flea, 
magnified  thirty  diameters.* 


* md,  mandible  ; mx,  jaws  ; pm,  maxillary  palps  ; l,  single  stylet ; pi,  labial 
palps. — Railliet. 


The  latter  have  the  body  flattened  laterally.  The  head  is  small,  and  round 
or  angular,  being  widely  joined  to  the  prothorax.  The  rostrum — adapted  for 
piercing  the  skin  and  sucking  the  blood — comprises  (Fig.  19)  : (1)  two  man- 
dibles transformed  into  setiform  prickers,  and  serrated  ; (2)  two  jaws  or 
triangular  maxillae,  sharp,  and  each  carrying  at  its  base  a long  and  thin  palp 
of  four  articles  ; (3)  a single  and  rigid  tongue  ; (4)  a lower  lip,  terminating 
in  two  palps  of  several  articles,  which  serves  as  a sheath  or  support  to  the 
other  parts  ; there  is  no  upper  lip.  The  faceted  eyes  are  replaced  by  two 
ocelli,  which  are  sometimes  rudimentary  or  are  absent,  behind  which  are 
concealed  in  a depression  the  antennae,  made  up  of  from  three  to  six  articles. 
The  three  segments  of  the  thorax  are  distinct  ; the  two  last  have  small  appen- 
dages in  the  form  of  plates,  which  represent  the  four  wings.  The  abdomen 
comprises  nine  segments,  overlapping  at  the  sides.  The  legs  are  long,  and 
adapted  for  jumping,  principally  the  third  pair  ; the  thighs  and  tibiae  are 
voluminous  ; the  tarsi  are  composed  of  five  pieces,  and  terminate  in  two 
hooklets.  The  general  colour  is  brown,  and  the  length  of  the  body — which  is 
greater  in  the  female  than  the  male — varies  from  1 to  4 mm. 

52 


THE  FLEAS 


53 


The  Fleas  live  as  parasites  on  the  Mammalia  and  on  Birds,  obtaining 
nourishment  from  their  blood.  Very  agile,  and  capable  of  jumping  exten- 
sively, these  creatures  pass  readily  from  one  animal  to  another,  and  all  the 
more  so  as  they  often  quit  their  host — voluntarily  or  accidentally — and 
wander  on  the  floors  of  habitations.  The  female  lays  about  twenty  eggs  in 
dusty,  damp,  and  dirty  corners,  in  chinks  of  floors,  filth,  sawdust,  etc.  Ac- 
cording to  Fiirstenberg,  the  female  Flea  of  the  Dog  ascends  to  the  summit  of 
the  hairs,  and  turning  its  posterior  extremity  outwards,  drops  on  the  ground 
white,  elliptical,  elongated  eggs,  measuring  o*8  mm.  long.  Austin  has  ob- 
served that  sometimes  the  Flea  undergoes  all  the  phases  of  its  development 
on  its  host. 

The  hatching  of  the  eggs  occupies  about  six  days  in  warm  weather,  and 
from  nine  to  twelve  days  when  the  temperature  is  lower.  From  the  egg  comes 
a white,  cylindrical  larva,  complete,  and  formed  of  thirteen  segments  (Fig.  20). 

It  is  absolutely  destitute  of  legs,  and  moves  somewhat  rapidly  by  crawling, 
which  is  favoured  by  two  hooked 
points  situated  at  the  caudal  extremity, 
and  by  long  hairs  directed  backwards, 
which  garnish  the  inferior  and  pos- 
terior border  of  the  first  twelve  seg- 
ments. The  head,  which  is  distinct 
from  the  body,  independently  of  the  Fig.  20. — Larva  of  the  Flea  of  the  Fowl, 
buccal  pieces  has  two  antenna,  each  magnified  twenty  diameters.— Railhet. 
composed  of  three  short  articles  ; and 

at  the  base  of  the  lower  lip  are  two  small  rounded  elevations,  each  of 
which  is  provided  with  four  points  curved  backwards,  which  may  also  serve  in 
progression. 

Towards  the  eleventh  day,  the  larva  spins  a little  cocoon,  gets  rid  of  its  old 
skin,  and  is  transformed  into  a nymph  that  already  shows  three  pairs  of  legs, 
and  carries  two  small  caudal  pincer-like  points  if  it  is  to  be  a male,  only  one 
point  if  a female.  The  nymph  is  at  first  white,  but  it  gradually  becomes 
darker,  and  towards  the  eleventh  to  the  twentieth  day — depending  upon  the 
warmth  of  the  season — it  appears  as  the  perfect  insect,  and  immediately  goes 
in  quest  of  a host  to  torment. 

Of  the  domesticated  animals,  the  Dog,  Cat,  Rabbit,  and  Pigeons 
and  Fowls,  only  have  Fleas.  It  is  more  especially  young,  weakly, 
or  confined  Dogs — such  as  those  which  are  chained  up  or  suckling — 
that  are  invaded  by  Fleas,  as  they  live  in  a condition  favourable  to 
the  breeding  of  these  insects — from  egg-laying  to  their  full  develop- 
ment— which  is  more  particularly  favoured  by  litter  and  floors. 
Fleas  can  exist  for  a long  time  away  from  their  habitual  host  ; 
for  they  are  sometimes  found  swarming  in  uninhabited  places,  in 
unoccupied  Dog-kennels,  and  in  abandoned  Fox-holes.  A remark- 
able maternal  instinct  has  been  attributed  to  them,  as  it  is  stated 
that  they  feed  their  larvae  on  dried  blood- corpuscles,  which  they 
carry  to  them.  But  attentive  observation  has  proved  that,  in  this 
respect,  Fleas  are  absolutely  indifferent  to  their  progeny. 

The  species  that  live  on  Man  and  the  domesticated  animals  belong 
to  the  genus  Pulex  (Linn.),  which  corresponds  to  the  description 
given  above.  The  best  known  is  that  of  Man,  the  Pulex  irritans 
(Linn.)  (Figs.  18,  19). 

The  body  is  oval,  of  a maroon-brown  colour,  and  shining  ; the  head,  rounded 
above  and  in  front,  is  destitute  of  spinules  at  its  anterior  border  ; it  is  the 
same  with  the  posterior  border  of  the  prothorax.  The  length  of  the  female 
is  3 to  4 mm.  ; that  of  the  male  2 to  2*5  mm. 


54 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


It  can  be  conveyed  to  Dogs  and  Cats  which  live  in  contact  with 
Man. 

Two  species  live  on  the  domesticated  Mammals.  One  is  the  Dog 
Flea  ( Pulex  serraticefts  Gervais),  which  abounds  on  Dogs,  is  much 
less  frequent  on  Cats,  and  may  be  transported  to  Man,  though  it 
rarely  pricks  him. 

It  is  readily  recognised,  under  a low  magnifying  power,  by  its  blunt,  black 
spines  ranged  like  the  teeth  of  a comb,  which — seven  to  nine  in  number — 
garnish  the  inferior  border  of  each  side  of  the  head,  that  is  rounded  in  front. 


Fig.  21. — Head  of  the  Dog  Flea,  Fig.  22. — Head  of  the  Flea 
magnified  thirty  diameters. — of  the  Leporidae,  magnified 

Railliet.  thirty  diameters. — Railliet. 


The  posterior  border  of  the  prothorax  has  also,  laterally,  seven  to  nine  similar 
spines.  The  male  is  2 mm.  long,  and  the  hinder  part  of  the  body  is  raised  ; 
the  female  is  3 mm.  long,  and  the  body  is  more  rounded. 

The  other  species  is  the  Flea  of  the  Leporidae  (P.  goniocephalus 
O.  Taschb.). 

It  is  characterized  by  its  head,  the  anterior  summit  of  which  is  angular, 
and  by  the  spines  on  the  head  and  prothorax,  which  are  only  five  or  six  on 
each  side.  The  dimensions  are  sensibly  the  same. 

It  lives  on  Hares  and  Rabbits.  On  the  Rabbit  is  also  found  the 
Pulex  serraticefts,  and  sometimes  also  the  Pulex  irritans. 

The  Fleas  which  infest  Fowls,  Pigeons,  and  many  other  birds, 
are  relegated  by  Taschenberg  to  a single  species,  the  Bird  Flea 
(P.  avium  O.  Taschb.). 

It  has  a somewhat  elongated  brown  body  ; the  head  is  rounded,  and  has 
no  spinules  at  its  posterior  border,  but  the  prothorax  shows  twelve  or  thirteen 
on  each  side  of  its  posterior  border.  The  male  is  3 mm.  long,  the  female 
3-5  mm. 

Fleas  are  often  very  troublesome,  tormenting  and  harming 
animals  by  disturbing  their  rest  and  quietude.  They  are  more 
frequently  found  on  Dogs  than  on  Cats,  and  they  are  common  on 
Pigeons,  rarer  on  Poultry.  * 

The  Pulex  serraticefts  infests  more  particularly  sedentary  Dogs 
and  Cats — those  which  are  nursing,  and  their  young  while  sucklings  ; 
for  laying  the  eggs  and  the  development  of  the  insect  can  then  pro- 
ceed under  the  most  favourable  conditions.  ‘ The  complete  evolu- 


THE  FLEAS 


55 


Fig.  23. — Head  of  the  Flea  of 
the  Fowl,  magnified  thirty- 
diameters. — Railliet. 


tion  of  the  parasite  may  even  be  accomplished  on  the  body  of  its 
host.  Austin  mentions  the  case  of  a Dog  which  suffered  for  six 
months  from  a cutaneous  irritation,  accompanied  by  intense 
pruritus,  but  without  eruption.  In  the  midst  of  the  scurf  and 
epidermic  scales  he  found  eggs,  empty 
shells,  larvae  at  different  stages  of 
growth,  the  remains  of  larvae,  nymphae, 
and  perfect  insects.  Leuckart  has  also 
found,  in  crusts  from  the  eczematous 
skin  of  a Dog,  numerous  larvae  of  Fleas, 
to  which,  in  all  likelihood,  the  eruption 
could  not  be  attributed,  but  which  had 
doubtless  profited  by  this  abundant 
source  of  nourishment.’ — Railliet. 

A particular  interest  attaches  to  the 
Fleas,  from  the  part  they  play  as  inter- 
mediate hosts  for  certain  parasites  in 

the  course  of  transmigration.  It  will  be  shown  hereafter  that  the 
Dipylidium  caninum  or  T.  cucumerina  of  the  Dog  lives  in  a cysti- 
cercoid  state  in  the  abdominal  cavity  of  the  Flea  of  that  animal, 
and  that  certain  embryos  of  Nematode  worms  which  are  often 
found  in  the  blood  of  the  Dog  are  ingested  with  blood  by  the  Fleas, 
and  develop  in  the  intestine  and  abdominal  cavity  of  these  parasites. 
— See  Parasites  of  the  Intestine , and  Parasites  of  the  Circulatory 
Apparatus. 

Destruction  of  Fleas. — There  is  no  need  to  allude  here  to  the  Flea 
of  Rabbits,  nor  yet  to  that  of  Cats,  as  these  parasites  are  rare.  To 
destroy  those  of  Dogs,  insecticide  powders,  which  have  for  their 
basis  the  flowers  of  pyrethrum,  stavesacre,  or  wormwood,  are 
sprinkled  over  the  animal  so  as  to  fall  between  the  hairs ; or  the 
skin  may  be  rubbed  with  common  or  laurel  oil,  with  which  a little 
powdered  tobacco  may  be  mixed,  and  a soap-bath  given  twelve 
hours  afterwards.  Some  people  are  content  to  use  benzinated,  or, 
better,  creolined  water,  or  powdered  parsley  or  wormwood.  Cleanli- 
ness, baths,  washing  with  potash  or  carbolic  soap,  prevent  the 
multiplication  of  Fleas.  Kennels,  and  other  places  invaded  by 
these  creatures,  should  be  treated  with  boiling  water  or  limewash. 
Pine-shavings  have  been  recommended  as  bedding  for  Dogs,  with 
a view  to  keeping  away  Fleas.  It  has  also  been  recommended  to 
have  the  floors  of  kennels  made  of  the  staves  of  old  tar-barrels,  laid 
edgeways  between  the  stones.  The  persistent  odour  of  the  tar 
does  not  hurt  the  Dogs,  and  it  drives  away  the  Fleas.  The  same 
result  is  attained  by  sprinkling  on  the  floor  creolin  powder  or 
creolin  water,  5 or  10  per  cent. 

For  Poultry  the  same  measures  may  be  adopted,  or  those  pre- 
scribed for  Lice. 


The  Chigoe. — In  Brazil,  Guinea,  Mexico  (West  Indies),  in  all  the  equatorial 
republics,  and  generally  throughout  the  whole  of  tropical  America,  is  found 
a species  of  Flea  which  is  extremely  redoubtable  by  the  accidents  that  its 


56 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


presence  determines,  principally  in  Man.  Some  years  ago  it  was  introduced 
into  Africa  (Congo,  Gaboon)  by  ships  arriving  from  Brazil,  which  disembarked 
it  along  with  their  merchandise,  and  it  has  already  become  a serious  plague 
there. 

It  belongs  to  the  genus  Sarcopsylla  (Westwood),  which  is  characterized  by 
peculiarities  in  the  rostrum  and  its  angular  forehead,  which  has  a number  of 
small  points  resembling  the  teeth  of  a saw.  It  is  known  by  the  common 
names  of  Jigger,  Chigoe,  Chiggre,  Sand  Flea,  Penetrating  Flea  ( Sarcopsylla 
penetrans  Wd.,  Pulex  penetrans  Linn.).  It  is  much  smaller  than  the  ordinary 
Flea,  the  female — which  is  smaller  than  the  male — measuring  no  more' than 
i *3  mm.  long.  Its  colour  is  about  the  same  as  that  of  the  Fleas  of  this  country. 

This  insect  lives  in  woods,  on  plants,  dry  herbage,  and  in  sand,  from  which 
it  passes  to  Man  and  the  domesticated  or  wild  animals,  attaching  itself  princi- 
pally to  the  limbs.  It  attacks  Sheep,  Goats,  Cattle,  Horses,  Mules,  Asses, 
Cats,  and  especially  Dogs,  and,  even  more  so,  Pigs.  The  latter  have  been 
considered  as  greatly  contributing  to  the  propagation  of  the  insect.  This  Flea 
differs,  then,  from  the  other  Aphaniptera  by  its  indifference  to  the  host  it 
invades. 

. The  male  and  virgin  female  act  like  the  species  of  the  genus  Pulex.  But 
the  fecundated  female  penetrates  the  skin  of  Man  or  an  animal,  lodging  itself 
beneath  the  epidermis,  and  remaining  there  for  six  or  seven  days.  After  the 
second  day,  the  second  and  third  abdominal  segments  of  the  Chigoe  increase 
in  size,  enlarging  in  every  direction,  and  pushing  the  thorax  forward,  the 
other  abdominal  segments  backward,  and  assuming  the  appearance  of  a vesicle, 
the  size  of  a pea.  This  sac  is  filled  with  eggs,  which  may  be  more  than  a 
hundred  in  number.  These  are  ovoid  in  shape,  white,  and  0*4  mm.  long. 
When  they  are  mature,  the  female  is  often  expelled  by  the  pressure  of  the 
tissues  which  it  irritates,  and  lays  its  eggs  external  to  the  host. 

The  presence  of  the  Chigoe  entails  local  disorders  of  an  inflammatory 
nature  at  first,  then  ulcerative.  The  wounds  have  a tendency  to  extend  and 

become  gangrenous,  and  in  Man — whose  feet 
are  oftenest  attacked  — arthritis,  necrosis  of 
bones  and  tendons,  fistulse,  and  loss  of  phalanges 
and  toes,  are  frequently  witnessed.  Animals 
have  the  same  lesions,  and  it  is  not  rare  to  see 
those  which  have  lost  toes,  or  even  an  entire 
extremity  ; others  have  the  ears  deformed  by 
irregular  cicatrices. 

Another  species — the  Chigoe  or  Sarcopsylla 
of  Fowls  ( Sarcopsylla  gallinacea  Westwood) — 
a neighbour  of  the  American  Chigoe,  lives  on 
the  domesticated  Fowl,  fixing  itself  principally 
around  the  eyes  and  on  the  neck.  It  has  as 
yet  only  been  found  in  Ceylon  by  Moseley, 
during  the  voyage  of  the  Challenger,  and  by 
Green  at  Colombo  ; it  has  been  described  by  Westwood. 

Treatment. — The  measure  to  adopt  against  the  Chigoe  is  its  immediate 
extraction.  This  is  accomplished  by  means  of  a needle,  and  demands  all  the 
more  expertness  if  the  parasite  has  been  long  embedded  ; for  there  is  danger 
in  perforating  the  ovigerous  sac,  which  would  allow  the  eggs  to  escape  into  the 
wound,  and  thus  give  rise  to  grave  complications.  In  such  unsuccessful 
cases,  the  wound  is  washed  with  pure  or  carbolized  water,  or  even  cauterized 
with  nitrate  of  silver,  or  dressed  with  tincture  of  iodine.  Even  in  successful 
cases  cicatrization  of  the  wound  is  relatively  slow.  When  the  Chigoes  are 
very  numerous,  frictions  with  mercurial  ointment,  sulphur  baths,  applications 
of  benzine,  etc.,  have  been  beneficially  employed. 

With  regard  to  prophylaxis,  the  American  Indians  rub  themselves  with 
acrid  and  very  odorous  tinctures,  and  infusions  of  the  leaves  of  tobacco  or 
arnatto.  The  negroes  employ  inunctions  of  almond-oil  of  the  Carapa-guian - 
ensis  ; these  inunctions  are  very  useful  for  protecting  the  paws  and  ears  of 
the  domesticated  animals. 


Fig.  24 — An  engorged  Chigoe 
magnified. — Karsten. 


THE  FLEAS 


57 


The  Alakurt. — Schimkewitsch  has  described  a form  of  Flea  which  is  allied 
to  the  Chigoe,  and,  like  it,  belongs  to  the  Sarcopsylla,  but  which  should  be 
placed  in  a separate  genus — the  Vermipsylla.  It  is  found  in  Turkestan,  and 
is  known  to  the  Kirghiz  by  the  name  of  Alakurt — that  is,  a versi-coloured 
Worm  or  Insect,  because  it  is  at  first  nearly  black,  but  on  becoming  distended 
it  is  white,  with  stripes  of  various  colours.  Schimkewitsch  has  given  it  the 
specific  name  of  Vermipsylla  Alakurt. 

The  female  alone  is  known.  It  measures  6 mm.  in  length  when  completely 
developed.  The  head  is  large,  rounded  behind  and  narrow  in  front  ; the 
fossette  for  the  antennae  is  situated  nearly  in  the  middle  of  the  head  ; the  eyes 
are  somewhat  large  ; the  maxillae  are  triangular,  and  in  the  form  of  acute- 
pointed  lancets,  not  curved  backwards.  The  fecundated  females  have  the 
abdomen  vermiform  and  articulated  like  the  Chigoe.  The  thorax  is  dark- 
brown,  as  are  the  abdominal  segments  ; but  the  latter,  in  a state  of  distension, 
are  wide  apart,  and  united  by  a milky-white  membrane. 

The  Alakurt  is  met  with  in  certain  valleys  and  on  particular  mountains 
in  Turkestan.  ‘ It  appears  in  the  autumn,  when  the  mountains  begin  to  be 
covered  with  snow,  and  it  abounds  more  particularly  during  the  intense  cold. 
It  lives  as  a parasite  on  Horses,  Sheep,  Camels,  and  Oxen,  and  brings  about 
considerable  debility,  which,  in  foals,  may  terminate  in  death.’ 


CHAPTER  IV 

PHTHIRIASES 

The  general  name  of  Phthiriasis  (from  <£0€/h,  a louse)  has  been  given 
to  the  cutaneous  affection  due  to  the  presence  of  Lice  on  the  skin. 
It  is  also  named  the  Pedicular  disease  and  Lousiness. 

In  its  ordinary  sense,  the  term  Louse  comprises  all  the  apterous 
parasites  which  do  not  jump  like  Fleas,  and  only  by  accident  quit 
their  host. 

With  the  exception  of  the  Melophagus  of  the  Sheep  and  some 
doubtful  species,  all  belong  to  the  sub-order  of  Hemipterous  para- 
sites, Rhynchota , or  the  Pediculince  of  Piaget. 

These  are  small-sized — only  a few  millimetres  in  length — apterous  insects, 
of  a dull-white  colour,  and  the  mouth  of  which  is  adapted  either  for  pricking  or 
masticating.  The  head  bears  two  simple  eyes,  or  ocelli,  often  but  little  dis- 
tinct ; and  two  antennae,  composed  of  three,  four,  or  five  articles.  The  three 
thoracic  segments  are  more  or  less  confounded  with  each  other.  The  abdomen 
is  usually  composed  of  nine  segments.  The  legs  are  ordinarily  short  and 
strong  ; the  tarsi  are  formed  of  two  articles,  the  last  of  which  has  two  nails, 
or  hooklets,  by  which  the  insect  can  creep.  The  eggs,  called  nits,  are  pyriform, 
have  an  operculum  at  one  end,  and  are  fixed  very  solidly  to  the  hairs  or 
feathers  by  a glutinous  substance.  The  young — which  leave  the  eggs  by  the 
operculum — have  quite  the  shape  of  the  adults,  and  do  not  undergo  any 
metamorphoses,  though  they  only  acquire  their  definitive  colour  and  con- 
sistency after  several  moultings. 

The  male  and  female  differ  from  each  other,  in  the  former  being  a little 
smaller  than  the  latter,  frequently  by  peculiarities  in  the  antennae,  by  the 
last  abdominal  segment  being  often  divided  in  the  female  and  rounded  in  the 
male,  which  has  also,  on  the  middle  line,  a copulating  apparatus  of  a brownish 
colour,  and  digitiform  or  lancet-shaped. 

The  males  are  usually  much  less  numerous  than  the  females. 

The  Hemipterous  parasites  are  divided  into  two  families — the 
Pediculidce  and  the  Ricinidce. 

The  Pediculidce , or  Lice  properly  called , have  the  mouth  arranged 
as  a sucker  at  the  anterior  border  of  the  head ; the  tarsi  always 
terminate  in  a single  claw,  with  the  exception  of  the  Hcematomyzus, 
which  has  two.  The  Ricinidce , or  Mallophaga,  have  the  buccal 
apparatus  formed  for  mastication  ; they  are  pellivorous — that  is, 
they  live  on  epidermic  productions,  hairs  ( pilivorous ),  or  feathers 
{pennivorous) ; the  pieces  constituting  the  mouth  are  placed  at  the  in- 
ferior surface  of  the  head,  and  the  tarsi  terminate  in  one  or  two  claws. 

53 


PHTHIRIASES 


59 


PEDICULIDiE. — These  have  a movable  proboscis,  formed  of  the  upper 
and  lower  lips,  and  armed  in  front  with  one  or  two  verticilli  of  small  spines. 
In  this  canal  are  four  channels,  arranged  two  and  two,  the  juxtaposition  of 
which  form  an  internal  tube,  or  sucker,  narrower  and  longer  than  the  canal. 
The  insect  projects  this  sucker  beyond  the  sheath  to  bury  it  in  the  skin,  and 
uses  it  to  aspirate  the  blood.  The  hooklets,  or  spines  of  the  sheath,  fix  the 
aspiratory  apparatus,  and  so  prevent  access  of  air.  The  thorax  is  small,  but 
usually  larger  and  shorter  than  the  nead,  and  shows  scarcely  any  traces  of  its 
division  into  three  segments.  The  abdomen  is  generally  elliptical  in  outline, 
and  has  its  last  segment  rounded  in  the  male,  with  an  opening  for  the  penis  ; 
in  the  female  this  segment  is  notched  or  bilobate,  with  two  small  terminal 
appendages. 

All  the  known  species  live  on  the  Mammalia.  The  Lice  infesting 
Man — the  head  Louse  ( Pediculus  capitis),  body  Louse  ( Pediculus 
corporis),  and  pubic  Louse  or  Morpion  ( Phthirius  pubis) — belong 
to  this  family : genera  Pediculus  and  Phthirius.  The  species  which 
are  found  on  the  domesticated  animals  are  all  included  in  the  genus 
HcBmatopinus  (Leach). 

Haematopinus. — The  species  of  this  genus  are  not  very  distinct  from  the 
genus  Pediculus,  the  species  of  which  are  comparatively  few,  and  live,  two  on 
Man,  and  a third  on  a Monkey.  The  Haematopinus  species  are  characterized 
by  their  head  being  inserted  directly  on  the  thorax,  without  any  constriction 


A 


Fig.  25. — Magnified  posterior  extremity  of  the  Haematopinus  of  the  Pig. — 

Delafond. 

A,  Male  dorsal  surface.  B,  Female  ventral  surface. 


like  a neck  ; by  their  antennae  of  five  articles,  their  abdomen  of  eight  or  nine 
segments,  their  tarsi  with  a single  claw,  and  their  legs  without  a distinct 
appendage  at  the  internal  angle  of  their  tarsal  extremity  (Figs.  25,  26,  28,  29, 
34.  36,  37.  40). 

They  are  found  on  all  the  domesticated  Mammalia,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Sheep,  Cat,  and  Guinea-pig. 

RICINID/E. — These  parasites  are  often  distinguished  at  first  sight  from  the 
Pediculidse  by  their  head,  which  is  always  larger  than  their  thorax,  and  the 
shape  of  which  is  determined  by  a system  of  dark  horny  bands,  to  which 
particular  names  are  given.  The  most  important  are  : 1.  The  antennal  bands, 
which  are  marginal,  and  border  the  head  in  front,  from  the  insertion  of  the 
antennae,  joining  or  not  joining  each  other  in  the  middle  line  ; 2.  The  occipital 
bands,  which  extend — one  on  each  side — from  the  occiput,  or  posterior  border, 
to  the  base  of  the  mandibles  or  orbit.  The  mouthpieces  are  situated  on  the 
inferior  surface,  and  are  principally  constituted  by  the  mandibles,  in  the  form 
of  short  hooks,  and  by  the  jaws.  The  thorax  generally  has  its  prothovax 
distinct,  but  its  other  two  segments  are  usually  joined  as  one,  which  receives 
the  name  of  metathorax.  The  first  seven  abdominal  segments  have  their  borders 
strengthened  by  a lateral  band,  and  most  frequently  have  transverse  spots. 


6o 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  masticatory  apparatus  of  the  Ricinidae  allows  them  to  subsist 
on  epidermic  productions,  and  fragments  of  hairs  or  feathers.  They 
do  not  suck  the  blood  of  their  host  like  the  Pediculidae  ; so  that 
they  might  be  considered,  not  as  true  parasites,  but  as  commensals 
which  free  the  skin  from  its  scurf.  But  it  must  not  be  concluded 
that  they  are  really  advantageous  to  the  animal  infested  by  them. 
Not  only  do  they  soil  the  skin  by  their  dejections,  their  ‘ nits,’  their 
exuviae,  and  their  dead  bodies,  but  it  is  certain  that  their  contact 
is  felt  by  the  creatures  on  which  they  live,  and  on  which  they  pro- 
duce disagreeable  itching,  accompanied  by  sharp  biting.  Birds 
invaded  by  these  vermin  are  often  in  bad  health. 

The  Ricinidae  are  divided  into  two  sub-families  : i.  The  Philop- 
terincE , which  have  the  antennae  composed  of  three  or  five  articles, 
and  have  no  maxillary  palps  ; 2.  The  Liotheince , whose  antennae 
have  four  articles,  and  are  provided  with  quadri-articulated  maxil- 
lary palps  projecting  beyond  the  anterior  border  of  the  head. 

Philopterinae. — Independently  of  the  above  characters,  it  is  necessary  to 
note  in  these  parasites  the  frequently  important  development  of  the  anterior 
part  of  the  head,  which  is  named  the  clypeus,  and  is  sometimes  distinctly 
separated  from  the  posterior  part  by  a suture.  The  antennal  sinus  is  a more 
or  less  deep  notch  on  each  side  of  the  middle  line  of  the  head,  and  at  the 
bottom  of  it  is  a small  protuberance  that  carries  the  antennae. 

The  Philopterinae  are  divided  into  eleven  genera,  only  six  of  which 
are  of  interest  here.  These  are  : the  Trichodectes , which  live  ex- 
clusively on  Mammalia ; the  Ornithobius,  Lipeurus , Goniodes, 
Goniocotes,  and  the  Docophorus,  which  are  parasitic  on  Birds. 

Trichodectes  (Nitzsch)  are  characterized  by  their  three-articled  antennae, 
these  having  five  in  all  the  other  genera.  They  are  limited  to  Mammalia,  the 
other  genera  being  special  to  Birds  (Figs.  27,  30,  31,  35,  38,  39). 

Ornithobius  (Denny),  Fig.  49,  and  Lipeurus  (Nitzsch),  Fig.  46,  have  a narrow, 
elongated  body,  the  sides  being  nearly  parallel.  The  antennae  are  different  in 
the  two  sexes  ; besides,  in  Lipeurus  the  third  article  in  the  male  has  an  appen- 
dage which  is  absent  in  Ornithobius.  The  latter  has  the  abdomen  bordered  on 
each  side  by  two  parallel  bands,  while  there  is  only  one  on  Lipeurus. 
Ornithobius  is  special  to  the  Swan. 

Goniodes  (Nitzsch. — Fig.  43)  and  Goniocotes  (Burm — Figs.  44,  45)  have  the 
body  flattened,  sides  rounded,  or  of  an  elongated  oval,  and  the  antennae  different 
in  the  two  sexes,  the  first  article  in  the  male  being  larger  than  the  others.  In 
the  male  Goniodes  the  third  article,  and  sometimes  the  first,  has  an  appendage 
which  is  absent  in  Goniocotes  ; and  the  latter  always  has  the  abdomen  rounded 
at  the  end,  while  in  the  male  Goniodes  it  sometimes  has  two  points. 

Docophorus  (Nitzsch — Fig.  48). — The  antennae  are  alike  in  both  sexes,  and 
are  inserted  in  sinuses  or  excavations  at  the  sides  of  the  head,  which  has  strong 
movable  trabeculae  at  its  anterior  angle. 

The  Liotheinse  are  distinguished  from  the  Philopterinae  by  their  four-articled 
antennae  and  distinct  maxillary  palps.  The  head  is  very  broad  at  the  temples, 
and  appears  to  be  triangular  or  trilobate.  In  front  of  the  temple  there  is  often 
a notch,  called  the  orbital  sinus,  in  which  is  found  the  eye,  though  this  is  usually 
not  very  distinct. 

The  Liotheinse  comprise  ten  genera,  four  of  which  have  their 
representatives  on  the  domesticated  animals.  These  are  Gyropus, 
Trinoton , Colpocephalum,  and  Menopon. 


PHTHIRIA  SES 


6 


The  Gyropes  ( Gyropus  Nitzsch — Figs.  41,  42)  have  only  a single  claw  at 
the  tarsi,  while  there  are  two  in  the  nine  other  genera.  The  head  presents, 
posteriorly,  two  notches,  limiting  the  very  salient  temples.  They  are  only 
met  with  on  the  Mammalia,  and  principally  on  Rodents. 

The  Trinotons  ( Trinoton  Nitzsch)  have  the  head  very  round  in  front,  the 
temples  salient  and  projected  backwards  ; a wide  orbital  sinus,  having  at  the 
bottom  a bilobate  eye  ; and  the  antennae  short  and  concealed.  The  thorax  is 
divided  into  three  distinct  segments,  and  the  tarsi  have  two  claws.  This 
species  lives  exclusively  on  Palmipeds. 

The  Colpocephales  ( Colpocephalum  Nitzsch)  have  the  head  broader  than  long 
— somewhat  like  that  of  the  Trinotons  ; but  they  are  distinguished  from  them 
by  their  rarely  bilobate  eyes,  and  antennae  projected  beyond  the  head.  The 
tarsi  have  two  claws.  They  live  on  all  kinds  of  birds  except  the  Coursers. 

The  Menopons  ( Menopon  Nitzsch — Fig.  47)  generally  have  the  head  like 
that  of  the  two  preceding  genera,  but  the  orbital  sinus  is  absent  or  very  shallow 
at  the  part  occupied  by  the  eye,  and  often  also  that  where  the  antennae  are 
fixed  ; the  latter  are  always  short  and  indistinct.  Living  on  Birds  of  all  kinds 
except  the  Coursers,  Piaget  has  on  two  occasions  found  them  on  Mammals — 
one  of  them,  the  Menopon  extraneum,  on  the  Guinea-pig. 

This  summary  zoological  description  being  considered  sufficient 
to  enable  anyone  to  recognise  the  genus  to  which  a parasite  belongs, 

it  will  be  easy  to  determine  its 
species  by  the  following  informa- 
tion. 

Horse. — The  horse  harbours 
the  H cematopinus  macrocephalus, 
the  Trichodectes  pilosus,  and  the 
Trichodectes  pubescens — the  last 
less  frequently  than  the  first  two. 


Fig.  26. — Hcematopinus  macrocephalus,  Fig.  27. — Trichodectes  pilosus,  female, 
female,  of  the  Horse  ; magnified  of  the  Horse  ; magnified  twenty 
twenty  diameters. — Railliet.  diameters. — Railliet. 

Haematopinus  macrocephalus  (Burm. — Fig.  26). — Head  elongated  and 
narrow  ; antennae  implanted  on  a kind  of  lateral  protuberance,  behind  which 
is  a deep  notch,  lodging  the  eye  at  the  bottom.  At  this  part  the  temples  are 
wide  and  curve  forwards  ; then  the  head  contracts,  and  assumes  a triangular 
form  in  its  posterior  moiety.  The  thorax  is  much  shorter  than  the  head  ; the 


62 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


abdomen  is  oval,  with  continuous  and  slightly  sinuous  borders  ; the  two 
stigmata  on  the  margin  of  each  ring  are  placed  in  the  middle  of  a lateral 
protuberance.  The  head  and  abdomen  are  of  a grayish-yellow  colour,  and 
the  thorax  a brown  maroon.  The  length  of  the  female  is  3-6  mm.  ; that  of  the 
male  2-6  mm. 

Trichodectes  pilosus  (Giebel — Fig  27). — The  head  is  broader  than  it  is  long, 
and  is  rounded  in  front — a little  widened  at  the  temples  ; the  antennal  band 
makes  a turn  around  the  forehead.  The  first  seven  segments  of  the  abdomen 
have  middle  quadrangular  spots.  The  head,  thorax,  legs,  and  abdomen  are 
covered  with  hair  on  both  surfaces,  and,  in  addition,  the  last  abdominal 
segment  on  the  male  has  two  hairy  cushions.  The  general  colour  is  yellow  ; 
spots  and  head  ferruginous  ; band  brown  maroon.  The  length  of  the  female 
is  1 -9  mm.  ; that  of  the  male  1 -6  mm. 

Trichodectes  pubescens  {T.  parumpilosus  Piaget). — This  species  is  much 
rarer  than  the  preceding  ; it  is  0*2  mm.  less  in  length,  and  differs  chiefly  in  the 
head,  which  is  hairy  only  along  the  borders. 

Ass. — The  Hcematopinus  of  the  Ass  belongs  to  the  same  species 
as  that  of  the  Horse,  but  Piaget  makes  it  a variety — Colorata — a 


Fig.  28. — Hcematopinus  euryster-  Fig.  29. — Hcematopinus  Fig.  30. — Tricho - 
nus,  female,  of  the  Ox ; magni-  vituli,  female,  of  the  dectes  scalaris, 

fled  twenty  diameters.  Ox ; magnified  twenty  female,  of  the 

diameters.  Ox  ; magnified 

twenty  diame- 
ters.— Railliet. 

little  larger  than  the  type,  head  less  hairy,  tint  darker,  and  with  a 
quadrangular  lateral  spot  on  the  sternum.  Trichodectes  pilosus  is 
also  a parasite  of  the  Ass. 

Ox. — Hcematopinus  eurysternus,  H.  vituli , and  Trichodectes 
scalaris , are  found  on  the  Ox. 


PHTHIRIASES 


63 


Haematopinus  eurysternus  (Nitzsch — Fig.  28). — The  head  is  rounded  in 
front,  slightly  elongated — more  in  the  male  than  the  female.  It  is,  besides, 
chiefly  distinguished  from  the  H.  macrocephalus  by  its  oval  and  very  large 
abdomen,  having  on  each  segment  a slightly-coloured  lateral  tubercle.  The 
head  and  thorax  are  fawn-coloured,  the  latter  being  darkest ; the  abdomen 
is  yellow  or  grayish  ; the  genital  spot  is  dark.  The  female  is  3 mm.  long,  and 
the  male  2 mm. 

Haematopinus  vituli — (Linn,  Fig.  29,  H.  tenuirostris). — Rarer  than  the  preced- 
ing, the  head  is  elongated  and  somewhat  buried  in  the  thorax  ; the  latter  is  as 
broad  as  it  is  long,  and  the  abdomen  is  narrow — scarcely  wider  at  the  sixth 
segment — the  largest — than  at  the  first.  The  general  tint  is  a deep  chestnut, 
brighter  on  the  forehead,  legs,  and  the  lateral  band  of  the  abdomen.  The 
female  is  3 mm.,  and  the  male  2*5  mm.  long.  It  is  found  on  sucking  calves, 
and  it  also  infests  adults,  perhaps  as  much  as  calves. 

Trichodectes  scalaris  (Nitzsch — Fig.  30). — The  head,  scarcely  so  broad  as  it 
is  long,  is  almost  parabolic  in  shape,  and  very  hairy.  It  resembles  Tr.  pilosus, 
but  it  has  not  the  hairy  cushions  on  the  last  abdominal  segment,  and  the  median 
spots  are  larger.  The  general  colour  is  white,  the  spots  ferruginous,  the  bands 
being  darker.  The  length  of  the  female  is  1*5  mm. 


Sheep. — The  Pediculince  are  only  represented  on  the  Sheep  by 

the  Trichodectes  sphaerocephalus  (Nitzsch — Fig.  31). 


It  has  the  head  as  broad  as  long,  rounded  in 
front,  the  antennal  band  turning  round  the  fore- 
head, which  has  long  hairs  at  the  sides.  The 
antennae  are  hairy  and  slightly  longer  in  the  male 
than  in  the  female  ; the  median  spots  on  the 
abdomen  are  sub-quadrangular.  The  general 
colour  is  white,  spots  and  head  ferruginous.  The 
length  of  the  female  is  17  mm.,  and  of  the  male 
1*4  mm. 

The  phthiriasis  of  the  Sheep  is  usually 
due  to  the  Melophagus  ovinus  (Lat.),  which 
belongs  to  the  Pupiparous  Diptera  (see 
p.  33),  but  which,  being  apterous,  does 


b 


ViG.^i.-Tnchodectes  Fig.  32.— Melophagus  Fig.  33.— Proboscis  of  the 
sphcerocephalus , fe-  of  the  Sheep  ; magni-  Melophagus  ; much  magni- 

male,  of  the  Sheep  ; fled.  The  line  on  the  fled. — L.  Dufour.* 

magnified  twenty  left  indicates  the 

diameters.  natural  length. 

* a.  Proboscis  ; b,  its  free  extremity ; c,  basilar  enlargement,  with  the 
muscles  inserted  into  it ; d,  horny  spines,  also  furnished  with  muscles. 


64 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


not  quit  its  host,  and  mutiplies  in  the  fleece ; it  is  nourished  on 
the  grease  (yolk)  of  the  wool,  the  debris  of  hair,  and  on  the  blood 
that  it  causes  to  flow  by  its  bites  ; consequently,  it  lives  like  the 
Pediculinae.  Macquart  formulates  its  characteristics  as  follows  : 

‘ Head  disengaged  from  the  thorax.  Palps  elongated,  fluffy,  and  inclined 
downwards.  Antennae  nude  and  in  the  form  of  tubercles.  Eyes  small  and 
very  close ; no  ocelli.  Thorax  somewhat  narrow ; abdomen  oval.  Feet 
downy ; tarsal  claws  bi-dentated.  Wings  null.’  The  general  colour  is 
ferruginous;  abdomen  grayish-brown,  and  irregularly  spotted.  Length  of 
body,  3 to  5 mm. 

Goat. — The  Haematopinus  of  the  Goat  is  the  H.  stenopsis  (Burm. 
—Fig.  34)- 

The  head  is  elongated,  narrow,  conical,  round  in  front,  notched  laterally, 
and  widened  at  the  temples,  in  the  form  of  a gourd,  acuminated  in  the  thorax, 
which  is  scarcely  concave  on  the  abdomen  ; the  latter  is  an  elongated  oval  in 
shape,  bearing  two  terminal  appendages .;  stigmata  nearly  marginal.  Colour 
straw-yellow,  gray  for  the  abdomen.  Length  of  female  2 mm.,  male  1*5  mm. 

Several  species  of  Trichodedes  have  been  described  as  living  on 
the  Goat,  but  only  one,  the  Scaly  Trichodectes  (TV.  dimax  Nitzsch 
— Fig.  35),  is  well  established. 

The  head  is  scarcely  as  broad  as  it  is  long,  and  is  quadrangular,  having  in 
front  a broad  but  shallow  notch,  at  which  the  two  antennal  bands  stop  ; the 
antennae  are  longer  in  the  male  than  in  the  female,  the  first  article  being 
thicker  and  shorter  than  the  others,  and  the  second  longer  than  the  third. 
The  abdomen  has  median  spots,  which  diminish  in  breadth  as  the  length 


Fig.  34. — Hcematopinus 
stenopsis,  female,  of 
the  Goat ; magnified 
twenty  diameters. 


Fig.  35.  — Trichodectes 
climax,  female,  of  the 
Goat;  magnified 
twenty  diameters. 


Fig.  36. — Hcematopinus 
urius,  female,  of  the  Pig ; 
magnified  about  nine 
diameters. — Delafond. 


increases  ; the  last  segment  in  the  male  has  two  hairy  cushions.  The  head 
and  thorax  are  reddish-brown,  abdomen  pale  yellow,  spots  maroon-brown, 
and  the  bands  dark.  The  female  is  i*8  mm.,  and  the  male  1*3  mm.  long. 
This  species  lives  on  the  common  as  well  as  the  Angora  Goat.  The  species 


PHTHIRIA  SES 


65 


that  Gervais  figures  and  describes  as  the  Tr.  limbatus  is  evidently  the  TV. 
climax,  though  Piaget  appears  to  identify  it  with  his  Ty.  climax  var.  mafoY, 
found  also  on  the  Angora  Goat,  and  the  female  only  of  which  differs  slightly 
from  the  type,  scarcely  in  dimensions.  With  regard  to  the  form  vaguely 
described  and  figured  by  Gervais  as  Ty.  climax,  it  appears  to  us  to  correspond 
to  none  of  the  known  species.  According  to  Taschenberg,  Ty.  caprcs  (Gurlt) 
and  Ty.  solidus  (Rudow)  of  the  Guinea  Goat,  and  probably  Tv.  mambYicus 
(Rudow)  of  the  Levant  Goat,  are  identical  with  Ty.  climax.  Taschenberg  has 
also  recognised  that  Ty.  crassipes  (Rudow)  of  the  Angora  Goat  is  none  other 
than  Ty.  penicillatus  (Piag.),  found  by  Piaget  on  a Kangaroo  ( Macvopus 
penicillatus).  But  this  might  be  a case  of  wandering  parasites  on  an  abnormal 
host. 

Camel. — The  Haematopinus  of  the  Camel  (H.  cameli  Redi),  which 
has  only  been  seen  by  Redi,  much  resembles  that  of  the  Pig. 

Pig. — The  Pig  nourishes  only  the  Haematopinus  urius  (Nitzsch, 
H.  suis  Linn. — Rig.  36). 

This  species  is  the  largest  known  amongst  the  Pediculinae.  The  head  is 
very  long  and  narrow,  rounded  and  conical  in  front,  with  five  hairs  on  each 
side,  and  towards  the  sucker  three  other  long  hairs.  The  temple  has  a very 
salient  sharp  horn  on  the  first  article  of  the  antennae,  and  it  gradually  contracts 
to  the  occiput,  which  is  rounded  to  its  thoracic  suture.  The  abdomen  is  an 
elongated  oval,  very  developed,  with  continuous  borders  ; the  stigmata  are 
on  a prominent  lateral  protuberance.  The  head  and  abdomen  are  yellowish- 
gray  in  colour,  the  stigmatic  spots  and  thorax  a maroon-brown,  and  legs 
fawn-tinted.  The  female  is  5 mm.,  and  male  4 mm.  long. 

Dog. — The  Dog  has  one  Haematopinus  and  one  Trichodect; 


Fig.  37. — Hcematopinus  pili-  Fig.  38. — Trichodectes  Fig.  39. — Trichodectes 
ferns,  male,  of  the  Dog  ; latus,  male,  of  the  subro stratus,  female, 

magnified  twenty  dia-  Dog;  magnified  of  the  Cat;  magni- 

meters.  twenty  diameters.  fied  twenty-five 

Railliet.  diameters. 

Haematopinus  piliferus  (Burm. — Fig.  37).  The  head  is  short  and  almost 
as  wade  as  long  ; it  is  salient  in  the  thorax  to  which  it  is  exactly  applied  ; the 
third  and  fourth  articles  of  the  antennae  are  alike.  The  abdomen  is  very 
developed  in  the  female,  and  is  a long  oval  in  shape  ; it  has  nine  rounded 
segments,  which  are  often  salient  at  the  sides  ; stigmata  distinct  and  mar- 
ginal ; the  first  seven  segments  have  two  rows  of  short  bristles.  The  general 
tint  is  yellowish-white,  the  head  and  thorax  being  a little  darker.  The  female 
is  2 mm.  and  the  male  1*5  mm.  long. 


5 


66 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Trichodectes  latus  (Nitzsch — Fig.  38). — The  head  is  sub-quadrangular, 
much  broader  than  it  is  long,  truncated  in  front ; the  antennae  are  hairy, 
and  different  in  the  two  sexes,  the  first  article  in  the  male  being  much  thicker, 
and  occupying  a moiety  of  the  length  of  the  organ.  The  abdomen  is  broad 
and  more  rounded  in  the  female,  with  lateral,  but  no  median  spots.  The 
colour  is  bright  yellow,  spots  darker  ; the  bands  on  the  head  are  blackish- 
brown.  Length  of  the  female  1*5  mm.,  of  the  male  1-4  mm. 

Cat. — The  Cat  has  only  one  kind  of  Louse,  the  Trichodectes 
subrostratus  (Nitzsch — Fig.  39). 

Head  sub-pentagonal,  longer  than  it  is  wide,  acuminated  in  front,  with  a 
small  shallow  notch  ; antennas  alike  in  the  two  sexes.  Abdomen  larger  in 
the  female  and  notched  behind  ; in  the  male  it  has  rather  the  shape  of  a hori- 
zontal cone,  terminating  in  a very  salient,  conical,  and  downy  ninth  segment. 
Abdomen  whitish  ; head  and  thorax  bright-yellow,  with  the  bands  and  spots 
darker.  Length  : female  1*3  mm.,  male  im2  mm. 

Ferret. — There  is  sometimes  met  with  on  the  Ferret,  and  in 
great  numbers,  the  Hcematopinus  piliferus,  which  lives  on  the  Dog. 


Fig.  40. — Hcematopinus  Fig.  41. — Gyropus  gra-  Fig.  42. — Gyro  pus  ovalis 
ventricosus,  male,  of  cilis,  female,  of  the  male,  of  the  Guinea- 

the  Rabbit ; magnified  Guinea-pig  ; magnified  pig ; magnified  twenty- 

twenty-five  diameters.  twenty-five  diameters.  five  diameters. 

Rabbit. — The  only  Louse  found  on  the  Rabbit  is  the  Haema- 
topinus  ventricosus  (Denny — Fig.  40).  It  is  rare. 

The  head  is  subuliform,  broader  than  long,  constricted  behind  the  antennae, 
widened  at  the  temples,  where  it  is  rounded.  The  thorax  is  wider  than  the 
head,  and  is  concave  on  the  abdomen  ; the  latter  is  oval,  as  broad  as  long, 
bulging,  rough,  and  hairy.  The  head,  thorax,  and  legs  are  of  a bright  chestnut 
colour  ; the  abdomen  is  of  a dirty-white.  The  length  of  the  female  is  1 *3  mm., 
and  of  the  male  1*2  mm. 

Guinea-pig. — The  Lice  of  the  Guinea-pig  are  two  species  of 
Gyropus  (Figs.  41,  42). 

Gyropus  gracilis  (Nitzsch). — This  is  recognised  by  its  long,  narrow  abdomen, 
especially  in  the  male  ; by  its  head,  made,  as  it  were,  trilobate  in  front  of  the 
antennae  ; by  the  notch  at  the  temples  ; and  by  its  antennae,  the  fourth  article 
of  which  is  globular,  and  rests  on  the  third  as  an  elongated  peduncle.  The 
general  colour  varies  from  dull  white  to  ochre-yellow.  The  length  of  the 
female  is  1*2  mm.,  and  of  the  male  1 mm. 


PHTHIRIASES 


67 


Gyropus  ovalis  (Giebel). — This  differs  by  its  large,  oval  abdomen,  crenulated 
on  the  borders,  and  garnished  with  two  rows  of  hairs  on  each  segment.  The 
head  is  shorter  and  broader.  The  general  colour  is  white  ; the  spots,  tarsal 
bands,  and  claws  are  dark.  It  has  the  same  length  as  Gyropus  gracilis. 

To  these  must  be  added  the  Menopon  extraneum  (Piag.),  found  once  by 
Piaget,  and  of  which  mention  has  been  already  made  (p.  61). 

Birds  maintain  a larger  number  of  Lice  than  the  Mammalia,  and 
these  parasites  all  belong  to  the  family  of  Ricinidae.  Each  species 
is  not  strictly  localized  on  a particular  host,  but  many  are  common 
to  several  kinds  of  Birds.  On  the  other  hand,  the  promiscuous- 
ness of  the  poultry- yards,  and,  above  all,  of  the  markets,  may  lead 
to  erratic  parasites  passing  to  a Fowl  from  a specifically  different 
host. 


Fowls. — The  parasites  found  on  Fowls  belong  to  the  four  genera 
Goniodes,  Goniocotes,  Lipeurus,  and  Menopon. 

Goniodes  dissimilis  (Nitzsch — Fig.  43). — The  head  is  broader  than  it  is  long 
and  rounded  in  front  ; it  is  smaller  in  the  male.  The  antennae  of  the  male — 
double  those  of  the  female — have  the  first  article  most  developed,  and  have  a long 


Fig.  43. — Goniodes  dis- 
similis, male,  of  the 
Fowl;  magnified 
twenty  diameters. — 
Piaget. 


Fig.  44.  — Goniocotes 
hologaster,  male,  of  the 
Fowl;  magnified  forty 
diameters. 


Fig.  45. — Goniocotes  gi- 
gas,  female,  of  the 
Fowl  ; magnified  ten 
diameters. 


hair  at  the  inner  side.  The  temporal  angles  are  salient,  especially  in  the 
female,  but  do  not  form  horns.  The  antennal  band  is  very  strong,  and  wide 
in  front,  with  a series  of  distinct  fissures  for  the  implantation  of  hairs.  There 
are  five  bristles  at  the  posterior  border  of  the  metathorax.  There  are  also 
two  median  bristles,  and  three  or  four  at  the  angles  of  each  abdominal  seg- 
ment, with  an  arched  marginal  spot  ; at  the  ventral  surface  of  the  abdomen 
of  the  female  there  are  two  little  bands  in  the  form  of  a T laid  sideways. 
The  general  colour  is  a dull  white,  the  spots  darker,  and  the  bands  fawn- 
tinted.  The  length  of  the  female  is  2-5  mm.,  and  of  the  male  2 mm.  This 
is  one  of  the  most  frequent  parasites. 

Packard  has  observed  on  the  Fowl  a Goniode  of  Burnett  (Gd.  Burnetti  Pk.), 
which  is  probably  allied  to  Goniodes  dissimilis. 

5—2 


68 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Goniocotes  hologaster  (Nitzsch — Fig.  44). — The  head  is  as  wide  as  it  is 
long,  tjie  anterior  border  rounded  and  slightly  convex,  the  antennal  band 
being  wider  in  front.  The  abdomen  has  unicoloured  quadrangular  lateral 
bands,  curved  and  broader  towards  the  suture,  and  wider  on  the  ventral  than 
the  dorsal  surface  ; the  transverse  patches  are  faint,  but  distinct ; the  sutures 
are  only  visible  between  the  first  three  segments.  The  general  tint  is  a dirty- 
yellow,  deeper  at  the  thorax  ; the  bands  are  brownish.  The  female  is  1 *3  mm., 
and  the  male  0*8  to  0*9  mm.  long.  Taschenberg  has  noticed  a variety  (var. 
maculata). 

Goniocotes  gigas  (Tasch. — Fig.  45). — This  is  recognisable  by  its  round  and 
very  large  abdomen,  marked  on  each  segment  by  long,  transverse,  tongue- 
shaped spots,  coloured  only  on  their  border.  It  has,  besides,  proportions 
which  are  quite  exceptional  in  this  genus.  The  general  colour  is  yellow  ; the 
abdomen  and  metathorax  are  brighter  coloured,  and  the  bands  and  outline 
of  the  spots  are  dark.  The  female  is  4 mm.,  and  the  male  3 mm.  long. 

Lipeurus  variabilis  (Nitzsch — Fig.  46). — The  head  is  round  in  front,  and  is 
broadest  at  its  anterior  portion  in  the  male,  and  at  the  temples  in  the  female  ; it 
is  margined  in  front  by  an  uninterrupted  antennal  band.  The  first  article  of 
the  male  antennae  is  longer  than  the  other  four  put  together,  and  has  a strong 
obtuse  excrescence.  There  is  a middle  spot  beneath  the  thorax  ; the  female 

has  a genital,  lance-shaped  spot,  and 
the  last  ring  of  the  abdomen  is  bilobate. 
The  general  colour  is  a pale  yellow,  the 
spots  being  a deep  fawn-tint,  and  the 
bands  black.  The  female  is  2*2  mm.,  and 
the  male  1 *9  mm.  long. 


Fig.  46. — Lipeurus  variabilis,  male, 
of  the  Fowl ; magnified  twenty  dia- 
meters. 


Fig.  47. — Menopon  pallidum,  female, 
of  the  Fowl ; magnified  twenty 
diameters. — Railliet. 


Lipeurus  heterographus  (Nitzsch). — The  head  is  parabolic  in  front,  very 
wide  behind  the  eye,  and  limited  anteriorly  by  an  uninterrupted  antennal 
band.  The  metathorax  is  as  long  as  the  prothorax.  The  abdomen  is  an 
elongated  oval,  slightly  larger  in  the  female,  with  six  short  bristles  implanted 
in  tubercles  on  each  segment  in  the  male,  and  median  spots  on  each  ring  and 
bristles  on  their  borders.  The  general  tint  is  pale  yellow,  spots  fawn-coloured, 
bands  black.  The  female  is  2 mm.  long,  the  male  being  i*8  mm. 

Menopon  pallidum  (Nitzsch — Fig.  47). — The  head  is  slightly  angular  in 
front  and  somewhat  crescent-shaped,  the  temples  being  bent  downwards  ; the 
latter  are  short  and  rounded,  with  four  bristles  and  some  hairs  ; there  is  no 
appendage  to  the  second  article  of  the  antennae.  The  thorax  is  longer  than 
the  head  in  the  female  ; they  are  equal  in  size  in  the  male.  The  legs  are  strong 
and  hairy.  The  abdomen  is  an  elongated  oval  in  the  female,  narrower  and 


PHTH  TRIASES 


69 


longer  in  the  male,  with  a single  series  of  bristles  on  each  segment.  The 
general  tint  is  a dirty-yellow,  the  spots  on  the  abdomen  being  a bright  fawn- 
colour.  The  female  is  1 *7  mm.  long,  and  the  male  1 *8  mm. 

Menopon  biseriatum  (Piaget). — This  is  rendered  distinct  from  the  preceding 
by  its  head,  which  is  distinctly  parabolic  in  front,  by  the  presence  of  two 
series  of  bristles  on  each  ring  of  the  abdomen,  and  by  the  eighth  segment, 
which  is  in  the  male  elongated  and  narrow.  It  has  the  same  tints  as  the  pre- 
ceding. The  female  is  27  mm.  in  length,  the  male  2*9  mm.  This  species  lives 
also  on  the  Turkey,  Pheasant,  and  Pigeon. 

Turkey. — The  parasites  of  the  Turkey  belong  to  the  genera 
Goniodes,  Lipeurus,  and  Menopon. 

Goniodes  stylifer  (Nitzsch). — The  head  is  as  broad  as  it  is  long  ; it  is  quad- 
rangular, especially  in  the  male  ; the  temporal  angle  forms  a long  horn, 
acuminated  behind  and  terminated  by  a bristle.  The  metathorax  has  diver- 
gent sides,  acuminated  on  the  abdomen,  and  bearing  five  bristles  on  the  pos- 
terior border.  The  seven  first  segments  of  the  abdomen  show  tongue-shaped 
spots  on  the  sides,  which  cover  the  transverse  third  of  the  segment  ; in  the 
middle  of  each  there  is  a bright  spot  occupied  by  the  stigma ; there  are  numerous 
hairs  on  both  surfaces.  The  general  colour  is  dirty-white,  the  spots  are 
fawn-coloured,  and  the  bands  brown  or  black.  The  length  of  the  female  is 
3 mm.,  that  of  the  male  3*2  mm. 

Lipeurus  polytrapezius  (Nitzsch). — The  head  is  relatively  short — it  is 
stronger  in  the  female — scarcely  so  wide  at  the  temples,  and  very  rounded 
in  front,  where  it  is  bordered  by  the  uninterrupted  antennal  band.  The  first 
article  of  the  male  antennae  is  "thick,  fusiform,  a little  longer  than  the  other 
four  collectively,  and  is  provided  with  a strong  excrescence  at  its  base.  Beneath 
the  thorax  there  are  two  median  spots,  the  second  of  which  extends  for  a short 
distance  on  the  abdomen.  The  female  has  an  acuminated  genital  spot  pos- 
teriorly, and  the  last  abdominal  segment  is  deeply  notched.  The  general 
colour  is  yellow,  spots  fawn-tinted,  and  bands  black.  The  length  of  the 
female  is  3 mm.  to  3*7  mm.,  and  of  the  male  2'S  to  3*7  mm. 

The  Menopon  of  the  Turkey  is  the  M.  biseriatum,  which  lives  also  on  the 
Fowl.  It  is  probably  the  same  as  the  M.  stramineum  (Nitzsch). 

Guinea-fowl. — A^Goniode,  ajdoniocote,  and  a Menopon  live 
on  the  Guinea-fowl. 

Guinea-fowl  Goniodes  ( Gd . numidianus  Denny). — The  head  is  longer  than 
it  is  broad  ; the  antennae  of  the  male  are  somewhat  long,  and  have  the  third 
article  curved  and  acute,  carrying  the  succeeding  two  beyond  its  axis  ; the 
eye  is  salient,  and  occiput  a little  retreating.  The  metathorax  is  wider  than 
the  head  and  acuminated  on  the  abdomen,  with  a black  band  at  the  posterior 
border  ; the  legs  are  strong.  The  abdomen  is  oval,  with  the  spots  twice 
interrupted.  Its  length  is  1*7  mm.  It  has  been  found  by  Denny  on  the 
Guinea-fowl. 

There  has  also  been  found  on  this  Bird  the  Goniodes  stylifer  of  the 
Turkey. 

Goniocotes  rectangulatus  (Nitzsch). — This  differs  from  Gonioc.  hologaster  of 
the  Fowl  chiefly  in  the  lateral  bands  of  the  abdomen,  which  are  wide  on  the 
ventral  surface  of  this  parasite.  The  segmental  sutures  are  only  distinct 
between  the  three  first.  The  length  of  the  female  is  1 mm.,  and  of  the  male 
0*8  mm.  This  species  was  found  on  a Guinea-fowl  by  Taschenberg,  but  it  is 
rather  a parasite  of  the  Peacock. 

Lipeurus  of  the  Guinea-fowl  ( L . numidce  Denny). — The  head  is  large,  sub- 
panduriform,  rounded  in  front  where  it  is  bordered  by  the  antennal  band, 
and  wide  behind  the  eye  ; the  female  antennae  have  the  second  article  very 
long.  The  metathorax  is  nearly  as  wide  as  the  prothorax.  The  abdomen 
is  oval,  the  first  seven  segments  showing  a double  series  of  spots,  which  form 


70 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


two  uninterrupted  dorsal  bands.  The  colour  is  livid  yellow,  and  the  bands 
and  spots  black.  The  length  is  2*1  mm. 

This  species  was  found  on  the  Guinea-fowl  by  Denny,  who  considered  it  a 
Nirmus  ( Nirmus  numidcs) — he  probably  had  not  seen  the  female  (Railliet). 

Menopon  of  the  Guinea-fowl  (M.  numidcs  Gieb.). — The  head  is  semilunar, 
and  the  orbital  sinuses  distinct.  The  prothorax  is  large,  with  three  sharp 
points  at  each  angle  ; the  metathorax  is  large  and  trapeziform.  The  abdomen 
is  also  large,  with  festooned  borders  garnished  with  bristles  and  dark  spots. 
The  general  colour  is  reddish.  Length  i mm. 

Peacock. — The  parasites  of  the  Peacock,  like  those  of  the  Guinea- 
fowl,  belong  to  the  genera  Goniodes,  Goniocotes,  and  Menopon. 

Goniodes  falcicornis  (Nitzsch). — The  head  is  nearly  square,  and  curved 
somewhat  downwards  in  front,  especially  in  the  male  ; the  antennal  band  is 
narrow  anteriorly  and  has  parallel  borders  ; the  temples  are  angular,  and 
do  not  form  a horn  behind  ; the  occiput  is  scarcely  depressed  ; the  first 
article  of  the  male  antennae  is  very  thick,  is  nearly  as  long  as  the  other  four, 
and  has  a strong  appendage  on  the  inner  side  ; the  third  article  has  a long 
curved  appendage  ; the  other  two  are  thin,  and  rest  on  a protuberance  of  the 
third.  The  metathorax  is  not  so  large  as  the  head  in  the  female,  but  in  the 
male  it  is  as  large,  or  larger,  than  the  prothorax.  The  abdomen  is  very  large, 
and  on  the  sides  has  very  dark-coloured  languiform  spots.  The  genital 
apparatus  of  the  male  is  very  large,  and  ascends  to  the  third  segment.  The 
general  colour  is  yellowish-white,  the  spots  being  a d@ep-fawn  hue.  The 
female  is  3-3  mm.,  and  the  male  3 mm.  long.  This  is  a common  parasite. 

Small-headed  Goniodes  ( Gd . parviceps  Piaget). — This  differs  from  the  pre- 
ceding principally  in  the  head,  which  is  more  regularly  quadrangular  ; in  its 
metathorax,  which  is  larger  than  the  head  ; in  its  abdomen,  which  is  scarcely 
so  large  as  the  metathorax  ; and  in  the  dimensions  of  the  male  and  female, 
which  are  2 mm.  long.  a - 

Goniocotes  rectangulatus  (Nitzsch). — This  is  the  same  as  that  “which  has 
been  found  on  the  Guinea-fowl. 

Black-mouthed  Menopon  (M.  phceostomum  Nitzsch).  — The  head  is  elon- 
gated, contracted  and  rounded  in  front,  very  wide  at  its  posterior  border,  and 
the  temples  narrowed  and  bent  downwards.  There  is  no  appendage  to  the 
second  article  of  the  antennae.  The  thorax  is  longer  than  the  head,  and  the 
metathorax  a little  rounded  on  the  abdomen  ; the  latter  is  a long  oval  in  the 
female  and  larger  than  in  the  male,  with  a single  series  of  bristles  on  each  ring. 
The  general  tint  is  yellow,  brightest  in  the  male  ; the  spots  are  fawn-coloured. 
The  female  is  i*6  mm.,  and  the  male  1*3  mm.  long. 

Pheasant. — The  parasites  of  the  common  Pheasant  are  : 

Goniodes  Colchicus  (Denny). — This  differs  from  the  G.  dissimilis  of  the 
Fowl  chiefly  in  the  presence  of  a small  tooth  at  the  inner  side  of  the  antennae 
of  the  male,  of  only  two  bristles  at  the  posterior  border  of  the  metathorax, 
and  in  numerous  median  bristles  on  each  segment.  The  dimensions  are 
about  the  same. 

Goniodes  truncatus  (Giebel). — The  head  is  large  and  parabolically  rounded 
in  front ; the  temples  are  not  excavated,  nor  prolonged  posteriorly  as  horns  ; 
the  occiput  is  convex,  and  the  occipital  angles  are  acute.  The  abdomen  is  an 
elongated  oval,  that  of  the  male  is  truncated  behind  ; the  lateral  bands  are 
arched,  and  a short  appendage  on  them  is  pushed  into  the  preceding  segment. 
The  colour  is  white,  with  dark  bands.  The  female  is  3 mm.,  and  the  male 
2*4  mm.  long. 

Gonicotes  chrysoeephalus  (Giebel). — This  differs  chiefly  from  Gc.  rectangu- 
latus of  the  Guinea-fowl  and  Peacock,  in  having  the  sutures  between  the 
eight  first  segments  of  the  abdomen  visible.  The  colour  is  yellow,  particu- 
larly on  the  head  and  thorax.  The  female  is  1-2  mm.,  and  the  male  o*8  mm. 
long. 


PHTHIRIA  SES 


7 1 


Lipeurus  variabilis. — This  parasite  of  the  Fowl  has  also  been  found  on  the 
common  Pheasant  by  Taschenberg  and  by  Railliet. 

Long  Menopon  (M.  productum  Piaget). — This  differs  from  M.  pallidum  of 
the  Fowl  principally  in  having  the  temples  less  excavated,  and  the  body 
elliptical  and  constricted  to  the  sixth  segment  in  the  female,  and  nearly  as 
short  as  broad  in  the  male,  with  the  ninth  segment  short  and  like  a reversed 
ogive.  The  general  tint  ochre-yellow,  fawn-coloured  on  the  sides  of  the 
abdomen.  The  female  is  i*8  mm.,  and  the  male  1-5  mm.  long. 

Menopon  Biseriatum. — This  is  the  same  as  that  found  on  the  Fowl  and 
Turkey. 

Among  the  parasites  found  on  the  Silver  Pheasant,  are  placed 
the  Goniocotes  chrysocephalus  of  the  common  Pheasant,  and  a 
variety  of  the  Menopon  phceostomum,  of  which  the  type  lives  on 
the  Peacock. 

The  Golden  Pheasant  offers,  amongst  others,  the  Lipeurus 
heterographus  of  the  Fowl,  and  the  Menopon  productum  of  the 
common  Pheasant. 

Pigeon. — On  the  domestic  Pigeon  the  following  Recindiae  have 
been  found : 

Dwarf  Goniode  ( Gd . minor  Piaget). — All  the  species  have  the  abdomen  oval 
and  broad,  but  this  one  is  distinguished  by  the  antennae  of  the  male,  the  last 
two  articles  of  which  are  very  reduced  and  scarcely  visible  ; and  by  its  meta- 
thorax, which  is  rounded  on  the  abdomen.  The  colour  is  yellow,  and  the 
female  is  1 7 mm.  long,  the  male  being  1 *4  mm. 

Companion  Gonicote  ( Gc . compar  Nitzsch). — The  length  of  the  head  is  a 
little  less  than  its  width  at  the  posterior  border  ; the  anterior  border  is  convex, 
and  the  antennal  band  linear.  The  abdomen  is  oval,  and  rounded  in  the 
female,  truncated  posteriorly  in  the  male,  and  has  coloured  spots  only  on  the 
border  of  each  segment  ; each  margin  of  the  abdomen  has  two  parallel  bands. 
Colour,  dirty-yellow.  The  female  is  1*4  mm.,  and  the  male  1 mm.  long. 

Rod-shaped  Lipeurus  (L.  baculus  Nitzsch). — The  head  is  elongated  and  very 
narrow,  the  anterior  part — clypeus — being  round  and  separated  from  the 
other  portion  by  a constriction  ; it  is  not  bordered  in  front  by  an  antennal 
band,  and  is  garnished  by  six  fine  hairs  and  two  claviform  appendages.  The 
first  article  of  the  male  antennae  is  much  thicker  than  the  others,  and  has  an 
enlargement  at  its  base,  but  has  no  appendage  ; the  third  article  has  a strong 
lateral  appendage.  The  prothorax  is  quadrangular,  and  one-third  shorter 
than  the  metathorax.  The  colour  is  dirty-white,  with  bright  yellow  spots 
and  brown  bands.  The  female  is  2*1  mm.  to  2*3  mm.,  and  the  male  i*8  mm. 
to  2.3  mm.  long. 

Long-tailed  Colpoeephalus  (C.  longicaudatus  Nitzsch). — The  occipital  bands 
are  not  distinct.  The  abdomen  of  the  female  is  conical,  and  bordered  by  narrow 
dark  bands  ; the  first  segments  are  the  longest,  the  ninth  elongated,  constricted 
at  its  posterior  moiety,  rounded  and  fringed  with  long  fine  hairs  ; in  the  male 
the  abdomen  is  an  elongated  oval,  and  the  last  segment  is  rounded  and  gar- 
nished with  numerous  long  bristles.  It  is  white,  with  fawn-coloured  spots. 
The  female  is  i*6  mm.,  and  the  male  1*3  mm.  long. 

Broad  Menopon  [M.  latum  Piaget). — The  head  is  parabolic,  and  nearly 
angular  in  front.  There  is  an  appendage  to  the  second  article  of  the  antennae 
in  the  two  sexes.  The  thorax  is  longer  than  the  head  in  the  female,  shorter 
in  the  male  ; the  metathorax  is  not  so  broad  as  the  head,  and  is  rounded  on 
the  abdomen.  The  latter  is  large,  oval,  and  rounded  in  the  female,  and  oval 
and  elongated  in  the  male,  with  salient  angles.  The  colour  is  yellow,  with 
bright,  fawn-coloured  spots.  The  female  is  8 mm.,  and  the  male  1*5  mm. 
long. 

We  have  also  found  on  a Pigeon  the  M.  biseriatum,  already  described  (p.  6q). 


7 2 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Goose. — The  parasites  of  the  domestic  Goose  belong  to  the 
genera  Docophorus,  Lipeurus,  and  Trinoton. 

Bilious  D.ocophorus  ( D . icterodes  Nitzsch). — The  head  is  longer  than  broad ; 
the  clypeus  is  semicircular,  with  a triangle  on  each  side,  and  at  the  lower 
surface  a constricted  elongated  spot.  The  prothorax  is 
not  so  wide  as  the  metathorax.  The  abdomen  is 
bordered  on  each  side  by  a uniformly  broad  band  ; the 
first  segment  has  an  interrupted  transverse  band  on  the 
median  line  ; the  others  have  a wide  lateral  band, 
leaving  free  the  middle  third  ; the  last  is  simply  notched 
in  the  female.  The  colour  is  brownish-red.  Length  of 
female  i*8  mm.,  and  male  1*3  mm.  It  is  frequent  on 
Ducks  and  relatively  rare  on  Geese,  on  which  it  con- 
stitutes, according  to  Piaget,  a mere  variety  that  Nitzsch 
has  named  Docophorus  adustus. 

Lipeurus  jejunus  (Nitzsch). — The  head  is  elongated, 
and  the  clypeus  is  colourless,  rounded,  separated  by  a 
constriction  and  a suture,  not  bordered  in  front  by  an 
antennal  band,  and  garnished  by  six  fine  and  two  spread- 
ing  hairs  at  the  suture.  The  prothorax  is  subtrapezoidal, 
Fig.  48.  Docophorus  and  has  a SpQt  at  the  posterior  angle,  which  projects 
tcterodes,  male,  of  laterally ; the  metathorax  is  twice  as  long,  with  a large 
the  Duck  ; magni-  tubercle  at  the  posterior  angle,  on  which  are  implanted 
fied  twenty -five  four  short  bristles.  The  colour  is  dirty-white,  spots 
diameters.  dark  fawn,  and  bands  black.  The  female  is  3 mm., 

and  the  male  2*5  mm.  long. 

Lipeurus  anseris  (Gurlt). — The  head  is  elongated  and  conical,  rounded  in 
front,  with  the  clypeus  analogous  to  that  of  the  preceding  species.  The  meta- 
thorax is  double  the  size  of  the  prothorax,  and  is  constricted  at  the  sides.  The 
colour  is  white,  -with  black  spots.  The  dimensions  are  the  same. 

Trinoton  conspurcatum  (Nitzsch). — This  is  a very  large  species.  The  head 
is  as  long  as  it  is  wide,  and  is  exceeded  in  front  by  the  last  two  articles  of  the 
palps,  showing  on  each  side  two  enlargements,  the  posterior  of  which — the 
temple — has  five  bristles.  The  thorax  is  longer  than  the  head,  and  rounded 
on  the  abdomen.  The  legs  are  long,  and  garnished  with  hairs  and  bristles. 
The  abdomen  is  oval,  not  so  wide  at  the  base  as  the  metathorax,  and  the 
angles  are  salient ; the  first  eight  segments  have  a series  of  bristles  fixed  in 
colourless  tubercles.  The  colour  is  white,  the  spots  brown  maroon,  bands 
black,  thorax  dark,  head  bright-fawn  tint.  The  female  is  6*3  mm.,  and  the 
male  5*8  mm.  long.  This  parasite  was  found  by  Denny  on  the  Goose,  but  it 
is  more  frequent  on  the  Swan. 

Trinoton  continuum  (Piaget). — This  species  has  four  bristles  at  the  temples, 
the  abdomen  has  slightly  salient  angles,  and  is  more  downy  on  its  two  surfaces, 
while  there  are  fewer  hairs  on  the  legs.  The  dimensions  are  also  less,  being 
for  the  female  6 mm.,  and  for  the  male  5*6  mm.  long.  It  is,  probably,  only  a 
variety  of  the  preceding  species,  and  is  more  common. 

Duck. — A Docophorus,  Lipeurus,  Trinoton,  and  a Menopon  have 
been  found  upon  the  domestic  Duck. 

The  Docophorus  icterodes,  described  as  infesting  the  Goose,  is  very  common 
on  the  Duck. 

Lipeurus  squalidus  (Nitzsch). — The  head  is  narrow,  elongated  in  front  of 
the  antennae,  and  suddenly  constricted  at  the  suture  of  the  clypeus  ; the 
latter  has  a spot — signature* — parallel  to  the  border,  and  rounded  posteriorly. 
There  are  six  hairs  on  the  forehead,  two  of  which  are  on  the  clypeus,  the 
second  being  very  flat  ; in  front  of  the  mandibles  there  is  a round  and  small 
fossa  ; the  temple  is  round,  and  has  one  bristle  and  a spine  ; the  antennal 
bands  stop  at  the  suture  of  the  clypeus,  and  do  not  go  beyond  it  in  front. 


PHTHIRIA  SES 


73 


The  metathorax  is  not  so  wide  as  the  head,  is  slightly  longer  than  it  is  broad, 
and  is  a little  concave  on  the  abdomen.  The  latter  has  a straight,  uniformly 
■wide,  black  band  on  each  side  ; and  transverse  fawn-coloured  spots  more  or 
less  apparent.  The  general  colour  is  fawn  yellow.  The  female  is  2*8  mm., 
and  the  male  2*5  mm.  long. 

This  parasite  is  very  common,  and  Taschenberg  has  found  it  on  the  Barbary 
Duck. 

Pale  Trinoton  (T.  luridum  Nitzsch). — This  more  especially  differs  from  the 
T.  conspurcatum  of  the  Goose,  by  the  presence  of  only  four  bristles  at  the 
temples  ; the  metathorax  is  concave  on  the  abdomen,  the  latter  having  seg- 
ments rounded  at  the  sides  ; narrow  transverse  spots,  interrupted  in  the 
middle  on  the  first  two  segments,  and  surrounding  a colourless  circle  on  the 
side  ; and  the  bristles  not  having  a swollen  base.  The  colour  is  white,  with 
maroon  spots  and  black  bands.  The  length  of  the  female  is  5-4  mm.,  and 
of  the  male  47  mm. 

Dark  Menopon  ( M . obscurum  Piaget). — The  head  is  crescent-shaped  and 
strong,  with  the  temples  broad  and  turned  downwards,  and  the  lateral  borders 
nearly  as  long  as  the  thorax.  The  abdomen  has  dark,  narrow,  lateral  bands 
without  appendages.  The  colour  is  dark  fawn.  The  length  is  1*4  mm. /to 
1*5  mm.  Common. 


Swan. — Independently  of  the  Trinoton  conspurcatum , which  lives 
on  the  Goose,  the  domestic  Swan—  Cygnus  olor-— has  an  Ornithobius. 


Ornithobius  bucephalus  (Giebel). — The 
head  is  massive,  nearly  as  broad  as  it 
is  long,  irregularly  quadrangular,  and 
shaped  anteriorly  like  a pair  of  closed 
forceps ; the  antennae  are  strong  and 
carried  forward  ; the  posterior  part  of 
the  head  is  divided  into  three  portions  by 
the  two  occipital  bands,  which,  at  first 
parallel,  converge  in  front  towards  the 
root  of  the  mandibles.  The  thorax  is 
narrower,  and  a little  shorter  than  the 
head.  The  abdomen  is  oval,  and  nude 
except  at  the  angles  ; the  lateral  bands 
are  very  narrow.  The  colour  is  white, 
with  pearly  transparent  bands.  The 
length  of  the  two  sexes  is  3*5  mm.  to 
4*5  mm. 

Symptoms. — Phthiriasis  is  mani- 
fested in  all  animals  by  signs  of 
itching,  the  intensity  of  which  is 
subordinate  to  the  number  of  para- 
sites, and  the  group  to  which  these 
belong.  The  Hsematopinus  has  the 
rostrum  formed  for  pricking.  It 
attacks  the  substance  of  the  skin 
to  feast  on  the  blood  and  humours 


exuded  as  a result  of  this  pricking,  Fig.  4 9.— Ornithobius  bucephalus, 
and  causes  a much  more  intense  male,  of  the  Swan  ; magnified 

pruritus  than  that  occasioned  by  fifteen  diameters. 

Ricinidse.  The  locality  of  the 

pruritus  naturally  indicates  that  of  the  parasites,  which  are  also 
betrayed  by  their  eggs — these  being  less'  deeply  situated  among  the 


74 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


hair  or  feathers — and  likewise  by  the  debris  the  parasites  leave 
after  moulting. 

Horse  and  Mss. — The  hsematopinic  phthiriasis  of  the  Horse  and 
Ass  has  its  principal  seat  at  the  mane  and  forelock,  but  more 
especially  at  the  root  of  the  tail,  or  in  the  neighbourhood  of  these 
parts.  The  animal  seeks  to  rub  itself  against  everything  within 
its  reach,  gently  bites  its  neighbours,  and  allows  itself  to  be  bitten 
and  rubbed  by  them.  On  entering  a stable,  it  is  easy  to  recognise 
animals  so  affected,  by  the  erectness  and  matting  of  the  hairs, 
especially  at  the  root  of  the  tail ; and  a careful  examination  will 
readily  reveal  the  presence  of  the  Haematopinus  and  its  eggs,  along 
with  numerous  epidermic  pellicles — constituting  a real  pityriasis. 
When  grooming  has  not  been  carried  out  for  some  days,  the  dried 
dead  bodies  of  parasites,  and  the  exuviae  of  their  moultings,  increase 
the  general  aspect  of  uncleanliness.  The  papules  which  some 
authors  have  described  are  rarely  observed,  but  only  various 
excoriations  due  to  rubbing.  Railliet  has  seen  an  old  mare  ‘ which 
showed  on  the  back  little  tumours  caused  by  elevation  of  the 
epidermis,  beneath  which  were  numerous  masses  of  Haematopinus/ 

Trichodectic  phthiriasis  is  less  common,  and  not  so  pruriginous  ; 
but  with  this  exception,  it  resembles  the  preceding,  from  which  it  is 
distinguished  by  examining  the  parasite.  The  Trichodectes  are 
not  often  found  on  the  upper  parts  of  the  body,  but  the  two 
phthiriases  may,  though  rarely,  co-exist  on  the  same  Horse. 

Ox. — The  same  symptomatic  differences  are  remarked  between  the 
haematopinic  and  trichodectic  phthiriases  of  the  Ox  ; but,  contrary 
to  what  is  observed  in  the  Horse,  the  latter  appears  to  be  the  more 
frequent.  The  Trichodectes  are  spread  over  the  whole  body,  while 
the  Haematopinus  prefers  the  ears,  back  of  the  head,  upper  border 
of  the  neck,  and  middle  of  the  back  and  loins.  The  pruritus 
impels  the  animal  to  rub  itself  against  trees,  posts,  or  salient  parts 
of  its  dwelling,  and  with  its  rough  tongue  it  licks  the  skin  ; con- 
sequently, there  are  large  hairless  patches,  and  often  an  abundant 
epidermic  secretion  with — though  very  exceptionally — thickening 
of  the  skin,  which  may  mislead  as  to  the  true  nature  of  the  malady. 

Sheep. — The  Sheep  Lice  are  concealed  at  the  bottom  of  the 
fleece.  The  presence  of  the  Melophagus  is  indicated  by  the  pupae, 
which  are  attached  to  the  individual  fibres,  and  appear  as  shining 
oval  bodies,  not  unlike  small  apple  pips  in  colour  and  shape.  In 
separating  the  wool,  the  parasites  are  found  close  to  the  skin,  and 
when  they  are  numerous  the  fleece  is  entangled,  and  sometimes 
absent  in  places.  These  parasites  attract  the  attention  of  Starlings 
and  Wagtails,  which  hover  about  flocks  of  Sheep,  and  perch 
familiarly  on  their  backs  in  order  to  feed  on  the  parasites. 

The  Melophagus  often  emigrates  from  suckling  ewes  to  the  lambs, 
which  it  sometimes  torments  so  much  as  to  cause  serious  emacia- 
tion. If  the  fleece  is  short,  in  order  to  avoid  the  teeth  of  the 
animal,  the  parasite  takes  refuge  in  front  of  the  shoulders,  on  the 


PHTHIRIA  SES 


7 5 


neck,  and  particularly  about  the  ears  and  horns.  By  their  biting 
they  produce  great  itching,  which  makes  the  Sheep  gnaw  themselves, 
scratch  their  bodies  with  their  hind-feet,  and  rub  against  anything 
within  reach.  At  the  places  where  the  parasites  have  been  biting, 
on  separating  the  wool,  a 
red  patch  the  size  of  a lentil 
is  seen,  in  the  centre  of 
which  is  a darker  red  spot. 

The  Trichodectes  are  less 
frequently  observed  than  the 
Melophagus,  perhaps  be- 
cause of  their  smaller  size. 

They  may  in  certain  cases 
seriously  alter  the  wool ; for 
its  shedding  appears  to  be 
due  to  the  cutting  they  effect 
by  their  mandibles  at  the 
root  of  the  fibres,  according 
to  the  observations  of  Rail- 
liet. 

The  Trichodectes  induce 
severe  itching,  and  the  wool  is  more  or  less  altered,  broken,  and 
matted  in  places.  There  also  may  be  seen  bright-red  spots  from 
8 mm.  to  io  mm.  in  diameter,  covered  by  thin  furfuraceous  scales, 
formed  of  epidermic  debris  and  dried  serosity.  The  Trichodectes 
are  easily  found,  hanging  on  by  means  of  their  claws  or  jaws  to  the 
wool  fibres  on  and  around  these  places.  According  to  Delafond, 
these  parasites  are  much  more  common  on  lean,  debilitated,  or 
badly-nourished  Sheep  than  on  vigorous  and  well-fed  ones. 


Fig.  50. — Pupa  of 
the  Melophagus 
of  the  Sheep, 
attached  to  the 
end  of  a lock  of 
wool. 


Fig.  51. — Magnified 
pupa  of  the  Sheep 
Melophagus,  seen  on 
its  dorsal  surface,  and 


seven 

points. 


umbilicated 


Pig. — This  animal  is  greatly  incommoded  when  invaded  by  the 
Haematopinus.  The  species  infesting  it  is  the  largest  of  the  family, 
and  causes  a pruritus  proportionate  to  its  size.  The  skin  is  marked 
by  red  papules  of  various  dimensions,  and  is  often  excoriated.  The 
itching  is  most  severe  at  night,  and  the  animal  rubs  itself  eagerly 
against  its  sty  or  trough,  rolls  in  the  litter,  or  even  demolishes  its 
habitation.  Sequens  relates  that  of  140  sucking-pigs,  40 — aged 
from  one  to  two  weeks — succumbed  to  an  intense  phthiriasis  affect- 
ing all  the  Pigs.  The  disease  lasted  four  or  five  days.  At  the 
autopsies,  besides  signs  of  anaemia,  there  were  found  numerous 
excoriations  and  ulcerations  on  various  parts  of  the  body,  the  knees 
and  hocks  were  inflamed,  and  even  the  capsular  ligaments  were 
involved — all  the  result  of  the  intense  pruritus  which  had  destroyed 
these  young  Pigs.  The  disease  ceased  when  parasiticide  and  dis- 
infecting agents  were  had  recourse  to.  Viborg  was  a witness  to 
similar  occurrences,  which  led  him  to  declare  that  the  Haematopinus 
may  pass  to  beneath  the  skin,  and  make  its  exit  by  the  nose,  mouth, 
and  eyes.  This,  so  manifest  an  exaggeration,  shows  to  what  an 
extent  these  parasites  may  crowd  on  the  same  animal. 


76 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Dog. — Lousy  Dogs  do  not  appear  to  be  much  inconvenienced  by 
their  numerous  parasites.  Hsematopinus  torments  them  more  than 
the  Trichodectes,  and  sometimes  to  a high  degree.  Both  are 
encountered  on  all  parts  of  the  body,  but  Hsematopinus  is  more 
particularly  seen  about  the  throat. 

Goat. — According  to  Delafond,  Lice  may  live  in  very  great  num- 
bers on  the  Goat,  especially  in  winter.  The  skin  becomes  irritated, 
and  the  hair  falls  off,  leaving  bare  places  covered  with  flaky,  some- 
times thick  crusts,  beneath  which  the  integument  is  red  and  fre- 
quently ulcerated.  The  Hsematopinus  more  especially  produces 
these  troubles  ; but  with  Angora  Goats  the  Trichodectes  cause 
great  depreciation  in  the  value  of  the  hair. 

Camel,  Cat,  Ferret,  Rabbit,  and  Guinea-pig. — The  phthiriases  of 
these  animals  have  scarcely  received  any  attention  up  to  the  present 
time,  and  their  trifling  importance  or  rarity  justifies  the  silence 
maintained  with  regard  to  them.  The  Trichodectes  of  the  Cat  are 
seen  most  frequently  on  young  animals  debilitated  by  scabies.  The 
majority  of  the  Guinea-pigs  affected  have  numerous  Gyropus  species 
concealed  in  their  fur  ; their  presence  is  revealed  by  a yellowish  dust 
at  the  ends  of  the  hairs  twenty-four  hours  after  the  death  of  their 
host.  The  oval  Gyropus  is  much  less  abundant  than  the  small 
Gyropus,  and  prefers  to  localize  itself  on  the  head. 

Birds. — Phthiriasis  has  a much  greater  importance  for  Poultry 
than  for  the  domesticated  Mammalia  ; as  the  first  are  nearly  always 
attacked  in  a variable  degree,  and  the  multiplication  of  their  para- 
sites becomes  a real  nuisance,  causing  them  to  lose  their  rest, 
become  emaciated,  and  frequently  compromises  the  rearing  of  their 
offspring.  Their  parasites  are  found  all  over  the  body,  though  less 
on  the  thighs,  neck,  and  head  than  on  the  trunk,  and  especially 
beneath  the  wings.  It  is  sometimes  the  reverse,  however  ; for  it 
at  times  happens  that  the  head,  and  chiefly  the  neck — which  can- 
not be  reached  by  the  beak — are  particularly  frequented  by  the 
Lice.  Each  species  of  Fowl  being  capable  of  nourishing  several 
kinds  of  parasites,  these  may  be  found  collectively  on  the  same 
individual.  And  as  several  of  the  Ricinidse  attack  very  different 
species,  it  may  be  remarked  that,  by  the  cohabitation  of  Fowls, 
Turkeys,  Guinea-fowls,  etc.,  one  kind  of  parasite  may  be  accidentally 
met  with  on  an  illegitimate  host. 

Diagnosis. — The  diagnosis  of  the  disease  is  easy,  when  the  size  of 
the  parasites  is  known.  It  is  well,  nevertheless,  so  far  as  the  Mam- 
malia— and  especially  the  Horse  and  Sheep — are  concerned,  to  be 
careful  not  to  attribute  to  Lice  affections  of  the  skin  which  are 
sometimes  coincident  with  phthiriasis,  but  are  of  quite  another 
nature.  Such  is  scabies,  which  has  otherwise  a serious  gravity, 
and  which  has  been  occasionally  overlooked  for  some  time,  because 
the  pruritus — of  psoric  origin — was  ascribed  to  Lice. 

Prognosis. — This  is  rarely  serious,  considering  the  efficaciousness 
of  the  numerous  remedies  we  possess.  Nevertheless,  in  certain 


PHTH1RIASES 


77 


cases  the  malady  induced  is  particularly  obstinate  to  cure,  especially 
when  large  numbers  of  young  or  debilitated  animals  have  to  be 
dealt  with.  Budelot  relates  the  history  of  one  enzooty  of  haema- 
topinic  phthiriasis,  affecting  119  Horses  of  a regiment  of  Artillery, 
which  prevailed  for  nearly  five  months,  notwithstanding  the  para- 
siticide treatment  employed.  It  is  true  that,  in  reading  this  account, 
and  in  estimating  the  gravity  of  the  cutaneous  troubles  he  observed, 
one  is  inclined  to  question  whether  it  was  not  one  of  those  coinci- 
dences of  scabies  and  phthiriasis  the  possibility  of  which  has  already 
been  referred  to. 

The  troublesomeness  of  phthiriasis  is  dependent  upon  the  pruritus 
which  accompanies  it.  It  may  happen — at  least  with  cattle — that 
the  loss  of  hair  will  temporarily  depreciate  the  value  of  the  animals. 
Such  depilation  is  damaging  to  Sheep  ; the  disease  has  been  known 
to  persist  for  six  years  in  one  flock,  and  the  wool  to  fall  off  to  such 
an  extent  that  the  animals  looked  as  if  just  clipped. 

Birds,  and  especially  Pigeons,  sometimes  suffer  much  from  the 
invasion  of  parasites.  There  are  poultry- yards  and  dovecots 
where  these  insects  are  perpetuated,  in  spite  of  all  the  efforts  made 
to  destroy  them.  Young  creatures,  particularly  young  Pigeons, 
at  times  succumb  to  phthiriasis,  and  breeding  is  then  rendered  very 
risky.  When  the  nests  are  infested  with  parasites,  the  Pigeons 
neglect  hatching,  and  even  abandon  their  young. 

Etiology. — It  is  clear  that  contagion  is  the  primary  cause  of 
phthiriasis,  and  that  the  rapid  increase  of  Lice  is  due  to  a succession 
of  prosperous  generations,  arising  from  a contagiferous  host  of  the 
same  species  as  that  now  dealt  with. 

It  is  always  possible  that  two  domesticated  animals  of  different 
species  may  infect  each  other — as  when  the  same  kind  of  parasite 
may  live  on  one  or  the  other,  as  is  the  case  with  the  Trichodectes 
pilosus  of  the  Horse  and  Ass,  with  the  Menopon  biseriahim  of  the 
Fowl,  Turkey,  and  Pheasant,  with  the  Goniocotes  rectangulatus  of 
the  Guinea-fowl  and  Peacock,  with  the  Docophorus  icterodes  of 
the  Goose  and  Duck,  and  with  the  Trinoton  conspurcatum  of  the 
Goose  and  Swan.  Beyond  these  exceptions,  the  parasites  which 
accidentally  venture  upon  a different  species  to  that  of  their  natural 
host  do  not  become  acclimatized  or  multiply  there,  but  soon 
emigrate. 

Certain  conditions  favour  the  extension  of  the  malady,  and  give 
to  the  contagion  an  unusual  activity. 

Want  of  cleanliness  plays  the  chief  part  in  this  extension.  The 
length  of  the  hair  or  the  abundance  of  the  fleece  is  one  of  the  pre- 
disposing circumstances.  In  addition,  debility  in  the  animals  gives 
a more  favourable  soil  for  the  parasites,  whether  this  weakness  be 
due  to  age,  breed,  temperament,  work,  food,  etc. 

For  example,  the  Trichodectes  appear  somewhat  more  frequently 
on  young  Horses,  while  the  Hsematopinus  rather  favours  old  ones. 
Calves  are  more  exposed  to  Lice  than  adult  cattle,  and  these  parasites 
are  rarely  found  on  short-haired  dogs,  while  they  are  frequent  on 


78 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


those  with  long  frizzly  hair.  Though  two  species  may  live  together, 
the  Hcematopinns  piliferus  is  more  particularly  met  with  on  long- 
haired sporting  Dogs,  as  Spaniels,  etc.,  and  the  Trichodedes  latus 
on  little  Lap-dogs  with  long  or  frizzly  coats,  as  small  Spaniels,  King 
Charles  Spaniels,  long-haired  Terriers,  Havana  Dogs,  etc. 

Anaemic  Sheep  are  frequently  lousy,  and  in  the  instance  cited 
by  Railliet  the  nursing  ewes  were  more  especially  attacked.  Accord- 
ing to  Villeroy,  ewes  suffer  most  from  the  Trichodectes,  etc.,  during 
the  winter,  and  particularly  if  it  be  wet.  It  is  stated,  so  Stephen 
asserts,  that  if  lean  Sheep  are  bought  to  feed  on  turnips,  it  is  when 
they  commence  to  fatten  that  the  Melophagus  multiplies  on  them 
in  an  astonishing  manner.  Otherwise  it  appears  to  prefer  lambs, 
and  on  shearing  they  are  sometimes  found  to  be  literally  covered 
with  the  parasite  in  places  at  the  anterior  part  of  the  neck. 

The  Melophagus  species  are  at  times  so  abundant  that  they  con- 
stitute a veritable  scourge  ; this  happens  in  North  America  and  in 
Iceland.  And  yet  these  parasites  are  not  prolific,  for  the  female 
only  lays  one  larva  at  a time,  and  there  are  but  four  or  five  in  the 
course  of  the  year.  These  larvae  are  sacciform,  non-segmented,  have 
four  lateral  surfaces,  and  measure  37  mm.  long,  1*9  mm.  broad, 
and  1 *6  mm.  high.  Their  buccal  parts  are  alone  movable.  They 
become  transformed  very  rapidly  into  nymphae,  even  on  the  body 
of  their  host. 

When  the  conditions  are  favourable  Lice  multiply,  on  the  con- 
trary, at  a wonderful  rate,  the  females  being  very  prolific,  and 
growth  very  rapid.  It  has  been  already  stated  that  the  third 
generation  of  a Louse  of  the  human  head  amounts  in  about  twelve 
weeks  to  about  125,000  individuals,  and  these  calculations  do  not 
take  into  account  the  numerous  causes  of  destruction  which  restrain 
this  multiplication  ; they  are,  nevertheless,  instructive  in  enabling 
us  to  understand  cases  of  excessive  phthiriasis. 

When  phthiriasis  occurs  among  Poultry,  it  is  ascribed  to  feeble 
nutrition,  due  to  bad  or  too  uniform  food,  to  the  influence  of 
damp,  dirty,  close,  dark,  and  badly-ventilated  premises.  There 
are  years  which  are  favourable  to  this  disease,  and  seasons  appear 
to  have  an  influence  on  its  progress,  while  temperament  and  breed 
are  not  to  be  ignored.  Bechstein,  cited  by  Rivolta  and  Delprato, 
states  that  of  two  Capuchin  Monkeys  living  in  the  same  conditions, 
one  was  infested  with  Lice,  while  they  were  rare  on  the  other.  We 
have  observed  the  same  occurrence  in  a Bantam  Fowl,  which  was 
really  lousy,  while  two  Gascony  Fowls  living  with  it  were  quite 
free  from  parasites. 

Treatment. — The  attention  required  to  be  given  to  animals  in 
cases  of  phthiriasis,  will  vary  according  to  whether  they  are  Mammals 
or  Birds. 

Mammals. — Perfect  cleanliness  keeps  animals  clear  of  lice.  Such 
cleanliness  is  easy  to  realize  with  short-haired  animals,  and  will 
rapidly  get  rid  of  the  few  parasites  which  contagion  may  convey 
to  them.  When  phthiriasis  is  present,  a cure  will  be  singularly 


PHTHIRIASES 


79 


favoured  by  removing  the  hair  of  the  Horse  or  Ox,  as  well  as  of 
the  long-haired  Dog,  and  the  wool  of  the  Sheep.  With  regard  to 
the  latter,  clipping  usually  suffices  to  get  rid  of  Melophagus  ; many 
of  the  parasites  are  cut  by  the  shears,  and  those  remaining  on  the 
skin  are  soon  knocked  off  by  the  animal  rubbing  itself,  so  that  in 
about  two  days  none  are  to  be  seen.  Sometimes,  however,  for 
them  as  for  other  parasites,  it  is  necessary  to  have  recourse  to  in- 
secticide agents,  the  number  of  which  is  considerable. 

A.  One  of  the  most  efficacious  and  most  employed  is  the  decoc- 
tion of  tobacco  (30  to  50  grammes  to  the  litre  of  water).  When 
near  a manufactory  of  tobacco,  the  expense  is  much  reduced  by 
obtaining  the  refuse  powder,  or  the  juice,  to  which  ten  times  the 
weight  of  oil  is  to  be  added  ; though  this  juice,  being  rich  in  am- 
moniacal  matters,  has  the  inconvenience  of  decomposing  rapidly. 
This  treatment  answers  for  all  animals.  Nevertheless,  precautions 
must  be  taken  ; for  the  whole  body  should  not  be  dressed  at  once, 
as  poisoning  may  ensue  from  absorption  of  the  alkaloids  of  the 
tobacco.  For  Sheep  the  preparation  is  kept  in  a bottle,  the  cork 
in  which  is  perforated  by  a quill.  As  soon  as  the  shepherd  observes 
a Sheep  commencing  to  scratch  itself,  he  gets  hold  of  it,  and  seizing 
its  head  between  his  legs,  he  opens  out  the  wool  and  pours  the  fluid 
on  to  those  places  that  require  it. 

B.  Frictions  with  fatty  bodies , linseed- oil  in  particular,  kill  the 
Lice  by  asphyxia.  Cooking-oil,  in  which  fish  have  been  fried,  has 
been  recommended  as  especially  efficacious.  This  treatment  is 
more  particularly  applicable  to  the  Pig. 

C.  Mercurial  ointment  is  a certain  cure,  but  its  employment  is 
dangerous  ; therefore  only  a small  surface  should  be  dressed  with 
it  at  a time,  and  it  ought  not  to  be  used  for  Dogs,  even  when  they 
are  muzzled,  and  still  less  for  cattle,  which  are  so  sensitive  to 
mercury.  Numerous  cases  of  poisoning  of  animals  by  means  of 
mercury  are  recorded. 

D.  Frictions  with  a decoction  of  stavesacre  seeds,  50  grammes 
to  the  litre  of  water,  or  of  colchicum  bulb  in  the  same  proportions. 

E.  Insecticide  powder.  It  is  well,  beforehand,  to  damp  the  skin 
with  soapy  water.  Then  the  powder  is  dusted  or  blown  over  the 
skin  ad  hoc.  The  powders  of  pyrethrum  flowers,  and  stavesacre 
and  cevadilla  seeds  are  most  generally  used. 

F.  Frictions  with  a mixture  of  1 part  benzine,  6 parts  of  green 
soap,  and  20  parts  water  ; or,  better,  petroleum  1 part,  common 
oil  10  parts.  Employed  alone,  the  benzine,  and  especially  the 
petroleum,  is  too  active,  and  may  remove  the  hair. 

G.  Schleg’s  mixture  is  recommended  in  Germany,  because  of  its 
efficaciousness  and  harmlessness.  It  is  composed  of  16  grammes 
each  of  arsenious  acid  and  potash,  and  ij  litres  of  water,  to  which 
ij  litres  of  vinegar  are  subsequently  added. 

H.  Cresyl,  or  creolin — 1 to  5 per  cent,  aqueous  solution — promises 
to  take  an  important  place  in  the  treatment  of  phthiriasis.  It  is 
convenient  and  effective. 


8o 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Whatever  may  be  the  remedy  adopted,  it  is  well  to  repeat  the 
dressing  at  intervals  of  five  to  eight  days,  in  order  to  kill  the  para- 
sites hatched  from  the  eggs,  which  have  resisted  the  first  dressing. 
The  majority  of  the  eggs  are  killed  by  vinegar,  and  this  is  the 
reason  why  it  is  so  often  added  to  parasiticide  decoctions  in  the 
proportion  of  500  grammes  to  the  litre. 

For  house  Dogs,  fatty  preparations,  and  in  general  all  those 
which  are  likely  to  soil  furniture  or  the  hair,  are  to  be  avoided. 
For  them,  frequent  baths,  and  washing  with  creolin  solution  and 
carbolized  soap,  are  to  be  recommended,  together  with  the  use  of 
insect-powder  and  the  comb  and  brush. 

Lastly,  when  a number  of  animals  are  invaded,  independently 
of  the  curative  measures,  disinfection  of  the  buildings — stables, 
sheepfolds,  pigsties,  kennels,  etc. — is  necessary.  Boiling  water  at 
first,  afterwards  limewash,  or  merely  creolin  solution — 5 per  cent. 
— answers  very  well.  All  litter  should  be  destroyed,  and  the 
animals  should  be  dressed  out  of  doors  if  possible. 

Birds. — There  are  many  ways  of  destroying  vermin  on  Fowls. 
Flowers  of  sulphur,  or  one  of  the  insecticide  powders  mentioned 
above,  may  be  blown  among  the  feathers  by  an  instrument  ad  hoc. 
As  the  Fowls  in  flapping  their  wings,  or  the  Pigeons  in  their  flight, 
may  shake  out  the  powder,  it  is  a good  plan  to  moisten  the  roots 
of  their  feathers  with  glycerine  or  soapy  water  before  blowing  in 
the  powder  of  pyrethrum  or  stavesacre. 

But  individual  treatment  will  not  suffice.  The  floors,  ceilings, 
walls,  perches,  and  nests  are  the  haunts  of  parasites,  which  will 
soon  take  the  place  of  those  that  have  been  destroyed ; and  some- 
times great  difficulty  may  be  experienced  in  finally  abolishing  them. 
Schneider  speaks  favourably  of  fumigations  with  sulphide  of  carbon. 
Small  open  phials  filled  with  this  liquid  are  placed  in  the  hen-roost 
or  dovecot,  at  those  parts  where  they  are  not  likely  to  be  upset, 
and  very  quickly  all  the  vermin  are  destroyed  or  expelled.  This 
can  be  repeated  whenever  a new  invasion  is  apprehended. 

Lime-dust  is  indicated  as  a means  as  simple  as  it  is  infallible.  In 
the  absence  of  the  Birds,  two  small  handfuls  of  this  is  thrown 
against  the  roof  and  walls,  so  as  to  produce  a cloud  of  dust.  A 
portion  falls  into  the  nests  and  crevices,  and  the  remainder  reaches 
the  ground.  The  vermin  are  killed,  and  in  about  two  minutes 
the  place  is  carefully  swept  out,  and  the  sweepings  placed  on 
a fire. 

The  procedure  which  is  the  most  recommended  and  employed  is 
the  following  : All  the  masonry  is  lime- washed  at  least  twice  a year, 
and  everything  in  the  roost  is  taken  out — spars,  perches*  nests,  etc. 
— and  steeped  in  water  containing  5 grammes  of  carbolic  acid  to 
the  litre  of  water.  Then  with  a hand-pump  or  any  similar  instru- 
ment, throw  the  solution  with  force  upon  every  part  of  the  interior 
of  the  dwelling;  this  kills  and  washes  down  the  insects.  After 
emptying  the  hen-roost  and  closing  all  the  apertures,  a quantity 
of  sulphur  may  be  burned  therein.  The  place  should  be  kept  shut 


PHTHIRIA  SES 


81 


up  for  three  days,  then  opened  widely  for  twenty-four  hours  before 
allowing  the  Fowls  into  it.  The  Fowls  themselves  are  advantage- 
ously protected  against  parasites  by  lime  or  sand-baths.  To  form 
these  there  should  be  made  in  the  run,  under  some  kind  of  shelter, 
a shallow  square  hole,  which  is  to  be  filled  with  lime,  fine  sand, 
cinders,  or  light  soil,  with  which  powdered  sulphur  may  be  mixed. 
If  the  Birds  are  much  troubled  with  vermin,  insecticide  powder 
may  be  added  to  this  bath. 

According  to  the  Hausfrauen  Z&itung  (1889),  instead  of  spreading 
straw  on  the  floors  of  the  roost,  wood  wool  should  be  used,  or  wood 
chopped  up  into  fine  pieces,  such  as  are  used  for  packing.  A layer 
of  this  is  warmer  than  straw,  drives  away  the  vermin  by  its  aromatic 
odour,  does  not  rot  so  quickly,  and  furnishes  an  almost  odourless 
manure  very  suitable  for  clayey,  heavy  soil. 

For  some  time  there  has  been  sold  an  engine  named  ‘ Lagrange’s 
Exterminator,’  which  serves  to  kill  the  parasites  on  the  Birds  them- 
selves. This  is  a wooden  box  into  which  the  Bird  is  introduced 


with  its  feet  tied,  its  head  being  kept  outside  by  a special  opening. 
In  the  box  sulphur  or  a brimstone  match  is  burned,  and  five  minutes 
of  this  fumigation  suffices  to  kill  all  the  parasites. 

Lastly,  it  may  be  mentioned  that  there  is  another  means,  some- 
what insufficient,  but  very  often  adopted,  which  consists  in  putting 
into  the  roosts  a branch  of  alder-tree.  The 
Lice,  attracted  by  the  odour,  gather  upon  it, 
and  early  next  morning  the  branch  is  care- 
fully removed  and  burned  outside.  This  is 
repeated  until  there  are  no  parasites. 


Independently  of  the  parasites  mentioned,  and 
those  to  be  alluded  to  hereafter,  some  Insects  may 
accidentally  torment  Birds,  and  form  part  of  their 
vermin. 

The  Fowl,  and  particularly  the  Gosling  and  Duck- 
ling, are  sometimes  attacked  by  small  Diptera, 
which  pass  into  their  nostrils  and  ears.  They 
may  be  protected  by  one  of  the  remedies  already 
noticed,  or,  better,  by  a decoction  of  walnut- 
leaves — 30  grammes  to  the  litre  of  water  con- 
taining 125  grammes  of  vinegar  ; or  of  assafoetida — 

60  grammes  to  the  same  quantity  of  water  and  vinegar 
as  in  the  preceding.  With  this  the  threatened  parts 
should  be  impregnated. 

In  unclean  roosts  and  dovecots  there  are  some- 
times large  numbers  of  Bugs  that  belong  to  a par- 
ticular species — the  Dove-cot  Bug  ( Acanthia  colum- 
baria Jenyns) — closely  allied  to  the  Bed  Bug 
(Acanthia  lectularia  Linn.),  which  is  well  known. 

These  Bugs  exhaust  young  animals  by  sucking  their 

blood,  and  fatigue  them  by  the  itching  they  induce  after  the  bites.  According 
to  Railliet,  hens  hatching  are  so  tormented  by  these  parasites  that  they  some- 
times abandon  their  eggs,  on  which  are  then  seen  small  specks  formed  by  the 
excrement  of  the  Bugs. 

Pigeons  also  suffer  from  larvae  of  the  Dermestes  lardarius  (Linn.),  the 
Tenebrio  molitor  (Linn.),  and  various  Necrophores  ( Necrophorus  Fabr.)  and 

6 


Fig.  52.  — Bug  of  the 
Fowl. — Railliet. 

A,  Natural  size.  B, 
Magnified. 


82 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Silphes  ( Silpha  Fabr.).  These  larvae  of  the  Coleoptera,  which  are  at  first 
developed  in  old  manure  of  the  dovecot,  finish  by  attacking  the  young  Pigeons, 
gnawing  the  skin  of  the  neck  and  abdomen — even  the  superficial  muscles — 
and  producing  wounds  which  are  often  fatal,  and  in  which  burrow  the  larvae 
of  Muscidae.  This  evil  is  closely  allied  to  the  uncleanliness  of  habitations, 
and  should  be  remedied.  Otherwise,  these  vermin  can  be  made  to  disappear 
by  the  means  already  indicated  : but  in  this  particular  case  the  floor  of  the 
dovecot  should  be  covered  with  pine  sawdust  mixed  with  sand,  some  of  this 
mixture  being  also  put  in  the  nests. 

The  attention  to  individuals  consists  in  removing  the  larvae  from  the  wounds, 
and  in  dressing  these  with  a i per  cent,  aqueous  solution  of  carbolic  acid. 


CHAPTER  V 

ACARIASES 

By  the  term  Acariasis  (Kirby  and  Spence)  is  understood  every 
disease  caused  by  Acarina.  These  form  a separate  order  in  the 
class  Arachnida. 

The  Acarina — often  designated  A car  ides — which  were  at  one  time  named 
Acari,  Mites,  etc. — are  generally  creatures  of  small  dimensions,  with  short, 
thick,  non-articulated  bodies,  and  having  the  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  all 
in  one  mass.  In  some  instances,  however,  the  head  and  thorax  are  separated 
by  a groove,  and  it  may  happen  that  the  thorax  is  rendered  distinct  from  the 
abdomen  in  the  same  way. 

The  chitinous  integument  usually  shows  very  fine  parallel  ridges,  and  in 
places  varied  enlargements  with  bristles,  hairs,  prickers,  etc.,  that  may  be 
collectively  designated  trichoma  (from  dpi £,  rpi%ds,  hair). 

The  anterior  portion  of  the  cephalo-thorax  has  a depression  named  the 
camerostoma,  because  it  lodges  the  buccal  parts  or  rostrum,  which  is  generally 
formed  of  distinct  pieces  arranged  for  biting  or  sucking,  and  comprising  from 
above  to  below  : a pair  of  chelicercs  or  mandibles,  a pair  of  jaws  or  maxillce, 
each  carrying  on  the  sides  a maxillary  palp  or  lower  lip.  This  rostrum  projects 
beyond  the  camerostoma,  or  remains  concealed  beneath  the  epistoma — the 
upper  wall  of  the  camerostoma. 

The  four  pairs  of  legs — composed  of  six,  five,  or  even  three  articles  only — 
have  their  base  either  inserted  directly  into  the  non-modified  integument,  or 
into  its  skeletal  enlargements,  which  are  designated  epimerce.  They  are 
terminated  by  hairs  or  claws,  and  have  often,  besides,  a kind  of  vesicular 
lobe,  or  membranous  caruncle,  which,  by  its  power  of  adhesion,  singularly 
facilitates  the  progress  of  the  Insect.  In  the  majority  of  the  parasitic  species, 
these  ambulacra  are  constituted  by  a small  pedicellate  sucker. 

A large  number  of  terrestrial  or  aquatic  Acari  have  one  or  two  pairs  of 
stigmata — the  external  openings  (tracheae)  of  the  respiratory  apparatus — 
pierced  in  the  tegumentary  thickenings  named  peritremes.  The  stigmata  are 
absent  in  the  majority  of  permanent  parasitic  forms,  in  which  the  respiration 
is  simply  cutaneous. 

The  sexes  are  separate  in  all  the  Acarina.  The  males  are  less  numerous 
than  the  females,  and  are  distinguished  from  them  by  their  smaller  size, 
certain  details  in  conformation,  the  presence  of  copulatory  organs,  etc.  They 
also  often  lead  a different  kind  of  life,  and  have  a different  regime. 

Amongst  the  males  and  females  in  the  colonies  of  Acarina,  there  are  found 
a larger  or  smaller  number  of  individuals  with  no  definite  sexual  characters. 
These  are  the  larvce,  which  are  usually  provided  with  only  three  pairs  of  legs 
(hexapodal  larvce).  They  undergo  a succession  of  metamorphoses,  one  of 
which  leaves  them  with  a fourth  pair  of  legs,  and  the  creature  is  then  termed 
a nymph  (nympha  or  pupa).  Another  metamorphosis  brings  about  the 
development  of  the  genital  organs,  and  the  Acarus  is  now  a pubescent  male  or 
female  (or  imago).  Finally,  a last  transformation,  proper  to  the  female  and 
consecutive  to  copulation,  makes  her  an  ovigerous  female. 

83  6 — 2 


84 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  majority  of  the  Acarina  are  parasitic — either  temporarily  or 
permanently.  Among  the  first  there  are  some  which  are  merely 
commensal,  the  presence  of  which  is  not  accompanied  by  any  par- 
ticular disturbance,  and  which  only  require  a host  as  a means  of 
transport.  Others  live  on  epidermic  debris  and  natural  excretions 
of  the  skin  ; while  others,  again,  prick  the  integument  in  order  to 
suck  the  blood,  or  instal  themselves  in  its  superficial  layers  and 
determine  cutaneous  affections,  which  are  sometimes  very  serious. 

The  order  of  Acarina  contains  a very  great  number  of  forms,  and 
has  been  divided  into  families.  We  recognise  ten,  which  we 
classify  as  follows  : 


Non-ver- 

miform 

Acarina. 


Legs 

inserted  di- 
rectly into 
the  integu- 
ment, with- 
out epi- 
merae. 


'Legs  with  5 articles  - - - - - 

f provided 

C With  with 

Legs  with  tracheae,  j hooklets  - 

6 articles.  Chelicerae.  1 didactylous 
1 or  styli- 

\ form  - - 

With  no  tracheae  (marine 
t Acarina)  - 


Oribatidce. 


Ixodidce. 


Gamasidce 

Halacaridce. 


Natatorial  legs  (aquatic  Acarina)  - - Hydvachnidce . 


Legs 

articulated 
on  distinct 
. epimerae. 


Chelicerae  styliform  ; 
palps  free,  antenni- 
form  

Ambula-  Chelicerae  styliform  or  in 
Ltory  Legs.]  claws  ; palps  free, 

I ravishers  - - - - 


Bdellidce. 


Trombidiidce. 


Chelicerae  didactylous ; 
palps  cylindrical  or 
conical,  and  partially 
k adherent  to  the  lips  - Sarcoptidce. 


{Legs  with  5 articles  - - - - Phytoptidce. 

. 

Legs  with  3 articles Demodecidce. 


Of  these  ten  families,  only  five  concern  us  : these  are  the  Ixodidce , 
Gamasidce,  Trombidiidce,  Sarcoptidce , and  Demodecidce.  Each  of 
these  may  have  representatives  on  the  domesticated  Mammalia 
or  Birds,  with  the  exception  of  the  Demodecidae,  which,  so  far  as 
is  at  present  known,  are  only  found  on  Mammals.  The  following 
are  the  principal  characters  of  these  five  families  : 

1.  Ixodidae. — These  are  relatively  voluminous  Acarina,  and  are  more  or 
less  flat  when  fasting,  globular  when  replete.  The  rostrum  (Figs.  53,  54)  is 
composed  of  : 1,  two  elongated  chelicerae,  terminating  in  a harpoon-like 
article  with  three  or  four  teeth ; 2,  an  undivided  hypostome  ( maxillolabial 
dart),  formed  by  fusion  of  the  two  maxillae  along  with  the  inferior  lip  and 
tongue,  the  dart  being  furnished  beneath,  and  sometimes  on  its  sides,  with 
several  longitudinal  rows  of  teeth,  the  points  being  retrograde  ; it  has, 
laterally,  two  quadri-articulated  cylindrical  or  flattened  palps,  or  they  may  be 
channelled  on  their  inner  surface,  so  as  to  form  for  the  dart,  when  brought 


ACARIASES 


85 


together,  a bivalve  sheath.  The  legs  have  six  articles  terminated  by  a sucker, 
formed  of  a caruncle  plaited  like  a fan — except  in  tne  Argasince — and  a pair 
of  hooklets.  The  respiration  is  tracheal,  the  apparatus  terminating  in  a pair 
of  stigmata  situated  behind  the  coxae  of  the  fourth  or  of  the  fifth  pair  of  legs, 
and  protected  by  a discoid  peritreme  pierced  like  a sieve.  Often  two  eyes. 
Orifice  of  the  sexual  organs — genital  pore — in  the  form  of  a transverse  slit,  is 
situated  between  the  coxae  of  the  two  first  pairs  of  legs,  sometimes  a little  more 
behind.  Oviparous. 

2.  Gamasidae. — The  integument  is  coriaceous,  partially  or  wholly,  and  has 
two  chitinous  plastrons  : a superior,  dorsal,  and  an  inferior,  ventral,  which 
give  attachment  to  the  legs.  The  rostrum  is  arranged  for  pricking  or  sucking  : 
the  chelicerae  are  generally  disposed  as  didactylous  pincers,  and  are  usually 
dissimilar  in  the  two  sexes  ; the  maxillae  are  fused  into  a perfect  tube  on  the 
upper  surface  by  the  labrum,  which  is  festooned  ; the  maxillary  palps  are 
simple,  free,  antennae-like,  composed  of  five  articles,  and  provided  inwardly 
with  galece  or  secondary  palps.  The  legs  have  six  articles,  terminating  by 
two  hooklets  and  a trilobate  membranous  caruncle.  There  are  two  stigmata 
situated  near  the  posterior  legs  and  protected  by  a very  long  tubular  peritreme, 
lying  along  and  above  the  haunches  and  opening  in  front.  There  are  no  eyes. 

3.  Trombidiidae. — These  are  nearly  always  soft  Acarina,  more  or  less  hairy, 
generally  bright-coloured,  their  skeleton  being  composed  of  epimerae.  The 
rostrum  is  a conical  sucker  formed  of  a pair  of  hooked  or  styliform  chelicerae, 
rarely  as  didactylous  pincers,  contained  in  the  tube  constituted  by  the  joined 
maxillae  and  the  lower  lip  ; the  palps  are  more  or  less  voluminous,  and  the 
second  last  article  is  frequently  terminated  by  a hooklet,  the  last  being  fixed 
either  at  its  base  or,  more  rarely,  at  the  middle  part  or  summit.  The  legs  have 
five  or  six  articles,  usually  terminating  in  two  hooks,  and  often  accompanied 
by  a cirrus  or  a small  caruncle.  The  respiration  is  tracheal.  There  are  often 
two  eyes  (Figs.  58,  59,  60). 

4.  Sarcoptidae. — These  are  the  smallest  of  the  Acarina,  their  size  being 
between  o-i  mm.  and  1 mm.  The  body  is  soft,  white  or  reddish,  the  integu- 
ment being  sustained  by  epimers.  The  rostrum  is  composed  of  two  short 
didactylous  chelicerae,  gliding  on  a middle  piece,  spoon-shaped,  and  formed  by 
the  junction  of  the  two  jaws  with  the  lip  and  tongue ; the  maxillary  palps 
have  three  cylindrical  articles.  The  legs  have  five  articles  disposed  in  two 
groups  of  two  pairs  each — one  near  the  rostrum,  the  other  near  the  abdomen. 
The  tarsi  are  terminated  by  one  or  more  hooklets,  which  are  often  accompanied 
by  a campanulated  sucker  or  a vesiculous  caruncle.  There  is  no  respiratory 
apparatus,  the  respiration  being  cutaneous.  There  are  no  eyes.  Oviparous 
or  ovoviviparous. 

5.  Demodecidae. — These  are  very  small,  vermiform,  glabrous  Acarina,  the 
skeleton  of  which  has  Spimerae  for  its  base.  Their  bodies  are  distinctly 
divided  into  cephalothorax  and  abdomen  ; the  latter  being  conical  and 
elongated.  The  legs  are  short,  and  have  three  articles  : haunch,  thigh  and 
tarsus.  Oviparous.  There  is  only  one  genus — the  Demodcx  (Owen). 

The  numerous  species  of  parasites  of  the  domesticated  animals 
which  these  five  families  of  Acarina  contain,  are  far  from  producing 
the  same  degree  of  disturbance  on  or  in  the  skin  they  inhabit.  There 
are  some  which  are  merely  commensals,  living  on  the  epidermic 
scales,  and  the  remains  of  hairs  and  feathers.  Others  prick  the 
skin  in  order  to  suck  the  blood,  but  their  action  does  not  extend 
beyond  the  points  they  attack.  And  a certain  number,  by  their 
rapid  increase,  the  multiciplicity  of  their  bites,  by  the  venom  they 
implant,  by  the  galleries  they  excavate,  and  by  the  deep  situation 
in  which  they  locate  themselves,  give  rise  to  a disease  which  is 
generally  grave — mange , scabies , or  psora. 

It  is  necessary,  therefore,  to  distinguish  between  non-psoric 


86 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Acariases  and  psoric  Acariases.  The  latter  are  produced  either 
by  Acarina  forming  in  the  Sarcoptidae  a special  tribe — the  psoric 
Sarcoptidce  or  Sarcoptince , or  by  the  Demodex.  The  non-psoric 
Acariases  are  due  to  the  Gamasidae,  the  Trombidiidae,  the  Ixodidae, 
and  the  non-psoric  Sarcoptidae. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  is  advantageous  for  study  to  consider 
separately  the  acariases  of  domestic  Mammalia  and  those  of  Birds. 

On  these  principles  are  established  the  following  divisions,  in 
which,  under  the  term  ‘ acariases  ’ are  passed  in  review  all  the 
Acarina — pathogenic  01  non-pathogenic — which  live  on  the  domesti- 
cated animals. 


A.— ACARIASES  OF  THE  DOMESTICATED  MAMMALIA. 

Article  I. — Non-psoric  Acariases. 

These  acariases  will  be  studied  here  in  the  same  order  as  the 
families  which  produce  them  : Ixodidae,  Gamasidae,  Trombidiidae, 
and  Sarcoptidae. 

I.  Ixodidae. — The  Ixodidae  (see  p.  84)  are  temporary  parasites 
which  may  attack  all  the  terrestrial  vertebrata — Mammalia,  Aves, 
Reptilia  and  Amphibia — but  there  is  no  constant  correspondence 
between  the  species  of  host  and  that  of  the  parasite ; the  female, 
nearly  alone,  shows  a sort  of  specific  preference,  but  the  larvae, 
the  nymphae  and  the  males  are  often  found  on  the  most  diverse 
animals,  differing  in  orders,  and  even  in  classes.  P.  J.  Beneden 
has  included  them  in  his  group  of  * free  parasites  in  early  age.’ 
Most  abundant  in  warm  countries,  the  Ixodidae  are  rare  in  polar 
climates,  where  the  temperature  is  unfavourable  to  the  require- 
ments of  hatching  and  of  the  young  tick  in  early  age. 

As  the  parasitism  of  a species  is  not  strictly  limited  to  the  presence 
of  a definite  vertebrate — the  same  species  of  Tick  being  found  on 
various  hosts — this  indifference  as  to  the  host  greatly  increases 
the  chances  of  dispersion  of  the  parasite.  Those  which  live  by 
preference  on  Mammals  or  domestic  birds  are,  owing  mainly  to  the 
passive  cosmopolitanism  of  the  latter,  frequently  spread  far  from 
their  country  of  origin.  In  this  way  certain  species,  as  Ixodes 
ricinus,  I.  hexagonus,  Hyalomma  JEgyptium , Rhipicephalus  san- 
guineus, Rh.  annulatus,  etc.,  are  found  in  very  different  and  distant 
countries. 

The  genus  Ixodes,  relatively  poor  in  species,  thrives  well  in 
temperate  climates,  and  has  representatives  all  over  Europe,  in 
North  Africa,  Asia,  Australia,  and  America — even  in  the  most 
northern  parts  of  that  continent.  Amblyomma  does  not  live  in 
Europe.  It  is  a genus  of  warm  countries,  and  figures  largely  in 
South  America  and  Africa,  much  less  in  Asia,  and  still  less  in 
Oceania.  Hyalomma  appears  to  be  an  African  genus,  though  one 
species,  H.  JEgyptium,  has  been  found  in  Asia  Minor,  Syria,  India, 


ACARIASES 


8 7 


and  in  China  at  Pekin.  Other  species  of  Hyalomma  have  found 
their  way  to  England,  Mexico,  Trinidad,  and  Brazil.  Hcema- 
physcdis  comprises  few  species,  and  these  are  found  chiefly  in  Asia, 
Europe  and  in  Africa,  where  H.  Leachi,  the  carrier  of  the  parasite 
of  Canine  Piroplasmoris,  has  a wide  distribution.  Rhipicephalus 
is  especially  African.  In  Europe  it  is  only  found  in  the  south,  and 
it  is  rare  in  Asia.  In  America  and  Australia  it  is  represented, 
nearly  exclusively,  by  Rh.  annulatus  and  its  varieties  ; but  probably 
other  species  have  been  imported.  Aponomma  belongs  to  hot 
countries  (Africa,  Oceania,  Asia),  and  one  species  has  been  found 
in  Patagonia.  Dermacentor  has  representatives  in  Europe,  Asia, 
Africa,  and  America — North  and  South.  Ornithodoros  is  only 
represented  in  Europe  by  0.  talaje , variety  coniceps,  in  Italy  and 
Russia.  One  African  species,  0.  Savignyi,  is  also  found  in  India. 
The  Asiatic  species  is  0.  Tholozani ; and  four  distinct  species  are 
harboured  by  the  hot  countries  of  America. 

Our  knowledge  of  the  habits  of  the  Ixodidae  has  been  greatly 
extended  since  1893,  when  Smith  and  Kilborne  published  the 
results  of  their  investigation  of  the  nature  and  causes  of  Texas 
Fever  in  American  Cattle.  These  pioneers  in  the  pathology  of 
tick-borne  diseases  cleared  the  way  for  later  workers,  with  the  result 
that  the  various  Piroplasmoses — bovine,  ovine,  equine,  and  canine, 
including  Rhodesian  Fever  (Cattle),  ‘ Heart- water  ’ (Sheep  and 
Goat),  ‘ Rocky  Mountain  Fever  ’ (Man),  Carceag  (Sheep),  and 
Spirochaete  disease  of  Poultry — are  now  well  understood,  and  their 
treatment  can  be  conducted  on  a rational  basis. 


The  family  of  the  Ixodidae  has  been  divided  into  two  sub-families  : 
Ixodince  and  Argasince,  the  first  comprising  seven  genera  and  the 
second  two,  as  under  : 


Ixodidce 


Ixodince 


Argasince 


f Ixodes 

Rhipicephalus 
Hyalomma 
A mblyomma 
A ponomma 
Dermacentor 
l.  Hcemaphysalis 

f A rgas 
\ Ornithodoros 


Ixodinae.— Rostrum  terminal — i.e.,  inserted  in  an  anterior  de- 
pression of  the  cephalo thorax.  Palps  valvate  (the  second  and  third 
articles  forming  a sort  of  gutter  which  can  ensheath  the  hypostome 
and  the  chelicerae,  the  fourth  short — in  the  form  of  an  appendix 
at  the  inferior  face  of  the  third).  Dorsal  shield,  small  and  anterior 
in  the  female,  covering  all  the  superior  surface  of  the  body  in  the 
male. 

The  Ixodince  comprise  seven  genera  as  follows  : 

1.  Ixodes  (Latr.). — Has  long  palps  ; no  eyes  ; an  anal  groove  surrounding 
the  anus  in  front.  Plates  on  all  the  ventral  surface  of  the  male,  which  has  the 
hypostome  less  denticulated  and  different  from  that  of  the  female. 


88 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


2.  Rhipicephalus  (Koch). — Palps  short.  Base  of  rostrum  has  salient 
lateral  angles.  Two  eyes — prominent,  glossy,  situated  on  each  side  at  the 
border  of  the  dorsal  shield  on  a level  with  the  emergence  of  the  second  pair 
of  legs.  Anal  groove  surrounding  the  anus  behind.  Two  elongated  adanal 
plates  in  the  male. 

3.  Hyalomma  (Koch). — Palps  long.  Base  of  rostrum  not  salient  laterally. 
In  other  features  this  genus  resembles  Rhipicephalus. 

4.  Amblyomma  (Koch). — Palps  long.  Two  eyes.  Anal  groove  surrounding 
the  anus  behind.  No  ventral  plates. 

5.  Aponomma  (Neumann). — Palps  long.  No  eyes.  Anal  groove  surround- 
ing the  anus  behind.  No  ventral  plates.  Body  large. 

6.  Dermacentor  (Koch). — Palps  short.  Eyes  present.  Anal  groove  sur- 
rounding the  anus  behind.  No  ventral  plates  ; but  the  coxae  of  the  fourth 
pair  of  legs  are  very  large  in  the  male. 

7.  Haemaphysalis  (Koch). — Palps  short,  with  the  second  article  usually 
salient  externally.  No  eyes.  Anal  groove  surrounding  the  anus  behind. 
No  ventral  plates. 


The  Ixodinae  are  popularly  known  as  Ticks  and  Wood-mites. 
They  have  been  recognised  for  a very  long  time,  as  Aristotle 
speaks  of  them  as  Kwo/ocuo-ttjs,  from  which  Hermann  has  derived 

the  generic  name  Cynorhcestes , 
signifying  ‘ the  Dog  tormentor.’ 
For  it  is  on  Dogs — and  particu- 
larly sporting  Dogs — that  these 
creatures  are  most  frequently 
found,  as  they  frequent  woody 


Fig.  53. — Rostrum  of  Ixodes  ricinus, 
seen  from  below  ; magnified  about 
fifty  diameters. — Delafond. 

m,  chelicerae  ; p,  ? maxillary  palps  ; 
d,  maxillo-labial  dart. 


Fig.  54. — Transverse  section  of  the 
rostrum  of  Hyalomma  JEgyptium, 
magnified  fifty  diameters. 

c,  chelicerae  enveloped  in  the  sheath  ; 
p,  maxillary  palps ; d,  maxillo-labial 
dart. 


places  and  go  amongst  underwood  and  low  plants  which  the  Ixodinae 
prefer,  and  where  they  live  in  a vagabond  condition.  According 
to  Latreille,  the  Ixodinae  maintain  themselves  suspended  to  plants 
by  their  anterior  legs,  ready  to  fall  upon  any  animals  which  pass 
within  their  reach. 

Propagated  more  or  less  distant  from  their  host,  they  thus  attach 
themselves  to  him,  either  to  be  transported  by  him,  as  in  the  case 
of  the  larvae  and  the  males  ; to  be  nourished  on  the  small  quantity 
of  pus  produced  at  that  point  in  the  skin  where  their  barbed 
rostrum  is  implanted,  as  happens  with  certain  nymphae  and  also 


ACARIASES  89 

males  ; or  to  feed  upon  blood  only,  as  occurs  with  the  fecundated 
females. 

In  order  to  obtain  this  living  nourishment,  the  Tick  fastens  itself 
firmly  on  the  host  with  its  legs,  directs  its  rostrum  perpendicularly 
towards  the  skin,  and  on  the  selected  point  thrusts  in  the  terminal 
hooks  of  its  chelicerae.  In  proportion  as  these  penetrate,  the  dart 
follows,  and  the  retrograde  teeth  on  the  under  surface  of  this  organ 
ensures  the  stability  of  the  apparatus  in  the  wound.  In  this  way 
the  dart  is  driven  in  as  far  as  its  base,  while  the  maxillary  palps 
remain  external,  and  are  applied  to  the  skin  on  each  side  of  the 
wound.  The  adherence  of  the  rostrum  in  the  derma  is  so  intimate, 
that  by  violent  traction  on  the  tick  there  is  risk  of  obtaining  only 
its  body,  the  buccal  pieces  being  left  in  the  wound.  Otherwise, 
methodical  removal  of  the  parasite  nearly  always  results  in  tearing 
away  a small  shred  of  skin  fixed  on  the  teeth  of  the  dart,  and  held 
between  the  palps.  The  apparatus  of  aspiration  consists  of  a thin 
membrane,  expanded  like  a bell  around  the  rostrum  and  the  salient 
borders  of  the  buccal  cavity. 

In  gorging  themselves  with  blood,  the  fecundated  females  acquire 
a considerable  size — sometimes  ten  times  their  original  volume  ; 
but  some  of  this  increase  is  due  to  the  development  of  the  enormous 
quantity  of  eggs  which  fill  the  uterus,  and  which  render  this  intense 
alimentation  necessary.  When  satiated,  and  having  attained  the 
size  of  an  olive — and  even  of  a nutmeg — the  female  withdraws  her 
rostrum  from  the  skin  of  the  host,  falls  to  the  ground,  and — con- 
cealed beneath  some  object,  stones,  leaves,  or  bark  of  trees — lays 
an  immense  number  of  eggs  agglomerated  in  a heap,  with  which 
she  remains  for  some  time  in  contact.  Hatching  lasts  from  fifteen 
to  twenty  days.  The  female  tick,  now  empty  and  shrivelled,  and 
having  resumed  nearly  her  primitive  volume,  soon  dies. 

The  hexapod  larvae  that  issue  from  the  eggs  are  very  small. 
They  sally  out  on  every  side,  and  are  often  observed  in  the  fur  of 
wild  rodents  ; they  do  not  attach  themselves  by  the  rostrum,  and 
they  preserve  their  primary  clear  colour.  They  may  live  for 
months  without  nourishment,  and  it  is  probable  that,  with  few 
exceptions,  they  effect  their  transformation  into  nymphae  on  the 
ground.  The  nymphae  are  distinguished  from  the  larvae  by  their 
somewhat  larger  size,  by  the  presence  of  the  fourth  pair  of  legs,  and 
of  respiratory  stigmata.  They  are  distinguished  from  the  females 
by  the  absence  of  the  genital  pore  and  of  two  depressions  (areae 
porosae)  excavated  on  the  dorsal  face  of  the  base  of  the  rostrum. 
They  live  like  the  females,  having  the  rostrum  implanted  in  the 
skin  of  their  host,  penetrating  sometimes  beneath  it,  and  causing 
the  formation  of  purulent  swellings.  Their  size  increases  and  their 
colour  becomes  darker.  Finally,  they  leave  their  host  for  the 
ground,  where  they  undergo  the  change  which  gives  them  sexual 
organs. 

The  males,  always  flat  or  little  distended,  find  the  females,  either 
on  the  ground  or  on  an  animal — which  they  have  joined  before  or 


90 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


after  the  females — and  they  both  prefer  those  parts  of  the  body 
where  the  skin  is  fine  and  where  they  are  not  easily  reached  by  the 
tongue,  teeth,  limbs,  or  tail  of  their  host. 

The  Ixodinae  are  found  in  every  country,  and  especially  in  warm 
climates.  They  have  been  discovered  on  the  most  diverse  species 
of  vertebrata  ; but  the  specific  determination  of  the  different  forms 
is  rendered  difficult  by  the  great  confusion  that  prevails.  The 
male  and  female  of  the  same  species  have  often  been  mistaken  for 
different  species,  and  the  same  species  has  received  distinct  specific 
names  because  individuals  belonging  to  it  were  observed  on  different 
hosts.  We  will  mention  only  the  more  important  species. 

Ixodes  ricinus  (Linn.). — This  Tick  is  very  often  seen  on  sporting 
Dogs.  It  is  the  best  known  species,  and  that  of  which  Aristotle 


Fig.  55. — The  Ixodes  ricinus  of  the  Dog,  a fecundated  female  after  feeding. — 

Railliet. 

A,  Natural  size.  B,  Enlarged  ventral  surface.  C,  Enlarged  dorsal  surface. 


speaks.  It  is  named  the  Common  Tick  or  Dog  Tick , and  is  remark- 
able for  the  dissimilarity  existing  between  the  two  sexes,  with 
regard  to  the  rostrum. 

When  fasting,  the  body  of  the  female  is  oval,  orange-coloured, 
not  festooned  on  the  posterior  border,  and  measures  4 mm.  long 
and  3 mm.  broad.  Replete  and  fecundated,  it  resembles  a castor- 
oil  bean,  is  of  a leaden  colour,  and  is  10  mm.  to  11  mm.  long,  and 
6 mm.  to  7 mm.  broad.  The  rostrum  is  long,  with  a hypostome 
furnished  inferiorly  with  six  longitudinal  rows  of  teeth.  The  male, 
2.5  mm.  long  and  1.5  mm.  broad,  has  the  body  covered  by  a shield 
of  a dull  brown  colour.  The  rostrum  is  shorter  than  that  of  the 
female.  The  legs,  in  both  sexes,  are  terminated  by  long,  slender 
tarsi,  without  a dorsal  prominence. 


ACARIASES 


9i 


Ixodes  hexagonus  (Leach). — This  Tick  may  be  distinguished, 
especially  from  the  preceding  species,  by  the  tarsi,  which  are  short 
and  enlarged  by  a dorsal  prominence  near  their  extremity. 

These  two  species  appear  to  be  spread  all  over  Europe,  whence 
they  have  passed  into  Africa,  Asia,  and  America.  They  are 
encountered  more  particularly  on  the  Dog,  Sheep,  Ox,  and  Horse: 
Man  himself  is  sometimes  attacked  by  them.  In  the  larval,  and 
even  in  the  nymphal  state,  they  often  inhabit  the  skin  of  small  wild 
Mammals — such  as  the  Mole,  Dormouse,  Squirrel,  Hare,  Rabbit, 
etc.  They  are  common  all  over  France,  and  are  found  in  the 
majority  of  European  countries.  The  duration  of  their  life  extends, 
on  the  average,  from  the  month  of  May  to  October.  Towards  the 
end  of  September,  few  are  observed  which  have  not  attained  adult 
age  ; and  from  the  commencement  of  October  they  are  rarely  found, 
males  or  females,  even  at  that  age. 

Megnin  reports  having  often  met  with  these  Ticks  on  Cattle  and 
Horses  in  Avergne,  and  on  Sheep  in  the  North  of  France  ; but  he 
has  never  seen  them  on  cattle  coming  from  Normandy,  or  from 
the  West  or  East  of  France.  It  is,  naturally,  the  females  which 
live  as  parasites ; they  prefer  to  attach  themselves  about  the 
flanks,  where  the  skin  is  thin  and  favourable  for  their  implantation. 
When  the  parasites  have  filled  themselves,  they  fall  to  the  ground, 
and  all  traces  of  their  having  been  on  the  skin  soon  disappear. 
The  nymphae,  according  to  Megnin,  sometimes  attack  hunting 
Horses  that  pass  over  land  covered  with  underwood  and  broom, 
and  cause  a more  serious  condition  than  do  the  punctures  of  the 
adults.  These  nymphae,  which  are  only  1 mm.  to  2 mm.  long,  have 
singular  habits  ; not  content  with  planting  their  beak  in  the  skin 
: . . they  lodge  entirely  beneath  the  integument,  and  by  their 
presence  there  soon  produce  large  pustules,  which  are  really  small 
boils,  and  are  accompanied  by  intense  itching.  Megnin  gives  an 
instance  of  a Horse  which  had  the  extremities  of  all  its  limbs 
studded  with  pustules,  and  beneath  the  crusts  on  these  were  found 
the  bloated  parasites  in  question.  The  Horse  was  cured  by  their 
successive  extraction. 

Megnin  has  found  similar  pustules  on  the  ears  of  Dogs  and  Hares, 
which  were  due,  doubtless,  to  the  same  species  of  Ixodes  that 
Trillibert  obtained  in  a serous  cyst  of  six  months’  duration,  which 
was  situated  at  the  end  of  a Dog’s  ear. 

Animals  do  not  appear  to  notice  the  presence  of  these  parasites  ; 
the  quantity  of  blood  they  extract  is  not  sufficient  to  injure  their 
health,  and  the  wound  they  leave  after  they  fall  off  heals  quickly 
and  spontaneously.  Nevertheless,  it  is  advisable  to  immediately 
remove  all  the  Ticks  from  Dogs  which  have  brought  them  in  from 
hunting,  as  the  fecundated  female,  falling  on  the  floor  of  the  kennel, 
there  brings  forth  a population  of  parasites  which  may  be  very 
troublesome  to  get  rid  of.  The  Ticks  may  be  removed  by  gentle, 
gradually-increasing  traction,  the  pain  caused  to  the  Dog  being 
insignificant.  When  the  Tick  has  been  too  forcibly  withdrawn, 


92 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


it  is  often  ruptured,  and  the  rostrum  remains  in  the  wound,  but 
is  eliminated  therefrom  in  a few  days  by  a process  of  suppuration. 
It  is  therefore  the  best  plan  to  compel  the  parasite  to  drop  off, 
by  touching  it  with  a drop  of  benzine,  petroleum,  or  oil  of  tur- 
pentine. 

When  the  kennel  is  infested  by  Ticks,  it  may  be  freed  from  them 
by  washing  it  with  boiling  water,  which  should  be  applied  to  every 
corner,  and  especially  the  ceiling,  which  these  parasites  prefer. 

The  I.  hexagonus  does  not  appear  to  cause  any  particular  in- 
convenience to  the  Sheep.  It  fixes  itself  on  parts  destitute  of 
wool — such  as  inside  the  arms  and  on  the  flanks.  Nevertheless, 
serious  losses  have  been  reported  among  Lambs  in  Kent,  by  the 
debility  resulting  from  Ticks,  which  had  multiplied  in  an  extra- 
ordinary manner.  The  species,  however,  was  not  well  determined 
( Veterinarian , 1869). 


Fig.  56. — Ventral  View  of  Male  Rhipicephalus  ( Boophilus ) annulatus  of  the 
United  States,  enlarged. — After  Salmon  and  Stiles. 

Rhipicephalus  sanguineus  (Latr.)  may4be  recognised  by  the 
characters  of  the  genus.  The  male,  3.5  mm.  long,  is  covered  by 
a dark-brown  shield.  The  latter,  of  the  same  colour,  is  longer 
than  broad  in  the  female,  which,  according  to  her  state  of  reple- 
tion, measures  3 to  11  mm.  in  length.  In  both  sexes  the  coxae 
of  the  first  pair  of  legs  are  divided  by  two  long  and  strong  spines  ; 
the  stigmata  are  comma- shaped.  This  species  is  common  in  the 
South  of  France,  and  it  is  also  found  in  Italy,  Algeria,  and  Morocco. 
It  attacks  cattle,  Sheep,  and  Dogs.  There  is  nothing  particular 
in  its  action. 

Rhipicephalus  annulatus  (Say)  ( Boophilus  boms , Riley — Figs.  56, 
57)  is  distinguished  by  its  shorter  rostrum,  with  angular  palps  ; 
the  coxae  of  the  first  pair  of  legs  divided  by  two  short  spines  ; the 


ACARIASES 


93 


hypostome  with  eight  rows  of  teeth  ; and  circular  stigmata.  Well 
known  as  the  Texas  fever  Tick,  this  species  (or  varieties)  is  widely 
distributed  in  Africa,  North  and  South  America,  Oceania,  Asia, 
and  Europe.  Its  life-habits  may  be  gathered  from  the  following 
observations  by  Mr.  Lounsbury,  Government  entomologist,  Cape 
Town,  on  the  * Blue  Tick  * ( Rh . annulatus  var.  decoloratus)  of  South 
Africa  : 

* The  eggs,  to  the  number  of  several  thousands,  are  laid  on  or  near  the 
surface  in  grass  stubble  or  similar  shelter,  and  the  larvae  on  hatching  ascend 
the  grass  or  bush,  as  in  other  species.  Two  thousand  two  hundred  and  fifty 
larvae  have  been  counted  at  the  top  of  a single  blade  of  grass.  By  day  and 
by  night,  through  wind,  rain,  and  light  frost  they  remain  at  their  posts.  Grass 
found  infested  and  protected  by  a barrier  of  cut  thorns  was  found  to  be  still 
infested  three  months  later,  which  shows  that  the  young  Ticks  may  live  at 
least  this  length  of  time  on  the  veldt.  The  female,  after  dropping  from  the 


Fig.  57. — Dorsal  View  of  Male  Rhipicephalus  ( Boophilus ) annulatus  of  the 
United  States,  enlarged. — After  Salmon  and  Stiles. 

host,  starts  laying  in  from  five  days  to  two  weeks  in  summer,  while  in  winter  at 
Cape  Town,  at  a temperature  of  65°  to  70°,  she  delays  until  the  third  or  fourth 
week  has  passed.  Similarly  the  incubation  period  of  the  egg  varies  from 
three  weeks  to  three  months.  At  a temperature  of  850  to  90°  in  the  incubator 
hatched  eggs  have  been  obtained  in  four  weeks  from  the  dropping  of  the 
mother  Tick,  which  shows  how  heat  hastens  the  development.  Some  moisture 
appears  necessary  during  the  incubation  perod,  as  several  batches  of  eggs 
kept  in  dry  boxes  have  shrivelled  and  failed  to  hatch. 

‘ The  Blue  Tick  moults  twice,  but  remains  on  its  host  through  both  changes 
thus  differing  materially  in  habit  from  the  Bont,  Red,  and  other  South  African 
species  ; it,  however,  becomes  motionless,  and  appears  as  if  devoid  of  life 
before  both  moults.  The  larva  begins  to  distend  by  the  end  of  the  second 
day  of  its  attachment,  and  seems  to  cease  enlarging  in  from  three  to  three  and 
a half  days.  Two  days  later,  under  a magnifying  glass,  the  body  contents 
may  be  seen  to  have  shrunk  away  from  the  skin  back  to  the  mouth  organs. 
Finally  this  larval  skin  ruptures  across  the  top  in  front,  and  the  Tick,  now 
in  the  second,  or  nymph  stage,  crawls  out.  This  change  has  been  observed 


94 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


to  take  place  as  early  as  six  days  from  the  attachment  of  the  larva,  and  as 
late  as  the  tenth.  The  nymph  settles  down  near  by,  and  after  a few  days 
distends,  just  as  did  the  larva.  In  appearance  it  resembles  the  adult  female, 
but  its  sides,  in  place  of  being  parallel,  converge  slightly  towards  the  rear. 
After  the  fifth  day  from  the  moult  no  further  enlargement  is  perceptible,  and 
doubtless  feeding  has  ceased.  In  another  day  or  two  the  outlines' of  the  adult 
are  dimly  distinguishable  through  the  translucent  skin,  particularly  across  the 
front,  and  shortly  thereafter  there  is  a rupture  as  before,  and  the  Tick  makes 
its  appearance  as  the  adult.  The  nymphic  stage  has  about  the  same  duration 
as  the  larval  ; in  instances  observed  it  has  varied  from  seven  to  ten  days. 
The  two  stages  together  in  numerous  cases  occupied  from  fifteen  to  twenty 
days.  The  male  is  very  similar  to  the  female  in  size,  colour,  and  general 
appearance  just  after  the  moult,  and,  being  small,  one  might  be  easily  mis- 
taken for  the  other  when  viewed  by  the  unaided  eyes.  The  female  settles 
down  almost  at  once,  and  so,  apparently,  does  the  male  ; but  the  latter  wanders 
much  farther,  and  is  therefore  not  easily  traced.  After  a day  or  two  males  are 
seen  crawling  about  in  the  hair  evidently  searching  for  mates.  I am  not 
certain  how  soon  mating  takes  place  after  moulting,  but  my  observations  lead 
me  to  conjecture  that  both  sexes  feed  for  a short  time,  and  that  the  male  then 
lets  go  his  hold,  and  looks  for  a companion.  However  that  may  be,  the  females 
nearly  all  have  mates  by  the  fourth  day.  Distention  has  begun  by  that  time, 
and  seems  to  proceed  whether  or  not  a male  has  come  up  ; this  is  another 
point  that  needs  confirmative  observation.  A few  females  observed  have 
fallen  in  seven  days,  but  the  great  majority  have  not  fallen  until  after  the 
ninth  day,  and  some  have  remained  until  the  eleventh.  The  male  remains 
on  the  skin  when  his  mate  drops,  but  what  becomes  of  him  afterwards  I have 
not  observed. 

‘ The  life  period  on  the  host  for  the  female  is  thus  from  three  to  four  and  a 
half  weeks.  No  individual  Ticks  that  I have  observed  have,  however,  dropped 
in  less  than  twenty-three  days,  and  most  remained  for  twenty-six.  The  entire 
life  cycle  may  be  passed  in  two  summer  months,  but,  in  fact,  probably  seldom 
takes  less  than  two  and  a half  or  three.  There  is  a possibility  of  three  broods 
a year  in  our  Cape  climate,  and  a probability  of  at  least  two  broods.  The  life 
period  on  the  animal  during  the  winter  months  is  not  likely  to  be  more  than  a 
day  or  two  longer  than  in  summer,  at  least  when  dry  weather  is  the  rule  in 
winter,  as  it  is  in  our  eastern  sections.  Being  hidden  in  the  hair  when  young, 
and  pressed  against  the  warm  body  of  the  animal,  the  Tick  is  kept  warm 
throughout  its  stay.  Numerous  nymphs  and  some  larvae,  which  I scraped  off 
after  they  had  ceased  to  feed,  moulted  when  kept  in  glass  tubes  ; but  the 
change  in  some  cases  took  over  a week  in  place  of  the  two  or  three  days  as  it 
would  on  the  warm  skin.  Some  of  the  adults  obtained  in  this  way  were  kept 
alive  for  twelve  days  in  the  tubes,  and  were  then  placed  in  spirit,  as  they  can 
thus  do  without  food,  it  cannot  be  necessary  for  them  to  settle  down  at  once 
after  moulting  on  an  animal.’ 

The  Rhipicephalus  annulatus  attacks  cattle  and  sometimes  Deer, 
Goats,  and  Horses.  The  change  from  larva  to  nympha,  and, 
according  to  Lounsbury,  the  further  change  from  nymph  to  adult, 
may  be  effected  on  the  host,  and  both  adult  and  larval  Ticks  may 
carry  the  parasite  of  Texas  fever,  Red  water,  or  bovine  Piroplas- 
mosis,  which  exists  more  or  less  extensively  in  the  United  States, 
Australia,  South  Africa,  Argentine  Republic,  Mexico,  Roumania, 
Italy,  West  Indies,  Russia,  Germany,  Southern  France,  Finland, 
England,  Ireland,  etc. 

It  is  probable  that  more  than  one  species  of  Tick  transmits  the 
parasite  of  Piroplasmosis  to  cattle,  as  Red  water  occurs  in  places 
where  no  species  of  Rhipicephalus  has  been  found.  In  some 
isolated  outbreaks  of  Red  water  the  part  played  by  Ticks  has  not 


ACARIASES 


95 


been  ascertained,  and  it  has  been  suggested  that  other  agents  than 
Ticks  may  carry  the  parasite  from  diseased  to  healthy  cattle. 

The  connection  of  infected  Ticks  with  the  production  of  Texas 
fever  was  firmly  established  (1889-1893)  by  Smith  and  Kilborne’ s 
investigations,  which  have  been  summarized  by  Dr.  G.  H.  F. 
Nuttall,  F.R.S.,  Cambridge  University,  as  follows : 

‘ To  find  out  if  the  disease  could  be  communicated  from  Southern  to  Northern 
cattle  in  the  same  enclosure  without  the  intervention  of  Ticks,  Smith  and 
Kilborne  carefully  removed  Ticks  from  the  Southern  infected  cattle.  In  this 
way  no  ticks  could  mature  and  infect  the  ground.  The  Northern  cattle  all 
remained  healthy,  proving  that  ticks  were  necessary  to  cause  the  disease.  To 
determine  if  Texas  fever  could  be  produced  without  the  presence  of  Southern 
cattle,  and  only  by  Ticks,  fields  were  infected  with  mature  Ticks,  and  susceptible 
cattle  placed  there  acquired  Texas  fever.  This  proved  that  the  Ticks  alone 
could  produce  infection.  Finally  Smith  and  Kilborne  demonstrated  that 
young  Ticks  hatched  artificially  and  kept  in  glass  dishes  in  the  laboratory 
(they  were  the  young  of  infected  Ticks  dropped  from  Southern  cattle),  were 
capable  of  communicating  the  disease  at  any  time  of  the  year  when  placed 
on  susceptible  animals. 

‘At  first  it  was  thought  that  the  gorged  Ticks  falling  off,  laying  their  eggs, 
dying  and  disintegrating,  infected  the  fields,  so  that  cattle  feeding  on  the 
latter  contracted  the  disease.  This,  however,  was  disproved  by  the  negative 
result  of  feeding  experiments  with  adult  Ticks,  Tick  eggs,  and  grass  from 
infected  fields.  That  the  excreta  of  infected  cattle  do  not  communicate  the 
disease  was  proved  in  the  experiments  where  infected  cattle  free  from  Ticks 
were  allowed  to  pasture  in  the  same  field  with  susceptible  animals.  A field  in 
which  blood  and  crushed  organs  of  infected  cattle  had  been  spread  also  did 
not  cause  infection.’ 

The  destruction  of  Ticks  in  cattle  can  be  effected  by  the  applica- 
tion of  Acaricides  in  the  form  of  a smear  or  a dip.  Hand-picking 
may  be  tried  when  only  a few  animals  are  infested,  the  Ticks  being 
touched  with  benzine,  petroleum,  turpentine,  or  tobacco  juice,  then 
removed  by  forceps  or  by  hand,  and  destroyed  by  burning.  But 
hand-picking  is  both  tedious  and  uncertain,  as  the  larvae  and 
nymphae  are  small  enough  to  be  overlooked.  To  be  effective  this 
method  should  be  followed  by  smearing  with  a mixture  like  that 
recommended  by  Cooper  Curtice : kerosene,  1 gallon ; lard,  10 
pounds  ; sulphur,  1 pound ; pine-tar,  2 pounds.  This  smear  is 
applied  with  a brush. 

When  large  numbers  of  cattle  are  infested  dipping  must  be 
resorted  to,  the  animals  being  made  to  swim  through  a tank  con- 
taining from  400  gallons  to  2,500  gallons  of  a reliable  parasiticide. 
Norgaard  was  successful  with  chloronaphthol,  50  pounds,  dissolved 
in  2,500  gallons  of  water  containing  40  pounds  of  soap.  Gray  and 
Robertson  (Rhodesia),  employ  a dip  composed  of  arsenic,  6 pounds  ; 
soap,  24  pounds  ; washing  soda,  24  pounds  ; wood-tar,  5 gallons  ; 
and  water,  400  gallons. 

With  the  object  of  bringing  about  the  destruction  of  Ticks  on 
pastures  various  measures  have  been  advocated.  Morgan,  after 
experience  of  Texas  fever,  advises  keeping  cattle  off  infested  pas- 
tures for  eighteen  months,  or  until  the  Ticks,  in  the  absence  of 
their  hosts,  have  perished.  Others,  including  Lignieres,  suggest 


96 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


sowing  the  land  with  lucerne,  better  drainage,  ploughing  up,  top 
dressing  with  gas  lime,  burning  off  the  grass,  fencing  off  infested 
parts,  etc. 

The  Egyptian  Tick  ( Hyalomma  Mgyptium  L.)  is  a very  widespread 
species  which  infests  cattle  in  Northern  Africa,  and  which  is  found 
on  those  brought  into  European  markets  from  that  country,  and 
particularly  to  the  French  markets.  It  has  a brown  dorsal 
shield,  without  spots,  brilliant  hemispherical  eyes,  lodged  in  a 
fossette.  The  coxae  of  the  first  pair  of  legs  have  two  long  and 
strong  spines ; the  other  articles,  except  the  tarsi,  are  brown  at 
their  base,  and  yellowish  at  the  other  extremity.  The  male 
measures  6 to  7 mm.  in  length.  The  replete  female  may  attain 
enormous  dimensions — 20  mm.  in  length,  18  mm.  in  breadth,  and 
nearly  as  much  in  thickness. 

This  Tick — the  largest  known  species — is  very  common  in 
Egypt,  in  Algeria,  and  in  most  parts  of  Africa.  We  believe  it 
to  be  related  to  a species  we  received  from  Guadeloupe,  through 
Couzin,  where  it  is  known  as  the  Tique  stnegalaise.  It  has  been 
considered,  in  fact,  as  derived  from  Senegal,  whence  it  must  have 
been  imported  with  Cattle  into  the  countries  in  which  it  is  now 
seen.  It  is  stated  to  be  a stranger  in  Martinique,  which,  not- 
withstanding its  proximity  to  Gaudeloupe,  will  doubtless  remain 
exempt  from  it,  as  that  island  does  not  receive  African  Cattle. 

We  have  the  opportunity  of  meeting  with  this  Tick  in  the  abattoirs 
of  France,  on  Algerian  Oxen  ; and  Megnin  even  affirms  that  it  will 
eventually  become  acclimatized  in  the  South  of  France,  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Marseilles,  by  the  temporary  sojourn  of  African  Cattle 
in  that  town  and  its  environs,  before  their  departure  for  the  different 
markets.  He  bases  this  assertion  on  what  he  has  observed  with 
regard  to  the  Green  Lizard  of  Provence,  on  which  he  found  a male 
Tick  that  he  believes  is  the  Egyptian  one.  It  has  been  known  for 
a long  time  that  the  male  of  this  species  often  fixes  itself  upon 
reptiles — such  as  the  Greek  and  Mauritanian  Tortoise — and  on 
Lizards. 

The  Cattle  that  Megnin  has  seen  carrying  swarms  of  these  Ixodinae 
about  their  flanks,  and  the  other  parts  of  the  abdomen,  did  not 
appear  to  suffer,  nor  did  they  try  to  remove  them  ; they  arrived 
at  Paris  in  good  condition.  Nevertheless,  in  Africa  the  Algerian 
Ixodinae  are  not  always  inoffensive,  for  Lucas  relates  having  seen, 
in  1845,  in  the  district  of  Calle,  Algeria,  Oxen  die  from  exhaustion 
through  the  attacks  of  the  parasites,  which  were  incessantly  renewed 
on  the  surface  of  their  bodies.  Each  female,  in  fact,  attaining  in 
its  full  plenitude  the  size  of  a hazel  nut,  it  can  easily  be  understood 
how  this  great  subtraction  of  blood,  repeated  so  very  many  times, 
should  operate  prejudicially  on  nutrition,  to  say  nothing  of  the 
irritation  set  up  on  the  skin.  And  the  same  effects  have  been 
witnessed  by  Couzin  on  the  Horses,  Cattle,  and  Mules  in  Guade- 
loupe. In  addition,  the  wounds  resulting  from  the  punctures  of 
these  parasites  become  ulcers  under  the  influence  of  the  torrid 


ACARIASES 


97 


climate.  According  to  the  opinion  of  Megnin,  it  is  possible  that 
this  ulceration  is  primarily  due  to  the  custom  of  removing  the 
Ticks  by  means  of  hot  knives  ; the  rostrum  remaining  in  the 
skin  causes  eliminating  suppuration,  which  leads  to  obstinate 
sores. 

In  Guadeloupe,  the  Ixodinae  of  Senegal  are  supposed  to  play  an 
important  part  in  the  development  of  a serious  affection  known 
there  as  farcy , which  is  witnessed  in  Horses,  Cattle,  and  Mules ; 
the  ulcerous  wounds  just  referred  to  are  the  starting-point  of  the 
disease.  Nocard  has  demonstrated  that  this  ‘ farcy  of  the  Ox  ’ 
is  a malady  of  microbic  origin ; but  it  can  be  conceived  that  the 
Ixodinae  may  be  the  agents  of  inoculation  of  the  micro-organism 
that  determines  the  disease.  It  may  be  mentioned  that  this 
‘ farcy  * is  not  known  at  Martinique,  where  there  are  no  Senegal 
Ticks.  Rhipicephalus  annulatus,  which  is  also  frequent  in  Guade- 
loupe, where  it  is  named  the  ‘ creole  Tick,’  is  not  implicated  in  this 
etiology  of  farcy,  as  its  puncture  does  not  leave  any  trace  because 
of  the  rostrum  being  so  slender. 

Dermacentor  reticulatus. — This  Tick  has  the  dorsal  shield  marbled  with 
milky  spots  on  a brown  ground.  Length  5 mm.  ; the  replete  female  may 
attain  a length  of  16  mm.  by  10  mm.  in  breadth. 

This  species  is  widely  distributed  in  Europe,  where  it  is  found  on  the  Sheep 
and  Ox,  sometimes  On  the  Goat  and  Horse. 

Haemaphysalis  punctata  (Can.  and  Fanz.). — Has  a light  brown  shield, 
longer  than  broad  in  the  female.  Length  4 mm.  ; the  replete  female  may  be 
12  mm.  long. 

Haemaphysalis  concinna  (Koch). — Is  distinguished  from  the  preceding  species 
by  the  discoid  shield  in  the  female,  by  the  palps  which  are  curved  in  front  in 
the  form  of  pincers  in  the  male.  Both  live  on  the  Sheep,  sometimes  on  the 
Ox,  Goat,  Horse,  and  Dog.  The  first  is  more  extensively  distributed  than 
the  second. 

Haemaphysalis  Leachi  (Adouin). — Is  characterized  by  the  palps,  of  which 
the  second  article  is  very  acute  at  its  posterior  border,  and  carries  two  retro- 
grade spines — one  dorsal,  the  other  ventral. 

Various  regions  of  Central  and  South  America  are  much  infested  by 
numerous  species  of  Ixodidie,  which  rapidly  increase  there,  and  attack  nearly 
indifferently  all  the  domesticated  animals,  sometimes  even  Man.  They  are 
known  locally  as  Ticks,  Prickevs,  Garapattes,  and  Cavapatos — names  which 
are  applied  indifferently  to  species  of  Ixodinae  and  Argasinae.  The  Ixodinae 
belong  chiefly  to  the  A mblyomma.  The  species  that  appears  to  be  most  prevalent 
is  A.  cajennense  (Fab),  which  is  common  on  the  Horse,  Ox,  and  Dog.  In  this 
tick  the  dorsal  shield  is  marked  by  yellowish-white  spots  ; it  is  triangular  in 
the  female,  and  in  the  male  it  is  relieved  by  smooth  radiant  prominences. 
The  coxae  of  the  first  pair  of  legs  have  two  widely- separated  conical  spines, 
the  external  longer  than  the  internal. 

The  Horse,  owing  to  his  mode  of  living  on  the  prairie,  is  often 
covered  with  these  Ticks.  They  may  be  seen  on  all  parts  of  the 
body,  but  they  seem  to  prefer  those  regions  which  the  Horse  cannot 
easily  reach — as  the  sides  of  the  neck  and  inner  surface  of  the 
thighs.  Animals  do  not  appear  to  suffer  from  the  presence  of  these 
parasites  ; though  Kalm,  cited  by  de  Geer,  relates  having  seen 
horses  ‘ which  had  the  under  part  of  the  belly  and  other  regions  of 
the  body  so  covered  with  these  Ticks  that  it  was  hardly  possible  to 

7 


98 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


introduce  between  them  the  point  of  a knife.  They  were  so  deeply 
buried  in  the  flesh  of  one  animal  that  it  finally  succumbed.’ 

Two  other  species,  also  well  known,  are  Amblyomma  Amerizanum 
(L.)  or  Acarus  nigua  (de  Geer)  (which  may  be  recognised  by  the 
long  spine  carried  by  the  coxae  of  the  fourth  pair  of  legs  in  the  male), 
and  Amblyomma  maculatum  (Koch),  which  is  furnished  with  a 
single  and  very  long  spine  on  the  coxae  of  the  first  pair  of  legs.  In 
the  United  States,  where  it  is  widely  distributed,  A.  Americanum 
is  known  as  the  ‘ Lone  Star  Tick.’  It  is  quite  common  on  Cattle, 
and  sometimes  is  found  on  Man. 

Africa,  and  particularly  South  Africa,  is  also  richly  provided  with 
the  Ixodidae.  It  appears  to  be  the  native  country  of  the  genus 
Rhipicephalus , which  is  represented  there  by  most  of  its  species, 
all  very  closely  related  to  one  another  and  very  similar  to  the  type 
Rh.  sanguineus , which  also  abounds  there.  The  principal  species 
are  Rh.  appendiculatus  (Neumann),  (Cape  Colony,  Transvaal, 
Rhodesia,  etc.),  which  transmits  the  parasite  of  Rhodesian  fever  ; 
Rh.  simus  (Koch)  in  nearly  all  Africa  ; Rh.  bursa  (Can.  and  Fanz.), 
of  the  North  and  South  ; and  also  of  Southern  Europe,  where  it 
transmits  the  parasite  of,  ‘ Carceag ,’  or  Ovine  piroplasmosis  ; Rh. 
capensis  (Koch),  of  the  South  and  East ; and  Rh.  Evertsi  (Neumann) 
of  the  South.  All  these  may  attack  the  different  domestic  animals. 
The  African  species  of  Amblyomma  are  also  very  numerous.  The 
principal  one  is  A.  variegatum  (Fabr.),  which  may  be  recognised 
by  its  prominent  hemispherical  eyes,  and  by  the  yellowish-red 
spots  of  its  shield.  It  is  common  on  the  Ox,  Sheep,  and  Horse, 
and  it  does  not  spare  Man. 

Argasinae. — The  argasincB  are  distinguished  from  the  Ixodince  by  the  follow- 
ing characters  : The  rostrum,  instead  of  being  terminal,  occupies  the  inferior 
face  of  the  cephalothorax.  The  maxillary  palps  are  antenniform — that  is, 
formed  of  cylindrical,  subequal  articles,  very  movable  on  each  other.  There 
is  no  scutellum. 

We  recognise  two  genera  : Argas  and  Ornithodoros. 

Argas  (Latr.). — Body,  usually  flat,  has  thin  borders,  without  deep  ventral 
grooves.  There  are  no  eyes. 

Ornithodoros  (Koch). — Body  has  thick  borders,  more  or  less  distended  ; 
deep  ventral  grooves  always  present,  and  sometimes  eyes. 

In  Europe  only  one  species  is  at  all  common.  It  is  Argas  reflexus,  which 
lives  on  birds.  In  hot  countries,  such  as  Asia,  Africa,  and  America,  there 
are  several  species  that  attack  man  and  the  domestic  animals. 

1.  The  Persian  Argas  (A.  persicus — Fischer). — Known  under  the  name  of 
the  Miana  Bug,  by  reason  of  the  locality  which  it  more  particularly  infests  ; 
is  common  in  Persia.  It  constitutes  a scourge  for  travellers  and  for  the  poultry- 
yards  in  that  country. 

2.  The  Ornithodoros  of  Tholozan  {O.  Tholozam — Lab.  and  Meg.)  has  the 
body  relatively  narrow,  with  parallel  lateral  borders,  the  anterior  extremity 
terminating  in  a blunt  point,  the  posterior  rounded,  and  the  integument  very 
finely  gauffered.  The  adult  females  are  8 to  io  mm.  long,  and  4 to  5 mm. 
broad.  In  a state  of  repletion  their  colour  is  a deep  violet. 

In  Persia  this  species  is  reputed  very  dangerous  to  Man.  It  is  known  as  the 
KSne,  or  Sheep  Bug  ; it  lives,  in  reality,  on  the  Sheep,  on  the  Camel,  and  on 
the  Fowl. 

3.  The  Ornithodoros  of  Savigny  (0.  Savignyi — Adouin)  may  be  recognised 
by  its  legs,  which  have  the  articles  notched  on  their  dorsal  border,  and  by  its 


ACARIASES 


99 


thick  body.  The  length  varies  between  5 and  12  mm.  It  lives  in  various 
parts  of  South  Africa,  where  it  attacks  the  Horse,  Ox,  Goat,  and  even  Man — 
sometimes  with  very  serious  results. 

4.  Turicata  (O.  turicata — Duges). — The  ‘ turicata,’  as  it  is  called  in  Mexico, 
has  a subrectangular  body,  nearly  square,  the  anterior  border  angular  and, 
obtuse  ; it  measures  5 to  6 mm.  long.  The  Turicatas  infest  the  Pigs  of 
Ganajuato,  Mexico,  fixing  themselves  on  the  inside  of  the  forearm,  and  running 
somewhat  rapidly.  Their  punctures  sometimes  cause  very  serious  accidents 
to  Man,  and  the  Pig  cannot  always  sustain  them  with  impunity.  ‘ It  often 
happens,’  says  Duges,  quoted  by  Megnin,  ‘ that  newly-purchased  Pigs  are  put 
into  pigsties  where,  owing  to  the  carelessness  of  the  owners,  the  Turicatas 
abound  ; some  of  the  Pigs  die  during  the  night,  and  others  are  found  incapable 
of  getting  up  ; if  compelled  to  rise,  they  stagger  and  tumble  about,  and 
cannot  maintain  themselves.  In  the  dead  Pigs,  the  connective  tissue  is 
distended  around  each  puncture  with  an  ecchymotic  effusion  to  an  extent  of 
5 centimetres  in  diameter.  I have  never  examined  further  to  ascertain  if 
there  were  any  other  disorders.  Fowls  which  feed  on  the  parasites,  if  only 
for  a day,  die  in  about  three  days,  after  becoming  dull  and  ceasing  to  eat.’ 
The  Ox,  Horse,  Llama,  and  Man  are  often  attacked  by  the  Turicatas. 

5.  Ornithodoros  talaje  (Guer.). — Is  distinguished  from  the  preceding  by  its 
rostrum,  which  can  be  concealed  under  two  lateral  wings.  It  is  found  in 
Central  America,  where  it  attacks  Man,  the  Llama,  and  probably  the  domestic 
animals. 

6.  Ornithodoros  Megnini  (Duges). — This  species  has  a lyriform  body — the 
wide  end  being  anterior — slightly  angular  in  front  and  rounded  behind.  The 
female  measures  5 to  6 mm.  in  length,  and  3 to  3*5  mm.  in  breadth.  The 
nymphae,  which  are  relatively  large,  have  the  body  covered  with  spines. 
According  to  Duges  this  species  is  very  abundant  in  the  State  of  Guanajuato. 
It  is  met  with  on  the  Horse,  Ass,  Ox,  Sheep,  and  Dog,  and  principally  in  the 
ears  ; it  often  fixes  itself  on  other  animals,  and  sometimes  on  Man.  Megnin 
supposes  that  the  numerous  Ixodidae,  which  attack  animals  in  Mexico,  and 
with  which  the  horses  of  the  French  Military  Expedition  to  that  country  were 
so  much  afflicted,  ought  to  be  included  with  this  species.  In  the  Western 
United  States,  where  it  is  known  as  the  Spinose  Ear  Tick,  0.  Mignini  is  very 
troublesome.  To  dislodge  the  parasites  Salmon  and  Stiles  advise  pouring  a 
little  olive  or  other  bland  oil  into  the  ear.  This  causes  the  ticks  to  move, 
when  they  can  be  picked  off  and  crushed. 

II.  Gamasidae  (see  p.  85). — Two  of  the  genera  of  this  family 
have  species  living  as  parasites  on  the  domesticated  animals.  These 
are  Gamasus  and  Dermanyssus. 

Gamasus  (Latr.). — The  species  have  the  integument  partially  or  wholly 
coriaceous  ; the  mandibles  are  cheliform,  and  are  similar  or  but  little  different 
in  the  two  sexes.  The  larvae  are  hexapodal. 

One  species  only  merits  mention  here — the  Gamasus  pteroptoides 
(Megnin),  so  named  because  of  its  resemblance  to  the  Gamasidae 
of  the  genus  Pter optus.  It  lives  in  complete  and  permanent 

colonies  at  the  bottom  of  the  fur  of  Field-mice,  Moles,  and  Rabbits, 
as  well  as  on  some  Bats. 

The  whole  rostrum  is  salient  and  uncovered  ; the  inferior  plastron  is  very 
small  in  the  two  sexes,  and  united  by  a membraneous  integument  to  the 
superior  plastron,  which  covers  all  the  dorsal  surface.  The  legs  are  nearly 
altogether  of  the  same  size,  and  similar  in  the  two  sexes  ; the  hooklets  and 
caruncle  which  terminate  them  are  very  developed.  The  nymphae  have  a 
short  peritreme.  The  body  is  squat,  oval,  and  brown-coloured.  The  length 
of  the  female  is  *55  mm.,  and  the  male  *45  mm.,  the  breadth  of  both  being 
*30  mm. 


7—2 


IOO 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


This  parasite  subsists  on  the  natural  exudations  of  the  skin  of 
its  host,  and  perhaps,  also,  on  that  which  it  produces  by  the  bites 
of  its  mandibles  ; but  up  to  the  present  time  it  has  not  been  observed 
to  do  any  particular  harm.  It  has  only  been  mentioned  expressly 
as  related  to  the  Rabbit.  Turnbull  has  found  in  the  ear  of  an 
Ox  an  Acarus  that  Leidy  considered  belonged  to  the  genus 
Gasmasus.  It  will  be  referred  to  when  treating  of  the  ‘ Parasites  of 
the  Ear.’ 

The  species  of  Dermanyssus  (Duges)  may  be  found  on  the  domes- 
ticated Mammals — such  as  the  Horse,  Ox,  Dog,  and  Cat.  But 
they  are  always  accidental,  and  come  from  Fowls,  which  are  their 
natural  hosts.  They  will  therefore  be  considered  when  dealing 
with  the  acariases  of  Birds. 

III.  Trombidiidae  (see  p.  85). — This  family  is  divided  into 
numerous  sub-families,  only  two  of  which  interest  us.  These  are 
Trombidince  and  Cheyletince.  In  the  sub-family  of  Tetranycidce 
is  placed  the  Bicho  Colorado , of  the  Argentine  Republic  and  Uruguay, 
which,  according  to  G.  Haller,  is  only  a Tetranychus  ( Tetranychus 
molestissimus — Weyenbergh).  This  small  Acarus,  which  is  of  a red 
colour,  lives  on  the  inferior  surface  of  the  leaves  of  Xanthium 
macrocarpum , in  a web  that  it  spins  ; but  from  December  to  the  end 
of  February  it  throws  itself  on  warm-blooded  animals,  Man  himself 
not  escaping  its  visitations.  The  Bicho  Colorado  buries  its  rostrum 
in  the  skin,  and  causes  insupportable  itching  (Railliet). 

The  Trombidinae  are  Trombidiidae  with  soft  integuments,  chelicerae  ter- 
minating in  hooklets,  palps  composed  of  five  articles,  the  fifth  being  club- 
shaped  and  articulated  at  the  base  of  the  fourth,  which  is  prolonged  beyond 
the  fifth  by  a sharp  hook.  The  legs  have  six  articles,  each  leg  ending  in  two 
hooks  and  a hairy  cirrus.  They  have  two  eyes. 

In  this  sub-family  is  found  the  genus  Trombidium  (Latr.),  of 
which  a species — the  Trombidium  holosericeum  (Linn.) — lives  as 
a parasite  during  its  larval  condition. 

Like  all  the  species  of  Trombidium,  the  latter  has  pedunculated  eyes  and  a 
skin  covered  with  bristly  hairs.  Specifically,  it  is  recognised  by  its  scarlet 
colour,  its  nearly  square  body — a little  broader  in  front  than  behind,  where 
the  terminal  border  is  notched  on  the  middle  line  ; hairs  and  cylindrical 
papillae  cover  the  body  : these  are  round  or  obtuse  at  the  summit  on  the 
dorsal  surface,  bristly  on  the  ventral  surface  and  the  legs.  The  length  is 
1 ‘35  mm.,  and  maximum  breadth  i*8  mm. 

This  is  a very  widespread  species — especially  in  the  centre  and 
West  of  France — abounding  from  the  end  of  spring  on  grass-lands 
and  sandy  slopes,  and  in  woods,  but  rarely  in  gardens.  It  is 
phytophagous,  and  is  often  designated — as  well  as  the  neighbouring 
species — the  Red  Mite. 

According  to  Megnin — whose  opinion,  however,  has  been  dis- 
puted— the  larval  hexapod  of  the  Trombidium  holosericeum  is  the 
parasite  long  known  as  the  Rouget,  Red  Flea , Harvest  Bug,  etc., 
which  the  older  naturalists  described  as  a species  by  the  name  of 
Leptus  autumnalis. 


ACARIASES 


IOI 


The  various  designations  given  to  it  recall  the  period  when  it  is 
most  abundant.  The  female  lays  her  eggs  in  July.  The  larvae 
are  orbicular  in  shape  and  orange-red  in  colour,  the  body  being 
sprinkled  with  short,  sparse  hairs  ; they  have  the  eyes  and  stigmata 
of  the  adult,  and  six  long  cylindrical  legs,  each  with  six  articles. 
It  attaches  itself  to  any  animal  that  comes  in  its  way,  implant- 
ing its  mandibles  in  the  skin. 

Its  abdomen  gradually  becomes 
distended,  and  assumes  com- 
paratively considerable  dimen- 
sions ; it  is  then  that  it  attracts 
attention,  and  is  recognised  by 
the  various  names  given  to  it. 

It  measures  *40  mm.  long  and 
•25  mm.  broad. 

The  Harvest  Bugs  attack  the 
small  Mammalia  by  preference, 
such  as  Moles  and  Hares,  which 
are  sometimes  literally  covered 
with  them  ; and  Man  is  often 
invaded  by  them  in  the  autumn, 
the  Acari  creeping  rapidly  along 
the  limbs  and  fixing  themselves 
on  any  part  of  the  body,  especi- 
ally those  parts  which  are 
clothed.  Their  punctures  are  pjg.  58. — Trombidium  holoseviceum, 
accompanied  by  insupportable  female,  seen  on  the  dorsal  surface  ; 
itching.  magnified  twenty  diameters. — Rail- 

Among  the  domesticated  ani-  liet* 
mals,  sporting  Dogs  are  most 

exposed  to  trombidian  acariasis.  The  first  mention  of  the  exist- 
ence of  this  parasite  on  the  Dog  is  due  to  Defrance  ; it  has  since  been 
confirmed  by  Delafond,  Mathieu,  Megnin,  Friedberger,  and  other 
authors. 

On  returning  from  the  field,  Dogs  often  exhibit  symptoms  of 
great  itching  around  the  eyes  and  nose,  and  on  the  paws  and 
belly.  A close  examination  will  discover  the  cause  to  be  the 
Harvest  Bugs,  wandering  or  fixed  by  their  rostrum  either  in  the 
sudoriparous  gland-ducts,  or,  according  to  Gruby,  at  the  root  of 
the  hair.  They  are  sometimes  in  groups  of  ten  or  a dozen  around 
one  hair. 

Cats  which  frequent  gardens  may  be  affected  in  the  same  way, 
Delafond  states. 

According  to  an  observation  of  Moreau,  and  confirmed  by 
Railliet,  what  is  known  in  France  as  the  rafte  or  feu  d’herbe  of 
bovines,  and  described  by  Chabert,  Fromage  de  Feugre,  Lafore, 
Cruzel,  etc.,  is  nothing  more  than  a case  of  trombidian  acariasis. 
This  affection,  which  appears  towards  the  end  of  summer,  has  been 
ascribed  by  the  older  writers  to  feeding  the  cows  on  the  grape- 


102 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


stalks  or  newly-gathered  forage.  It  occupies  the  inner  surface  of 
the  limbs,  and  extends  beneath  the  belly  and  on  the  shoulders,  neck, 
and  head,  and  consists  of  an  eruption  of  pustules  or  hard  pimples, 
from  which  exudes  a serous  or  purulent  matter  that  dries  into  crusts, 
and  finally  disappears  as  dust.  In  this  way  the  malady  disappears 
of  itself.  On  cows  so  affected,  Moreau  has  found  colonies  of  this 
parasite,  forming  small  disseminated  patches  of  one  or  two  square 
centimetres  in  extent. 

On  cavalry  Horses  returning  from  manoeuvres  after  harvest, 
Blaise  has  observed  an  erythematous  affection  which  did  not 
extend  above  the  knees  or  hocks,  and  which  had  been  mistaken  for 
chorioptic  scabies,  but  was  due  simply  to  the  Harvest  Bug. 


Fig.  59. — Harvest  Bug,  or  larva  of  the  Trombidium  holosericeum,  seen  from 
the  ventral  surface  ; magnified  one  hundred  diameters. — Railliet. 

Csokor  and  Eloire  have  made  a similar  observation  with  regard 
to  Poultry. 

Otherwise,  this  affection  is  not  serious.  To  free  animals  from 
the  parasites,  some  frictions  with  a cloth  sprinkled  with  benzine, 
with  benzinated  glycerine,  or  with  sulphur  ointment,  are  sufficient. 
A very  dilute  solution  of  carbolic  acid  (1  or  2 per  cent.)  is  a good 
preventive,  and  also  a curative  agent. 

Certain  warm  countries  of  America  are  infested  by  a Leptus  of 
undetermined  species,  which  torments  Man  or  animals,  and  is 
named  Tlalsahuate  in  Mexico,  Bete  rouge  in  Guiana,  the  Antilles, 
and  Honduras,  Colorado  in  Cuba,  Niaibi  in  New  Granada,  Mouqui 
at  Para,  etc. 


ACARIASES 


103 


The  sub-family  of  Cheyletinae  contains  the  soft-skinned  Trombidiidae,  with 
styliform  chelicerae,  and  palps  composed  of  three  articles,  the  second  carrying 
one  or  three  hookletsthat  extend  beyond  the  last  article.  The  legs  have  five 
articles,  usually  terminating  in  two  hooklets  and  a cirrus.  They  have  no 
eyes. 

The  species  of  Cheyletinae  are  recognised  by  their  enormous  maxillary 
palps,  the  second  article  of  which  has  a single,  large,  falciform  hooklet  ex- 
tending beyond  the  last  article. 

There  is  a vagabond  species  that  may  be  accidentally  met  with  on  the 
bodies  of  animals  ; this  is  the  Cheyletiella  eruditus  (Schrank),  so  named 
because  it  is  sometimes  found  in  old  books,  as  well  as  among  rags,  mouldy 
forage,  etc.  Picaglia  has  attributed  to  it  a dermatosis  observed  on  a Horse, 
resembling  that  produced  by  Dermanyssus  gallince  ; but  this  opinion  rests 
only  on  the  fact  that  hay  with  which  the  Horse  was  fed  contained  numerous 
Cheyletinae. 

The  Cheyletiella  parasitivorax  (Megn.)  lives  normally  on  the  Rabbit.  It 
is  commensal,  or,  rather,  a useful  mutualist,  if  it  is  true,  as  Megnin  affirms, 
that  it  pursues  the  soft  parasites 
on  its  host,  principally  the  Listro- 
phorinae.  The  bodyis  an  elongated 
hexagon  in  shape,  and  of  a pale- 
yellow  colour.  The  rostrum  is 
large  and  pentagonal,  and  equal 
to  a fourth  or  third  of  the  size  of 
the  body,  while  the  palps  are 
about  one-third  the  volume  of  the 
rostrum.  The  anterior  legs  are 
shorter  than  the  posterior.  The 
female  is  ‘45  mm.,  and  the  male 
•32  mm.  long. 

IV.  Sarcoptidae  (see  p.  85). 

— The  Acarina  comprised  in 
this  vast  family  live  in  very 
diverse  conditions,  which  are 
nearly  fixed  for  each  type, 
and  to  which  their  conforma- 
tion is  subordinate.  Their 
division  into  five  tribes  or 
sub-families,  as  proposed  by  Fig.  6q. — Cheyletiella  parasitivorax,  ovi- 
Megnin,  is  generally  adopted  ; gerous  female,  ventral  surface  ; magni- 
these  are  : 1.  Sarcoptidcz  fied  one  hundred  diameters. 

detriticoles  or  Tyroglyphincz  ; 

2.  5.  gliricoles  or  Listrophorincz  ,*3.  S.  cysticoles  or  Cytoditincz  ; 
4.  S.  plumicoles  or  Analgesincz  ; 5.  S.  psorica  or  Sarcoptincz.  To 
these  may  be  added  a somewhat,  as  yet,  limited  tribe,  the 
Sarcoptidcz  epidermicoles. 


The  last  four  of  these  tribes  will  not  be  alluded  to  here.  The 
Sarcoptidcz  cysticoles , or  Cytoditince , the  Sarcoptidcz  plumicoles , or 
Analgesincz,  and  the  Sarcoptidcz  epidermicoles,  are  exclusively 
peculiar  to  Birds,  the  first  living  in  the  connective  tissue  and  air- 
sacs  ; the  second  among  the  feathers,  being  nourished  by  the 
greasy  matters  excreted  by  the  skin  ; the  Sarcoptidae  epidermi- 
coles conceal  themselves  among  the  epidermic  cells,  the  formation 
of  which  they  expedite,  and  in  this  way  constitute  a transition  to 


104 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


the  psoric  Sarcoptidae  or  Sarcoptinae.  The  latter  are  the  agents 
causing  mange,  or  scabies,  which  will  be  dealt  with  in  the  following 
article,  when  treating  of  the  psoric  acariases  of  Birds. 

The  Sarcoptidae  detriticoles,  or  Tyroglyphinae,  are  Acarina  which 
subsist  on  decomposing  animal  or  vegetable  matters.  Troussart 
and  Megnin  have  provisionally  attached  them  to  the  Sarcoptidce 
insedicoles , which  have  been  studied  by  Berlese,  and  which 
resemble  that  tribe  more  than  any  other.  The  Tyroglyphinae 
are  only  exceptionally  met  with  on  the  domesticated  animals, 
and  then  as  foreign  bodies.  They  correspond  to  the  following 
description  : 

Body  covered  with  a smooth,  even,  sometimes  nodular  integument,  having 
silky,  plumose,  or  palmate  hairs.  Legs  alike,  similar  in  each  anterior  and 
posterior  group,  and  in  the  two  sexes.  The  abdominal  extremity  also  rounded 
in  the  two  sexes  (Megnin). 

These  characters,  compared  with  those  of  the  other  Sarcoptidae, 
always  permit  the  Tyroglyphinae  to  be  eliminated  as  simply  acci- 
dental errant  parasites  when 
they  are  found  on  a domesti- 
cated animal.  We  shall,  there- 
fore, limit  ourselves  to  an 
enumeration  of  the  five  genera 
in  this  tribe  : Tyroglyphus,  Car- 
poglyphus , Glyciphagus,  Ccepo - 
phagus,  and  Senator. 

It  is  probably  the  Glyciphagus 
domesticus  (Geer)  that  Hering 
discovered  on  a Horse’s  foot 
affected  with  ‘ canker  the 
horse  had  recently  died.  He 
regarded  it  as  special  to  the 
disease,  and  consequently 
designated  it  Sarcoptes  hippo- 
podos. 

The  Listrophorinae  have  been 
designated  Sarcoptidce  gliricoles , 
foi  the  reason  that  they  have 
been  considered  as  peculiar  to 
Rodents  (Glires) ; they  are  also  found,  however,  on  other  Mammals. 
They  live  at  the  bottom  of  the  fur,  and  cause  not  the  slightest 
irritation,  the  greasy  matter  of  the  skin  sufficing  for  their  nourish- 
ment. They  are  divided  into  two  genera — Listrophorus  and 
Myocoptes — only  the  first  of  which  will  be  noticed. 

The  Listrophorus  species  (Pagenst.)  have  the  body  ovoid,  compressed 
laterally,  a large  cephalo-thoracic  plastron,  the  lip  transformed  into  a kind  of 
elongated  pincers  adapted  to  seize  the  hair.  The  male  is  provided  with  two 
copulatory  suckers,  and  its  posterior  extremity  is  more  or  less  notched.  The 
female  has  the  vulva  between  two  groups  of  legs,  and  the  posterior  extremity 
is  not  notched. 


/ 


Fig.  6i. — Tyroglyphus  longior. 


ACARIASES 


105 


Listrophorus  gibbus  (Pagenst.). — The  cephalothoracic  plastron  is  simply 
notched  above.  The  posterior  extremity  of  the  male  has  a flat,  bifid  pro- 
longation. The  length  of  both  sexes  is 
about  *50  mm.  It  abounds  in  the  fur 
of  wild  and  domesticated  Rabbits  and 
Hares,  on  which  it  is  seen  twenty-four 
to  forty-eight  hours  after  the  death  of 
its  host. 

Listrophorus  mustelse  (Megnin). — The 
cephalo-thoracic  plastron  is  divided 
into  two  pieces,  which  are  movable  on 
each  other.  The  posterior  extremity  of 
the  body  of  the  male  is  simply  notched. 
The  length  of  the  male  is  -40  mm.  to 
•44  mm.  ; of  the  female,  *45...  mm.  to 
•54  mm.  It  fives  among  the  hair  of 
the  muzzle  and  anterior  part  of  the 
body  of  the  Ferret  and  Pole-cat. 


Fig.  62. — Listrophorus  gibbus,  male 
of  the  Rabbit,  ventral  surface ; 
magnified  one  hundred  diameters. 


Fig.  63. — Listrophorus  gibbus,  fe- 
male, of  the  Rabbit,  seen  in  pro- 
file ; magnified  one  hundred  dia- 
meters. 


Article  II. — Psoric  Acariases. 

Psoric  Acariases  are  caused  by  Acarina  of  the  tribe  of  sarcoptinae 
or  by  those  of  the  family  of  Demodecidae.  Their  common  features 
are  their  gravity,  their  greater  or  less  difficulty  to  cure,  the  rapid 
increase  of  the  parasites,  and  the  more  or  less  serious  alterations 
in  the  skin.  They  differ  by  the  zoological  nature  of  the  acarina 
producing  them,  and  by  the  location  of  these  : the  psoric  sarcop- 
tidae  living  at  various  depths  in  the  epidermis,  the  Demodecidae 
locating  themselves  nearly  exclusively  in  the  sebaceous  glands. 
It  is  advantageous  to  study  separately  the  scabies  due  to  the  sar- 
coptinae (sarcoptinic  scabies)  and  that  caused  by  the  Demodex 
( Demodecic  scabies). 


io6 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


i.  Sarcoptinic  Scabies . 

Sarcoptinic  scabies  possess  a high  degree  of  interest,  as  they 
comprise  nearly  all  the  itches  of  Man  and  animals. 

The  scabies  or  psora  was  designated  by  the  Greeks  pupa  (from  pu, 

I rub),  and  by  the  Romans  as  scabies  (from  scabere,  to  scratch). 

It  is  known  as  scabbia , rogna,  rasp  a,  in  Italy  ; sarna,  roha,  in 
Spain  ; itch , scald,  yuck,  mange , in  England  ; gale  in  France  ; and 
Kratze , Krdtzausschlag,  in  Germany. 

History. — The  history  of  scabies  in  animals  is  closely  allied  to  that  of  the 
same  disease  in  Man.  It  was  nevertheless  in  the  former  that  it  was  first  men- 
tioned in  the  Bible  (Lev.  xxii.  22).  Moses  excluded  mangy  animals  from 
being  offered  at  sacrifices. 

Polybius  speaks  of  an  epidemic  itch  ( limopsoron ) which  affected  the  whole 
of  the  people  and  horses  of  Cisalpine  Gaul,  and  which  Hannibal  attributed  to 
privations  (‘  History,’  Book  III.,  87). 

The  Greeks,  and  particularly  the  Roman  agriculturists,  were  aware  of  the 
contagiousness  of  scabies,  and  the  disasters  that  turpis  scabies  produced  in 
the  flocks.  The  Romans  applied  the  word  scabies  to  various  affections  of  the 
skin,  so  that  we  cannot  conclude  from  what  they  have  written  that  they  were 
really  acquainted  with  the  parasitic  disease  ; but  what  proves  that  there  was 
no  confusion  in  the  mind  of  Celsus,  at  least,  with  regard  to  it,  is  that  he 
extends  to  Sheep-scabies  several  of  his  remarks  on  contagion,  and  indicates 
the  course  and  treatment  of  the  malady. 

It  is  not  until  we  arrive  at  the  time  of  the  Arab  physicians  that  we  find  the 
first  precise  notions  on  itch,  and  learn  that  there  was  then  an  idea  of  its 
parasitic  nature.  Avenzoar  (Ibn-Zohr),  who  lived  in  the  twelfth  century 
(1072 — 1161),  makes  the  first  mention  of  it,  and  indicates  the  existence  of 
a disease  caused  by  the  presence  of  a little  creature,  popularly  known  as  soab. 
He  says  : ‘ Oriuntur  aliqui  in  corpore  sub  cuti  exterius  pediculi  parvunculi 
qui,  cum  excoriatur  cutis,  exeunt  animalia  viva  tam  parvuncula  quod  vix  possunt 
videri.'  Although  the  term  pediculi  is  employed,  there  can  be  no  doubt, 
from  the  mention  of  the  seat  of  disease  and  the  minuteness  of  the  animalcules, 
that  he  had  seen  the  Sarcoptes.  But  he  was  content  with  alluding  to  the  fact, 
and  did  not  seek  to  realize  its  great  importance  ; for,  like  his  contemporaries, 
he  only  saw  in  scabies  the  result  of  an  alteration  in  the  humours. 

According  to  Furstenberg,  we  find  in  the  Physica  Sancti  Hildigardis 
( A.D.  1 1 50) — the  writer  of  which  was  the  abbess  of  a convent  on  the  Rupperts- 
berg,  near  Bingen — an  indication  of  the  remedies  against  the  animalcule  of 
the  itch.  This  is  named  suren — a term  popularly  in  use,  which  shows  that 
a knowledge  of  the  parasite  of  psora  had  become  vulgarized  in  the  North  as 
well  as  in  the  South  ; the  denomination  was  retained  until  the  end  of  the 
seventeenth  century. 

After  the  time  of  Abenzoar,  the  notion  as  to  the  animalcule  of  itch  was  per- 
petuated in  traditions,  in  teachings,  and  in  publications,  but  with  alternations 
of  iclat  and  obscurity  which  allowed  it  to  remain  somewhat  of  a doubtful 
matter.  A number  of  authorities  of  the  thirteenth  and  following  centuries 
speak  of  it.  In  Ambrose  Pare  (1664)  is  to  be  found  this  passage  : ‘ The  flesh- 
worms  ( cirons ) are  little  animals  concealed  in  the  skin,  in  which  they  burrow, 
crawl,  and  gnaw  bit  by  bit,  causing  a troublesome  and  scratching  itchiness. 
. . . These  flesh- worms  should  be  extracted  by  means  of  pins  and  needles.’ 

The  year  1634  is  an  important  date  in  this  history,  because  of  the  appear- 
ance of  the  book  of  Thomas  Moufet  ( Insectorum  seu  minimorum  animalium 
theatrum,  London).  For  the  first  time,  it  clearly  indicates  the  precise  point 
where  the  sarcopt  of  human  itch  was  to  be  found  ; for  he  expressly  mentions 
that  it  was  not  to  be  sought  for  in  the  vesicles,  but  at  the  side  of  them  : 
‘ Hoc  hobiter  observandum,  syrones  istos  non  in  ipsis  pustulis,  sed  prope  habi- 
tare .’ 


ACARIASES 


107 


About  the  same  period,  Hauptmann  consecrated  one  of  the  first  applica- 
tions which  had  been  made  of  the  microscope — discovered  in  1619 — to  an 
examination  of  the  acarus,  though  he  only  gave  a very  imperfect  drawing  of 
it  (1657).  A book  on  Horses  (Pferdeschatz)  appeared  at  Frankfort  nearly 
at  this  time,  and  in  it  mention  is  made  of  the  Acari  as  Moiben,  which  live 
among  the  hairs  of  the  tail,  mane,  and  forelock  of  the  Horse  ; but  according 
to  Gerlach,  the  writer  mistook  epidermic  scales  for  animalcules.  Wedel,  in 
1672,  pointed  out  that  acari  were  the  cause  of  itch  in  the  Cat.  The  attempts 
of  Hauptmann  were  subsequently  repeated  by  other  observers,  and  notably 
by  Michael  Ettmiiller,  who  published  a more  exact  representation  of  the 
Insect. 

In  1687,  Cosimo  Bonomo,  in  a letter  addressed  to  Redi,  gives  a remarkably 
exact  description  of  itch  and  the  acari,  after  the  investigations  he  had  per- 
sonally made,  in  common  with  the  pharmacist,  Diacinto  Cestoni,  of  Livorna. 
He  speaks  of  the  form  of  the  acari,  and  even  mentions  that  he  saw  one  of  these 
animalcules  lay  an  egg  at  the  moment  when  he  placed  it  under  the  magnifying 
glass,  so  that  he  was  able  to  make  a drawing  of  it.  Along  with  Cestoni,  he 
arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  the  acarus  is  alone  the  cause  of  itch  ; that  the 
disease  is  not  engendered  by  perverted  humours  ; that  the  contagiousness  of 
the  malady  is  perfectly  explained  by  the  passage  of  the  creature  from  one 
person  to  another  ; and  that  internal  remedies  are  useless  in  the  cure  of  the 
disease,  treatment  being  limited  to  external  applications  that  would  kill  the 
parasite. 

These  exact  notions,  however,  did  not  penetrate  the  mass  of  medical  men. 
But  in  1734,  Linnaeus  recognised  the  parasite  of  itch  ( Acarus  humanus  sub- 
cutaneus),  though  he  committed  the  grave  error  of  considering  it  as  belonging 
to  the  same  species  as  the  cheese-mite,  of  which  he  thought  it  was  only  a 
variety.  The  dissertation  of  Nyander,  a pupil  of  Linnaeus  ( Exanthemata 
viva),  which  appeared  in  1757,  raised  a hot  discussion  ; Nyander  clearly 
proving  that  the  acarus  should  be  sought  for  in  the  furrows  and  not  in  the 
pustules  ; while  Avelin — another  pupil  of  Linnaeus — attributed  the  itch  of 
the  Sheep,  as  well  as  that  of  Man,  to  the  presence  of  an  acarus,  which  he  had 
perhaps  not  seen.  So  that  the  physicians  remained  divided  between  the 
humoral  and  the  parasitic  theories  of  psora. 

In  1763,  Sauvages  wrote  ( Nosologie ) : ‘ The  illustrious  Linnaeus  has  observed 
an  itch  on  Cattle,  which  has  much  resemblance  to  leprosy  in  the  thickness  and 
hardness  of  its  tubercles  ; it  was  caused  and  maintained  by  insects  that  were 
found  located  in  these  tubercles.’ 

In  1778,  De  Geer  personally  observed  the  Sarcopt,  and  gave  the  first  exact 
figure  of  it,  indicating,  at  the  same  time,  the  characters  that  serve  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  the  cheese-mite.  In  1786,  a great  observer — the  Hanoverian 
physician,  Wichmann — published  an  important  memoir  ( TEtiologie  dev 
Kratze),  in  which,  by  new  facts,  he  decisively  established  the  parasitic  doc- 
trine of  scabies  almost  as  it  is  known  to-day  ; and  in  a second  edition  of  his 
work  (1791),  he  successfully  combated  the  objections  raised  against  his  views, 
with  regard  to  metastases,  repercussions,  etc.  He  also  published  the  hypo- 
thesis that  the  scabies  of  Sheep  is  likewise  due  to  an  acarus,  and  that  the  wool 
plays  an  important  part  in  its  propagation.  Abilgaard,  professor  at  the 
Copenhagen  Veterinary  School,  wrote  to  him  in  1787,  to  the  effect  that  the 
treatment  justified  his  theory,  as  by  the  exclusive  employment  of  local  applica- 
tions he  had  cured  a large  number  of  mangy  animals. 

Unfortunately,  Wichmann  had  left  a loophole  for  the  old  prejudice  in  favour 
of  psoric  repercussions,  as  he  admitted  that  these  might  be  the  possible  con- 
sequence of  the  absorption  of  the  excrementitial  matters  of  the  acarus  ; so 
that  doubts  and  denials  persisted.  Kersting,  the  first  director  of  the  Hanover 
Veterinary  School,  had  plainly  seen  the  animalcules  on  mangy  Horses  ; but 
he  did  not  consider  them  the  cause  of  the  disease,  as  he  could  not  succeed  in 
producing  it  on  a healthy  Horse,  by  sprinkling  the  dust  from  the  skin  of  an 
affected  animal  on  it  for  fourteen  consecutive  days. 

To  Walz  belongs  the  honour  of  the  real  discovery  of  the  Sheep  acarus  in 
1809.  Soon  after  (1812),  Gohier  collected  the  parasites  on  mangy  Horses, 


io8 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


and  Saint-Didier  gave  an  illustrated  description  of  them.  Gohier  mentions 
Dorfeuille,  sen.,  as  the  veterinary  surgeon  who,  in  1813,  discovered  the  acarus 
of  the  Ox  ; and  he  himself  observed  it  during  the  following  year  on  Hungarian 
cattle  which  had  accompanied  the  Austrian  army  to  Lyons.  He  adds  that, 
by  means  of  a magnifying-glass,  he  had  seen  the  acarus  of  the  Sheep,  Dog,  and 
Rabbit. 

Notwithstanding  the  observations  of  Wichmann,  Walz,  Gohier,  and  numer- 
ous naturalists,  the  existence  and  action  of  the  psoric  acarus  were  generally 
unknown  or  disregarded  in  medicine  ; for,  forgetful  of  the  past  recommenda- 
tions, it  was  sought  for  in  the  vesicle,  but  could  not  be  found,  and  therefore 
the  conclusion  was  arrived  at  that  it  did  not  exist.  Discussions  on  the 
opinions  of  the  Ancients  with  regard  to  the  animalcule  continued  until  1812, 
when  Gales,  pharmacist  to  the  Saint-Louis  Hospital  at  Paris,  published  a 
dissertation  on  the  itch,  and  announced  that  he  had  constantly  found  in  the 
pustules  the  creature  so  much  sought  after,  and  of  which  he  gave  a sketch. 
This  work  attracted  considerable  attention,  and  according  to  Alibert,  Gales 
appeared  to  have  established  the  reign  of  the  Sarcopt.  But  nobody  else 
could  discover  the  mysterious  flesh-worm,  and  it  was  still  sought  for  in  the 
vesicles,  on  the  indications  of  Pinel,  who  had  assigned  it  that  location.  During 
more  than  fifteen  years,  the  figure  published  by  Gales  was  reproduced  in  every 
book  on  the  subject,  as  an  exact  representation  of  the  itch  parasite.  He  had 
communicated  the  disease  to  himself  by  the  transfer  of  an  acarus,  and  he  had 
experimentally  transmitted  it  to  children.  Nevertheless,  it  was  asserted 
that  his  pretended  discovery  was  a gross  error,  if  not  an  imposture.  Raspail, 
who,  like  so  many  others,  acting  on  the  directions  of  Gales,  had  unsuccessfully 
attempted  to  find  the  parasite  in  the  vesicles,  in  1829  demonstrated  that  the 
animalcule  represented  by  Gales  was  only  the  cheese-mite. 

After  these  unfortunate  attempts,  incredulity  resumed  its  sway,  and  was 
extended  even  to  the  writings  of  the  older  observers.  The  inscrutable  ani- 
malcule was  all  but  renounced  when,  in  1834,  a Corsican — Francis  Renucci, 
studying  medicine  at  Paris — hearing  the  existence  of  the  acarus  denied  at  the 
Saint-Louis  Hospital,  proposed  to  show  it  forthwith  ; he  imitated  the  pro- 
cedure of  the  poor  women  in  his  country,  in  extirpating  the  Sarcopt  at  the 
point  of  a needle  carried  to  the  extremity  of  the  irregular  furrow  leaving  each 
vesicle.  From  that  moment  the  nature  of  scabies  was  definitely  recognised, 
and  the  correctness  of  the  observations  of  Moufet,  Nyander,  Wichmann,  and 
many  other  previous  observers,  was  fully  acknowledged. 

The  most  recent  investigations  have  had  for  their  principal  object  the 
anatomy  and  physiology  of  the  acarus,  as  well  as  the  scientific  treatment  of 
scabies  based  on  the  teachings  of  natural  history.  The  excellent  thesis  of 
Renucci  (1835)  is  evidence  of  this  ; also  the  work  of  Albin  Gras  (1834),  who, 
from  a therapeutical  point  of  view,  studied  the  action  of  certain  agents  on 
the  Sarcopt  ; that  of  Aube  (1836),  in  which  the  parasite  is  represented  as  a 
noctambulist  creature  ; and  the  memoirs  of  Raspail,  Eichstedt,  Lanquetin, 
Robin,  etc. 

With  regard  to  scabies  in  animals,  we  have  already  mentioned  the  first 
allusion  made  to  the  acarus  of  the  Cat  by  Wedel  in  1672,  then  to  its  real 
discovery  on  the  Sheep  and  Fox  by  Walz  in  1809,  and  on  the  Horse,  Ox,  Dog, 
and  Rabbit  by  Gohier  in  1812  and  1814.  It  should  also  be  mentioned  that 
at  the  commencement  of  this  century,  Havemann,  quoted  by  Zurn,  already 
knew  the  mange  acarus  of  the  Horse,  and  gave  a passable  drawing  of  it.  The 
itch  parasite  of  the  Pig  and  Wild  Boar  was  found  by  Spinola  in  1846.  But 
our  knowledge  of  the  various  species  of  Acarina  of  scabies  has  been  more 
especially  extended  by  the  classical  works  of  Gurlt  and  Hertwig  ( V ergleichendc 
Untersuchungen  iiber  die  Haut  des  Menschen  und  iiber  Kratz  und  Raudemilben, 
Berlin,  1844),  of  Gerlach  (Kratze  und  Rdude,  Berlin,  1857),  of  Furstenberg 
{Die  Kratzmilben  dev  Menschen  und  Thieve,  Leipzig,  1861),  of  Ch.  Robin 
( Mdmoires  sur  diver ses  especes  d'  A car  iens  de  la  famille  des  Sarcoptides,  Moscow, 
1869),  and  of  Delafond  and  Bourguignon  ( Traite  pratique  d' entomologie  et 
de  pathologie  compares  de  la  psore,  Paris,  1862).  The  name  of  Megnin  should 
also  be  honourably  associated  with  these,  because  of  the  numerous  memoirs 


ACARIASES 


109 


he  has  contributed  on  the  various  groups  of  Acarina,  and  especially  those 
of  psora. 

General  Characters  of  the  Psoric  Sareoptidae. — The  body  of  these  is  oval  or 
orbicular,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  convex  above,  flat  below,  marked  by  fine, 
symmetrical,  and  sinuous  streaks,  except  at  those  parts  where  there  are 
thickenings  named  plastrons.  It  has,  besides,  at  different  points,  pricking 
bristles  or  hairs. 

There  is  a conical,  mobile  rostrum  in  front  ; the  maxillo-labial  spoon, 
situated  at  the  inferior  surface,  comprises  two  laternl  pieces  or  maxillae  joined 
to  a posterior  middle  piece  or  chin,  and  is  united,  in  the  opening  of  the  angle 
thus  formed,  by  a thin  membrane  or  lip.  The  floor  of  the  mouth  is  con- 
stituted by  the  languette,  a single 
lancet-shaped  piece.  The  chelicerae 
are  placed  longitudinally  on  the  upper 
surface  of  the  lip  and  languette,  but  do 
not  adhere  to  them  ; they  are  flat  on 
their  inner  surface,  by  which  they  come 
into  contact,  and  so  limit  the  supero- 
lateral walls  of  the  mouth,  which  is  a 
prismatic  cavity  with  three  surfaces. 

Each  of  them  is  formed  of  two  articles, 
one  of  which,  the  shorter,  is  articulated 
on  the  other,  which  is  the  entire  length 
of  the  organ  ; from  this  results  a kind 
of  pincer,  with  dentated  branches.  The 
maxillary  palps  are  cylindrical  or 
conical,  and  situated  on  nearly  the 
same  plane  as  the  chelicerae  ; they 
curve  round  these,  their  convexity 
being  external  ; of  their  three  articles, 
the  basilar,  which  is  very  large,  articu- 
lates with  the  corresponding  maxilla, 
or  with  the  latter  and  the  chin.  Finally, 
outside  the  palps  there  are  sometimes 
transparent,  cariniform,  membranous 
expansions  which  Ch.  Robin  terms 
cheeks,  and  which,  leaving  the  margin 
of  the  anterior  part  of  the  cephalo- 
thorax  (camero stoma),  are  applied  to 
the  palps,  the  curvature  of  which  they 
follow. 

The  legs  have  for  base  the  epimeres, 
skeletal  pieces  that  strengthen  the  in- 
tegument. Each  of  the  five  articles 
(or  joints)  composing  them — which  are, 
passing  from  the  base  to  the  distal 
extremity,  the  haunch  {coxa),  trochanter , 

thigh  (or  femora),  shank  (or  tibia),  and  tarsus — comprises  a solid  piece  and 
varied  appendages,  hairs,  or  bristles.  The  tarsus  is  terminated  by  a long 
bristle,  or  by  an  ambulacrum  composed  of  a transparent  pedicle  of  one  or 
three  pieces,  and  a campanulated  expansion  or  sucker,  which  ensures  adhesion 
to  the  smoothest  surface. 

The  digestive  apparatus,  with  rare  exceptions,  is  only  observable  at  its 
two  orifices.  The  anus  is  a longitudinal,  median  slit,  usually  situated  at  the 
posterior  border,  but  sometimes  on  the  upper  surface,  and  only  at  a tangent 
to  the  posterior  border. 

The  sexes  are  distinguished  by  peculiarities  in  the  legs  and  the  general 
shape  of  the  body,  by  details  in  the  organization  of  the  external  parts  of  the 
genital  apparatus,  and  by  the  size — the  male  being  always  smaller  than  the 
female. 

The  male  organ  is  situated  between  the  two  last  legs,  on  the  middle  line. 


Fig.  64. — Rostrum  and  leg  of  the 
first  pair  of  the  Sarcoptes  scabiei, 
var.  equi ; magnified  300  dia- 
meters.— Railliet.  J 

c,  chelicerae  or  mandibles ; mx, 
maxillae  ; la,  languette  ; li,  lower  lip  ; 
j,  cheeks ; p,  maxillary  palps ; s, 
sternum  ; 1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  articles  of 
the  leg  ; a,  sucker. 


1 IO 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


It  comprises  a small  number  of  strong  chitinous  pieces  that  form  a complex 
genital  armour,  which  protects  or  directs  the  penis.  Behind  this  arrange- 
ment there  are  often  two  circular  suckers,  placed  symmetrically  on  each  side 
of  the  middle  line,  which  serve  to  fix  the  male  to  the  female.  The  posterior 
border,  in  regard  to  these  two  copulatory  suckers,  has  usually  two  prolonga- 
tions or  lobes  furnished  with  several  bristles,  which  may  have  a share  in 
copulation. 


Fig.  65. — Psoroptes  communis,  var.  equi  : adult  male  and  female,  coupled  ; 
seen  from  the  dorsal  surface ; magnified  one  hundred  diameters. — 
Delafond. 

In  the  female  the  anus  serves  also  as  vulva  ; and  for  this  purpose,  at  a 
certain  period,  it  assumes  large  dimensions,  being  then  designated  the  vulvo- 
anal slit.  When  the  young  female  has  become  fecundated,  and  is  therefore 
an  ovigerous  female,  it  has  acquired  a greater  size,  and  a special  organ  for 
ovulation.  This  ovulating  vulva  (the  tocostoma  of  Railliet)  is  seen  on  the 
inferior  surface  of  the  cephalothorax,  at  or  behind  the  second  pair  of  legs, 
appearing  as  a transverse  slit  with  wrinkled  lips,  and  sometimes  provided 
with  accessory  chitinous  pieces. 


ACARIASES 


1 1 1 


The  psoric  Sarcoptidae  attack  the  epidermis  of  the  animals  upon 
which  they  live,  and  their  punctures  are  followed  by  the  formation 
of  more  or  less  thick  crusts,  probably  because  they  deposit  a veno- 
mous saliva  in  the  small  wounds. 

They  are  oviparous,  sometimes  ovoviviparous.  The  eggs  are 
ovoid,  their  contents  granular,  and  the  shell  transparent.  When 
they  are  advanced  in  hatching,  the  embryo  can  be  distinguished 
with  its  three  pairs  of  well- developed  legs  bent  beneath  the  body, 
and  converging  towards  the  centre,  the  hairs  lying  along  them. 

Incubation  only  lasts  for  a few  days,  as  has  been  ascertained  by 
Eichstedt,  Bourguignon  and  Delafond,  Gerlach  and  Burchart, 
Gudden  and  Fiirstenberg.  Bourguignon,  like  Eichstedt,  fixes  the 
period  at  ten  days,  he  having  seen  the  eggs  of  the  Sarcoptes  scabiei 
which  had  been  kept  in  a small  stove  at  the  temperature  of  the 
body,  hatched  in  about  that  time.  Fiirstenberg  states  that  the 
period  is  from  six  to  seven  days.  Gerlach  has  hatched  them  in 
about  three  days ; after  assuring  himself  of  the  limpidity  of  the 
contents  of  the  eggs,  he  placed  them  between  two  glass  plates  which 
he  carried  upon  himself  day  and  night,  from  time  to  time  allowing 
a drop  of  water  or  saliva  to  pass  between  the  plates.  Burchart, 
who  experimented  at  the  same  time,  placed  the  glass  plates  in  a 
pocket  in  his  underclothing,  which  he  left  off  at  night ; the  eggs 
were  two  days  later  in  being  hatched,  or  five  days’  incubation 
(S.  Verheyen).  These  different  results  are  conformable  with  the 
varied  physiognomies  the  course  of  scabies  may  assume.  The 
disease  seems  to  sleep  in  winter,  to  waken  up  into  activity  on  the 
return  of  warm  weather.  It  is  therefore  established  that  the 
duration  of  incubation  varies  according  to  more  or  less  favourable 
conditions,  dependent  upon  the  season,  the  activity  of  the  local 
circulation  of  the  mangy  animal,  the  thickness  of  its  coat,  etc. 
Considering  the  rapidity  with  which  the  disease  is  developed  in 
certain  cases,  Megnin  is  inclined  to  diminish  this  duration  ; and  he 
estimates  that  when  all  the  conditions  are  favourable,  from  twenty- 
four  to  forty-eight  hours  may  suffice  for  incubation. 

The  duration  of  the  germinative  faculty  of  the  eggs — the  maxi- 
mum time  about  which,  when  removed  from  the  body  of  the  host, 
they  can  yet  give  origin  to  the  embryos — has  not  been  determined. 
Gerlach  has,  however,  seen  the  eggs  of  the  Sarcopt  of  the  Horse 
hatch  after  four  weeks.  It  is  certainly  an  interesting  question  to 
solve,  as  it  is  the  one  upon  which  the  duration  of  activity  of  the 
contagion  of  scabies  depends. 

When  the  larvae  issue  from  the  eggs,  they  undergo  those  meta- 
morphoses which  have  been  more  especially  made  known  by  the 
researches  of  Delafond  and  Bourguginon,  and  Fiirstenberg  and 
Megnin. 

ist  Age.  Larva. — The  small  acarus  just  hatched  differs  chiefly  from  the 
adult  of  the  same  species,  by  the  absence  of  the  fourth  pair  of  legs  and  the 
genital  organs,  and  by  its  smaller  size.  At  the  back  part  of  the  abdomen 
are  two  more  or  less  long  bristles.  In  this  state  it  is  named  a larva 


12 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


(De  Geer),  and  before  passing  to  the  second  age  it  has  to  submit  to  two  or 
three  moultings,  in  order  to  allow  it  to  grow.  At  each  of  these  crises  it 
becomes  inert,  and  all  its  parts  are  reduced  to  a cellular  mass,  at  the  expense 
of  which  the  organs  are  formed  anew — the  change  taking  place  within  the 
integument,  this  playing  the  part  of  a shell ; according  to  the  expression  of 
Claparede,  the  animal  again  becomes  an  ovum. 

2nd  Age.  Nympha. — The  last  moulting  of  the  larva  brings  it  to  the  second 
age — that  of  nympha  (Duges).  It  is  characterized  by  the  presence  of  the 
fourth  pair  of  legs,  which  are  a little  smaller  and  are  less  complete  than  those 
of  the  female,  which  the  nympha  most  resembles.  There  are  as  yet  no  sexual 
organs.  With  the  nymphse  there  is  not  so  much  variation  in  size  as  is  the 
case  with  the  larvae,  proving  that  there  is  little  or  no  moulting  during  this 
age,  which  is  otherwise  very  brief.  It  may  be  remarked,  however,  that  there 
are  two  different  sizes  among  the  nymphae,  but  both  in  moulting  arrive 
at  puberty,  the  smaller  being  the  males,  the  larger  the  females  (Megnin). 

3 rd  Age.  Male  and  Female  at  Puberty. — The  metamorphosis  of  the  nymphae 
brings  the  Sarcoptidae  to  the  age  of  coupling  ; it  is  the  last  for  the  males,  which 
are  now  recognised  by  their  sexual  characteristics,  the  females  having  only 
the  vulvo-anal  slit  and  are  named  pubescent  females.  The  pubescent  male  and 
female  have  the  various  parts  of  the  integument  more  accentuated  and 
deeper  coloured  than  in  the  preceding  states.  Copulation  is  accomplished  in 
varied  conditions.  The  termination  of  existence  in  the  male  is  principally 
devoted  to  the  accomplishment  of  that  act  ; but  the  female  undergoes  another 
moulting  and  then  arrives  at  the  fourth  age. 

4 th  Age.  Ovigerous  Female. — This  fourth  age — the  egg-laying  age — is  recog- 
nisable by  the  presence  of  the  sub-thoracic  vulva,  and  the  ovigerous  female, 
as  she  is  now  termed,  also  undergoes  modifications  in  the  third  and  fourth 
pair  of  legs,  or  in  the  latter  only,  varying  according  to  the  genus.  In  the 
abdomen — the  walls  of  which  are  transparent — can  often  be  perceived  one 
or  more  eggs,  which  will  be  extruded  according  to  circumstances  connected 
with  the  habitat  and  genus  of  the  creatures. 

‘ Judging  from  the  number  of  ova  Gerlach  found  in  a gallery  of 
the  Sarcopt,  he  certainly  did  not  exaggerate  in  attributing  to  each 
female  an  average  production  of  fifteen  individuals — five  males  and 
ten  females.  The  generative  faculty  being  reached  when  fifteen 
days  old,  he  fixed  a progressive  rate  of  increase  which  had  no  pre- 
tension to  mathematical  exactitude,  but  which  gives  an  idea  of  the 
multiplication  of  these  parasites,  and  the  rapidity  with  which 
scabies  is  propagated  among  agglomerations  of  Men  or  animals. 

ist  generation  after  15  days  10  females  5 males. 


2nd 

> 30  » 

100 

,, 

50  „ 

3rd 

45  » 

1,000 

,, 

500 

4th 

, 60  ,, 

10,000 

,, 

5,000 

5 th 

75  » 

100,000 

,, 

50,000 

6th 

, 90  „ 

1 ,000,000 

„ 

500,000 

So  that  from  two  individuals,  male  and  female,  there  are  one 
million  five  hundred  thousand  descendants  in  about  three  months. 
The  reproduction  of  an  animal  species  is  on  a par  with  its  chances  of 
destruction  ; when  mangy  animals  are  left  to  themselves,  these 
chances  are  less  than  for  a multitude  of  other  invertebrates,  and 
if  we  might  judge  from  the  extent  of  the  crusts  and  the  number  of 
animalcules,  necessary  to  cause  the  formation  of  these  and  to  main- 
tain them,  the  enormous  multiplication  established  by  this  com- 
putation does  not  appear  to  be  exaggerated  ’ (S.  Verheyen). 


ACARIASES 


”3 

The  habits  of  psoric  Sarcoptidse  vary  with  the  genera  and  species. 
All  the  Acarina  are  divided  into  three  very  distinct  genera  : Sar - 
coptes , Psoroptes,  and  Chorioptes. 

The  Sareoptes  (Latr.)  (<rd/>£,  flesh  ; kottcIv,  to  cut)  are  recognised  by  their 
rounded  or  slightly  oval  body  ; short  rostrum,  margined  by  two  cheeks  ; 
short,  thick,  conical  legs,  the  two  posterior  being  quite  or  nearly  concealed 
beneath  the  abdominal  surface  ; the  tarsus  has  often  a sucker,  with  a simple 
and  somewhat  long  pedicle  ; the  male  is  usually  destitute  of  copulatory 
suckers,  and  never  has  abdominal  lobes. 


Fig.  66. — Chorioptes  auricularum  : a 'pubescent  female  being  transformed 
into  an  ovigerous  female  during  copulation  ; magnified  one  hundred 
diameters.  The  male  has  been  slightly  separated  by  compression  of 
the  preparation. — Railliet. 

The  Psoroptes  ( Psoroptes  P.  Gerv.,  Dermatodectes  Gerlach,  Dermatokoptes 
Fiirst.)  {\pupa,  psora  ; VT^aaeiv,  to  conceal)  have  the  body  oval  ; rostrum 
conical,  elongated,  and  destitute  of  cheeks  ; the  legs  are  thick,  especially  the 
anterior  ones,  and  are  all  visible  outside  the  lateral  margins  of  the  body  ; the 
ambulatory  suckers  are  carried  on  a long  tri-articulated  pedicle  ; the  male 
has  copulatory  suckers  and  abdominal  prolongations. 

The  Chorioptes  (Gerv.  and  Bened.,  1859)  (Syn. : Symbiotes  Gerlach,  1857  ; 
Dermatophagus  Fiirst.,  1861)  have  an  oval  body;  rostrum  slightly  conical, 
as  broad  as  it  is  long,  and  destitute  of  cheeks  ; the  legs  long,  thick,  and  visible 
beyond  the  sides  of  the  body  ; the  ambulatory  suckers  are  very  wide  and 
carried  at  the  end  of  a simple  and  short  pedicle  ; the  male  has  copulatory 
suckers,  and  more  or  less  developed  abdominal  prolongations. 


8 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


114 

Sarcoptes. — This  genus  comprises  a small  number  of  species 
forming  three  sections  or  sub-genera — Sarcoptes,  Notcedres,  proper 
to  the  Mammalia,  and  Knemidokoptes,  special  to  Birds. 

The  Sarcoptes  properly  so  called  have  the  body  orbicular  or  ovoid,  pro- 
vided with  squamiform  prominences,  and  spinules  on  the  notogastrum. 
The  males  have  no  ambulatory  suckers  on  the  third  pair  of  legs,  and  never 
have  any  copulatory  suckers.  The  pubescent  and  ovigerous  females  have  on 
the  first  two  pairs  of  legs  ambulatory  suckers,  and  on  the  other  two  pairs  only 
hairs.  They  are  oviparous. 


Fig.  67. — Sarcoptes  scabiei,  var.  equi  : Fig.  68. — Sarcoptes  scabiei,  var.  equi  : 

ovigerous  female,  seen  on  the  dorsal  ovigerous  female,  seen  on  the  ven- 

surface  ; magnified  one  hundred  tral  surface  ; magnified  one  hun- 

diameters.  dred  diameters. 

This  section  contains  only  one  species — the  Sarcopt  of  scabies. 

The  Sarcopt  of  Scabies  (5.  scabiei  De  Geer,  S.  communis  Del.  and  Bourg.^ 
has  the  body  slightly  oval,  marked  by  parallel  ridges,  which  are  interrupted 
on  the  dorsal  surface,  as  far  as  the  sides,  by  acute  conical  projections.  This 
surface  has,  besides,  two  long  needles  or  spinules  on  the  border  of  the  epis- 
tome  ; three  short  and  thick  spinules,  in  triangle,  on  each  side,  behind  the 
origin  of  the  second  pair  of  legs  ; seven  spinules  disposed  in  four  rows — two- 
on  each  side  of  the  middle  line — on  the  posterior  quarter  of  the  body  ; and  a 
chitinous,  granular  plastron  on  the  cephalothorax,  in  front  of  the  groups 
of  three  spinules.  There  are  two  long  bristles  on  each  side  of  the  anus,  which, 
is  retrodorsal.  The  first  two  pairs  of  legs  are  provided  with  ambulatory 
suckers  ; the  fourth  pair  have  them  in  the  male.  In  the  latter  the  third  pair, 
and  in  the  female  the  third  and  fourth  pairs  of  legs,  carry  a long  bristle, 
instead  of  a sucker. 

The  Sarcoptes  live  on  Man  and  a large  number  of  Mammals 
and  by  their  presence  cause  the  development  of  ordinary  itch  or 


ACARIASES 


US 

mange.  One  peculiarity  in  their  habits  consists  in  the  female 
depositing  her  eggs  at  the  bottom  of  furrows  or  sub-epidermic 
galleries,  a circumstance  that  renders  the  cure  of  scabies  some- 
what difficult. 

The  Sarcoptes  scabiei  varies  in  its  dimensions  and  in  secondary 
anatomical  details,  according  to  the  species  of  Mammal  it  lives 
upon  ; hence  it  happens  that  there  are  somewhat  numerous  varieties, 
which  many  authorities  have  described  as  so  many  species.  Ac- 
cording to  Megnin,  it  is  more  particularly  the  dimensions  that  may 
serve  to  characterize  varieties  ; and  these  dimensions  ‘ are  closely 
related  to  the  thickness  of  the  skin  of  the  animal  which  affords 
them  a habitat.  So  it  is  that  the  Pachydermata  maintain  the 
largest  variety  ; then  come  the  Carnivora,  next  the  Ruminants, 
the  Rodents,  etc.’  These  varieties — which  we  distinguish  after  the 
name  of  their  host — are  nine  in  number,  and  may  be  classed  in  the 


Fig.  69. — Sarcoptes  sca- 
biei, var.  equi  : hexa- 
pod larva,  seen  on  the 
ventral  surface  ; mag- 
nified one  hundred 
diameters. 


Fig.  70. — Sarcoptes  sca- 
biei, var.  equi  : octo- 
pod  nympha,  seen  on 
the  ventral  surface  ; 
magnified  one  hun- 
dred diameters. 


Fig.  71. — Sarcoptes  sca- 
biei, var.  equi  : male, 
seen  on  the  ventral 
surface  ; magnified 
one  hundred  dia- 
meters. 


order  of  their  decreasing  dimensions  : suis , equi , vulpis,  lupi , caprce , 
cameli,  ovis,  hydrochceri,  hominis.  We  will  only  notice  here  those 
which  live  on  the  domesticated  animals. 

The  Sarcopt  of  the  Horse  (5.  scabiei,  var.  equi  ; S.  equi  Gerlach)  has  the 
body  of  an  elongated  oval  shape,  measuring  *43  mm.  to  *47  mm.  in  length  in 
the  ovigerous  female,  and  *25  mm.  to  *28  mm.  in  the  male  ; the  breadth  being 
in  the  former  from  *32  mm.  to  *35  mm.,  and  in  the  latter  *18  mm.  to  *20  mm. 
It  lives  on  Solipeds. 

The  Sarcopt  of  the  Sheep  (5.  scabiei,  var.  ovis  ; S.  squamiferus  ovis  Gerl.) 
has  the  six  anterior  spinules  on  the  back  short,  in  the  form  of  an  acorn  ; the 
fourteen  posterior  spinules  are  longer  and  fusiform.  In  the  Sheep  it  causes 
scabies  of  the  head.  Megnin  has  also  found  it  on  Moufflons  and  Gazelles. 
The  length  of  the  ovigerous  female  is  *35  mm.  to  ’49  mm.,  of  the  male  *22  mm. 
to  ’25  mm.  ; the  breadth  of  the  former  is  *20  mm.  to  *36  mm.,  and  of  the  latter 
•16  mm.  to  *19  mm. 

The  Sarcopt  of  the  Goat  (5.  scabiei,  var.  caprce  ; S.  caprce  Roloff)  is 
identical  with  the  preceding,  and  its  dimensions  are  nearly  the  same.  The 

8 — 2 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


1 16 

length  of  the  ovigerous  female  is  *35  mm.  to  *44  mm.,  of  the  male  • 21  mm.  to 
•25  mm.  ; the  breadth  of  the  former  being  from  *27  mm.  to  *34  mm.,  and  of 
the  latter  *17  mm.  to  *22  mm. 

The  Sarcopt  of  the  Pig  (5.  scabiei,  var.  suis  ; 5.  squamiferus  Fiirst.) 
resembles  the  preceding  two.  The  ovigerous  female  measures  *40  mm.  to 
•50  mm.  long,  and  the  male  *25  mm.  to  -35  mm.,  the  former  being  *32  mm.  to 
•39  mm.  broad,  and  the  latter  *19  mm.  to  *30  mm.  This  variety  has  also 
been  observed  on  the  Dog. 

Another  variety  found  on  the  Pig  by  Guzzoni  is  much  smaller  in  size,  the 
female  being  *29  mm.  long,  and  *21  mm.  broad  ; the  male  *17  mm.  long,  and 
•13  mm.  broad. 

The  Sarcopt  of  the  Wolf  (5.  scabiei,  var.  lupi  ; S.  sc.  crustosce  Fiirst.) 
has  been  found  by  Megnin  on  Wolves  affected  with  mange,  and  he  has  identi- 
fied it  with  that  which,  according  to  Furstenberg,  causes  in  Man  the  crusty 
form  of  scabies  known  as  the  Norwegian  itch — from  the  country  in  which  it 
most  frequently  appears — and  that  form  of  mange  which  affects  Deer  kept  in 
menageries.  Railliet  and  Cadiot  have  also  seen  this  parasite  on  a Dog  affected 
with  crusted  mange. 


an  ovigerous  female,  seen  from  be- 
low ; magnified  one  hundred  dia- 
meters. 


Fig.  73. — Sarcoptes  minor,  var.  cati  : 
an  ovigerous  female,  seen  from 
above ; magnified  one  hundred 
diameters. 


The  Sarcopt  of  the  Camel  (5.  scabiei,  var.  cameli)  has  the  integumentary 
markings  less  marked  than  they  are  in  the  other  varieties.  The  length  of 
the  ovigerous  female  is  *44  mm.,  and  that  of  the  male  *24  mm.,  while  the 
former  is  *33  mm.  broad,  and  the  latter  -i6  mm.  (?).  It  causes  the  mange 
of  the  Dromedary,  Llama  (P.  Gervais),  Giraffe  (Megnin),  and  the  Bubahs 
Antelope  (Railliet). 

The  Sarcopt  of  the  Dog  (S.  scabiei,  var.  canis)  has  been  found  on  several 
occasions  by  Railliet  and  Cadiot,  as  well  as  by  ourselves,  on  mangy  dogs. 
It  is  distinct  from  the  varieties  suis  and  lupi,  which  are  also  sometimes  met 
with  on  the  Dog.  Its  dimensions  are  slightly  greater  than  the  following, 
which  are  those  of  the  Sarcopt  of  Man  (S.  scabiei,  var.  hominis)  : Length  of 
ovigerous  female  *30  mm.,  male  ‘20  mm.  ; breadth  of  former  *26  mm.,  of 
latter  *16  mm.  Sarcoptes  of  exactly  these  dimensions  have  been  seen  on  the 
Dog  by  Delafond  and  by  Megnin. 

The  Sarcopt  of  the  Capybara  (S.  scabiei,  var.  hydrochceri),  which  Megnin 
allies  with  that  of  the  Ferret,  has  nearly  the  same  dimensions  as  that  of  the 
Dog.  The  ovigerous  female  measures  *36  mm.  long,  and  the  male  *22  mm., 
while  the  breadth  of  the  former  is  '30  mm.,  and  that  of  the  male  *16  mm.  It 
causes  the  sarcoptic  mange  of  the  Ferret. 


ACARIASES 


ii  7 


The  diverse  varieties  of  Sarcoptes  are  not  localized  on  a deter- 
minate species  of  Mammalia,  for  several  may  pass  from  one  to  the 
other,  as  will  be  shown  hereafter  when  studying  the  scabies  they 
determine. 

The  sub-genus  Notcedres  (Railliet)  may  be  distinguished  by  its 
dorsal  surface,  which  is  garnished  with  spines,  and  sometimes  with 
soft  scales,  and  more  particularly  by  the  position  of  the  anus, 
which  is  situated  on  the  dorsal  surface,  near  the  posterior  border 
in  the  male,  and  on  the  posterior  quarter  in  the  female. 

Only  one  species  lives  on  the  domestic  mammals.  It  is  the  Dwarf  Sarcopt 
(5.  minor  Fiirst.  ; 5.  cati  Hering  ; 5.  notcedra  Delafond  and  Bourguignon). 
The  body  is  nearly  spherical  ; the  dorsal  folds  of  the  integument  are  disposed 
in  a circular  manner,  become  confounded  with  each  other,  form  large  blunt 
ridges,  and  encircle  the  anus.  There  are  two  hairs 
longer  than  the  rostrum  on  the  epistome,  instead 
of  the  prickles.  The  six  anterior  spinules  are 
arranged  in  a curved  transverse  row,  the  convexity 
turned  forward.  There  are  twelve  spinules  instead 
of  fourteen,  eight  being  arranged  symmetrically  in  a 
transverse  curved  line,  parallel  to  the  preceding,  in 
proximity  to  the  anus,  and  four  in  two  pairs  near  the 
borders  of  the  anal  slit.  There  is  a pair  of  short  anal 
bristles.  The  arrangement  of  the  ambulatory  suckers 
is  the  same  as  in  Sarcoptes  scabiei. 

The  dwarf  Sarcopt  lives  on  the  head  of  the 
Rabbit  and  Cat.  It  is  very  variable  in  dimen-  Fig.  74. — Sarcoptes 
sions  ; that  found  in  mange  of  the  Cat  and  minor>  vaJ.  cati : 

Rabbit  is,  for  the  ovigerous  female,  -i6  mm.  low . magnified  one 

to  *25  mm.  long,  and  for  the  male  *12  mm.  to  hundred  diameters. 
•18  mm.,  the  width  being  for  the  former  ’13  mm. 
to  *20  mm.,  and  for  the  latter  ’09  mm.  to  *14  mm.  According 
to  Megnin,  the  fecundated  female  does  not  burrow  in  a linear 
channel,  but  excavates  for  itself  a veritable  sub-epidermic  nest. 

Psoroptes: — The  genus  Psoroptes  only  contains  a single  species 
— the  Ps.  communis  (Fiirst.  ; Psoroptes  longirostris  Meg.).  It  is 
recognised  by  the  characters  given  for  the  genus  (p.  113).  In 
addition,  the  following  should  be  noted  : 

The  presence  of  bristles  relatively  constant  in  length,  five  placed  sym- 
metrically on  each  side  of  the  dorsal  surface  ; some  similar  bristles,  though 
few  in  number,  on  the  ventral  surface  and  on  several  segments  of  the  legs. 
The  male  has  triangular  abdominal  lobes  furnished  with  five  bristles,  the  three 
terminal  ones  being  the  largest  ; the  first  three  pairs  of  legs  are  complete,  but 
the  fourth  pair  are  very  short,  and  have  no  suckers.  In  the  ovigerous  female, 
the  lips  of  the  vulva  are  much  plicated,  and  the  commissures  rest  on  two 
arched  pieces,  which  are  divergent  and  directed  backwards.  There  is  a 
sucker  on  all  the  legs  except  the  third  pair,  which  are  terminated  by  two  long 
bristles.  The  pubescent  female  is  recognised  by  her  smaller  size,  the  large 
vulvo-anal  slit,  the  absence  of  a sub-thoracic  vulva  and  of  the  sucker  on  the 
fourth  pair  of  legs  ; in  addition,  beneath  the  dorsal  surface,  and  on  each  side 
of  the  posterior  commissure  of  the  cloacal  slit,  are  two  hemispherical  pro- 
minences (copulatory  tubercles)  which  assist  in  copulation  by  being  received 
into  the  copulatory  suckers  of  the  male.  The  nympha  has  not  these  tubercles. 
In  the  larva  the  legs  of  the  third  (last)  pair  terminate  by  two  bristles. 


1 1 8 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  common  Psoropt  does  not  make  sub-epidermic  galleries  like 
the  Sarcopt ; it  lives,  in  society,  among  the  crusts  which  it  forms 
by  pricking  the  skin  of  its  host.  It  produces  special  dermatoses 
on  the  Horse,  Ox,  Buffalo,  Sheep,  Goat,  and  Rabbit.  Here,  again, 
the  difference  of  habitat  coincides  with  the  existence  of  varieties, 
which  are  scarcely  distinguishable  from  one  another  by  their  size 
and  unimportant  details,  but  which,  according  to  their  hosts,  are 
designated  by  the  names  of  Psoroptes  communis  equi , Ps.  c.  bovis , 


Fig.  75. — Psoroptes  communis,  var.  equi  : male,  seen  on  the  ventral  surface  ; 
magnified  one  hundred  diameters. 

Ps.  c.  ovis , and  Ps.  c.  caprce.  and  Ps.  c.  cuniculi.  Their  average 
dimensions  are  : for  the  ovigerous  female  *65  mm.,  and  male 
•48  mm.  long  ; and  for  the  former  '40  mm.,  and  latter  *30  mm. 
broad.  Otherwise,  in  the  absence  of  information  as  to  their  source, 
there  are  no  special  features  which  will  allow  one  variety  to  be 
certainly  distinguished  from  another. 

Chorioptes. — This  genus  contains  two  species,  both  parasites  of  the 
domestic  animals : the  Choriopt  Symbiot  and  the  Auricular  Choriopt. 


ACARIASES 


119 

Choriopt  Symbiot  ( Chorioptes  symbiotes  Verheyen). — This  has  on  the  middle 
•of  the  back  a wide,  granular,  chitinous  band,  twice  as  broad  behind  as  in 
front,  with  its  borders  concave  outwardly,  and  extending  from  the  margin 
of  the  epistome  to  the  point  of  origin  of  the  second  pair  of  legs.  Behind  each 
of  the  two  posterior  angles  of  this  band  is  a short  hair,  and  behind,  but  near 
it,  are  two  long  bristles  ; there  are  several  other  hairs  which,  though  constant, 
vary  in  number,  length,  and  situation  according  to  the  sexes.  The  male  has 
rectangular  abdominal  lobes,  carrying  four  bristles  at  their  extremity — one 
ordinary,  external,  round,  and  free  ; three  grouped  at  their  base,  one  of  them 
being  similar  to  the  preceding,  the  two  others  lie  on  each  other  and  are 
widened  to  form  a thin  foliaceous  membrane.  The  four  pairs  of  legs  are  pro- 


Fig.  76. — Psoroptes  communis,  var.  equi  : an  ovigerous  female,  seen  on  the 
ventral  surface  ; magnified  one  hundred  diameters. 

vided  with  suckers  ; the  fourth  pair  are  thin  and  short.  The  ovigerous 
female  has  the  lips  of  the  ovulating  vulva  very  much  plicated,  and  in  contact, 
by  their  commissures,  with  two  pieces  similar  to  those  of  the  ovigerous  female 
of  the  Psoroptes  communis.  It  has  a sucker  on  all  its  legs,  except  the  third 
pair,  which  are  terminated  by  two  long  bristles.  The  pubescent  female  differs 
from  the  preceding  by  the  same  peculiarities  as  in  the  Psoroptes  communis  ; 
and  the  same  observations  apply  to  the  nympha  and  the  larval  hexapod.  The 
length  of  the  ovigerous  female  is  *36  mm.  to  *40  mm.,  and  the  male  *28  mm.  to 
•32  mm.,  while  the  breadth  of  the  former  is  *23  mm.  to  *26  mm.,  and  the  latter 
•21  mm.  to  *24  mm. 

The  Choriopt  Symbiot  lives  in  the  same  manner  as  the  common 
Psoropt — in  colonies,  and  without  excavating  sub-epidermic 


120 


[TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

galleries.  It  causes  a localized  scabies,  the  extension  of  which  is 
slow,  and  which  is  more  particularly  observed  on  the  Horse  and  Ox  ; 
but  it  has  also  been  witnessed  on  the  Goat,  Sheep,  and  Rabbit  (?). 
The  varieties  equi,  bovis , caprce , ovis,  and  cuniculi  (?)  might  again 
be  distinguished  here. 

The  Auricular  Choriopt  ( Ch . cynotis  Hering  ; Sarcoptes  auricularum  Lucas 
and  Nicolet)  differs  from  the  preceding  species  principally  by  the  absence  of 
the  abdominal  lobes  in  the  male,  which  are  represented  by  two  small  round 
projections  separated  by  a notch,  each  of  them  having  three  bristles,  the 
middle  one  of  which  is  very  long.  The  ovigerous  female  has  no  suckers  on  the 


Fig.  77. — Psoroptes  communis,  var.  equi  : Fig.  78. — Psoroptes  communis, 

pubescent  female,  seen  on  the  ventral  var.  equi  : hexapod  larva,  seen 
surface  ; magnified  one  hundred  dia-  on  the  ventral  surface  ; magni- 
meters.  fied  one  hundred  diameters. 

two  last  pairs  of  legs,  and  the  fourth  pair  of  legs  are  rudimentary  ; while  the 
pubescent  female  has  the  fourth  pair  of  legs  reduced  to  simple  knobs  carrying 
one  hair  each.  The  length  of  the  ovigerous  female  is  *42  mm.  to  *49  mm., 
and  the  male  *30  mm.  to  *34  mm.  ; the  breadth  of  the  former  being  *29  mm. 
to  *31  mm.,  and  of  the  latter  *23  mm.  to  *28  mm. 

This  species  lives  in  the  auricular  concha  of  the  Dog,  Cat,  and 
Ferret,  and  gives  rise  to  a disease  which  is  very  remarkable  because 
of  the  nervous  disturbance  accompanying  it. 

The  foregoing  zoological  remarks  will  suffice  to  determine  the 
genus  and  species  of  the  Sarcoptinae  that  are  likely  to  be  met 
with.  For  this  purpose  great  assistance  will  be  afforded  by  a 


ACARIASES 


121 


knowledge  of  the  host  which  furnished  the  parasites,  and  the 
character  of  the  lesions  they  have  produced — that  is,  by  the  study 
of  the  different  forms  of  scabies. 

General  Nosography. — The  various  domesticated  animals  may 
serve  as  hosts  to  the  Acarina  of  one,  two,  or  three  genera  of  Sar- 
coptinae.  By  their  pricking,  and,  no  doubt,  also  by  the  irritant 


Fig.  79. — Ch.  symbiotes,  var.  equi  : 
male,  seen  on  the  ventral  surface  ; 
magnified  one  hundred  diameters. 


Fig.  80. — Ch.  symbiotes,  var.  equi  : 
an  ovigerous  female,  seen  on  the 
ventral  surface  ; magnified  one 
hundred  diameters. 


saliva  they  discharge,  these  parasites  excite  an  alteration  in  the 
skin  which  is  manifested  by  redness,  loss  of  hair,  thickening, 
effusion,  crusts,  and  an  intense  pruritus. 

The  redness  can  only  be  perceived  on  skin  destitute  of  pigment, 
and  then  it  is  one  of  the  most  marked  signs  of  the  disease.  The 
thickening  is  little  observable  at  the  commencement,  but  it  gradu- 
ally increases  because  of  the  continued  irritation  of  the  parasite 


122 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


and  the  energetic  friction  which  the  animals  apply  to  it  under  the 
influence  of  the  pruritus.  In  some  parts — as  the  extremities,  where 
the  skin  is  thick  and  covers  only  a small  amount  of  connective 
tissue — it  becomes  augmented  in  thickness  ; but  where  the  skin 
is  thin,  movable,  and  only  slightly  adherent — as  on  the  face,  neck 
and  shoulders,  sides,  etc. — it  forms  thick  folds  and  deep  ridges, 
which  give  the  animal  an  altogether  peculiar  physiognomy.  The 


Fig.  8i. — Ch.  symbiotes,  var.  equi  : Fig.  82. — Auricular  Choriopt  of  the 

pubescent  female,  seen  on  the  ven-  Dog  : male,  seen  on  the  ventral 

tral  surface  ; magnified  one  hun-  surface  ; magnified  one  hundred 

dred  diameters.  diameters. — Railliet. 

bottom  of  the  ridges  is  moist  and  often  excoriated ; the  majority 
of  the  hairs,  if  not  all,  are  removed  by  the  rubbings  and  the  morbid 
process  ; and  at  the  same  time  the  secretions  of  the  superactive 
and  altered  skin  lead  to  the  formation  of  crusts  which  are  irregular 
in  shape,  thickness,  and  distribution,  and  are  composed  of  serum, 
dried  blood,  epidermic  debris,  hairs,  etc. 

The  pruritus,  which  contributes  so  much,  by  the  frictions  it  pro- 


ACARIASES 


23 


yokes,  to  produce  this  alteration  in  the  skin,  is  of  variable  intensity, 
according  to  the  temperament  of  the  affected  animals,  the  seat  and 
extent  of  the  disease,  and  the  time  of  day.  It  is  particularly 
intense  during  the  night,  causing  loss  of  sleep  and  rest,  which,  added 
to  the  restlessness  during  the  day  and  the  disturbed  cutaneous 
functions,  induces  debility  and  emaciation,  and  leads  to  marasmus 
when  the  malady  has  been  widely  extended. 

The  characters  of  scabies  are  more  particularly  subordinate  to 
the  kind  of  parasite  producing  it.  In  this  respect  it  is  difficult  to 


Fig.  83. — Auricular  Choriopt  of  the  Dog:  an  ovigerous  female,  seen  on  the 
ventral  surface  ; magnified  one  hundred  diameters. — Railliet. 

establish  any  general  rules,  as  we  do  not  find  between  the  Psoroptes 
and  the  Chorioptes  differences  in  habits  analogous  to  those  which 
separate  the  three  sub-genera  of  Sarcoptes.  That  which  especially 
characterizes  the  latter  is  the  fact  that  the  ovigerous  female,  imme- 
diately after  fecundation,  excavates  in  the  substance  of  the  epidermis 
a gallery  or  furrow  ( cuniculus ),  in  which  it  deposits  its  eggs  ; con- 
sequently, it  happens  that  sarcoptic  scabies  offers  a greater  resist- 
ance to  the  action  of  curative  agents. 

Other  differences  belong  to  the  seat  preferred  by  the  parasite. 


124  TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

There  are  scabies  which  may  appear  on  all  parts  of  the  body  ; 
others  that  always  commence  at  the  same  points  and  extend  to 
other  regions  ; and  others,  again,  which  are  very  localized.  All 
these  differences  will  be  indicated  in  their  place. 

An  essential  element  in  diagnosis  being  the  detection  of  the 
parasite,  care  should  be  devoted  to  this.  But  sarcoptic  scabies 
offers  the  greatest  difficulties  in  this  respect.  The  following 
recommendations,  given  by  Megnin  for  the  scabies  of  the  Horse,  are 
equally  applicable  for  all  the  other  domestic  animals. 

When  the  weather  is  cold  or  windy,  it  is  difficult  to  find  the 
Sarcoptes,  and  to  be  successful  in  the  search  it  is  best  to  have  calm 
weather  and  sunshine,  to  which  the  mangy  Horse  should  be  exposed. 
After  about  an  hour  of  this  exposure,  the  crusts  and  debris  are 
collected  from  the  diseased  parts  ; but  one  must  not  be  satisfied 
with  the  crusts  that  are  most  easily  removed,  for  on  them  may  be 
found  nothing  more  than  some  larval  hexapods  which  have  a more 
superficial  habitat  than  the  adults.  To  obtain  the  latter,  it  is 
necessary  to  scrape  the  surface  to  the  blood,  through  the  entire 
thickness  of  the  epidermis,  with  a sharp  or  slightly  blunt  instru- 
ment. Amongst  Horses  equally  mangy  in  appearance,  some  will 
be  found  which  do  not  nourish  nearly  so  many  Sarcoptes  as  others  ; 
and  the  inverse  is  equally  true,  for  lymphatic  Horses  which  have 
the  thickest  and  most  abundant  crusts  have  fewest  parasites, 
while  Horses  of  a nervous,  wiry  temperament  have  them  in  largest 
numbers.  It  is,  of  course,  understood  that  it  is  only  on  mangy 
Horses  which  have  not  been  submitted  to  any  treatment  that  a 
search  for  the  parasites  is  likely  to  be  successful ; for  it  often  happens 
that  with  those  which  have  been  treated,  the  scabies  has  disap- 
peared, and  in  its  place  is  a chronic  or  artificial  lichen  if  the  treat- 
ment has  been  too  energetic. 

When  a good  quantity  of  crusts  has  been  collected,  these  are  put 
in  a well -heated  box,  and  if  possible  at  a window  exposed  to  the 
sun — for  without  this  precaution  the  Sarcoptes  will  remain  motion- 
less, and  can  only  be  distinguished  with  difficulty  from  the  dust 
in  which  they  lie.  A small  quantity  of  this  dust  is  spread  on  a 
glass  plate,  and  examined  under  the  microscope  by  a power  of 
40  or  50  diameters — direct,  and  not  reflected  light  being  employed. 
Under  the  influence  of  sunlight,  the  Sarcoptes  can  be  seen  disen- 
gaging themselves  gradually  from  the  masses  of  dust  or  crusts 
covering  them  ; then  with  the  point  of  a needle  they  are  carefully 
isolated  from  the  foreign  matter  surrounding  them,  and  lifted  by 
the  needle  or  a fine  brush  on  to  a drop  of  glycerin  on  another  glass. 
After  placing  over  them  a cover-glass,  but  without  compressing 
them,  they  may  be  studied  alive,  in  their  true  form,  and  mag- 
nified to  any  size — that  of  150  to  300  diameters  to  examine  the 
general  conformation,  and  from  400  to  500  diameters  for  details  of 
structure. 

A procedure  that  avoids  loss  of  time  and  patience,  as  well  as 


ACARIASES 


125 


error,  consists  in  immersing  the  crusts  for  an  hour  or  two  in  a 
10  per  cent,  solution  of  potash,  and  then  examining  them  ; when 
it  will  be  found  that  they  have  become  diffluent  and  colourless,  are 
easily  spread  out  under  the  cover-glass,  and  the  Sarcoptes,  whose 
skin  resists  the  alkaline  solution,  can  then  be  very  readily  seen. 
We  have  many  times  succeeded  in  this  way,  after  failing  in  every 
other,  notwithstanding  all  our  perseverance. 

By  reason  of  their  relatively  greater  dimensions,  the  Psoroptes 
and  Chorioptes  are  readily  found,  even  by  a hand-glass,  among  the 
crusts,  where  they  can  be  seen  moving. 

With  regard  to  the  etiology  of  scabies,  it  is  needless  to  refer  to  the 
hypotheses  found  in  ancient  medicine  to  explain  its  genesis.  It 
is  to-day  beyond  dispute  that  for  an  animal  to  have  the  mange,  it 
must  have  received  the  contagium — the  acarus — from  another 
mangy  animal  with  which  it  has  been  in  immediate  or  mediate 
contact. 

Numerous  experiments  have  established  that  fact,  so  far  as 
animals  are  concerned  ; on  every  occasion  on  which  an  outbreak  of 
mange  has  been  traced  to  its  source,  it  has  been  ascertained  that 
it  was  introduced  by  a mangy  subject ; in  every  case  a psoric 
Sarcoptid  can  be  found  ; the  means  which  cure  the  mange  also 
destroy  the  parasite  ; lastly,  direct  experiment  confirms  the  doc- 
trine. Hertwig  has  inoculated  animals — by  friction  and  by  punc- 
ture— with  serum  from  the  vesicles,  with  pus,  and  with  dry  and 
dissolved  crusts,  and  yet  failed  to  produce  mange.  On  one  occasion, 
when  he  neglected  to  assure  himself  that  the  products  with  which 
he  inoculated  did  not  contain  ova  or  acari,  a psoric  eruption  resulted. 
Hering  tested  these  experiments,  and  came  to  the  same  conclusions 
as  Hertwig  ; and  Delafond  and  Bourguignon,  as  well  as  Gerlach, 
arrived  at  identical  results.  The  constant  correlation  between  the 
Acarina  and  the  psoric  eruption  cannot  therefore  be  disputed. 

It  is  not  the  movement  of  the  parasites  which  causes  the  irritation 
and  the  pruritus.  The  Sarcopt  is  not  felt  when  it  wanders  on  the 
surface  of  the  skin,  nor  yet  when  it  is  burrowing  into  that  mem- 
brane. What  induces  the  itching  is  an  irritant  principle  deposited 
by  the  parasite  in  the  living  portion  of  the  integument.  Bour- 
guignon has  obtained  a vesicular  eruption  by  inoculating  crushed 
acari,  or  the  fluid  derived  from  them  ; and  he  therefore  justly 
concluded  that  the  animalcule  secretes  an  acrid  matter  which  it 
insinuates  into  the  skin.  But  he  erroneously  believed  that  this 
matter,  when  absorbed,  would  produce  a general  eruption.  It  is 
a long  time  since  Hertwig  practised  transfusion  of  blood  from  a 
mangy  to  a healthy  animal  of  the  same  species,  without  result ; 
and  it  is  well  known  that  when  a Sarcopt  is  placed  on  the  skin  of 
Man,  the  papule  and  vesicle  appearing  soon  after  always  cor- 
respond to  the  precise  point  of  the  integument  pierced  by  the 
animalcule. 

Gerlach  has  given  a complete  demonstration  of  the  purely  local 


126 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


effects  of  the  matter  secreted  by  the  acarus.  With  a very  fine 
needle  he  traced  a groove  in  the  epidermis,  and  then  moistening 
the  point  of  the  instrument  with  fluid  from  the  crushed  parasite, 
he  reintroduced  it  into  the  epidermis,  but  only  experienced  a vague 
sensation  ; but  when  the  point  of  the  needle  reached  the  derma, 
there  was  instantaneous  pain,  succeeded  by  a papule  and  a vesicle, 
with  pruritus.  By  this  mode  of  procedure,  Gerlach  satisfied  him- 
self that  the  Psoroptes  secrete  the  most  acrid  fluid,  then  the  Sar- 
coptes,  and,  lastly,  the  Chorioptes. 

All  these  facts  thoroughly  establish  the  predominating,  essential, 
and  exclusive  part  the  parasite  plays,  locally  and  specifically. 

Ought  there  to  be  admitted,  besides  this,  a predisposition  — if 
not  necessary,  at  least  favourable — to  the  development  of  the 
disease  ? Delafond  and  Bourguignon,  in  particular,  have  replied 
to  this  question  in  the  affirmative  ; their  observations  were  in  rela- 
tion to  the  scabies  of  Sheep.  With  regard  to  the  Horse  and  other 
domesticated  animals,  it  is  true  that  weak,  badly  nourished,  dirty, 
and  neglected  creatures  are  more  frequently  attacked  than  those 
in  the  opposite  conditions.  But  this  is  only  owing  to  the  unclean 
state  of  the  animals  themselves — to  the  filthy  litter,  coverings, 
harness,  and  insufficient  grooming.  The  parasites,  being  left  in 
almost  absolute  tranquillity,  can  multiply  at  leisure,  and  the  mange 
extends  gradually  on  the  same  animal,  or  from  an  affected  to  a 
healthy  one — not  because  of  its  constitutional  weakness,  but  rather 
because  of  its  unsanitary  condition  and  the  natural  course  of  con- 
tagion ; and  to  these  circumstances  must  be  attributed  those 
epizootics  of  mange  which  usually  occur  during  wars  among  great 
agglomerations  of  Horses. 

The  treatment  of  scabies  consists  in  the  employment  of  acaricides , 
which  act  by  reason  of  their  toxic  properties  on  the  Sarcoptinae. 
They  are  extremely  numerous  and  varied. 

In  choosing  them  we  are  guided  by  the  kind  of  scabies  which  is 
to  be  treated,  the  nature  of  the  affected  animal,  its  species,  age, 
size,  and  susceptibility  ; as  well  as  the  resources  at  our  disposal, 
and  especially  the  particular  activity  of  the  remedies. 

In  the  following  table,  Verheyen  has  given  interesting  indications 
with  regard  to  the  principal  agents  tried  and  their  acaricide  powers. 
They  are  principally  the  result  of  the  researches  of  Walz,  Hertwig, 
Reynal,  Mathieu,  and  Gerlach,  which  consisted  in  putting  the 
animalcules  in  contact  with  the  various  substances,  and  noting,  by 
means  of  the  microscope,  the  moment  when  death  occurred. 

DURATION  OF  LIFE. 


Hours.  Minutes. 

Creosote,  benzine,  and  naphtha  - - - . . f to  | 

Preparations  of  these  materials  - - - . . 2 ,,  51- 

Juice  of  tobacco  from  the  manufactories  - - . . £ ,,  1 

Solution  of  caustic  potash  (1  to  24)  - - - . . 2 ,,  2\ 

Empyreumatic  oil  - - - - . . 3 ,,  4 

Oil  of  turpentine  and  petroleum  - - - . . 5 ,,  9 


ACARIASES  12 7 

DURATION  OF  LIFE. 


Hours.  Minutes. 


Diluted  sulphuric  acid  (1  to  24) 

- 

- 

7 

„ 8 

Tar  - - 

- 

- 

8 

13 

Ferro-arsenical  solution  of  Tessier 

- 

- 

7 

- 25 

Decoction  of  tobacco  ( 1 to  5 ) - 

- 

- 

10 

,,  20 

Solution  of  chloride  of  lime  (1  to  30)  - 

- 

15 

„ 30 

,,  of  sulphide  of  potassium  (1  to  10)  - 

- 

15 

„ 30 

,,  of  corrosive  sublimate  (1  to  46) 

- 

- 

IS 

,,  45 

,,  alumino-arsenical  of  Mathieu 

- 

- 

16 

„ 65 

Soft  soap  - 

- 

- 

30 

„ 60 

Phosphuretted  oil  - 

- 

- 

1 

Saturated  arsenical  solution  (1  to  6)  - 

- 

2 

to 

3 

Double  mercurial  ointment 

- 

- 

4 

Decoction  of  black  and  white  hellebore  ( 1 

to  16) 

- 6 

to  36 

Walz's  wash  - 

- 

- 6 

, , 

48 

Liniment  of  sulphide  of  potassium  ( 1 to 

10) 

- 10 

20 

Infusion  of  henbane  and  belladonna  - 

- 12 

,, 

16 

„ of  digitalis  purpurea 

- 24 

36 

An  absolute  signification  cannot  be  accorded  to  these  figures,  the 
experimental  resistance  of  the  Acarina  being,  in  fact,  subordinate 
to  their  vitality  at  the  moment  of  testing.  Von  Schroder,  by  analo- 
gous researches,  obtained  somewhat  different  results  from  the 
above. 

As  a general  rule,  treatment  should  be  preceded  by  complete 
removal  of  the  coat  from  the  whole  of  the  body,  unless  the  disease 
is  strictly  localized,  in  which  case  partial  clipping  may  suffice. 
Then  there  should  be  general  washing,  by  means  of  a coarse  brush, 
with  alkaline  or  soapy  water.  Then  the  selected  remedy  is  applied. 
In  four  or  five  days  afterwards  the  washing  and  dressing  are  to  be 
repeated,  in  order  to  destroy  the  Acarina  recently  from  the  eggs, 
which  the  first  treatment  may  not  have  reached.  If  there  is 
emaciation  and  tendency  to  cachexia,  the  food  should  be  substantial 
and  abundant. 

The  following  sketch,  which  is  conformable  with  the  conditions 
of  practice,  deals  successively  with  the  different  kinds  of  mange  in 
all  the  domesticated  Mammalia ; but  for  the  present  no  reference 
is  made  to  the  auricular  acariases  due  to  the  Psoroptes  or  Chorioptes, 
as  owing  to  their  very  localized  seat,  their  symptoms,  and  their 
lesions,  they  are  distinct  from  the  psoric  acariases,  properly  so 
called,  and  also  because,  from  the  plan  of  this  work,  their  place  is 
indicated  among  the  parasitic  diseases  of  the  sensory  organs. 


A. — Scabies  of  the  Equidse. 

The  Horse,  Ass,  and  Mule  are  affected  with  three  kinds  of  scabies  : 

1.  Sar Coptic  scabies,  due  to  the  Sar copies  scabiei  (variety  equi ) ; 

2.  Psoroptic  scabies,  due  to  the  Psoroptes  communis  (variety  equi ) ; 

3.  Chorioptic  scabies,  due  to  the  Ch.  symbiotes  (variety  equi).  These- 
different  forms  have  been  chiefly  observed  on  the  Horse. 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


128 


i.  Say  Coptic  Scabies. 

This  form  of  scabies  is  probably  that  which  authorities  have  described  as 
the  dry  mange  ( gale  seche  La  Gueriniere),  symptomatic  mange  (gale  sympto- 
matique  Huzard,  jun.),  epizootic  mange,  etc.  Our  knowledge  of  its  nature 
— that  is,  of  the  discovery  of  the  Sarcopt  which  causes  it — is  due  to  Delafond 
and  to  Gerlach,  who,  about  the  same  time — 1856 — found  it  upon  the  Horse, 
and  gave  a description  of  it.  The  epizooty  that  prevailed  among  the  Horses 
of  the  French  army  during  the  war  in  the  Crimea  may  certainly  be  ascribed 
to  this  parasite,  though  it  was  then  attributed  to  misery,  privations,  bad 
forage,  etc.  The  same  observation  has  been  made  after  the  war  (Franco- 
German)  of  1870  and  1871.  The  Horses  and  transport  animals — Mules  and 
Camels — of  the  British  army  in  the  Crimea  equally  suffered  from  ‘ mange,’ 
which  was  recognised  as  such  by  the  veterinary  officers  (Fleming). 

Symptoms. — The  first  sign  of  the  disease  is  pruritus.  The  animal 
seeks  to  rub  itself  everywhere  ; it  bites  itself  wherever  it  can  reach, 
and  appears  to  enjoy,  and  even  seeks,  the  contact  of  the  currycomb 
during  grooming,  leaning  towards  the  groom  as  if  to  accentuate  its 
desire.  If  scratched  by  the  fingers,  it  manifests  its  pleasure  by  very 
characteristic  movement  of  the  nose  and  upper  lip,  and  this  is  a 
provisional  means  of  assuring  one’s  self  of  the  existence  of  the  disease, 
as  well  as  of  the  reality  of  its  being  cured.  This  pruritus  is  greater 
at  night  than  during  the  day,  in  warm  than  in  cold  weather,  in  the 
stable  than  out  of  it,  when  clothed  than  unclothed. 

An  attentive  examination  of  the  skin  will  reveal  the  presence  of 
the  mange  papules  at  the  pruriginous  parts.  When  the  hand  is 
passed  over  the  surface  of  the  skin,  slight  prominences  or  granules 
are  felt,  which  are  formed  of  a little  crust  around  one,  two,  or  three 
hairs ; this  is  easily  removed  by  the  finger-nail,  and  then  there  is 
left  in  its  place  a red,  moist,  denuded  surface  about  2 mm.,  or 
sometimes  4 or  5 mm.  in  diameter.  At  other  points,  mixed  with 
the  crusted  patches,  are  slightly  salient  papules  which  are  scarcely 
visible — this  is  the  first  degree  of  the  preceding  lesion,  the  papule 
raising  its  epidermis  by  a serous  effusion  that  gradually  dries  and 
forms  a crust.  In  the  earlier  stage  these  small  lesions  are  dis- 
seminated ; they  bring  about  the  fall  of  the  hairs  in  small,  nearly 
circular  patches,  which  are  multiplied  and  extended,  and  finally 
become  confluent,  forming  large  dry  patches  covered  with  epidermic 
debris  and  sparse  thin  crusts.  It  is  very  rare  that  any  vesicles  are 
seen,  as  their  duration  is  very  ephemeral,  the  friction  caused  by  the 
pruritus  quickly  replacing  them  by  crusts. 

The  depilated  patches  extend  and,  by  a rapid  generalization, 
finish  by  invading  the  entire  surface  of  the  body  except  the  limbs. 
The  animal  then  presents  a particularly  miserable  appearance. 
The  brilliancy  of  the  coat  has  vanished  ; large  patches  with  sinuous 
borders,  dusty  and  greyish  in  colour,  uneven  and  crusted — often 
bleeding — on  the  surface,  impinge  on  the  yet  hairy  portions.  A 
particular  feature  is  the  limit  of  the  patches,  which  is  always  un- 
decided ; and  in  the  adjoining  parts,  which  at  first  sight  appear 
to  be  healthy,  the  initial  lesions  of  the  malady  are  recognised. 

The  skin  becomes  considerably  thickened,  and  in  the  regions 


ACARIASES 


129 


where  it  is  attached  to  the  subjacent  parts  by  a loose  connective 
tissue,  it  is  raised  into  hard, 
thick  folds  ; these  are  more 
especially  observed  about  the 
neck  and  shoulders.  Friction 
is  a very  important  agent  in 
bringing  about  the  altera- 
tions in  the  skin ; it  excoriates 
the  papules,  accelerates  the 
formation  of  the  crusts,  pro- 
duces subcutaneous  infiltra- 
tions, haemorrhagic  exuda- 
tions, pustules,  fissures,  and 
ulcers. 

Besides  the  pr  uri tus  and  the 
eruption,  a third  symptom — 
and  the  most  important,  as 
it  is  the  only  pathognomonic 
one — is  the  presence  of  the 
Sarcoptes.  The  nymphae, 
and  the  adult  males  and 
females,  are  met  with  among 
the  crusts  on  every  part 
attacked.  The  young  larvae 
and  the  ovigerous  females 
live  in  the  intra-epidermic 
galleries  or  grooves  which,  in 
Man,  are  indicated  by  a fine 
red  line,  from  10  mm.  to  20 
mm.  long.  These  galleries 
are  not  visible  in  the  Horse, 
because  of  the  pigmentation 
of  the  skin  and  the  thickness 
of  the  epidermis.  They  are 
excavated  by  the  female  im- 
mediately after  copulation  ; 
and  they  are  rapidly  formed, 
for  in  from  15  to  30  minutes 
the  work  is  completed,  and 
all  the  more  promptly  if  the 
temperature  be  elevated.  It 
is  for  this  reason  that  these 
parasites  have  been  con- 
sidered as  noctambulant ; if 
they  torment  animals  more 
by  night  than  by  day,  it  is 
because  then  the  conditions 

of  temperature — warm  stable,  litter,  and  probably  clothing — are 
more  favourable.  At  the  point  where  the  Sarcopt  penetrates,  an 

9 


P 

mm 

Fig.  84. — Sarcopt  of  Man. 

A fecundated  female  (s)  forming  its  gal- 
lery or  burrow.  A semi-diagrammatic 
figure,  partly  after  Gerlach.  From  before 
to  behind  are  seen  the  eggs  increasingly 
older,  os,  os',  ce" , then  some  empty  egg- cases, 
c ; o,  opening  for  the  escape  of  the  larva  ; 
e,  excrements. 


130  TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

inflammatory  papule  forms,  but  the  parasite  is  not  to  be  found 
beneath  it,  but  at  the  other  extremity  of  its  gallery. 

The  female  lays  its  eggs  in  this  gallery,  one  after  the  other,  and 
here  they  are  seen  mixed  with  excrements.  The  larvae  which  issue 
from  them  are  nourished  in  the  gallery  for  some  time,  and  may 
even  undergo  moultings  before  making  their  exit  by  the  small 
orifices  which  are  seen  along  the  course  of  the  passage,  and  which 
were  believed  to  be  air-holes. 

It  is  not  certain  whether  the  nymphae  and  pubescent  females 
also  live  in  the  galleries.  In  any  case,  copulation  takes  place 
beneath  the  crusts  and  the  epidermic  scales  ; it  is  of  short  duration, 
and  the  males  are  relatively  few,  their  proportion  being  estimated 
at  only  5 or  6 per  cent,  of  the  total  number. 

The  habits  of  the  Sarcoptes  explain  the  greater  tenacity  of  this 
form  of  scabies,  as  well  as  its  more  rapid  extension — from  the  fact 
that  the  parasites  escape  ordinary  causes  of  destruction — and  the 
difficulty  in  finding  them.  The  latter  object  can  be  achieved  by 
the  procedure  indicated  at  p.  124.  It  is  rarely  necessary  to  resort 
to  that  recommended  by  Gerlach — transferring  the  acari  to  a Man, 
and  then  searching  for  them  on  him.  To  do  this,  the  experimentalist 
places  on  his  arm  some  of  the  crust  from  the  suspected  animal, 
fixing  it  by  means  of  a piece  of  tissue  paper  covered  by  oiled  silk 
or  a silk  ribbon.  In  about  twelve  hours  the  Sarcoptes  have  pene- 

the  crusts  they  can  be  seen 
as  white  points  beneath  the 
slightly  congested  membrane, 
or  on  a papule,  and  they  may 
be  seized  by  means  of  a fine 
needle.  If  we  wait  until  the 
papule  becomes  a vesicle,  the 
acarus  is  no  longer  there,  as 
it  has  traced  its  gallery.  This 
diagnostic  procedure  does  not 
cause  any  inconvenience,  as  a 
little  oil  of  turpentine  or  any 
other  acaricide  will  avert  con- 
tagion. 

Course,  Duration,  and  Termination. — Sarcoptic  scabies  is  some- 
what slow  at  its  commencement ; so  that  it  may  remain  unper- 
ceived for  some  time.  A small  number  of  acari  do  not  give  rise  to 
anything  very  marked  during  the  first  fifteen  days  of  their  installa- 
tion, and  it  is  only  during  the  succeeding  fifteen  days  that  the 
phenomena  of  invasion  are  manifested,  although  they  are  still 
sufficiently  vague  to  make  diagnosis  doubtful.  The  affection  is 
more  clearly  revealed  in  the  course  of  the  third  fortnight,  and 
during  the  fourth  it  has  made  more  progress  than  in  the  previous 
six  weeks  (Gerlach).  Nevertheless,  when  circumstances  are  favour- 
able, the  extension  of  the  disease  may  be  at  least  twice  as  rapid, 
and  the  incubative  period  be  reduced  to  fifteen  days.  It  would 


trated  the  skin,  and  on  removing 


B C 


Fig.  85. — Egg  of  the  Sarcoptes  scabiei,  in 
various  stages  of  development  ; mag- 
nified 150  diameters. 


ACARIASES 


3i 


seem,  therefore,  that  the  prosperity  of  the  colony  is  absolutely 
conformable  to  the  geometrical  progression  of  the  multiplication 
of  the  parasites,  as  given  by  Gerlach.  When  the  disease  is  well 
established  on  an  animal,  it  may  within  eight  days  have  reached 
parts  of  the  body  the  most  distant  from  where  it  commenced. 

Sarcoptic  scabies  begins  most  frequently  at  the  withers,  and 
extends  to  the  sides  of  the  neck,  shoulders,  back,  and  sides.  It 
does  not  easily  invade  the  extremity  of  the  limbs,  and  it  respects 
the  parts  covered  with  strong  hairs — crest,  tail,  legs — which  remain 
with  their  hairy  covering  in  the  midst  of  neighbouring  denuded 
regions.  The  Psoropt,  on  the  contrary,  appears  to  seek  those 
parts  avoided  by  the  Sarcopt.  Sometimes,  though  rarely,  sar- 
coptic scabies  commences  at  the  head,  flanks,  croup,  etc.,  this 
depending  upon  the  initial  point  of  contamination. 

When  the  disease  is  not  interfered  with,  by  the  disturbance  in 
the  functions  of  the  skin  and  the  restlessness  due  to  the  pruritus, 
it  occasions  a serious  alteration  in  nutrition  and  marked  marasmus 
that  may,  though  slowly,  lead  to  a fatal  termination.  Such  a 
result,  however,  is  only  witnessed  among  animals  which  have  not 
received  sufficient  attention  ; and  as  diseased  animals  are  not  the 
objects  of  careful  observation,  and  as  nearly  always  the  malady  is 
interfered  with  in  its  course  by  more  or  less  judicious  treatment, 
there  is  no  reliable  information  with  regard  to  the  minimum, 
average,  or  maximum  duration  of  this  kind  of  scabies. 

On  a Horse  which  has  been  recently  cured  of  mange,  the  hairs 
grow  unusually  fast,  owing  to  the  greater  activity  of  the  capillary 
circulation  of  the  skin  ; they  are  longer  than  the  neighbouring  hairs 
that  remained  healthy  and  were  clipped  in  treatment,  while  their 
colour  is  generally  darker  ; this  difference  persists  until  the  next 
shedding  of  the  coat. 

Etiology,  Contagion. — Experiments  and  observations  demon- 
strate the  contagiousness  of  sarcoptic  scabies  from  the  Horse  to 
other  Horses,  Asses,  or  Mules,  and  reciprocally.  This  transmission 
takes  place  in  every  way  by  which  the  parasite  can  be  transported, 
and  principally  by  litter,  rugs,  grooming,  utensils,  walls  of  stables 
and  partitions  of  stalls.  It  also  occurs,  though  less  frequently,  by 
direct  contact  of  diseased  with  healthy  Horses.  The  mange  which 
prevailed  among  the  French  army  Horses  in  the  Crimea  made 
startling  progress  during  the  voyage,  owing  to  their  being  so  closely 
packed  in  the  transports  ; and  here  we  have  a proof  of  the  direct 
transmission  of  the  Sarcoptes,  all  the  Horses  having  been  attacked 
with  the  malady  on  the  parts  where  they  came  into  contact  with 
each  other  (Delafond  and  Bourguignon). 

The  danger  of  contagion  is  related  to  the  phase  and  intensity  of 
the  disease.  At  the  period  of  their  installation,  the  Sarcoptes  have 
little  tendency  to  emigrate,  and  cohabitation  of  healthy  Horses 
with  one  which  is  just  infected  is  often  followed  by  no  bad  results  ; 
but  after  the  formation  of  scales  and  crusts,  the  parasites  pass 
quickly  from  one  Horse  to  another,  a slight  and  fugitive  contact 

9—2 


1 32 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


between  them  being  sufficient  to  ensure  infection.  Gerlach  asserts 
that  he  has  seen  Horses  in  good  health,  placed  alongside  mangy 
horses  covered  with  crusts,  contract  the  disease  in  a quarter  of  an  hour. 

The  larvae  and  nymphae,  and  the  young  males  and  fecundated 
females,  are  more  especially  the  active  agents  in  transmitting  the 
malady.  The  egg-laying  females,  concealed  in  the  galleries,  scarcely 
concur  in  this  transmission,  unless  they  are  violently  exposed  by 
energetic  scratching  which  reaches  the  blood. 

With  regard  to  the  persistency  of  contagion  by  articles  from 
mangy  animals,  which  harbour  the  Sarcoptes,  Gerlach  on  the  one 
side,  and  Delafond  and  Bourguignon  on  the  other,  have  made 
interesting  experiments  as  to  the  vital  tenacity  of  the  parasites. 

According  to  Gerlach,  no  variety  of  the  Sarcopt  exposed  to  a dry 
heat  of  6o°  (Cent.)  can  live  beyond  an  hour.  Kept  in  a watch-glass, 
the  Sarcopt  of  the  Horse  died  on  the  fifth  or  sixth  day  ; with  the 
crusts,  it  lived  eight  or  ten  days  ; and  in  an  inhabited  stable,  death 
only  took  place  on  the  twelfth  to  the  fourteenth  day.  On  a frag- 
ment of  skin  covered  with  crusts,  and  exposed  to  heat,  the  Sarcopt 
perished  when  the  piece  was  completely  dried,  which  was  on  the 
ninth  day  ; when  the  skin  preserved  its  humidity,  the  animalcule 
gave  feeble  signs  of  life  on  the  twenty-fourth  day,  but  these  had 
entirely  ceased  on  the  twenty-eighth  day. 

Delafond  and  Bourguignon  have  obtained  similar  results. 

The  Sarcopt  of  the  Horse  being  only  a variety  of  the  Sarcoptes 
scabiei,  it  is  well  to  know  if  the  Horse  can  contract  sarcoptic  mange 
by  mediate  or  immediate  contact  with  any  other  of  the  Mammalian 
species  susceptible  of  being  affected  with  a similar  form  of  the  disease. 

So  far  as  the  scabies  of  Man  is  concerned,  Delafond  and  Bour- 
guignon have,  on  different  occasions  and  in  the  space  of  forty  days, 
deposited  on  the  skin  of  an  old  and  feeble  Horse  176  Sarcoptes 
obtained  from  persons  affected  with  itch.  These  parasites  attacked 
the  skin,  buried  themselves  in  the  epidermis,  and  produced  a papulo- 
vesicular eruption  on  the  shoulders  and  neck.  The  Horse  died  on 
the  fourteenth  day,  and  at  the  autopsy  it  was  impossible  to  find 
any  of  the  parasites  on  the  skin.  In  another  experiment,  187  Sar- 
coptes, collected  from  affected  Men,  were  deposited  at  several  times 
within  twenty-six  days  on  the  side  of  the  neck  of  an  old  lean  Horse. 
They  traced  numerous  galleries  and  occasioned  a vesicular  erup- 
tion ; but  this  disappeared,  and  on  the  animal  being  clipped  on 
the  seventy-ninth  day,  there  was  no  evidence  of  scabies  or  para- 
sites. These  experiments  demonstrate  that  the  Sarcopt  of  Man  will 
only  temporarily  implant  itself  on  the  skin  of  the  Horse,  and  that 
there  is  nothing  to  fear  from  Men  suffering  from  itch  attending  Horses. 

We  cannot  be  so  certain  with  regard  to  the  transmission  of  the 
Sarcopt  of  the  Dog  to  the  Horse.  In  three  experiments  made  by 
Delafond  and  Bourguignon,  great  numbers  of  the  Sarcoptes  of  the 
Dog — no,  58,  and  220 — were  placed  on  the  skin  of  two  Horses  ; 
they  attacked  the  integument,  raised  the  epidermis,  and  made 
galleries  ; living  for  twenty  to  twenty-four  days,  they  occasioned  a 


ACARIASES 


133 


secondary  eruption,  accompanied  by  the  majority  of  the  symptoms 
of  mange  ; but  they  eventually  died,  and  the  symptoms  spon- 
taneously subsided. 

Gerlach  has  also  made  some  attempts  at  transmission,  which 
have  likewise  yielded  undecisive  results.  He  believed,  however, 
that  an  emigration  en  masse  of  the  Sarcopt  of  the  Dog  might  give 
rise  to  a transient  eruption  on  the  skin  of  the  Horse  ; and  he  thought 
that  to  this  cause  might  be  attributed  the  mange  contracted  by 
horses — according  to  the  statements  of  hunting-men — when  mangy 
Foxes,  killed  in  the  chase,  are  thrown  over  the  backs  of  their  steeds. 

It  is  also  interesting  to  note  the  fact  of  the  transmission  of  mange 
from  the  Lion  to  the  Horse,  as  observed  by  Delafond  and  Bour- 
guignon.  Five  Lions  in  a menagerie  were  affected  with  sarcoptic 
scabies.  The  brush  and  sponge  employed  to  clean  their  skin  were 
used  for  some  days  in  grooming  six  Horses  ; in  about  seven  to  nine 
days  afterwards,  the  latter  had  a very  pruriginous  papular  eruption 
on  the  croup,  back,  shoulders  and  chest,  and  in  the  crusts  collected 
from  them  were  found  the  Sarcoptes  of  the  Lion.  This  mange 
was  readily  cured  by  the  application  of  benzine,  but  it  is  probable 
that  it  would  have  disappeared  spontaneously.  Lastly,  the  sar- 
coptic scabies  of  Goats  has  been  transmitted  to  Horses,  in  an 
epizooty  reported  by  Wallraff. 

Communication  of  the  Sarcoptic  Scabies  of  the  Horse  to  other  Species 
of  Mammalia. — A.  Man. — The  sarcoptic  scabies  of  the  Horse  may  be 
transmitted  to  Man,  although  this  occurrence  is  comparatively  rare. 
For  a long  time  instances  have  been  recorded — long  before  the  three 
kinds  of  Horse  mange  had  been  distinguished.  The  greater  portion  of 
the  following  resume  is  taken  from  Delafond  and  Bourguignon’s  work. 

Enaux  and  Chaussier  have  recorded  cases  of  contagion  of  mange  of  the 
Horse  to  Man.  Chabert  asserts  that  he,  as  well  as  several  other  veterinary- 
surgeons,  had  caught  mange  from  Horses  ; and  Delabere-Blaine  also  gives  an 
instance.  Chavassieu  d’Audebert  advanced  the  opinion  that  mange  may  be 
communicated  from  the  Horse  to  Man.  Barat  reported  to  the  Lyons 
Veterinary  School,  an  instance  of  several  persons  having  received  mange  from 
a Horse.  Grognier  relates  that  a mangy  Horse  had  communicated  its  disease 
to  a number  of  people  who  had  dressed  it  before  it  was  sent  to  the  Lyons 
Veterinary  School.  Robert  Fauvet,  an  Italian  veterinary  surgeon,  states 
that  a farmer  having  bought  a mangy  horse,  rode  it  home,  and  the  day  after 
his  arrival  he  felt  a great  itching  all  over  his  body  ; the  same  was  the  case 
with  his  son  and  a friend  who  had  accompanied  him  on  the  journey.  The 
groom  to  whom  he  had  entrusted  the  horse,  scratched  himself  very  much  the 
second  day  after  he  had  been  grooming  the  animal.  These  persons  afterwards 
conveyed  the  disease  to  others  on  the  farm,  and  more  than  thirty  persons 
were  successively  attacked.  The  farmer  sold  the  mangy  horse  to  a miller, 
who,  with  his  sons,  who  had  touched  the  animal,  were  soon  after  suffering 
from  the  itch.  The  psoric  nature  of  the  affection  was  recognised  by  dis- 
tinguished physicians. 

Montaut-Laforest  reports  a case  of  contagion  to  Man  from  a mangy  Mule. 
Lavergne,  Carrdre,  Girou,  Soule,  Gr&ve,  Pachur,  Hertwig,  and  Stiitz,  have 
published  very  circumstantial  facts  in  relation  to  this  conveyance  of  Horse 
scabies  to  Man. 

Sick  mentions  an  epizooty  of  mange  in  a regiment  of  Hussars,  more 
than  one  hundred  of  the  soldiers  being  infected. 


134 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Marrel,  a veterinary  surgeon  at  Valreas,  Vaucluse  (France),  was  attacked 
by  the  disease  when  treating  mangy  horses,  and  saw  the  same  accident 
happen  to  a farmer,  who  communicated  the  malady  to  his  wife,  and  she  to  a 
child  she  was  suckling  ; four  other  children  who  were  attended  to  by  the 
mother  were  also  infected. 

Dupont,  veterinary  surgeon  at  Bordeaux,  sent  on  an  official  mission, 
reported  cases  of  people  being  infected  with  mange  from  old  Horses  kept  to 
feed  the  leeches  in  the  marshy  districts  of  the  Gironde. 

Ritter  reports  having  been  himself,  as  well  as  a servant,  infected  while 
attending  on  a mangy  Horse. 

In  1856,  several  pupils  of  the  Alfort  Veterinary  School  contracted  the  itch 
through  operating  upon  a mangy  Horse.  This  was  the  occasion  on  which 
Delafond  discovered  that  this  form  of  scabies  was  due  to  a Sarcopt,  which 
he  considered  was  identical  with  that  of  Man.  The  discovery  raised  the 
number  of  species  of  psoric  Acarina  of  the  Horse  to  three. 

Gerlach,  in  the  experiments  on  himself  and  several  pupils  of  the  Berlin 
Veterinary  School,  has  seen  the  Sarcopt  of  the  Horse  fix  itself  on  the  human 
skin,  like  the  Sarcopt  special  to  Man,  and  cause  an  itch  that  was  generally 
fugaceous. 

Megnin  has  also  observed  instances  of  contagion  to  Man,  during  the 
epizooty  of  mange  prevailing  among  the  Horses  of  the  French  army  in  1871. 

Fleming,  in  the  Crimea,  saw  a large  number  of  Turks  suffering  severely 
from  itch,  due  to  their  sleeping  on  the  saddles  and  blankets  worn  by  their 
Horses,  whose  skins  were  covered  with  mange. 

Longchamps  informs  us  that,  in  1794,  the  Horses  and  Mules  of  the  French 
army  in  the  South  of  France  were  affected  with  mange  to  a very  serious  extent, 
and  that  the  disease  was  transmitted  to,  and  propagated  among,  the  soldiers. 

Geraud  has  also  published  instances,  and  a great  number  of  others  will  be 
found  in  the  thesis  of  Neree  Got. 

All  these  facts  prove  that  the  sarcoptic  scabies  of  the  Horse  can 
be  transmitted  to  Man,  and  also  that  the  parasite  does  not  find  a 
favourable  soil  for  its  multiplication,  as  the  itch  it  produces  gene- 
rally disappears  spontaneously  in  from  fifteen  days  to  six  weeks  ; 
but  in  any  case  it  readily  yields  to  simple  treatment,  such  as 
alkaline  and  sulphur  lotions. 

A proof  of  the  difficulty  of  this  transmission  is  also  to  be  found 
in  its  rarity,  when  compared  with  the  frequency  of  ^sarcoptic  scabies 
in  the  Horse.  In  the  epizootics  of  mange  occurring  among  the 
Horses  of  the  French  army  during  great  wars,  very  few  cases  of 
the  conveyance  of  the  disease  to  Man  have  been  noted  and  if 
the  itch  caused  serious  disability  among  the  soldiers  during  the 
Crimean  War,  it  is  not  clearly  established  that  its  origin  was  due 
to  mange  among  the  Horses,  which  was  the  opinion  widely  preva- 
lent ; and  though  many  cases  were  adduced  as  being  derived  from 
this  source,  yet  the  evidence  is  not  so  satisfactory  as  could  be  desired. 

But  an  exaggerated  significance  should  not  be  given  to  this 
rarity  of  contagion,  for  the  transmission  from  Man  to  Man  is  not 
as  subtle  as  is  generally  believed.  ‘ The  itch,’  says  Besnier  and 
Doyon,  ‘ is  not  usually  contracted  except  by  cohabitation — intimate 
contact  prolonged  and  repeated,  and  particularly  at  night ; it 
must  not  be  affirmed  that  this  never  happens  accidentally , but  it 
is  sufficient  to  know  that  it  is  exceptional.’ 

B.  Domesticated  Animals. — Sarcoptic  scabies  of  the  Horse  appears 
to  be  capable  of  transmission  to  the  bovine  species,  although  up  to 


ACARIASES 


135 


the  present  time  no  one  in  practice  has  observed  this  form  of  mange 
on  Cattle.  The  possibility  of  this  transmission  rests  on  facts 
published  by  Robert  Fauvet  and  Grognier,  of  which  mention  has 
already  been  made.  The  Horse  of  Fauvet  communicated  mange 
to  a Cow  which  had  rubbed  its  neck  against  the  manger  of  that 
animal.  The  Horse  of  which  Grognier  speaks,  transmitted  its 
disease  to  two  Cows  placed  alongside  it  in  the  stable. 

Beyond  these  facts,  where  the  sarcoptic  nature  of  mange  of  the 
Horse  was  established  by  its  transmission  to  Man,  but  where  the 
equine  origin  of  bovine  mange  was  not  sufficiently  demonstrated, 
there  are  doubts  as  to  the  possibility  of  this  transmission. 

Neither  is  there  any  more  authority  for  stating  that  Horse  mange 
may  be  communicated  to  the  Sheep,  Goat,  Dog,  etc. 

Diagnosis. — An  important  element  in  diagnosis  is  the  discovery 
of  the  Sarcopt,  with  all  its  characteristics.  Sarcoptic  scabies  differs 
from  psoroptic  scabies , as  we  shall  see  hereafter,  by  its  more  rapid 
generalization,  by  its  more  subtle  contagion,  and  by  its  seat — 
psoroptic  scabies  commencing  and  localizing  itself  nearly  always 
at  the  upper  part  of  the  neck,  towards  the  forelock  and  the  tail, 
which  become  denuded  of  hair,  tumified  and  wrinkled.  Psoroptic 
scabies  also  assumes  a form  in  which  the  patches  are  better  defined, 
they  being  tumified  at  the  base,  crusted,  and  more  humid. 

Sarcoptic  scabies  differs  from  chorioptic  scabies  in  the  latter  being 
confined  to  the  limbs  at  first,  commencing  at  their  most  inferior 
parts,  and  slowly  extending  upwards ; it  is  also  only  feebly  contagious. 

Otherwise,  the  three  forms  of  scabies  may  co-exist,  and  the  remem- 
brance of  this  important  fact  may  avert  grave  errors  in  diagnosis. 

At  its  commencement,  sarcoptic  scabies  is  difficult  to  diagnose 
from  dermanyssic  acariasis — due  to  the  transference  of  the  Der- 
manyssus  of  the  Fowl  to  the  body  of  the  Horse.  But  it  is  dis- 
tinguished from  it,  nevertheless,  in  the  latter  disease  appearing  on 
Horses  which  live  in  the  vicinity  of  poultry- yards  and  pigeon-houses, 
in  its  becoming  very  quickly  generalized  all  over  the  body,  and  in 
its  obduracy  to  all  treatment  until  the  Horses  quit  the  locality, 
when  it  is  readily  cured.  Besides  the  absence  of  the  Sarcoptes, 
dermanyssic  acariasis  is  also  recognised  by  the  small  depilations 
it  produces,  which,  though  similar  at  first  to  those  of  sarcoptic 
scabies,  become  multiplied,  but  do  not  extend  by  a centrifugal 
development,  like  those  of  mange. 

It  is  difficult  to  mistake  mange  for  ph'Mriasis , as  this  only  causes 
slight  depilations,  while  the  parasites  are  very  visible  ; and  by  the 
uncleanliness  which  has  permitted  their  multiplication,  mange 
would  have  assumed  quite  another  development  than  the  slight 
lesions  produced  by  the  Lice. 

When  fully  developed,  sarcoptic  scabies  looks  like  strangles  eczema 
( eczema  gourmeuse)  and  humid  eczema  ( eczema  dartreuse ),  but  in  the 
former  there  is  no  pruritus  and  it  runs  on  rapidly  to  recovery  ; 
while  the  latter,  which  is  accompanied  by  the  same  kind  of  pruritus 
as  mange,  extends  only  slightly  less  rapid,  becomes  chronic,  and 


136 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


assumes  a lichenoid  form  ; though  there  is  great  difficulty  in  dis- 
tinguishing it  from  sarcoptic  scabies  when  microscopical  investiga- 
tions are  without  result.  But  the  humid  eczema  is  not  contagious, 
and  yields  only  to  internal  treatment,  while  external  treatment 
alone  will  succeed  with  mange. 

Prognosis. — Sarcoptic  scabies  is  the  most  serious  of  the  three 
forms  affecting  the  Horse.  It  owes  its  gravity  to  its  great  con- 
tagiousness— which  allows  it  to  assume  an  epizootic  form — and  also 
to  its  possible  transmission  to  Man.  In  itself,  it  does  not  cause 
irreparable  injury  to  the  health  of  animals ; but  by  the  debility  and 
anaemia  that  ensue  when  it  is  of  long  duration,  it  predisposes  to 
serious  diseases  which  may  terminate  in  death.  It  also  causes 
great  economic  inconvenience  and  loss,  as  animals  affected  with  it 
cannot  be  worked.  With  regard  to  its  resistance  to  treatment, 
this  varies  according  to  the  condition  of  the  animals  suffering  from 
it  and  the  duration  of  the  disease.  Young  and  vigorous  Horses 
in  good  condition  are  less  rapidly  invaded  by  sarcoptic  psoriasis, 
and  are  more  easily  cured,  than  are  old,  feeble,  and  worn-out 
animals.  The  disease  is  also  more  quickly  combated  when  it  is 
recent ; and  it  is  rare  that  well-directed  treatment  does  not  succeed 
in  curing  it. 

Fleming,  from  experience  derived  from  army  horses  during  war, 
found  it  a most  formidable  malady  to  contend  with,  and  one  causing 
somewhat  heavy  loss,  death  often  ensuing  in  a wonderfully  short 
time.  And  even  during  peace,  it  not  unfrequently  leads  to  a fatal 
termination  when  it  has  been  allowed  to  go  on  unchecked  for  a 
certain  period,  and  especially  if  the  horses  are  old  and  weak,  or 
overworked  and  badly  cared  for.  German  authorities  also  con- 
sider it  a grave  malady.  For  instance,  Friedberger  and  Frohner 
in  their  classical  work — Lehrbuch  der  Speciellen  Pathologie  und 
Therapie  der  Hausthiere — state  that  the  prognosis  is  more  grave 
than  is  generally  admitted,  and  that  at  an  advanced  stage  it  is 
inveterate  to  all  medication,  even  the  most  energetic  ; that  nearly 
always,  after  months  of  treatment,  relapses  occur  ; and  that  in 
chronic  cases  more  or  less  generalized,  the  animals  become 
emaciated,  fall  into  a state  of  marasmus,  and  may  perish  from 
exhaustion. 

Pathological  Anatomy. — Besides  the  cutaneous  alterations  de- 
scribed under  symptoms,  dissection  affords  a more  exact  idea  of 
the  lesions  accompanying  the  malady.  Delafond  and  Bour- 
guignon  state  that,  if  a fragment  of  the  skin  of  a mangy  horse  be 
exposed  to  moist  heat  for  24  to  48  hours,  the  epidermis  can  then 
be  removed  by  means  of  a fine  scalpel  and  forceps.  By  a slight 
magnifying  power  and  direct  light,  in  the  parts  recently  attacked 
can  be  seen  the  furrows  or  galleries,  straight  or  sinuous,  narrow  and 
shallow,  more  or  less  near  each  other,  and  2 mm.  to  4 mm.  in 
length.  At  various  points  they  show  widenings  which  are  some- 
what deeper  than  the  other  parts,  where  two  or  three  eggs  are 
deposited  ; and  at  the  end  of  a gallery  is  an  ovigerous  female.  On 


ACARIASES 


- 57 

the  sides  of  the  furrows  the  dermal  papillae  are  red  and  hyper- 
trophied, and  the  superficial  layer  of  the  derma  is  infiltrated  with 
a yellow  serosity  ; while  in  the  vicinity  of  the  galleries — and  even 
some  distance  from  them — are  vesicles,  each  formed  by  an  eleva- 
tion of  the  epidermis  containing  a little  serum ; the  papillae  beneath 
being  exposed,  are  red  and  infiltrated.  Vertical  sections  will  also 
show  these  lesions. 

At  the  points  where  the  changes  are  not  so  recent,  the  galleries 
are  distorted  and  disseminated,  and  the  derma  and  papillae  are 
altered  to  a very  high  degree  ; there  are  numerous  elevations  and 
depressions — for  the  Sarcoptes  no  longer  live  in  the  tunnels,  but 
in  depressions  beneath  the  elevated  and  detached  epidermis.  The 
derma  is  thickened  by  a sero-sanguinolent  infiltration  ; the  lesions 
extend  to  the  glands  of  the  skin  and  the  hair- follicles,  and  this 
explains  the  shedding  of  the  hair,  the  dryness  of  the  crusts,  and  the 
thickness  of  the  epidermis,  the  formation  of  which  is  irregular. 

Lastly,  in  the  parts  where  the  disease  is  oldest,  the  skin  is  in- 
durated and  thickened,  and  the  secondary  lesions  are  observed, 
depending  on  the  cracks,  erosions,  etc.,  consecutive  to  the  friction 
during  life.  There  is  nothing  particular  to  note,  either  with  regard 
to  the  engorgement  of  which  the  limbs  may  be  particularly  the  seat 
or  of  the  internal  complications  which  may  occur  in  the  disease 
(Delafond  and  Bourguignon). 

Treatment. — On  the  first  suspicion  of  mange,  the  suspected  animal 
should  be  isolated.  When  there  are  several  Horses  affected,  it 
is  well  to  divide  them  into  groups,  according  to  the  period  of  treat- 
ment they  have  undergone. 

In  the  treatment — in  addition  to  the  destruction  of  the  parasites 
— when  the  malady  is  of  some  duration,  the  general  debility,  the  con- 
sequences of  which  are  especially  to  be  feared,  has  to  be  overcome. 

a.  Treatment  is  to  be  commenced  by  clipping  the  patients,  out 
of  and  at  some  distance  from  the  stable.  This  clipping  always 
shows  that  the  malady  is  more  extensive  than  was  supposed,  and 
is  the  only  way  of  reaching  all  the  parasites.  The  hair  should  be 
carefully  collected  and  burned. 

b.  The  body  is  then  subjected  to  a general  lathering  with  soap 
and  water  in  the  following  manner  : Two  to  four  pounds  of  soft 
soap  are  smeared  over  the  surface  of  the  body,  and  rubbed  well  into 
the  skin,  so  as  to  cause  it  to  soften  and  penetrate  the  crusts.  In  an 
hour  afterwards,  the  skin  is  scrubbed  by  means  of  a brush  and  tepid 
water  (soft  water  if  possible),  and  then  tepid  water  is  thrown  over 
the  body  to  remove  all  the  soap ; the  skin  is  dried  by  a scraper, 
followed  by  straw  or  hay  wisps,  which  should,  when  done  with, 
be  burned.  One  lathering  generally  suffices,  but  another  may  be 
applied  if  crusts  still  remain. 

c.  When  the  skin  is  dried,  antipsoric  remedies  are  had  recourse 
to.  Those  which  have  fatty  or  oleaginous  matters  in  their  compo- 
sition should  not  be  applied  over  the  whole  surface  of  the  body  at 
one  time,  in  order  to  avoid  sudden  suppression  of  the  cutaneous 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


138 


functions.  When  the  scabies  is  generalized,  the  dressing  should 
be  applied  over  one  half  of  the  body  at  a time — right  or  left  side, 
or  anterior  or  posterior  moiety  — an  interval  of  forty-eight  hours 
being  allowed  to  elapse  between  the  two  applications,  and  then 
another  general  lathering  after  the  same  period. 

Petroleum  and  benzine  are  often  used,  and  they  are  excellent 
acaricides  ; but  they  have  the  inconvenience  of  producing  irritation 
of  the  skin,  which  continues  for  a long  time,  prevents  the  prac- 
titioner easily  ascertaining  if  the  disease  is  cured,  and  hinders  the 
employment  of  the  animals  immediately  after  recovery.  So  that 
there  is  reason  to  reject  them  in  practice. 

In  Germany  creosote  is  very  much  employed,  the  experiments  of 
Gerlach  having  demonstrated  that  it  is  at  the  head  of  all  the  acari- 
cides, as  it  causes  the  death  of  the  Sarcoptes  in  15  to  45  seconds. 
It  is  used  mixed  with  alcohol  and  water  (creosote  and  alcohol 
10  parts,  water  25  parts),  or  with  oil  (creosote  1 part,  oil  25  to  40 
parts),  or  lard  (same  proportions).  The  liquid  form  is  the  best. 
One  to  three'energetic  applications,  at  intervals  of  three  to  five  days, 
suffice  to  effect  a cure. 

In  France,  the  agents  which  succeed  most  rapidly  are  found  to 
be  tobacco , sulphurated  potash , and  sulphur. 

The  liquid  refuse  of  tobacco  manufactories,  in  the  proportion  of 
100  grammes  to  1 kilogramme  of  oil,  constitutes  an  efficacious  and 
economical  preparation.  When  a manufactory  is  not  near,  and 
this  refuse  cannot  be  procured,  tobacco  itself  must  be  dispensed 
with,  as  it  is  too  costly. 

Sulphurated  potash  in  concentrated  solution,  250  grammes  to  the 
litre  of  water,  acts  efficaciously,  and  is  very  frequently  employed. 

The  Codex  gives  the  following  formula,  under  the  heading  ‘ Sul- 
phurous Pomade  for  the  Cure  of  Mange  (Trasbot)  * : 

Solid  trisulphuret  of  potassium  - - - 10  parts. 

Carbonate  of  potass.  - - - - 2 

Lard  -------  300  „ 

Mix  thoroughly. 

This  is  destined  to  replace  the  pomade  of  Helmerich. 

Sulphur  is  used  in  the  form  of  a sulphur  pomade  (sublimed 
sulphur  10,  lard  30  parts),  or  Helmerich’ s pomade  (sublimed 
sulphur  200,  potassium  carbonate  100,  lard  800  parts).  Numerous 
formulae  have  been  given  for  the  antipsoric  employment  of  sulphur  ; 
but  the  two  preceding,  and  especially  the  pomade  of  Helmerich, 
are  those  which  merit  the  preference. 

The  Codex  gives  the  following  formula  for  a mange-dressing  : 


Benzine  - 
Oil  of  cade 
Coal-tar  - 
Soft  soap 
Oil  of  turpentine 


300  parts. 
100  „ 

100  ,, 

100  ,, 

100 


Triturate  the  soft  soap  and  coal-tar  in  a mortar,  and  add  the  oil  of  cade  ; 
the  mixture  being  perfectly  homogeneous,  gradually  incorporate  the  oil  of 
turpentine,  then  the  benzine. 


ACARIASES 


139 


In  employing  these  different  remedies,  the  entire  surface  of  the 
bcdy  should  be  dressed  at  one  time  ; nevertheless,  in  using  the 
tobacco  there  is  danger  of  poisoning,  and  it  is  safer  to  dress  only 
one-half  of  the  body  at  a time.  The  preparations  of  sulphurated 
potash  or  sulphur  have  not  this  inconvenience,  and  they  are  cheap. 
The  medicament  is  allowed  to  remain  on  the  skin  for  three  or  four 
days  ; and  then  a last  washing  with  soap  is  made  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  first.  When  the  medicinal  rubbing  has  been  well 
done,  and  no  part  of  the  body  has  been  overlooked,  it  is  rare  to 
see  the  itching  persist.  A most  careful  repetition  of  the  treatment 
will  most  certainly  triumph  over  the  disease. 

At  the  Toulouse  Veterinary  School,  the  treatment  successfully 
employed  consists  in  the  use  of  a pomade  prepared  according  to  the 
following  formula,  which  is  almost  that  of  Pujol  and  Bonnet  : 

Powder  of  cevadilla  - - - - - 100  grammes. 

Calcined  alum  - - - - 40  ,, 

Sublimed  sulphur  - - - - 60  ,, 

Olive-oil  ------  j litre. 

Digest  for  two  hours  in  a water-bath. 

In  the  case  of  localized  mange,  the  oil  of  tar  is  sometimes  em- 
ployed. 

For  some  time,  creolin  or  cresyl  has  been  successfully  used  in 
solution,  3 to  5 per  cent. ; and  it  is  as  simple  as  it  is  inexpensive. 

To  prevent  the  reappearance  of  the  disease,  it  is  obvious  that 
disinfection  of  the  harness,  clothing,  grooming  utensils,  and  stable 
is  necessary.  The  best  disinfectant  is  boiling  water,  the  Acarina 
and  their  eggs  being  destroyed  at  a temperature  of  70°  to  8o°  (Cent.). 
If  there  is  apprehension  that  this  may  spoil  the  harness,  it  can  be 
disinfected  by  plunging  it  into  an  antipsoric  solution  of  sulphurated 
potash  or  creolin. 

Internal  treatment,  which  played  so  large  a part  in  the  older 
medicine,  should  only  have  for  its  object  remedying  the  constitu- 
tional debility.  Abundance  of  food,  tonics,  and  good  general 
hygiene  are  the  simple  means  to  be  resorted  to. 

This  treatment  of  sarcoptic  scabies  does  not  differ  much  from 
that  resorted  to  in  England  (Fleming).  When  the  skin  has  been 
thoroughly  washed  with  soap  and  water  as  recommended  above, 
it  is  soaked  for  some  time  with  a solution  of  pot.  carbonate  and  oil, 
and  the  parasiticide  is  then  rubbed  in,  a second  dressing  being 
made  in  about  a week.  Washing  with  lead  acetate  solution  relieves 
the  eczema  that  frequently  accompanies  mange,  while  diluted 
alkaline  solutions  and  oil  of  eucalyptus  abate  psoriasis.  Chronic 
inflammatory  sequelae  are  treated  by  weak  solutions  of  lead  acetate, 
glycerin  and  water  ; with  salines,  arsenic,  and  iron  salts  internally. 


140 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


2.  P sor optic  Scabies. 

Synonyms. — The  Rouvieux  of  the  hippiatrists  ; the  Gale  humide  of  Le 
Gueriniere ; the  Gale  par  acare  of  Huzard,  jun.  ; the  Gale  dermatodectique  of 
Delafond  ; Psoropiic  acariasis. 

This  form  of  scabies  has  been  the  longest  known,  and  is  the  most 
common.  It  affects  the  Horse,  Ass,  and  Mule,  and  sometimes 
prevails  epizootically. 

According  to  Delafond  and  Bourguignon — who  have  thrown  much  light 
on  the  history  of  this  malady — like  the  majority  of  the  forms  of  psora,  the 
parasite  of  this  form  ( Psoroptes  communis,  var.  equi)  was  observed  about  the 
middle  of  the  last  century  by  Lonting  ; but  the  first  illustration  of  it  was  by 
Gohier  and  Saint-Didier,  and  was  presented  to  the  Agricultural  Society  of 
Lyons  in  1813  ; then  came  the  drawings  of  it  by  Bose  in  1816,  in  the  Diction- 
naive  des  Sciences  Medicales  ; afterwards  those  of  Raspail  in  1833,  of  Hertwig 
and  Hering  in  1835,  of  Gervais  in  1841,  of  Dujardin  in  1843,  an<i  °f  Gerlach 
in  1857. 

Symptoms. — Psoroptic  scabies  of  the  Horse  may  appear  on  any 
part  of  the  body  except  the  extremity  of  the  limbs  ; but  it  more 
especially  affects  the  upper  part  of  the  neck — at  the  root  of  the 
mane — the  poll,  and  the  tail ; and  as  it  immediately  gives  rise  to 
pruritus,  attention  is  often  directed  at  first  to  the  state  of  the  long 
hairs,  which  are  matted  and  rubbed.  The  pruritus  has  the  same 
characters  as  that  of  sarcoptic  scabies. 

The  first  alteration  noticed  is  in  the  form  of  small  papules — which 
are  red  on  the  non-pigmented  parts  of  the  skin — from  7 mm.  to 
8 mm.  in  diameter,  and  2 mm.  to  3 mm.  high.  At  their  summit 
the  epidermis  on  these  papules  is  raised  by  an  accumulation  of 
serosity,  which  quickly  causes  it  to  be  broken,  and  from  this  results 
a crust,  owing  to  the  desiccation  of  the  fluid  ; but  as  this  continues 
to  exude,  the  crust  becomes  thicker  in  mixing  with  the  epithelial 
debris,  and  remains  moist  and  viscid — a feature  that  distinguishes 
it  from  the  always  dry  and  furfuraceous  crust  of  sarcoptic  scabies. 

As  each  vesico-pustule  is  the  result  of  the  puncture  of  a Psoropt, 
and  as  the  parasites  live  in  agglomerated  colonies  on  the  surface  of 
the  epidermis,  these  punctures  are  made  near  each  other  and  become 
multiplied  as  the  Psoroptes  increase  in  numbers,  until  at  last  they 
are  confluent,  and  form  veritable  plates  of  crusts. 

The  rubbings  that  the  patient  energetically  practises  against 
everything  within  reach  contribute  to  the  inflammation  of  the  skin, 
to  the  abundance  of  crusts,  and  to  the  formation  of  sores  and  ulcers. 
The  crusts  themselves — which  are  naturally  of  a light-yellow  tint 
— are  often  red  or  dark-coloured,  from  the  blood  impregnating 
them.  The  hairs  become  uprooted,  and  fall  off  during  the  rubbing 
or  grooming,  leaving  a smooth,  shining,  greasy  patch.  The  skin 
is  infiltrated,  thickened,  and  hard,  as  well  as  wrinkled  where  the 
subjacent  connective  tissue  will  permit  it  to  be  so.  The  crusts  are 
agglutinated  together,  and  become  more  and  more  abundant, 
adhering  more  or  less  closely  to  the  surface  of  the  derma. 


ACARIASES 


141 


Contrary  to  the  habit  of  the  Sarcopt,  the  Psoropt  seeks  the  parts 
sheltered  by  the  long  hairs,  notwithstanding  the  thickness  of  the 
skin  at  these  points.  The  progress  of  the  trouble  that  it  excites  is 
important — more  by  the  increasing  gravity  of  the  local  alterations 
than  by  the  rapidity  of  extension  of  the  disease.  A large  super- 
ficies of  skin  may  still  remain  intact,  while  serious  changes  are 
accumulating  in  a short  time  around  the  primary  point  of  invasion. 
The  regions  in  which  the  disease  remains  at  first  for  a long  time 
localized  are  the  forelock,  mane,  and  base  of  the  tail ; then  it 
extends  to  the  submaxillary  space,  the  breast,  and  the  internal 
surface  of  the  thighs  and  neighbourhood  of  the  prepuce.  It  in- 
creases by^a  regular  extension,  the  limits  of  the  patches  incessantly 
growing,  l)ut  not  in  the  diffuse  manner  seen  in  sarcoptic  scabies. 
It  may  be  transplanted  by  grooming  to  any  part  of  the  body,  but 
its  extension  is  always  centrifugal. 

The  upper  part  (or  ridge)  of  the  neck  affected  with  psoroptic 
scabies  is  thickened,  infiltrated,  marked  by  large  transverse  folds, 
partially  depilated,  or  covered  by  very  short  hairs  mixed  with  some 
long  ones  ; while  crusts  are  extended  over  them,  and  in  the  deep 
furrows  between  these  folds  exudes  an  abundance  of  viscid,  often 
foetid  serosity,  that,  in  summer,  may  contain  the  larvae  of  Muscidae. 
This  localization  of  the  disease  has  received  the  name  (in  France) 
of  Rouvieux. 

The  presence  of  the  Psoroptes  gives  to  all  the  symptoms  their 
precise  significance.  They  are  always  in  great  numbers  at  the 
points  invaded,  and  are  readily  found  beneath  the  crusts,  especially 
towards  the  limits  of  the  patches.  In  examining  scrapings  from 
these  parts  on  black  paper,  by  means  of  a magnifying-glass,  or  even 
with  the  unaided  eye,  numerous  Psoroptes  will  be  seen  moving 
about  actively,  in  all  phases  of  development,  and  often  in  a state 
of  copulation  (Figs.  65,  75,  76,  77,  78). 

Course,  Duration,  and  Termination. — Psoroptic  scabies  progresses 
slowly,  and  very  rarely  invades  the  whole  surface  of  the  body. 
While  at  the  end  of  a month  the  Sarcoptes  will  have  spread  to  the 
most  distant  parts  of  the  skin,  the  Psoroptes  at  this  time  will  be 
still  located  at  the  upper  part  of  the  neck  or  base  of  the  tail,  where 
they  had  established  their  first  colony.  No  fixed  duration  can  be 
assigned  to  this  form  of  scabies,  even  approximately  ; but  in  any 
case  it  has  no  tendency  towards  a spontaneous  cure. 

Etiology,  Contagion. — It  has  been  already  mentioned  that  of  the 
three  kinds  of  psoric  Acarina,  the  Psoroptes  secrete  the  most  acrid 
fluid,  and  this  explains  the  intensity  of  their  morbid  effects.  Psor- 
optic scabies,  like  the  other  forms,  can  only  be  developed  by  con- 
tagion ; so  that  there  is  no  occasion  to  take  predisposition  into 
account ; and  uncleanliness,  from  whatever  cause,  can  alone  play 
a preparatory  part. 

Contagion  is  effected  in  the  same  extrinsic  conditions  as  in  sar- 
coptic scabies  : it  is  as  much  more  active  as  the  contagiferous  animal 
is  seriously  affected. 


142 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


With  regard  to  the  persistency  of  contagion  in  articles  coming 
from  mangy  Horses,  the  experiments  of  Gerlach  have  shown  that 
the  vital  resistance  of  the  Psoropt  exceeds  that  of  the  Sarcopt. 
Removed  from  its  host,  it  lived  from  ten  to  fourteen  days  in  a dry 
atmosphere,  and  from  twenty  to  thirty  in  a stable.  Plunged  into 
a state  of  apparent  death,  it  may  yet  at  the  end  of  six  to  eight  weeks 
be  revived  by  means  of  heat  and  humidity,  though  it  will  not  re- 
cover so  much  as  to  be  able  to  puncture  the  skin.  Fecundated 
females  have  a greater  vital  resistance  than  the  males,  and  the 
latter  than  non-fecundated  females. 

Observation  and  experiment  appear  to  demonstrate  that  it  is 
always  from  the  Horse  that  the  Horse  receives  the  original  Psoropt 
that  invades  it.  Gohier  vainly  endeavoured  to  transmit  #the  scabies 
of  the  Ox  to  Horses  and  Asses,  and  Delafond  also  failed  with  the 
Psoroptes  of  the  Sheep  conveyed  to  the  Horse.  Nevertheless,  if 
Hosaeus  has  unsuccessfully  attempted  to  transmit  the  Psoroptes 
from  the  ear  of  the  Rabbit  to  Horses,  Mathieu  has,  in  the  same 
conditions,  obtained  a positive  result.  On  the  other  hand,  facts 
given  by  Cagny  and  by  Cadeac  would  lead  to  the  belief  that,  in 
some  circumstances,  the  psoroptic  scabies  of  the  Horse  may  have 
its  origin  in  the  auricular  acariasis  of  the  Rabbit  (see  Parasitic 
Diseases  of  the  Ear). 

When  placed  on  the  skin  of  Man,  the  Psoroptes  cause  a violent 
pruritus  ; but  they  never  give  rise  to  a psoric  eruption,  and  soon 
disappear.  Gerlach  could  not  succeed  in  transmitting  the  psoroptic 
scabies  of  the  Horse  to  the  Sheep  and  Ox  ; and  Delafond  also  failed 
with  the  latter  animal,  notwithstanding  the  apparent  identity  of 
the  Psoroptes  that  the  Horse  and  Sheep  may  harbour.  Experi- 
ments of  transmission  made  with  the  Pig,  Dog,  and  Cat  have  always 
given  a negative  result. 

Diagnosis. — What  has  been  said  with  respect  to  the  symptoms  of 
sarcoptic  and  psoroptic  scabies,  and  the  resemblance  that  has  been 
spoken  of  when  alluding  to  the  differential  diagnosis  of  the  former, 
will  enable  us  to  dispense  with  further  reference  to  this  point.  The 
difference  between  this  form  and  chorioptic  scabies  has  also  been 
sufficiently  indicated. 

The  usual  readiness  with  which  the  parasite  can  be  found  renders 
diagnosis  easy.  At  the  commencement  of  the  affection,  its  presence 
may  be  demonstrated  by  fixing  the  crust  on  the  arm  of  a Man ; in 
one  or  two  hours  afterwards  a pricking  sensation  will  be  experienced 
in  the  part,  due  to  the  punctures  of  the  parasite. 

It  should  always  be  remembered  that  the  three  forms  of  scabies 
may  co-exist  on  a Horse,  although  simultaneousness  of  two  of  the 
types  is  absolutely  rare.  Psoroptic  scabies  may  also  be  mistaken 
for  pityriasis — the  principal  form  of  the  Rouvieux  of  the  hippiatrists 
— which  often  affects  the  upper  border  of  the  neck  and  root  of  the 
tail  of  dirty  horses  ; it  also  often  coincides  with  phthiriasis,  of 
which  it  is  then  only  a manifestation.  And,  besides,  it  may  be 
distinguished  from  psoroptic  scabies  by  its  chronicity,  its  slight 


ACARIASES 


143 


tendency  to  extend,  the  trifling  pruritus,  and,  above  all,  by  the 
absence  of  the  Psoroptes. 

Prognosis. — Psoroptic  scabies  is  a much  less  serious  affection 
than  sarcoptic  scabies.  Its  extension  is  less  rapid,  it  is  much  longer 
localized,  is  not  so  frequently  epizootic,  is  much  more  easily  com- 
bated, and  rapidly  yields  to  proper  treatment.  The  skin  often 
retains,  for  an  indefinite  time  after  the  disease  has  been  cured,  the 
morbid  thickness  it  had  acquired,  and  many  of  the  hairs  are  not 
reproduced. 

Pathological  Anatomy. — There  is  nothing  particular  in  the  de- 
scription given  by  Delafond  and  Bourguignon  of  the  morbid  lesions 
of  the  psoroptic  scabies  of  the  Horse  ; it  applies  to  all  the  irritations 
of  the  skin,  and  is  subordinate  to  the  intensity  of  these. 

Treatment. — The  same  prophylactic,  hygienic,  and  therapeutic 
measures  are  necessary  for  this  form  of  scabies  as  for  the  sarcoptic 
form.  Failure  is  rare,  and  the  treatment  may  even  be  more  simple, 
as  it  can  be  limited  to  the  affected  parts,  or  be  only  extended  for  a 
little  distance  on  the  healthy  skin  surrounding  these  ; while,  in 
order  not  to  disfigure  the  animal,  portions  of  the  hair  of  the  mane 
and  tail  can  be  allowed  to  remain.  On  the  neck,  only  the  hair  in 
the  furrows  of  the  skin  is  removed  with  scissors,  that  on  the  summit 
of  the  ridges  may  remain.  At  the  tail,  transverse  cuts  are  made 
through  the  hairs,  so  as  to  leave  wide  lines  on  the  most  affected 
places  ; these  will  allow  the  air  to  circulate  more  readily  among 
the  hairs,  and  so  to  dry  the  crusts,  rendering  cleansing  and  the 
application  of  remedies  more  easy. 

With  respect  to  remedies,  these,  from  motives  of  economy  and 
in  view  of  limited  employment,  should  have  wood-tar  as  their  base  ; 
though  this  does  not  answer  for  sarcoptic  scabies,  in  which,  the 
application  being  of  necessity  general,  the  animal  would  be  ex- 
posed to  the  danger  of  cutaneous  asphyxia.  This  tar  is  generally 
mixed  warm  with  soft  soap  (2  parts  of  tar  to  1 of  soap),  and  it  is 
rubbed  into  the  patches  on  the  skin  by  means  of  a brush,  without 
making  the  application  general.  This  remedy  is  only  used  for 
common  Horses,  and,  in  general,  recourse  is  had  to  one  or  another 
of  the  remedies  indicated  for  sarcoptic  scabies. 

3.  Chorioptic  Scabies. 

This  form  of  scabies — the  Gale  du  pied  (of  the  French),  the  Fuss- 
raude  of  Gerlach — was  first  described  by  Gerlach  in  1857,  and  was 
subsequently  studied  by  Delafond  and  Bourguignon.  It  is  due  to 
the  common  choriopt  (Figs.  79,  80,  81,  82,  83). 

Symptoms. — The  disease  commences  at  the  fetlocks  and  pasterns 
— chiefly  those  of  the  posterior  limbs.  It  afterwards  reaches  the 
shanks,  hocks,  and  knees,  rarely  extending  to  the  body  or  croup. 
It  is  indicated  by  signs  of  itching,  which  are  much  less  active  than 
in  the  two  preceding  forms,  and  are  more  particularly  noticeable 
during  the  night,  and  while  resting  after  work.  The  Horse  stamps, 


144 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


rubs  one  leg  against  the  other,  endeavours  to  bite  the  limbs,  and 
kicks.  Such  horses  are  often  very  troublesome  to  shoe,  as  they 
try  to  rub  the  affected  leg  while  the  shoer  is  holding  it  up,  and 
therefore  he  is  much  pulled  about. 

In  a variable  time  — sometimes  several  months  — the  region 
affected  is  covered  by  an  abundant  epidermic  desquamation,  in 
the  midst  of  which  the  Chorioptes  are  readily  discovered  ; the  hairs 
are  shed,  and  in  the  parts  limiting  the  depilations  they  can  easily 
be  pulled  out  in  tufts,  leaving  the  subjacent  skin  bare  and  smooth. 
At  a later  period,  the  skin  becomes  thickened  and  exudes ; crusts 
of  variable  thickness  form,  and  cracks  appear  in  the  hollow  of  the 
pastern,  which  may  granulate  and  become  somewhat  serious. 
Coarse-bred,  heavy  Horses  are  generally  those  most  liable  to 
become  affected,  the  thick  hairy  legs  affording  good  shelter  for 
the  parasite.  The  skin  is  scurfy  and  the  hair  much  broken  and 
woolly. 

Chorioptic  scabies  follows  an  extremely  slow  course,  and  a Horse 
must  be  greatly  neglected  by  its  owner,  even  for  several  years, 
before  the  disease  invades  the  upper  part  of  the  limbs  and  the 
trunk.  It  shows  itself  almost  exclusively  during  the  winter — not 
that  the  chorioptes  abandon  their  host  during  the  summer,  but 
probably  because,  during  this  season,  the  natural  excretions  of  the 
skin  dispense  with  the  necessity  for  actively  pricking  it,  in  order  to 
excite  the  exudation  of  nutritive  fluid. 

The  disease  may  persist  for  several  years  if  the  Horses  are  badly 
groomed.  The  skin  then  becomes  infiltrated,  and  cracks  more  or 
less  deeply  in  the  hollow  of  the  pastern  and  above  the  fetlock  ; in 
the  course  of  time  the  papillae  of  the  derma  become  hypertrophied, 
and  appear  as  round  or  conical  prominences  close  together,  and 
covered  by  a smooth  and  shining  epidermic  layer.  These  increase 
in  volume ; and  in  the  furrows  between  them  appears  a foetid,  sero- 
purulent  matter,  chiefly  composed  of  serosity  and  a mass  of  epi- 
dermic cells.  In  this  product,  the  Chorioptes  of  all  ages — males 
and  females — are  found  in  considerable  numbers,  as  well  as  their 
eggs,  the  debris  of  their  moultings,  and  their  excrements. 

Etiology,  Contagion. — Chorioptic  scabies  is  never  seen  in  well- 
bred  Horses,  because  of  the  orderly  way  in  which  they  are  kept, 
and  the  fineness  of  the  hair  on  their  legs.  It  is  the  appanage  of 
common  Horses,  which  have  coarse  long  hairs  on  their  limbs,  and 
in  which  the  skin  is  habitually  dirty.  This  is  the  reason  why  it  is 
most  frequently  seen  on  young  Horses  which,  not  yet  at  work,  are 
not  regularly  groomed  ; as  well  as  on  old  worn-out  animals  which 
have  fallen  into  careless  hands,  and  which  are  near  their  final  stage 
—the  knacker’s  establishment. 

Contagion  is  effected  by  grooming  articles,  but  more  especially 
by  litter,  in  which  the  Chorioptes  may  live  for  a long  time.  Gerlach 
has  kept  them  with  crusts  in  a warm  place,  and  at  the  end  of  ten 
to  twelve  days  they  appeared  to  be  dead  ; but  heat  and  moisture 
rendered  them  active  in  fourteen  days.  In  the  spring,  or  in  a 


ACARIASES 


45 


place  not  warm,  they  have  succumbed  in  fourteen  days,  and  in 
fifteen  in  a stable.  Delafond  and  Bourguignon  have  kept  them 
alive  from  sixty  to  sixty-five  days,  in  boxes  placed  in  a stable,  with 
a temperature  of  140  to  150  Cent.  (57'2°  to  590  Fahr.),  care  being 
taken  to  renew  the  air  in  the  box  and  to  maintain  a proper  amount 
of  humidity. 

The  disease  owes  its  extension  to  transmission  from  diseased  to 
healthy  Horses.  The  Choriopt  of  the  Ox  conveyed  to  the  Horse, 
disappears  without  attacking  the  skin  ; while  that  of  the  Horse 
transplanted  to  Man,  and  other  creatures  than  the  equine  species, 
has  produced  no  results. 

Chorioptic  scabies  is  the  least  contagious  of  the  three  forms  of 
equine  scabies,  as  the  Choriopt  has  little  tendency  to  emigrate, 
often  remaining  localized  on  one  limb,  or  on  two  anterior  or  pos- 
terior limbs.  Gerard  and  Railliet  completely  failed  in  their  well- 
conducted  attempts  to  develop  the  disease  on  Horses,  by  depositing 
the  parasites  in  the  hollow  of  the  pasterns.  It  is  true  that  they 
experimented  with  old  Horses  ; and  Railliet  is  inclined  to  believe 
that  the  disease  is  proper  to  young  Horses,  the  cases  recorded  as 
occurring  among  old  Horses  being  due  to  the  persistence  of  the 
malady  from  their  earlier  years. 

Diagnosis. — With  regard  to  this,  there  is  nothing  to  be  added  to 
what  has  been  already  said  concerning  sarcoptic  and  psoroptic 
scabies.  The  markedly  special  seat  of  chorioptic  scabies,  its  symp- 
toms, and  the  facility  with  which  the  parasites  are  always  found, 
should  prevent  mistakes,  and  particularly  if  it  be  remembered  that 
the  simultaneousness  of  the  two  forms  of  scabies  is  possible. 

Prognosis. — This  disease — the  most  benignant  of  the  manges  of 
the  Horse — only  persists  when  the  horse- owner  allows  it  to  do  so  ; 
as  it  is  most  easily  got  rid  of,  and  is  only  serious  when  complicated 
with  cracks  in  the  skin  and  papillary  growths,  which,  after  they 
have  been  cured,  often  leave  thick  cicatrices. 

Treatment. — To  prevent  the  somewhat  inactive  contagion  of 
chorioptic  scabies,  it  is  well  to  isolate  the  affected  Horse,  or,  at 
least,  to  often  renew  its  litter  and  look  well  to  grooming,  for  cleanli- 
ness is  always  one  of  the  most  efficacious  of  the  curative  agents. 

The  hair  should  be  removed  as  close  as  possible  from  the  invaded 
regions,  and  even  a little  beyond  them  ; then  the  brush  or  wisp 
will  remove,  along  with  the  crusts  and  scurf,  quantities  of  parasites 
and  ova.  The  whole  of  the  affected  parts  are  then  to  be  well  rubbed 
with  soft  soap,  which  should  be  allowed  to  remain  on  for  about 
twenty  minutes,  when  it  is  to  be  washed  off  with  warm  water,  and 
the  skin  treated  with  the  scraper  and  well  dried. 

The  antipsoric  medication  properly  prescribed  by  Delafond  and 
Bourguignon,  consists  of  friction  either  with  a concentrated  decoc- 
tion of  tobacco,  the  pomade  of  Helmerich,  or — which  is  more  ex- 
peditious— benzine  or  oil  of  turpentine.  One,  two,  or  at  most 
three,  rubbings  with  one  or  other  of  these  agents  suffices  to  com- 
pletely cure  the  disease.  At  the  Toulouse  Veterinary  School,  a 

10 


46 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


mixture  of  equal  parts  of  petroleum  and  linseed-oil  is  employed. 
A mixture  of  Stockholm  tar  or  cade-oil  with  an  equal  part  of  soft 
soap,  applied  warm  over  the  whole  of  the  affected  surface,  gives 
excellent  results  when  the  disease  is  chronic  ; but  when  it  is  accom- 
panied by  hypertrophy  of  the  papillae,  then  there  should  be  applied, 
and  more  than  once,  the  mixture  of  tar  and  soft  soap,  to  which 
should  be  added  2 to  5 grammes  of  finely-powdered  arsenious  acid 
to  500  grammes  of  the  mixture. 

B. — Scabies  of  Bovine  Animals. 

It  had  been  known  for  a long  time  that  bovines  might  be  affected 
with  psora,  as  Delafond  and  Bourguignon  state  that  it  is  mentioned 
in  the  writings  of  Columella,  who  lived  in  the  first  century  of  our 
era,  and  also  in  those  of  Vegetius.  Since  the  establishment  of 
veterinary  schools,  bovine  scabies  has  been  frequently  observed, 
and  its  parasitic  nature  has  been  clearly  recognised.  It  might 
appear  at  first  sight  that  the  Ox,  like  the  Horse,  should  be  affected 
with  the  three  forms  of  scabies,  of  which  the  pathogenic  agent  is  a 
Sarcopt,  a Psoropt,  and  a Choriopt. 

1.  Sar coptic  Scabies. 

Sarcoptic  scabies  of  the  Ox  is  only  incidentally  mentioned  here,  as  its 
history  is  limited  to  the  possibility  of  its  existence.  Grognier,  indeed,  men- 
tions that  the  mangy  Horse  alluded  to  at  p.  133  communicated  its  disease 
not  only  to  several  people,  but  also  to  two  Cows  placed  alongside  it  in  the 
stable.  The  transmission  to  Man  demonstrated  the  sarcoptic  nature  of  the 
affection.  It  was  the  same  with  the  case  recorded  by  Robert  Fauvet  : the 
mangy  horse  sold  to  a miller  infected  a Cow  that  had  rubbed  its  neck  against 
the  manger. 

Wallraff  has  reported  the  history  of  an  epizooty  of  mange  that  prevailed 
among  Goats  in  the  valley  of  Prattigau,  Canton  of  Grisons.  The  disease  was 
communicated  to  Man,  and  was  therefore  sarcoptic  ; it  was  transmitted  to 
cattle  and  Horses.  Delafond  produced  a fugaceous  form  of  mange  that 
disappeared  spontaneously,  in  depositing  some  Sarcoptes  from  a diseased 
Dog  on  the  skin  of  a Bull  and  a Calf.  McFadyean  reported  a case  of  sarcoptic 
mange  of  the  Ox  in  1900. 

These  are  all  the  facts  that  are  known  of  the  sarcoptic  scabies  of  the  Ox. 
Rademacher  relates  that  a mangy  Cat,  which  was  in  the  habit  of  resting  on 
the  back  of  a Cow,  infected  the  latter  ; the  Cow  gave  the  disease  to  a servant, 
and  she,  in  her  turn,  gave  it  to  all  the  family.  It  will  be  shown  hereafter 
that  the  scabies  of  the  Cat  can  be  conveyed  to  Man  ; but  as  it  is  due  to  the 
Sarcoptes  minor,  and  not  to  5.  scabiei,  the  instance  given  by  Rademacher 
cannot  be  accepted  as  of  equal  value — so  far  as  the  history  of  bovine  sarcoptic 
scabies  is  concerned — with  that  of  equine  scabies,  due  to  the  S.  scabiei.  For 
the  same  reason,  the  incomplete,  and  even  inexact,  observation  of  Thudichum, 
relative  to  the  development  of  scabies  in  people  who  had  been  in  contact 
with  a mangy  Cow,  cannot  be  utilized. 

2.  Psoroptic  Scabies . 

Synonyms. — Dermatocoptic  scabies  Roll  ; Gale  dermatodectique  Delafond. 

History. — According  to  Sauvages,  Linnaeus  observed  on  cattle  a mange  that 
was  caused  and  maintained  by  insects,  which  were  found  located  in  the 
tubercles  of  the  skin  ; but,  in  reality,  the  first  mention  of  a parasite — in  1813. 


ACARIASES 


147 


— is  due  to  Dorfeuille,  a veterinary  surgeon  at  Port-Sainte-Marie  (Lot-et- 
Garonne,  France),  who  reported  his  discovery  to  Gohier,  who,  in  the  following 
year,  found  this  acarus  on  the  Hungarian  cattle  which  the  Austrians  brought 
in  large  numbers  with  their  army  to  Lyons.  Gohier  did  not  remark  any 
difference  between  this  animalcule  and  that  which  he  had  seen — the  Psoroptes 
communis — in  a form  of  mange  of  the  Horse.  After  long  search,  Delafond 
in  1856  discovered  this  parasite  on  English  and  Limousin  cattle,  at  the  same 
time  that  Gerlach  found  it  on  mangy  cattle  at  Bromberg.  This  form  of 
scabies  was  again  seen  by  Muller  in  i860,  and  since  that  time  it  has  been 
observed  at  intervals  on  French  cattle.  The  disease  is  not  uncommon  in  the 
United  Kingdom  (Fleming). 

Symptoms. — The  psoroptic  scabies  of  the  Ox  has  great  analogies 
with  the  same  form  in  the  Horse.  It  commences  at  the  root  of  the 
tail  or — though  less  frequently — at  the  neck  or  withers,  and  gradu- 
ally extends  to  the  head,  back,  shoulders,  sides  of  the  chest,  and 
finally  invades  the  entire  surface  of  the  body,  except  the  limbs. 

There  is  violent  pruritus  : the  animal  scratches  and  rubs  itself 
in  every  possible  way,  and  often  causes  blood  to  flow  from  the 
affected  parts.  An  attentive  examination  discovers — at  the  place 
where  the  disease  commences — small,  miliary,  epidermic  elevations, 
discrete  or  confluent,  filled  with  serosity.  This  escapes,  agglutin- 
ates the  hairs,  dries,  and  gives  rise  to  very  adherent  crusts,  which 
increase  in  number  and  extent.  There  are  soon  seen  on  the  skin 
numerous  patches  of  mange — depilated,  borders  irregularly  fes- 
tooned, covered  with  thick,  greyish,  scaly  or  lamellar  crusts.  Be- 
neath and  between  these  crusts  the  Psorptes  multiply.  They  can 
be  readily  seen  by  the  naked  eye,  or  by  means  of  a lens,  in  spreading 
skin-scrapings  on  black  paper  in  a warm  place.  The  skin  itself, 
when  freed  from  crusts,  is  seen  to  be  depilated,  thickened,  hard, 
dry,  and  cracked,  with  thick  folds  on  the  sides  of  the  neck,  shoulders, 
and  chest. 

In  serious  and  neglected  cases  ulceration  may  ensue,  due  more 
especially  to  the  continual  rubbing.  The  animals  then  fall  into  a 
state  of  extreme  cachexia  ; the  superficial  lymphatic  glands  in  the 
adjacent  regions  are  hard  and  prominent,  but  not  painful ; and 
death  is  the  sequel  to  this  miserable  condition. 

Gerlach  and  Muller  have  remarked  on  the  modifications  occurring 
in  this  form  of  scabies  by  change  of  season.  On  a farm  in  the  circle 
of  Inowraclaw,  the  disease  prevailed  among  the  cattle  every  year, 
commencing  towards  the  end  of  autumn  when  the  animals  began  to 
be  housed,  reaching  its  maximiyn  in  February,  and  diminishing  in 
spring,  when  the  oxen  were  employed  at  labour  ; the  crusts  then 
became  detached,  the  hairs  grew,  and  there  only  remained  a few 
bare  patches  at  the  root  of  the  tail  and  on  the  neck,  while  around  the 
horns  and  on  the  neck  epidermic  scales  were  abundant.  The  train 
of  symptoms  reappeared  each  autumn.  Gerlach  and  Muller  recog- 
nised that  the  Psoroptes  persisted  in  summer,  although  the  Oxen 
appeared  to  be  cured  ; the  parasites  were  in  great  numbers  on  the 
neck  and  around  the  horns,  and  Chorioptes  were  mixed  with  them. 

It  would  appear  from  these  facts,  that  the  residence  of  the  Oxen 

10 — 2 


48 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


in  warm  stables  during  the  winter  favours  the  development  of  the 
parasites. 

Etiology,  Contagion. — The  immediate  cause  of  this  scabies  is 
the  Psoroptes  communis , var.  bGvis.  Conveyed  to  healthy  animals, 
it  develops  the  same  disease  on  them.  It  may,  nevertheless,  be 
admitted  that  poverty  and  uncleanliness  are  predisposing  causes  ; 
and  it  has  been  shown  that  dwelling  in  a stable  during  winter  favours 
the  development  of  this  malady,  while  living  in  the  open  air  during 
the  summer  does  not. 

May  the  Ox  contract  psoroptic  scabies  from  other  domesticated 
animals  with  which  it  comes  in  contact  ? Gohier  and  Carrere 
have  reported  affirmative  facts,  in  which  Cows  have  acquired  the 
disease  after  being — for  a variable  period — beside  a mangy  horse. 
But  they  have  not  given  details  as  to  the  characters  of  this  psora, 
either  on  the  Horse  or  the  Cow  ; so  that  it  is  impossible  to  give  an 
opinion  as  to  whether  it  was  this,  or  one  of  the  other  forms  of 
scabies.  The  experiments  with  regard  to  the  transmission  of 
psoroptic  scabies  from  the  Horse  to  the  Ox,  made  by  Gerlach,  and 
more  especially  by  Delafond,  carried  out  under  the  most  satisfactory 
conditions,  have  always  yielded  negative  results — Delafond  only 
once  having  observed  a fugitive  pruritus  that  was  not  followed  by 
scabies.  And  it  is  also  the  fact,  as  demonstrated  by  the  experi- 
ments of  Delafond,  that  the  Psoropt  of  the  Sheep  cannot  be  acclima- 
tized on  the  Ox.  Only  on  two  occasions  in  five  did  the  transplanted 
parasites  attack  the  skin  of  the  calves  experimented  upon — thin 
crusts  were  formed,  but  the  Psoroptes  died  or  disappeared  in  from 
three  to  six  days.  Inversely,  attempts  at  transmission  of  the 
psoroptic  scabies  of  the  Ox  to  the  Horse  were  without  result  in 
the  hands  of  Gohier  and  of  Muller. 

Diagnosis. — The  psoroptic  scabies  of  the  Ox  might,  in  one  of  its 
phases,  be  mistaken  for  certain  cutaneous  affections  which  some- 
what resemble  it.  But  the  error  may  be  averted  by  a careful 
examination,  which  will  decide  whether  or  not  the  Psoroptes — so 
easily  found  and  distinguished  from  every  other  parasite — are 
present. 

The  Phthiriasis  due  to  the  Hcematopinus  eurysternus  and  H. 
vituli — which  are  very  pruriginous,  cause  depilations,  and  locate 
themselves  on  the  upper  part  of  the  neck  and  withers — is  easily 
recognised  by  the  presence  of  the  Lice  ; but  as  it  may  coincide  with 
scabies,  something  more  than  a superficial  examination  is  necessary. 
However,  the  treatment  usually  employed  against  lice  will  destroy 
the  parasites  of  Mange. 

The  prurigo  that  results  from  heating  food,  or  the  sudden  tran- 
sition from  a poor  regime  to  an  abundant  ration — and  sometimes 
appears  without  any  appreciable  cause — may  extend  to  various 
parts  of  the  body  or  be  limited  to  some.  It  is  characterized  by 
discrete  papules — which  may  be  small  and  soft,  or  voluminous  and 
hard — that  cause  a violent  pruritus,  particularly  when  the  body 
is  heated.  In  consequence  of  rubbing,  the  excoriated  papules  are 


ACARIASES 


149 


covered  with  blood- tinted  crusts,  and  the  skin  is  thickened,  chafed, 
moist,  and  depilated  in  patches.  This  disease  may  quickly  subside 
spontaneously,  but  it  may  also  continue  for  months.  It  has  a 
great  resemblance  to  scabies,  and  especially  when  it  manifests 
itself  on  several  animals  at  the  same  time  in  one  place  ; then  con- 
tagion might  be  suspected.  The  diagnosis  will  be  decided  by  the 
absence  of  acari,  and  by  the  utility  of  internal  treatment — alter- 
atives, purgative  salines,  arsenious  acid,  etc. 

In  ringworm — which  is  contagious,  like  scabies — the  patches 
invaded  by  the  Trichophyton  are  always  circular,  and  have  limited 
dimensions — from  3 cm.  to  5 cm.  in  diameter  ; while  those  of 
scabies  are  irregular,  and  have  a disposition  to  extend  along  the 
body.  Besides,  each  of  these  two  affections  has  its  own  proper 
parasite,  the  presence  of  which  fixes  the  diagnosis. 

Prognosis. — Psoroptic  scabies  in  the  Ox  can  only  become  serious 
when  it  has  been  absolutely  neglected,  and  the  cachexia  accompany- 
ing it  has  become  chronic  ; for  it  readily  yields  to  various  antipsoric 
remedies. 

Pathological  Anatomy. — G.  P.  Piana  has  given  the  following 
resume  of  his  researches  into  the  lesions  of  the  psoroptic  scabies  of 
the  Ox. 

The  Psoroptes  induce  very  limited  exudative  inflammation  in  the 
regions  of  the  derma  corresponding  to  the  points  where  they  have 
inserted  their  mandibles  in  the  epidermis  ; the  exudate  resulting 
from  each  of  these  inflammations  is  infiltrated  between  the  cells 
of  the  rete  mucosum,  and  also  collects  in  the  substance  of  the 
epidermis  itself.  This  exudation  is  very  rich  in  leucocytes,  which, 
owing  to  their  movements,  become  insinuated — along  with  the  fluid 
portion — between  the  deeper  epidermic  cells. 

Consecutive  to  these  changes,  and  according  to  the  intensity  of 
the  dermal  inflammation,  the  alterations  may  assume  two  different 
aspects.  In  the  first,  the  formation  of  the  exudate  ceases,  and  new 
epidermic  layers  are  established  beneath  the  already  developed 
exudative  masses,  which  fall  off  afterwards  with  the  epidermic 
scales.  In  the  other  case,  the  exudation  continues,  and  the  pro- 
duct already  accumulated  in  the  substance  of  the  epidermis  con- 
tinues, until  it  causes  rupture  of  the  horny  layer,  and  complete 
destruction  of  the  rete  mucosum — hence  more  marked  irritation 
and  the  possible  formation  of  a veritable  ulcer. 

When  the  punctures  of  the  Psoroptes  are  confluent,  instead  of 
small  and  distinct  inflammatory  points,  a very  extensive  exudate 
is  thrown  out,  which,  in  drying,  forms  a crust. 

Treatment. — The  curative  measures  indicated  for  the  psoroptic 
scabies  of  the  Horse  are  in  every  way  applicable  to  the  same  form 
in  the  Ox.  Mercurial  preparations  should  on  no  account  be 
employed,  as  they  may  be  absorbed  and  cause  more  or  less  serious 
poisoning  ; for  cattle  are  particularly  liable  to  hydrargyrism,  and 
numerous  instances  are  recorded  to  prove  the  danger  incurred  from 
the  use  of  these  preparations.  These  dangers  are  due,  for  the  most 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


150 

part,  to  the  great  tendency  of  the  larger  ruminants  to  lick  them- 
selves, and  especially  whenever  they  experience  any  itching  sensa- 
tion. In  addition  to  the  mercurial  preparations,  all  toxic  sub- 
stances— such  as  cantharides,  arsenic,  etc. — likely  to  create  another 
disease  than  that  to  be  combated,  should  be  absolutely  proscribed. 

3.  Chorioptic  Scabies. 

Synonyms,  History. — Dermatophagic  scabies  Roll,  Chorioptic  scabies  Megnin. 
This  form  of  scabies  is  very  rare  in  France,  but  it  has  been  particluarly  studied 
in  Germany.  According  to  Gerlach,  the  first  mention  of  the  acarus  which 
produces  it  is  due  to  Kegelaar  in  1835.  But  it  was  Hering,  of  Stuttgart,  who 
was  the  first  to  make  known  in  a positive  manner,  in  1 845 , this  form  of  psora, 
and  who  described,  distinguished,  and  exactly  figured  the  Choriopt  that  lives 
on  the  Ox.  This  study  was  undertaken  and  happily  developed  by  Gerlach 
in  his  treatise  on  scabies.  Delafond  and  Megnin  have  also,  though  rarely, 
met  with  the  Choriopt  of  the  Ox. 

Symptoms.— This  form  of  scabies  has  its  seat  almost  exculsively 
at  the  base  of  the  tail.  The  pruritus  is  moderate.  An  abundance 
of  scurf  covers  the  affected  part ; the  hair  gradually  falls  off  ; then 
crusts  and  cracks  form,  which  are  inhabited  by  numerous  acari. 
It  is  only  when  cleanliness  of  the  skin  is  altogether  neglected,  that 
the  disease  goes  beyond  the  root  of  the  tail,  and  extends  to  the  back 
and  neck  in  one  direction,  and  to  the  perinseum,  mammae,  and  inner 
surface  of  the  thighs  in  the  other  direction.  In  general,  it  remains 
localized  for  years  at  the  base  of  the  tail  and  in  the  anal  fossa.  In 
some  cases  observed  by  Muller,  during  the  summer  the  parasite 
was  located  along  with  Psoroptes  at  the  nape  of  the  neck. 

It  is  not  a serious  malady  that  injures  the  health  of  the  affected 
animals  to  any  sensible  extent,  unless,  by  negligence — prolonged 
for  months,  or  even  years — it  is  allowed  to  spread  to  other  parts 
of  the  body.  Then,  owing  to  the  general  disturbance  in  the 
cutaneous  functions,  it  may  bring  on  anaemia  and  the  unthriftiness 
observed  among  such  animals. 

According  to  Johne,  bovine  animals  often  have  the  Chorioptes 
on  their  posterior  pasterns  without  manifesting  the  slightest 
pruritus. 

Etiology,  Contagion. — Chorioptic  scabies  of  the  Ox  is  little  con- 
tagious. Diseased  cattle  have  been  known  to  cohabit  with  healthy 
ones  for  four  years  without  transmitting  the  disease.  It  is  not 
contagious  for  Man,  nor  for  the  other  domesticated  animals.  De- 
posited on  the  human  skin,  the  Choriopt  of  the  Ox  may  produce  a 
few  red  points  and  a slight  itching,  but  these  phenomena  do  not 
persist  beyond  twelve  to  sixteen  hours.  Scurf  applied  in  the 
pasterns  of  the  Horse  causes  papules  and  pruritus  that  disappear 
in  a few  days. 

Inversely,  Delafond  and  Bourguignon  have,  on  two  occasions, 
deposited  a large  number  of  Chorioptes  of  the  Horse — males  and 
females  of  all  ages  — on  the  tail  and  around  the  anus  of  four 
emaciated  and  weakly  Cows  ; the  parasites  attacked  the  epidermis 


ACARIASES 


caused  scurf,  and  produced  the  disease  ; but  in  fifteen  days  after- 
wards they  had  all  disappeared,  and  the  scabies  was  cured  spon- 
taneously in  twenty  days. 

Diagnosis. — The  Chorioptic  and  the  psoroptic  scabies  are  difficult 
to  distinguish  from  each  other  at  their  commencement.  To  arrive 
at  a sure  diagnosis,  prepared  by  the  differential  characters  of  the 
lesions,  it  is  indispensable  to  discover  the  parasite  by  means  of  the 
microscope. 

A superficial  examination  might  lead  to  the  supposition  that 
Chorioptic  scabies  was  the  plithiriasis  due  to  the  Trichodectes 
scalar  is,  when  this  has  its  seat  on  the  posterior  parts  of  the  body 
and  root  of  the  tail ; as  it  is  accompanied  by  a furfuraceous  eruption, 
depilation,  and  slight  pruritus.  The  distinction  between  the  two 
diseases  is  very  easy,  inasmuch  as  the  dimensions  of  the  Trichodect 
are  at  least  four  times  greater  than  those  of  the  Choriopt,  and  their 
specific  characters  are  widely  different. 

The  ringworm  of  the  calf  can  scarcely  be  mistaken  for  this  scabies, 
as  that  dermatomycosis  has  always  a more  or  less  regularly  circular 
form. 

In  the  same  way,  prurigo  is  distinguished  by  the  character 
indicated  above,  cl  propos  of  the  psoroptic  scabies  of  the  Ox. 

Treatment. — The  treatment  of  this  form  of  scabies  does  not 
require  any  special  recommendation.  To  cure  it,  the  same  pro- 
cedure as  for  psoroptic  scabies  of  the  Ox  will  suffice. 

C. — Scabies  of  the  Sheep. 

The  Sheep,  like  the  Horse  and  Ox,  may  present  three  forms  of 
scabies — sarcoptic,  psoroptic,  and  chorioptic.  Living  in  flocks — 
which  is  the  rule  with  ovine  animals — gives  to  their  acariases  a 
particularly  serious  character,  as  it  considerably  facilitates  contagion. 
And  this  is  also  increased  by  the  long  time  the  litter  is  allowed  to 
lie  in  the  sheepffilds,  only  a small  number  of  parasites  being  at  wide 
intervals  carried  to  the  manure-pit.  Besides,  the  development  of 
the  wool  furnishes  an  efficacious  shelter  to  the  Acarina,  and  offers 
great  opposition  to  the  action  of  antipsoric  agents — difficulties 
which  are  augmented  by  the  fact  of  the  large  number  of  animals 
that  the  shepherd  has  to  look  after,  and  consequently  gives  rise  to 
irregularity  in  the  effects  of  treatment.  All  these  causes  explain 
the  tendency  of  scabies  to  be  perpetuated  in  flocks  which  these 
diseases  have  invaded.  And  what  adds  still  further  to  their  gravity, 
is  the  circumstance  that  not  only  do  they  injure  the  health  of  the 
animals,  but  they  also  at  times  greatly  depreciate  the  value  of  the 
wool. 

These  various  reasons  account  for  the  large  amount  of  attention 
that  the  scabies  of  the  Sheep  has  received,  and  the  careful  studies 
of  which  they  have  been  the  object,  and  principally  with  regard  to 
treatment. 

They  will  also  justify  the  somewhat  detailed  allusion  we  will 
make  to  them  in  the  following  pages. 


152 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


i.  Sarcoptic  Scabies. 

This  form  of  scabies  has  been  for  a long  time  designated  (in  France)  Gale 
de  la  tete,  Dartre  de  la  tete,  Teigne,  Vidragne,  Lezard,  and  more  especially 
Noir-museau — a name  also  given  to  an  ulcerous  affection  of  lambs,  attacking 
the  lips  and  around  them.  Jehan  de  Brie,  in  the  fourteenth  century,  named  it 
Poacre.  ‘ Et  est  le  poacre  une  maladie  et  maniere  de  rongne,  qui  prent  et 
tient  es  museaux  des  brebis.’  But  until  the  time  of  Delafond  no  one  knew 
that  this  disease  was  a real  psora,  caused  by  the  Sarcoptes  scabiei,  var.  ovis. 
It  was  in  1858  that  he  observed  it  in  Neapolitan  Sheep  brought  to  Paris  ; and 
it  has  since  been  described  by  Gerlach.  We  have  observed  it  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Toulouse,  where  the  shepherds  call  it  Musarail.  In  Beauce  its 
ordinary  name  is  Becqueriau. 

Symptoms. — This  scabies  has  its  seat  almost  exclusively  on  the 
head.  It  appears  first  on  the  upper  lip  and  around  the  nostrils, 
much  more  rarely  on  the  eyelids  and  ears.  Later  it  extends  to  the 
face,  forehead,  cheeks  and  eyelids,  and  exceptionally  to  the  inter- 
maxillary space.  According  to  Chabert,  ‘ it  is  only  when  the 
disease  is  of  long  standing  that  it  shows  itself  between  the  forelegs, 
beneath  the  belly,  around  the  joints,  and  especially  behind  the 
knees,  the  hocks,  and  the  pasterns.  In  this  way  it  differs,’  he  adds, 
‘ from  ordinary  scabies,  for  it  appears  to  avoid  the  parts  covered 
with  wool.’  Gerlach,  in  fact,  could  not  succeed  in  developing  it 
on  the  woolly  parts  of  Merino  Sheep  ; and  this  was  probably  due 
to  the  abundance  of  yolk  in  these  regions,  for  with  dry-wooled 
Sheep — Zackel  Sheep,  Fat- tailed  Sheep,  and  the  Neapolitan  Sheep 
— the  malady  may  gradually  extend  all  over  the  body. 

It  commences  by  an  eruption  of  small  vesicular  papules,  accom- 
panied by  violent  pruritus,  which  compels  the  animal  to  rub  itself 
against  everything  about  it,  and  less  frequently  to  scratch  itself 
with  its  hind-feet.  The  papules,  being  chafed  by  this  friction, 
exude  a serosity  that,  in  drying,  forms  small,  hard  nodosities 
adhering  to  the  skin,  which  the  finger-nail  discovers  among  the  hair. 
Cracks  may  be  seen  on  the  ears  when  the  disease  begins  there. 
The  multiplication  of  the  parasites  and  their  extension,  generalize 
the  disease  over  large  surfaces.  The  anterior  surface  of  the  head 
is  covered  with  crusts,  at  first  thin,  but  becoming  afterwards  thick, 
light-coloured  or  greyish,  hard  and  adherent.  At  a more  advanced 
stage,  all  the  diseased  places  merge  into  one,  and  the  lips,  nostrils, 
face,  cheeks,  forehead  and  ears  are  a vast  crusted  surface — dry, 
thick,  and  made  even  by  repeated  rubbings. 

The  skin  is  thickened  and  raised  in  folds,  at  the  bottom  of  which 
are  fissures  and  cracks  that  bleed  at  first  and  then  cicatrize.  Delafond 
says  the  ears  may  have  sero-sanguinolent  cysts,  due  to  the  irritation 
induced  by  the  friction. 

The  animals  may  have  some  difficulty  in  taking  their  food  ; and 
the  conjunctivae  may  be  injected  and  the  eyes  muco-purulent. 

The  acari  are  found  beneath  the  adherent  layer  of  the  crusts, 
which  is  moist  when  removed  by  forceps. 

The  duration  of  this  scabies  is  subordinate  to  the  care  taken  in 


ACARIASES 


153 


its  treatment.  If  not  perseveringly  attended  to  it  may  be  in- 
definitely perpetuated. 

Etiology,  Contagion. — The  older  (French)  authors  and  shepherds 
believed  the  noir  museau  to  be  due  to  wounds  and  scratches,  pro- 
duced on  the  nose  and  around  the  lips  of  the  Sheep,  when  these 
animals  were  grazing  among  stubble,  briars,  thorns  and  stones,  or 
in  rubbing  these  parts  against  the  bars  of  the  rack  when  taking 
forage.  The  lambs  are  seldom  affected,  the  noir  museau  seen  on 
them  being  quite  different,  and  of  an  ulcerative  nature.  The  true 
cause  of  the  disease  is  contagion,  and  this  is  why  it  is  perpetuated 
in  sheepfolds,  by  immediate  and  mediate  contact ; and  especially 
by  the  fact  of  the  racks  against  which  the  Sheep  rub  themselves — 
either  in  taking  their  food  or  to  allay  the  itching — being  soiled  by 
crusts  charged  with  the  Sarcoptes. 

Can  the  sarcoptic  scabies  of  the  Sheep  be  derived  from  the 
sarcoptic  scabies  of  any  other  domesticated  species  ? Viborg 
admits  that  the  scabies  of  the  Pig  may  be  transmitted  to  the 
Sheep,  though  Am-Pach  is  of  the  contrary  opinion  ; but  there  are 
no  facts  in  support  of  either  view,  and  the  same  may  be  said  with 
regard  to  Chabert’s  assertion,  that  the  scabies  of  the  Dog  may  be 
conveyed  to  Sheep.  Only  for  the  sarcoptic  scabies  of  the  Goat  has 
transmission  to  Sheep  been  demonstrated,  as  Wallraff  and  Roloff 
have  shown  ; the  communicated  disease  bore  the  closest  resemblance 
to  the  psora  just  described. 

The  sarcoptic  scabies  of  the  Sheep  may  be  conveyed  to  Man. 
Delafond  has  seen  a breeder  contract  the  disease  through  attending 
Sheep  affected  with  it ; while  Gerlach  succeeded  on  several  occa- 
sions in  effecting  transmission  to  a student,  and  each  time  treat- 
ment had  to  be  resorted  to  for  the  arrest  of  this  experimental 
malady.  Nevertheless,  the  contagion  of  Man  should  be  extremely 
rare,  as  no  other  instance  has  been  observed  in  practice. 

Gerlach  has  stated  that  if  sarcoptic  crusts  from  the  Sheep  are 
placed  on  the  skin  of  the  Horse,  Ox,  or  Dog,  there  is  developed  at 
the  places  a local  scabies  that  has  not  extended  at  the  end  of  four 
weeks.  With  the  Goat — contrary  to  what  had  been  observed  by 
Roloff  and  Railliet — at  the  expiry  of  three  weeks  it  was  still  doubtful 
if  transmission  had  occurred,  as  there  was  not  a trace  of  scabies. 

Diagnosis,  Prognosis. — The  sarcoptic  scabies  of  the  Sheep  cannot 
be  mistaken  for  any  other  disease.  Its  seat  distinguishes  it  from 
psoroptic  scabies,  and  the  presence  of  the  special  parasite  found 
in  the  moist  portion  of  the  crusts  is  sufficient  to  remove  any  doubts. 

It  is  not  a serious  disease,  and  readily  yields  to  treatment.  But 
if  left  to  itself  it  may  cause  conjunctivitis  and  painful  otitis  ; while 
it  may  prevent  fattening  by  the  pruritus  it  occasions,  and  the 
changes  it  may  induce  in  the  skin  of  the  lips.  Its  gravity  consists 
more  especially  in  the  difficulty  experienced  in  purifying  the  sheep- 
folds,  without  an  operation  that  seems  out  of  proportion  to  the 
object  to  be  attained. 

Treatment. — The  prophylactic  measures  for  preventing  the  in- 


154 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


vasion  of  the  disease — the  contagion — are  those  mentioned  with 
reference  to  psoroptic  scabies. 

With  regard  to  curative  treatment,  this  always  yields  good  results 
if  the  application  is  rational ; the  rapidity  of  cure  is  subordinate  to 
the  age  of  the  disease.  If  at  its  commencement,  antipsoric  remedies 
may  be  applied  at  once  ; but  if  it  is  of  long  standing,  and  the  skin 
is  covered  with  thick  crusts,  then  these  should  be  softened  by  re- 
peatedly rubbing  them  with  some  greasy  matter  for  several  days, 
when  they  may  be  removed  by  soap  washing  and  picking. 

Then,  over  the  entire  diseased  surface  and  the  adjacent  parts, 
there  should  be  well  rubbed  in  the  oil  of  turpentine,  or — what  is 
better,  being  less  irritating — the  essence  of  spike  lavender.  Ac- 
cording to  Gasparin,  a cure  may  be  obtained  by  a single  application 
of  cade-oil  over  the  affected  surface.  Two  or  three  rubbings  with 
a mixture  of  equal  quantities  of  pine  tar  and  soft  soap,  or  with  the 
pomade  of  Helmerich,  will  also  promptly  cure  this  scabies  (Dela- 
fond). 

The  same  treatment  is  applicable  to  exceptional  cases,  in  which 
the  scabies  has  extended  to  between  the  fore-limbs,  belly,  mammae, 
knees,  hocks,  and  pasterns. 

The  local  complications — cracks,  fissures,  cysts,  conjunctivitis — 
are  to  be  treated  according  to  the  general  principles  of  therapeutics 
applicable  to  them. 


2.  Psoroptic  Scabies. 

Synonyms,  History. — The  Rogne,  Tac,  and  Gale  epizootique  of  the  older 
(French)  writers  ; the  Dermatodectic  scabies  of  Gerlach,  Delafond  and 
Bourguignon  (the  Scab,  Shab,  Ray,  Rubbers  of  the  English  shepherd  ; the 
fpeb  or  tetep — Sceb,  Sceal,  or  Tetter — in  the  early  Anglo-Saxon  manuscripts  ; 
the  Rdude,  Kratze,  Schabe,  and  Grind  of  the  Germans  ; the  Rogna  and  Scabbia 
of  the  Italians  ; the  Sarna  of  the  Spanish  ; the  Tschesotka  of  the  Russians  ; the 
Ruh  of  the  Hungarians  ; the  Skab  of  the  Danes  ; and  the  Scabb  of  the  Swedish). 
Delafond  and  Bourguignon,  in  their  Traite  pratique  de  la  Psore,  have  given 
extensive  details  in  the  history  of  our  knowledge  relative  to  this  malady. 
From  this  it  is  seen  that  the  first  mention  of  it  extends  as  far  back  as  Cato 
the  censor,  about  160  b.c.  Then  it  is  spoken  of  in  Virgil’s  Georgies  and 
Juvenal’s  Satires,  and  in  the  works  of  Celsus,  Columella,  Pliny,  and  Vegetius. 
In  the  Middle  Ages,  Belon  mentions  it,  and  indicates  its  treatment  with  cade- 
oil,  which  he  called  tac. 

In  England,  ‘ sheep-scab  ’ has  been  known  from  the  earliest  times,  and  it 
is  frequently  mentioned  in  ancient  Anglo-Saxon  manuscripts  ; it  is  also  alluded 
to  by  Chaucer  and  other  writers  of  a later  period  ; while  evidence  of  its 
destructiveness  is  found  in  the  record  of  such  an  epizooty  as  that  described 
by  Thomas  of  Walsingham  and  Stow,  which  persisted  among  the  Sheep 
throughout  this  country  for  more  than  twenty-eight  years. 

Laws  were  made  in  Britain  with  regard  to  it  as  early  as  the  reign  of  Howel 
the  Good  of  Wales — when  it  was  known  as  ar  clauri  or  clauery — at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  eleventh  century  ; and  at  a later  period  it  frequently 
received  legislative  notice  (Fleming). 

Although  in  the  twelfth  century  Avenzoar  had  made  known  the  existence 
of  the  Sarcopt  of  human  scabies,  it  took  a very  long  time  for  this  knowledge 
to  be  extended  to  the  important  psora  of  the  ovine  species.  It  is  doubtful 
if  Linnaeus  in  1735,  Ettmuller  in  1754,  Morgagni  in  1760,  or  Werlhof  in  1765, 
ventured  on  the  hypothesis  as  to  the  existence  of  a parasite  in  Sheep  scabies. 


ACARIAbES 


155 


Many  subsequent  writers  on  the  disease  are  absolutely  silent  on  this  special 
point.  It  has  been  shown  (at  p.  107)  that  Wichmann,  in  1786,  was  the  first 
to  think  that  scabies  of  Sheep  was  of  the  same  nature  as  that  of  Man,  and 
that  both  diseases  are  produced  by  the  same  acarus.  He  even  goes  so  far  as 
to  say,  that  if  the  persons  who  handle  wool  are  often  affected  with  itch,  the 
cause  must  be  sought  for  in  the  transmission  of  the  acarus  of  the  Sheep . 
Abilgaard,  director  of  the  Copenhagen  Veterinary  School,  accepted  this  idea, 
for  he  said,  in  1787,  that  ‘ the  Sheep  itch  was  cured  by  simple  external 
remedies,  without  having  recourse  to  internal  ones.’ 

But  Walz,  a veterinary  surgeon  of  Wurtemberg,  should  be  placed  in  the 
front  rank  of  those  who  have  made  known  the  causes,  nature,  seat,  and 
rational  treatment  of  Sheep  psora.  In  his  memoir,  published  in  1809,  and 
translated  into  French  in  1811,  he  had,  by  varied  experiments,  given  a 
positive  basis  to  ulterior  researches.  From  that  time,  the  notions  of  the 
parasitic  nature  of  scabies  and  its  contagiousness,  are  seen  to  be  more  clearly 
understood  in  the  writings  of  Tessier  in  1810,  of  Bose  in  1811,  of  Gohier  in 
1814,  of  Gasparin  in  1821,  etc. 

Lastly,  the  precise  researches  on  the  entomology  of  the  Psoroptes  of  the 
Sheep,  and  the  nosography  of  the  scabies  it  causes,  have  been  pursued  with 
science  and  method  by  Hering  (1835),  Hertwig  (1835),  Delafond  and  Bour- 
guignon  (1854),  and  Gerlach  (1857). 

Symptoms. — Attention  is  at  first  attracted  by  slight  alterations 
in  the  fleece,  which  is  fluffy  and  matted  in  places.  If  the  suspected 
Sheep  is  carefully  watched,  it  will  be  observed  rubbing,  scratching, 
or . gnawing  itself,  and  tearing  out  the  wool.  These  phenomena 
become  all  the  more  apparent  when  the  flock  is  heated  by  travelling. 
Rubbing  with  the  hand  on  the  parts  where  the  wool  is  matted  or 
thin,  still  further  excites  the  sensations  of  pruritus  ; the  animals 
move  their  lips  in  a tremulous  manner,  shake  the  head,  seek  to  bite 
the  skin  with  their  teeth,  and  scratch  it  with  their  feet.  When  the 
latter  are  dirty  they  soil  the  fleece  at  the  itching  part. 

On  examining  the  skin,  papules  will  be  found  the  size  of  a lentil 
or  larger,  of  a whitish  or  yellow  colour,  which  contrasts  with  the 
faint  rosy  tint  of  the  integument — this  is  the  result  of  the  puncture 
of  the  Psoropt.  The  punctures  becoming  more  numerous,  the 
papules  are  closer  together  and  become  confluent,  while  the  skin 
is  thickened  to  a generally  limited  extent.  At  the  summit  of  the 
papules  serum  accumulates,  which  transforms  them  into  vesicles 
and  pustules,  and  in  drying  forms  crusts.  In  a few  days  the  mangy 
surfaces  are  covered  with  a yellowish,  scaly  layer,  greasy  to  the 
touch,  beneath  which  the  parasites  are  concealed.  The  repeated 
and  multiplied  action  of  the  Psoroptes  extends  the  inflammation 
of  the  derma,  increases  the  exudation,  and  gradually  changes  what 
were  at  first  scales,  into  crusts  of  average  thickness.  These  are 
loosened,  particularly  by  the  continual  rubbing,  tearing  the  fibres 
of  wool  from  their  follicles  ; so  that  the  depilation  increases.  The 
crusts  fall  off,  and  are  replaced  by  others,  which  are  thicker,  and 
more  compact  and  adherent.  The  psoric  patches  extend  at  their 
periphery,  as  the  acari  forsake  the  centre,  the  crusts  of  which  are 
replaced  by  an  abundant  desquamation  of  the  epidermis  ; but  little 
by  little  this  part  recovers  its  integrity,  while  the  morbid  process 
is  continued  beyond,  though  for  a long  time  it  remains  thickened 


156  TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

and  wrinkled.  With  animals  which  are  clipped,  there  usually 
forms  at  the  diseased  points  a thick,  dry  crust,  like  parchment, 
that  covers  the  greatly  tumefied  skin. 

The  fleece  of  the  mangy  Sheep  has  a quite  characteristic  neglected 
appearance — the  wool  being  agglutinated  in  certain  parts,  absent 
in  others,  and  is  easily  pulled  out  in  the  regions  which  appear  to  be 
yet  intact.  The  rubbings  in  which  the  Sheep  indulge  accelerate 
the  depilation  and  augment  the  irritation  of  the  skin,  which  be- 
comes inflamed  from  contusion,  and  even  by  superficial  necrosis. 

Contrary  to  what  happens  with  the  Sarcopt,  the  Psoropt  seeks 
the  regions  covered  with  wool.  Therefore  the  ordinary  mange 
usually  begins  at  the  upper  and  middle  part  of  the  body — the 
withers  and  back — and  thence  extends  to  the  neck,  flanks,  and 
croup.  The  Psoroptes  are  rarely  found  in  the  sternal  and  sub- 
abdominal regions  ; they  agglomerate  on  circumscribed  surfaces, 
and  the  scabies  they  produce  is  manifested  in  the  form  of  patches 
always  increasing  at  their  periphery  ; the  number  of  these  patches 
is  that  of  the  points  of  invasion.  But  as  incessant  contact  facili- 
tates the  mutual  passage  of  the  Psoroptes  from  one  individual  to 
another,  the  process  becomes  more  confused,  as  the  patches  become 
multiplied  and  are  of  various  dimensions,  until  at  last  they  become 
confluent. 

The  parasites  abandon  the  regions  where  their  presence  has 
caused  the  formation  of  dry  compact  crusts,  or  where  the  derma 
is  thickened  and  indurated  ; so  that  very  few  can  be  found  there. 
On  the  contrary,  however,  they  are  found  in  abundance  at  the  parts 
more  recently  attacked — the  margin  of  the  mangy  places,  where 
they  are  visible  to  the  naked  eye  as  small  white  points,  brownish 
at  one  extremity,  and  may  be  lifted  up  by  means  of  a pin  or  small 
brush.  If  they  are  then  put  on  a sheet  of  black  paper  in  a mild 
temperature,  they  can  be  seen  moving  about,  and  the  males  may 
even  be  distinguished  from  the  females — especially  by  means  of 
a hand  lens — and  pairs  seen  in  copulation,  are  relatively  very 
numerous. 

The  Psorptes  multiply  abundantly  on  lambs  and  tegs,  the  skin 
of  which,  being  tender  and  delicate,  offers  them  a more  favourable 
habitat.  They  prefer  parts  where  the  wool  is  close,  and  after  the 
Sheep  are  shorn  they  emigrate  in  a body  to  others  which  have  not 
yet  undergone  that  operation. 

Course,  Duration,  Termination. — The  seasons  and  the  con- 
ditions in  which  the  animals  live  exercise  an  influence  on  the  course 
of  scabies.  In  autumn  and  winter  (in  France),  when  they  are 
collected  in  the  hot  and  damp  atmosphere  of  the  sheepfolds,  and 
covered  by  their  fleece,  the  disease  makes  rapid  progress.  In 
summer,  when  at  pasture,  and  after  shearing  and  washing,  it  is 
often  checked,  and  sometimes  even  suspended. 

The  age  and  temperament  of  animals,  the  length,  fineness,  and 
abundance  of  their  fleece,  their  condition  and  energy,  their 
breed,  and  the  hygienic  conditions  to  which  they  are  subjected, 


ACARIASES 


57 


all  have  much  influence  on  the  course  and  terminations  of  this 
malady. 

Animals  debilitated  from  any  cause  offer  little  resistance  to  it. 
Those  of  the  pure  or  mixed  merino  breed,  sooner  give  way  to  it 
than  the  indigenous  breeds. 

Left  to  its  natural  course,  this  scabies  has  a fatal  result,  because 
of  the  cutaneous  disturbance,  the  fatigue,  and  want  of  rest  and  sleep 
from  the  pruritus.  Marasmus  and  cachexia  precede  death,  which, 
in  emaciated  and  debilitated  subjects,  may  take  place  in  two  or 
three  months.  An  abundant  and  substantial  nourishment  pro- 
longs life ; but  if  even  then  an  incomplete  external  treatment  is 
applied  now  and  again,  the  disease  may  last  for  years,  and  remain 
stationary  in  a country  or  on  a farm. 

Etiology,  Contagion. — All  the  experiments  made,  as  well  as 
all  the  observations  from  the  earliest  times,  have  demonstrated 
the  predominant  part  played  by  contagion  in  the  etiology  of  Sheep 
scabies.  The  intimate  contact  of  animals  in  the  sheepfolds  renders 
this  contagion  very  easy,  and  it  often  suffices  for  one  mangy  Sheep 
to  be  introduced  into  a flock  to  infect  the  whole.  The  experiments 
of  Delafond  have  demonstrated — what  to-day  appears  super- 
fluous— that,  as  Walz  and  Hering  had  already  stated,  the  morbid 
humours  of  Sheep  scabies  contained  neither  Psoroptes  nor  their 
eggs,  and  therefore,  could  not  transmit  the  psora  ; and  that  con- 
tagion could  only  occur  by  means  of  the  eggs  or  the  fecundated 
females. 

Transmission  of  the  scabies  is  produced  by  the  mediate  or  imme- 
diate contact  of  the  diseased  with  healthy  animals  in  the  sheepfolds, 
parks  or  pastures,  and  by  the  collection  of  flocks  at  fairs,  markets, 
and  watering-places.  It  also  occurs  when  healthy  Sheep  come  in 
immediate  contact  with  objects  on  which  the  mangy  ones  have 
rubbed  themselves  a short  time  previously,  and  on  which  they  have 
left  crusts  and  shreds  of  wool  with  their  parasites. 

From  the  experiments  of  Hertwig  and  Gerlach,  and  particularly 
of  Delafond,  it  results  : i.  That  the  Psoroptes  of  the  Sheep  infesting 
crusts,  portions  of  wool,  or  pieces  of  fresh  skin,  kept  at  a medium 
temperature/  can  live  in  these  for  ten  to  twenty  days  ; 2.  That 
they  will  remain  torpid  in  these  matters  if  they  are  subjected 
to  a slight  degree  of  cold,  but  become  re-animated  by  a mild 
damp  heat ; 3.  That  they  die  quickly  when  remaining  in  contact 
with  animal  matters  kept  at  a temperature  of  zero  ; 4.  That  they 
soon  perish  if  exposed  either  to  a high  or  a low  temperature. 

These  diverse  experiments  demonstrate  that  the  Psoroptes  may 
persist  in  living  in  sheepfolds,  though  exiled  from  the  bodies  of  animals 
for  at  least  twelve  to  fifteen  days  ; and  they  also  demonstrate 
the  necessity  there  is  for  removing  from  these  places  all  litter, 
remains  of  wool,  and  the  skins  of  Sheep  which  have  died  or  been 
killed,  as  well  as  disinfecting  the  localities  inhabited  by  mangy  sheep. 

The  experiments  and  observations  of  Delafond  have  placed 
beyond  doubt,  the  influence  of  the  health  of  animals  on  their  power 


58 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


of  resistance.  Good  condition,  energy,  and  a succulent  and 
abundant  alimentation,  are  all  antagonistic  to  the  multiplication 
and  existence  of  the  acari ; while  emaciation  and  poverty  of  the 
secretions  are  favourable  to  the  nutrition  of  these  animalcules,  the 
incubation  of  their  ova,  the  alimentation  of  the  larvae,  and  multipli- 
cation of  the  colonies,  and,  consequently,  contribute  to  the  extension, 
persistence,  and  aggravation  of  the  disease.  With  robust  and 
well-fed  animals,  mange  will  disappear  spontaneously,  or  be  readily 
cured  by  cleanliness  and  some  antipsoric  remedies  ; while  with 
poor,  weakly,  and  chlorotic  Sheep  it  will  persist  and  become 
tenacious,  and  most  difficult  to  cure  if  the  organism  is  not  restored 
by  good  food,  by  attention  to  cleanliness,  and  by  an  energetic 
parasiticide  medication. 

It  has  been  stated  that,  although  of  the  same  species  as  that  of 
the  Sheep,  the  Psoropt  of  the  Horse  does  not  become  acclimatized 
on  ovine  animals,  according  to  the  experiments  of  Delafond.  If 
similar  attempts  have  not  been  made  with  the  Psoropt  of  the  Ox 
or  that  of  the  Rabbit,  yet  it  may  be  provisionally  admitted  that 
it  is  always  from  Sheep  to  Sheep  that  psoroptic  scabies  is  conveyed. 

With  regard  to  the  possibility  of  transmission  of  this  scabies  to 
other  species  of  animals,  as  already  mentioned,  Delafond  obtained 
negative  results  on  the  Horse  and  Ox  ; and  he  also  failed  with  the 
Goat.  The  influence  of  seasons  on  the  extension  of  Sheep  scabies 
has  also  been  indicated  ; the  effects  of  cold  and  damp  are  also 
shown  by  the  geographical  distribution  of  the  disease — for  it  is 
more  frequent  in  Germany  than  France,  and  in  the  latter  country 
it  is  more  common  in  the  north  and  west  than  in  the  east,  and  par- 
ticularly in  the  south. 

Diagnosis. — Psoroptic  scabies  cannot  be  mistaken  for  sarcoptic 
scabies  : their  localization  is  altogether  different,  and  they  never 
interfere  with  each  other  ; the  first  only  affects  parts  destitute  of 
wool,  the  second  only  the  woolly  parts  of  the  body  ; and  when  they 
chance  to  co-exist  on  the  same  animal,  they  are  easily  recognised 
by  their  distinctive  characters. 

Confusion  is  more  likely  to  occur  with  inflammation  of  the  sebaceous 
glands , described  by  Delafond,  which  appears  most  frequently  in 
the  autumn,  when  the  Sheep  have  suffered  from  lying  on  the  cold 
ground,  and  have  lost  condition.  It  is  marked  by  somewhat  severe 
pruritus,  followed  by  the  shedding  of  tufts  of  wool ; the  skin  is 
also  red,  sensitive,  painful,  and — an  important  feature — it  is 
covered  with  a large  quantity  of  yellow,  rancid,  and  viscid  yolk, 
which  smells  very  strongly.  This  latter  symptom,  the  absence  of 
the  Psoroptes,  and  the  facility  of  cure  by  the  employment — after 
shearing — of  any  amylaceous  lotion  on  the  diseased  parts,  serves 
as  a differential  diagnostic  indication. 

The  pruritus  due  to  the  Melophagus,  the  Trichodectes,  and  the 
Ixodince , is  readily  attributable  to  its  cause  by  the  discovery  of 
these  large  and  distinctive  parasites. 

The  Germans  designate  by  the  name  of  ‘ Rain-rot  * ( Regen faule ) 


ACARIASES 


159 


an  eczema  due  to  humidity,  which  may  manifest  itself  on  the  whole 
flock.  Its  rapid  cure  on  the  advent  of  dry  weather  or  residence  in 
the  sheepfold,  the  benignity  of  the  cutaneous  alterations,  and  the 
absence  of  pruritus,  render  diagnosis  easy. 

It  may  also  happen  that  an  exaggerated  secretion  of  the  yolk 
agglutinates  the  locks  of  wool,  and  might  for  a moment  lead  to  the 
suspicion  of  scabies  ; but  the  absence  of  pruritus,  and  the  complete 
integrity  of  the  skin,  will  dispel  this  error. 

Prognosis. — Psoroptic  scabies  of  the  Sheep  is  not  serious,  if  only 
the  dangers  individual  animals  incur  from  it  are  considered.  It 
is  always  easy,  in  fact,  to  cure  a mangy  Sheep  by  isolation,  an 
abundance  of  substantial  food,  and  good  antipsoric  treatment. 
But  what  gives  the  disease  a character  of  exceptional  gravity,  is  the 
circumstance  that  Sheep  always  live  in  flocks,  so  that  the  malady 
is  quickly  propagated  by  this  mode  of  existence  and  the  close 
promiscuity  that  it  entails  ; and  also  that  the  fleece  constitutes  a 
special  difficulty  in  the  application  and  action  of  medicaments  ; 
while  it  is  necessary  to  treat  the  whole  flock  at  the  same  time,  and 
under  expensive  and  troublesome  conditions. 

Besides,  when  the  animals  are,  by  their  feeble  temperament,  in 
conditions  favourable  to  the  development  of  scabies,  the  mortality 
by  cachexia  or  other  intercurrent  affection  exacts  its  tribute  from 
the  revenues  of  the  flock.  It  is  often  disastrous  in  the  autumn, 
and  during  the  winter  and  spring,  by  the  seasonable  recrudescence 
of  the  disease.  ‘ The  annual  losses,  under  ordinary  circumstances, 
may  rise  to  10  and  20  per  cent.  ; in  the  case  of  inveterate  scabies 
the  mortality  may  increase  to  40  and  50  per  cent.  ; and  in  instances 
in  which  the  disease  is  complicated  by  any  other  serious  affection, 
and  especially  by  dropsy,  it  may  reach  70  to  80  per  cent.’  (Delafond). 

In  addition,  the  torment  experienced  by  the  animals  hinders 
their  growth  and  fattening  ; a large  number  of  ewes  remain  un- 
fruitful, abort,  or  only  produce  small  and  feeble  lambs,  the  majority 
of  which  die.  Lastly,  the  wool  undergoes  a notable  depreciation, 
which  will  be  alluded  to  presently. 

In  1862,  Delafond,  after  what  he  considered  moderate  calcula- 
tions, estimated  that  the  psora  every  year  attacked  one  thirty-fifth 
portion — or  about  one  million — of  the  Sheep  in  France,  and  that 
through  the  mortality  or  otherwise  the  damage  was  five  francs  per 
head,  or  an  annual  loss  of  five  million  francs  to  French  agriculture. 
If  at  the  present  day  the  number  of  Sheep  has  diminished,  yet  their 
value  has  increased  in  proportion.  Otherwise,  the  improved 
methods  of  breeding  and  rearing  Sheep,  the  greater  care  bestowed 
on  them,  and  the  application — though  incomplete — of  sanitary 
police  measures,  have  much  reduced  the  prevalence  of  Sheep 
scabies.  In  fact,  according  to  the  official  report  on  the  epizootics 
(of  France)  in  1887,  this  disease  had  only  attacked  10,591  Sheep, 
of  which  10  per  cent.  died.  It  is,  nevertheless,  a serious  affection, 
against  which  all  the  accumulated  resources  of  experience  should 
be  brought  to  bear. 


i6o 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  loss  occasioned  by  this  form  of  Sheep  scabies  appears  to  be 
very  heavy  in  Bavaria  and  some  other  parts  of  Germany  ; for 
Haubner  has  estimated  it  as  high  as  two  thalers — six  shillings  per 
head.  Zundel  reports  a loss  of  5,000  francs  in  a flock  of  200  sheep 
in  three  years.  Jacoby  calculated  the  annual  loss  in  wool  from  this 
disease,  in  the  Erfurt  district  of  Prussia,  at  30,000  thalers  ; and 
Fiirstenberg  estimated  that,  in  the  Griefswalder  district,  where  the 
malady  had  not  long  been  known,  the  loss  every  year  was  from 
35,000  to  40,000  thalers. 

In  1859,  according  to  Straub,  the  number  of  Sheep  affected  in 
the  Wurtemberg  districts  was  683,842 — 497  flocks  being  infected 
in  that  and  the  two  succeeding  years.  Reckoning  the  loss 
at  three  or  four  thalers  per  head,  it  will  be  seen  that  a very 
large  sum  of  money  was  lost  during  that  period.  The  deaths 
from  marasmus  and  other  complications  were  very  numerous 
in  1862. 

Pathological  Anatomy. — On  a portion  of  the  skin  where  the 
disease  is  recent,  the  epidermis  is  raised  by  purulent  serosity  ; 
and  on  a surface  of  2 cm.  to  3 cm.  in  diameter,  there  is  a sero- 
sanguinolent  infiltration,  and,  later,  induration.  The  extent  of 
these  lesions  may  be  from  4 cm.  to  5 cm.  When  the  disease  is 
very  advanced,  the  skin,  which  has  been  for  a long  time  depilated 
is  often  double  or  treble  its  normal  thickness,  and  is  hard,  ridged, 
and  cracked  in  certain  places,  while  its  papillae  are  hypertrophied. 
The  subcutaneous  connective  tissue  is  infiltrated  by  serum,  which 
is  already  organized  in  the  deeper  parts  of  the  derma.  The  lym- 
phatic glands  adjacent  to  these  greatly  altered  surfaces  are  enlarged, 
infiltrated,  and  rich  in  lymph.  The  lesions  of  the  skin  may  extend 
to  the  formation  in  its  substance  of  little  purulent  foci,  which  are, 
red  in  colour,  and  vary  in  size  from  that  of  a hemp-seed  to  a pea  ; 
while  others,  as  large  as  a nut,  are  situated  in  the  skin  and  sub- 
cutaneous connective  tissue.  The  nearest  glands  are  then  inflamed, 
enlarged,  and  very  salient  beneath  the  skin  ; and,  lastly,  there  may 
be  found  in  the  different  digestive  and  respiratory  organs  the 
lesions  of  concomitant  cachectic  affections. 

The  alterations  in  the  wool  are  serious,  from  an  economical  point 
of  view.  It  is  matted,  soiled,  and  yellow,  mixed  with  foreign 
matters,  diminished  in  quantity  from  the  shedding  of  numerous 
locks,  and  has  lost  much  of  its  value.  The  fibres  are  unequal,  and 
this  is  particularly  noticeable  in  the  following  conditions  described 
by  Delafond  : 

‘ With  many  animals,  and  after  the  depilation,  beneath  the 
portions  of  the  fleece  remaining  adherent  on  the  surface  of  the 
diseased  skin  is  developed  a new  secretion  of  wool,  and  soon  these 
fibres  become  mixed  in  the  detached  ones  and  form  a mass  com- 
posed of  old  and  new  wool.  This  alteration,  which  the  farmers, 
shepherds,  and  wool- dealers  call  wool  with  two  ends — because  each 
lock  is  composed  of  two  layers  of  unequal  length — may  be  observed 
not  only  in  the  wool  covering  the  mangy  surfaces,  but  also  on  the 


ACARIASES 


161 


healthy  parts  when  the  Sheep  have  suffered  for  a long  time  fron 
repeated  attacks  of  the  parasites. 

‘ This  alteration  is  recognised  when,  holding  the  locks  between 
the  eye  and  the  light,  there  is  a clear  zone  at  the  part  where  the  new 
fibres  become  interwoven  with  the  old  ones  ; and  when,  in  pulling 
the  lock  by  both  ends,  the  two  growths  become  disunited  and  con- 
stitute two  separate  locks.  If,  otherwise,  the  fibres  are  examined 
microscopically,  it  will  be  found  that  the  older  the  growth  is  than 
the  new,  the  diameter  of  each  fibre  is  alternately  constricted  and 
enlarged,  a condition  that  gives  an  inequality  of  resistance  to  the 
wool,  and  diminishes  its  value. 

‘ Such  an  alteration  in  the  wool  is  very  detrimental  to  its  employ- 
ment in  manufacture,  as  it  is  shorter,  and  the  thread  made  from  it 
is  disunited  or  breaks  when  spun,  while  the  material  which  it  makes 
has  no  lustre,  and  is  dry  and  of  poor  quality.  It  is  also  probable 
that  wool  so  damaged,  and  impregnated  with  a yolk  that  has  also 
undergone  changes,  cannot  dye  so  well  as  that  from  Sheep  in  good 
health.  We  have  some  authority  for  expressing  this  opinion,  after 
the  experiments  made  by  Roard,  director  of  the  dyeing  department 
of  the  Gobelins  manufactory  in  1803,  on  wools  from  diseased  and 
healthy  Sheep.’ 

Treatment. — The  treatment  of  Sheep  scabies  consists  in  the 
employment  of  antipsoric  remedies.  But  it  is,  above  all,  neces- 
sary to  protect  the  flocks  from  contagion.  As  this  is  very  subtle, 
we  ought  not  to  lose  sight  of  the  information  given  by  Delafond 
with  regard  to  the  influence  of  previous  health  on  the  development 
of  mange.  Animals  should,  therefore,  be  placed  in  the  best  hygienic 
conditions,  and  kept  as  much  as  possible  from  humidity ; while  the 
sheepfolds  ought  to  be  maintained  in  a proper  manner,  so  far  as 
ventilation  and  light  are  concerned.  The  qualities  of  the  shepherd 
are  of  the  first  importance  in  this  respect — the  vigilance,  zeal, 
intelligence,  and  practical  knowledge  of  this  helper  will  detect  the 
disease  at  its  commencement,  and  hinder  its  extension. 

Alimentation  occupies  the  chief  place  among  the  reliable  prophy- 
lactic measures.  Reuss,  Hering,  Daubenton,  and  Lullin — cited  by 
Delafond — have  published  facts  that  demonstrate  the  happy  in- 
fluence of  an  abundant  and  substantial  nourishment  on  the  resist- 
ance of  Sheep  to  scabies,  and  the  readiness  with  which  they  can  be 
cured.  According  to  Gerlach,  adult  animals  resist  the  malady  all 
the  better  if  they  are  well  fed,  and  so  may  have  it  among  them  for 
years.  * The  Spanish  shepherds,’  says  Delafond,  ‘ know  very  well 
that  the  flocks  which  contract  the  disease  during  the  winter  in  the 
warm  provinces  of  Estramadura,  are  easily  cured  by  the  most 
simple  remedies  in  the  succulent  pastures  on  the  mountains  of  the 
Sierra  Morena,  of  Old  Castile,  of  Navarre,  and  of  the  Asturias.  The 
shepherds  who  have  charge  of  the  wandering  flocks  which,  from  the 
southern  provinces  of  France,  are  driven  to  the  pastures  on  the 
mountains  of  Cevennes,  Dauphiny,  and  the  Alps,  every  year  make 
similar  observations.  In  Switzerland  these  facts  are  common,  and 

11 


62 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


are  well  known  to  all  the  farmers  and  sheep-dealers.’  Delafond 
strongly  and  justly  insists  on  the  importance  of  the  regime  and  good 
health  of  the  Sheep,  in  getting  rid  of  the  disease. 

To  cure  scabies  necessitates  the  employment  of  antipsoric 
remedies.  The  treatment  is  complicated  when  a large  number  of 
animals  have  to  be  dealt  with  at  the  same  time.  At  the  commence- 
ment, when  one,  two  or  three  Sheep  are  only  slightly  attacked,  the 
shepherd — if  he  is  careful — may  arrest  and  destroy  the  disease  by 
simple  means  : such  as  tobacco  juice,  oil  of  turpentine,  cade-oil,  etc. 
But  when  the  malady  is  installed  in  the  flock,  and  all  the  Sheep  are 
suspected  of  being  more  or  less  affected — so  that  it  is  impossible 
to  determine  the  diseased  places  with  certainty — recourse  must 
be  had  to  medicated  baths,  into  which  the  animals  are  plunged  one 
after  the  other. 

Many  substances  have  been  for  a long  time  tried  and  recom- 
mended for  the  treatment  of  Sheep  scabies.  Sea-salt  and  the 
various  fatty  bodies  are  abandoned  as  insufficient.  Mercurial 
ointment,  employed  alone  or  mixed  with  other  agents,  ought  not 
to  be  used,  because  of  the  danger  of  poisoning  : for  the  facts  re- 
ported by  Gasparin,  Jauze,  Tessier,  Numan,  etc.,  as  cited  by 
Delafond,  demonstrate  the  possibility  of  grave,  even  fatal,  acci- 
dents following  the  absorption  of  this  remedy  either  by  the  skin,  or 
by  the  digestive  mucous  membrane  when  the  mangy  animal  licks 
itself,  when  the  Sheep  lick  each  other,  or  when  the  lambs  lick  the 
ewes.  Empyreumatic  oil  and  cade-oil  are  very  active  ; but  they 
have  the  inconvenience  of  giving  off  a bad  odour,  and  particularly 
of  staining  the  wool,  and  therefore  much  diminishing  its  selling 
price.  The  solution  of  sulphurated  potash  is  only  efficacious  when 
concentrated,  and  then  it  makes  the  wool  yellow,  as  well  as  hard 
and  brittle. 

In  many  countries,  and  especially  in  mountainous  regions  where 
the  black  hellebore  is  common,  recourse  is  had  to  the  rhizome  of 
that  plant,  which  is  employed  in  decoction  after  reducing  the 
fluid  to  two-thirds  : — water,  i litre  ; fresh  rhizome,  125  grammes  ; 
or  dry  rhizome,  62  grammes. 

We  may,  according  to  the  local  resources,  substitute  for  the  black 
hellebore  either  the  green,  foetid,  or  white  hellebore.  In  Germany, 
owing  to  the  cheapness  of  tobacco,  a good  antipsoric  decoction  is 
made  by  boiling  the  prepared  leaves  of  that  plant  in  water,  in  the 
proportion  of  200  grammes  of  tobacco  to  the  litre  of  water. 

These  preparations  are  efficacious,  but  are  scarcely  suitable  for 
a numerous  flock.  And  the  proper  treatment  of  Sheep  scabies 
really  consists  in  the  employment  of  antipsoric  baths,  the  compo- 
sition of  which  is  somewhat  varied. 

To  obtain  all  the  results  desirable  from  this  treatment,  the  re- 
invasion of  the  parasites  must  be  avoided.  When  the  disease  has 
existed  in  the  flock  for  some  time,  it  is  well  to  disinfect  the  sheep- 
fold.  All  the  manure  should  be  carried  to  the  dung-pit,  as  well  as 
the  soil,  to  a depth  of  four  to  five  inches.  All  the  woodwork — 


ACARIASES 


163 

doors,  windows,  hurdles  and  racks — should  be  dressed  with  boiling 
lye,  then  whitewashed  to  the  height  of  a man.  Brick  or  stonework 
parts  should  be  scraped.  Then  the  soil  is  to  be  replaced  by  new, 
which  is  to  be  well  beaten  down.  Lastly,  for  two  weeks  the  cleansed 
sheepfold  is  to  be  left  vacant ; after  which,  if  scabies  reappears,  it 
will  not  be  because  of  the  sheepfold,  but  rather  because  the  animals 
have  been  insufficiently  treated.  During  this  time  the  Sheep  must 
be  kept  in  another  locality  or  park,  and  after  being  treated  can  be 
returned  to  their  sheepfold.  If  the  temporary  locality  is  to  be 
uninhabited  for  two  or  three  weeks,  it  will  be  well  to  disinfect  it  ; 
but  if  before  that  time  there  is  occasion  to  put  other  Sheep  in  it, 
it  will  be  necessary  to  submit  it  to  the  same  operation  as  the  sheep- 
fold. 

Before  employing  any  remedies,  the  old  writers  prescribed 
scraping  the  diseased  parts,  and  Delafond  insists  on  the  importance 
of  this  preliminary  operation.  It  is  done  either  with  the  grater 
of  Daubenton,  or  with  the  onglee  of  Chabert  and  Fromage  de  Feugre. 
The  first  is  a kind  of  knife,  the  blade  of  which  is  made  of  bone,  and 
1 mm.  to  2 mm.  thick.  The  onglee  is  an  iron  blade,  bent  at  a right 
angle  at  one  of  the  ends,  which  has  a series  of  small  teeth  that  are 
passed  gently  over  the  skin  where  it  is  covered  with  crusts  ; it  has 
the  inconvenience  of  causing  bleeding.  Many  shepherds  use  their 
finger-nail  in  place  of  these  instruments.  But  it  is  best  to  employ 
a simple  blade  of  hard  and  flexible  wood.  The  diseased  part  is 
scraped  with  the  blunt  edge,  then  rubbed  with  the  side  of  the  blade. 
This  operation  has  the  advantage  of  removing  all  the  crusts,  and 
with  them  a large  proportion  of  the  Psoroptes  and  their  ova,  crushing 
many  of  them,  and  rendering  the  action  of  the  remedy  more  effica- 
cious. The  scraping  and  rubbing  should  be  practised  outside  the 
sheepfold.  But  it  may  be  noted  that  they  are  useless  if  the  crusts 
are  thin  and  few  in  number. 

The  Sheep  should  always  be  shorn  before  remedies  are  applied. 
But  when  scabies  prevails  at  a time  not  favourable  for  this  operation, 
Sheep-owners  hesitate  to  cut  the  fleece  which  has  only  been  growing 
for  six  or  eight  months,  as  its  commercial  value  is  then  not  so  great. 
So  most  frequently  the  fleece  is  allowed  to  remain  on  until  the  proper 
time  arrives  ; consequently,  the  effects  of  the  treatment  are  incom- 
plete. But  it  has  at  least  the  advantage  of  keeping  the  disease 
within  certain  limits,  and  allows  of  the  usual  shearing  time  being 
waited  for  without  incurring  much  more  damage. 

Whichever  may  be  the  bath  employed,  it  should  not  be  given  until 
four  or  five  hours  after  feeding. 

Exceptionally,  animals  whose  skins  are  thickened  like  parchment 
ought  to  have  a soap  bath  (soft  soap,  1 kilogramme  ; soft  water, 
100  litres).  This  bath  is  given  at  a temperature  of  30°  to  350  (C.), 
in  a tub  large  enough  to  plunge  a Sheep  into.  The  animal  is 
immersed  for  about  two  minutes,  then  rubbed  for  another  two 
minutes  with  a brush.  This  bath  cleans  the  skin,  softens  the 
crusts,  and  frees  the  animal  from  a great  number  of  parasites. 

11 — 2 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


164 


Next  day  the  antipsoric  bath  may  be  given.  If  washing  on  the 
back  has  preceded  the  shearing,  then  the  soap  bath  is  useless. 

Antipsoric  Baths. — In  France,  the  antisporic  baths  have  arsenious 
acid  for  their  base.  Tessier' s bath , which  was  proposed  by  that 
agriculturist  in  1810,  and  which  has  been  the  most  employed  for  a 
long  time,  has  the  following  composition  for  100  Sheep  : 

Arsenious  acid  -----  1*500  kilos. 

Sulphate  of  iron  - - - - - 10 

Water  - - - - - 100  litres. 

Boil  for  ten  minutes. 


The  reactions  which  take  place  during  boiling  reduce  the  quantity 
of  arsenious  acid  in  solution  to  about  8*2  grammes  to  the  litre  of 
water  (Rossignol).  But  the  sulphate  of  iron  is  more  especially  a 
corrective,  for  it  acts  as  an  astringent,  prevents  the  absorption  of 
the  toxic  agent  by  the  skin,  and  also  hinders  the  Sheep  licking. 
Numerous  facts,  published  by  Godine,  jun.,  Gohier,  Youatt,  etc., 
show  that  arsenical  baths,  containing  no  astringent  substance,  may 
cause  serious  poisoning.  Nevertheless,  the  result  of  experiments 
made  at  Melun  in  1879,  go  to  prove  that  cutaneous  absorption  is 
not  to  be  apprehended  in  arsenical  baths  which  do  not  contain 
more  than  10  grammes  to  the  litre  of  water,  especially  if  immersion 
is  not  longer  than  five  minutes  ; and  that  pure  arsenical  solutions, 
free  from  any  astringent  salt,  may  be  employed  if  they  do  not  con- 
tain more  than  8 grammes  to  the  litre  of  water. 

The  ferro-arsenical  bath  of  Tessier  has  the  inconvenience  of  giving 
a rusty  colour  to  the  wool,  from  its  containing  the  sulphate  of  iron. 
Clement,  in  1846,  proposed  replacing  the  iron  by  the  sulphate  of 
zinc  in  half  the  quantity — so  that  after  boiling  the  proportion  of 
arsenious  acid  fell  to  9*504  grammes  per  litre  (Rossignol).  It  is  there- 
fore more  toxic  than  Tessier’s  bath.  Mathieu,  in  1856,  substi- 
tuted alum  for  the  sulphate  of  iron  to  the  same  amount.  The 
baths  of  Clement  and  Mathieu  have  given  as  good  results  as  that  of 
Tessier,  and  without  staining  the  wool,  as  Delafond  has  stated  ; 
but  they  have  not  been  employed  so  extensively.  Besides,  they 
are  more  expensive  than  the  sulphate  of  iron,  and  increase  the  cost 
of  the  bath  for  100  Sheep  from  fifteen  pence — Clement’s  bath — to 
thirty  pence — Mathieu’ s bath. 

Tessier’ s bath  has  been  blamed  for  serving  in  criminal  attempts 
at  poisoning,  or  giving  rise  to  fatal  mistakes  on  farms.  Conse- 
quently, on  the  proposition  of  a committee  of  professors  at  the 
Alfort  Veterinary  School,  a Ministerial  Order  decided  that  this 
bath  should  be  coloured  by  the  peroxide  of  iron,  and  made  bitter 
by  the  addition  of  gentian  powder,  according  to  the  following 
formula  : 


Arsenious  acid  - 

Protosulphate  of  iron 
Anhydrous  protoxide  of  iron  (colcothar) 
Powder  of  gentian-root 


1.000  grammes. 

5.000  ,, 

400 

200  ,, 


ACARIASES 


165 


This  was  the  only  preparation  druggists  were  authorized  to  sell,  and 
represents  the  quantity  for  100  Sheep,  when  boiled  in  100  litres  of 
water.  But  the  formula  has  become  obsolete,  and  is  replaced  by 
that  of  the  Codex  of  1844,  given  under  the  name  of  ‘ Trasbot’s 
Arsenical  Bath,’  in  which  the  astringent  is  represented  by  the 
sulphate  of  zinc  and  the  bitter  substance  by  aloes,  which,  as  Dela- 
fond  has  well  demonstrated,  may  advantageously  take  the  place 
of  gentian.  The  following  is  the  formula  of  the  Codex , the  quantity 
being  sufficient  for  100  Sheep  : 


Arsenious  acid 

Sulphate  of  zinc  of  commerce 
Aloes  - 

Water  - 


1.000  grammes. 

5.000 
500 

100  litres. 


Dissolve  the  arsenious  acid  in  20  litres  of  boiling  water,  also  dissolve  the 
aloes  and  sulphate  of  zinc  in  10  litres  of  cold  water  ; then  mix  the  two 
solutions,  and  add  the  remainder  of  the  water. 


The  price  of  this  bath  amounts  to  about  fifty  pence  per  100 
Sheep,  and  though  a little  dearer  than  Tessier’s  bath,  it  has  the 
advantage  of  not  staining  the  fleece,  while  it  is  as  effective  in  curing 
the  disease  ; as  it  is  Clement’s  bath,  only  rendered  bitter  and 
coloured  by  aloes — the  good  effects  of  this  bath  being  testified  to 
by  Delafond  and  numerous  practitioners.  According  to  the  statistics 
collected  by  Delafond,  dealing  with  36,000  Sheep,  treated  from 
1816  to  1852,  35,963  were  cured  by  Tessier’s  bath,  the  remaining 
37  having  succumbed  from  anaemia  and  marasmus  before  treat- 
ment ; only  60  Sheep  required  a second  immersion  to  make  the 
cure  a radical  one. 

Beucler  has  made  known  an  interesting  case,  in  which,  of  fifty- 
one  Sheep  dipped  in  Clement’s  arsenical  bath,  forty-nine  died  in 
less  than  twenty-four  hours.  The  expert  showed  that  the  sulphate 
of  zinc  had  been  replaced  by  the  sulphate  of  soda — a mistake  of 
the  druggist.  Consecutive  experiments  made  by  Nocard  appeared 
to  establish  that,  in  animals,  the  absorption  of  the  poison  had 
taken  place  by  the  surface  of  the  skin. 

The  following  recommendations  have  regard  to  the  manner  of 
employing  arsenical  baths  : 

As  has  been  already  said,  the  animals  should  be  shorn  as  much 
as  is  possible.  This  precaution — which  is  always  useful,  in  order 
to  ensure  the  effects  of  the  bath — is  necessary  if  the  primitive  bath 
of  Tessier  is  had  recourse  to,  as  it  depreciates  the  fleece  by  the 
coloration  it  gives. 

The  bath  is  kept  always  tepid — 30°  to  350  (C.).  The  temporary 
locality  in  which  the  Sheep  are  kept  should  be  divided  into  two 
spaces  by  hurdles — the  animals  passing  from  one  to  the  other  as 
they  are  dipped.  At  least  four  men  are  employed  in  the  operation 
— one  to  bring  the  Sheep,  and  three  to  dip  it,  two  of  these  having  a 
coarse  brush. 

Tessier  expressly  recommends  that  the  hands  of  the  dippers  be 
provided  with  leather  gloves  ; but  experience  has  shown  that  this 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


1 66 

precaution  is  needless,  as  men  may  be  employed  in  this  work  for 
twenty- four  hours,  and  even  for  several  consecutive  days,  without 
any  harm  occurring — the  epidermis  of  the  hands  and  arms  merely 
becoming  dry,  as  if  tanned,  and  rust-coloured  in  the  Tessier  bath, 
this  tint  disappearing  promptly  if  the  parts  are  washed  with  a 
weak  solution  of  hydrochloric  acid,  which  may  also  be  employed 
to  remove  the  iron  stains  on  the  clothes  made  during  the  dipping. 
But  notwithstanding  the  numerous  favourable  experiments,  men 
who  have  wounds  on  their  hands  should  abstain  from  taking  part 
in  the  operation. 

The  udder — and  more  especially  the  teats  of  the  milch  ewes, 
should  have  been  previously  smeared  with  grease,  to  prevent  the 
astringent  action  of  the  fluid,  which  otherwise  would  diminish  the 
secretion  of  milk  for  some  days.  The  other  animals  of  the  flock 
do  not  require  any  preparation. 

Each  Sheep  is  kept  in  the  bath  for  two  minutes,  the  entire  body 
being  immersed,  except  the  head  ; though  in  the  case  of  very  mangy 
animals  particular  care  should  be  taken  that  the  fluid  penetrates 
all  the  folds  of  skin  on  the  head,  in  the  arms,  flanks,  and  between 
the  claws.  After  one  or  two  minutes,  the  animal  is  placed  standing 
in  the  bath,  and  brushed  and  rubbed  over  every  part,  and  especially 
the  mangy  places — but  without  causing  them  to  bleed — for  from 
two  to  five  minutes  at  most.  The  same  procedure  is  carried  out  on 
the  limbs  and  nude  parts  of  the  head,  where  the  Psoroptes  often 
take  refuge.  The  dippers  then  pass  their  hands  over  the  body  to 
press  out  the  fluid,  the  Sheep  is  set  free  in  the  place  set  apart  for 
the  dipped  animals,  and  the  operation  is  terminated. 

Four  men  can  dip  from  12  to  14  Sheep  in  an  hour,  or  120  to  130 
in  a day. 

Tessier  recommends  putting  the  ears  over  the  eyes  of  the  Sheep 
while  in  the  bath,  to  prevent  the  fluid  entering  the  ears  and  injuring 
the  eyes  ; but  Delafond  considers  this  precaution  useless,  as  the 
bath  does  not  cause  any  irritation  to  these  organs. 

What  remains  in  the  bath  is  kept  for  local  application,  in  cases 
that  require  a second  dressing  ; and  when  the  disease  has  com- 
pletely disappeared,  the  surplus  fluid  is  buried  in  the  ground. 

The  caldron  in  which  the  fluid  has  been  heated  should  be  care- 
fully washed  out,  as  well  as  the  bath-tub,  buckets,  brushes,  and 
other  articles  used  in  treatment. 

Tessier  recommends  leaving  the  Sheep  for  twenty-four  hours  in 
a place  without  litter,  straw,  or  forage,  so  as  to  avoid  impregnation 
of  these  with  the  fluid  that  drips  from  the  animals,  and  to  prevent 
accidents  by  poisoning  ; but  Delafond  assures  us  that  they  rarely 
show  any  tendency  to  take  food  which  is  made  bitter,  and  that  when 
fed  for  three  to  eight  days  on  food  containing  every  day  from  one 
to  three  centilitres  of  Tessier’s  bath,  they  did  not  suffer  any  harm. 
He  also  found  that  animals  which  were  dipped  in  this  bath,  and 
whose  wool  and  skin  were  moist  with  it,  did  not  lick  themselves  ; 
or  if  they  did  so,  they  did  not  swallow  sufficient  poison  to  do  them 


ACARIASES 


1 67 


any  injury  ; for  in  his  experiments  Sheep  have  taken  from  two  to 
ten  centilitres  of  this  fluid  without  being  indisposed,  and  it  required 
a dose  of  five  decilitres  to  induce  fatal  poisoning. 

When  taken  out  of  the  bath,  it  is  observed  that  the  parts  denuded  . 
of  epidermis,  and  the  cracks  and  ulcers,  are  cauterized.  In  three 
to  four  hours  afterwards  there  is  general  febrile  excitement — often 
scarcely  perceptible — which  persists  in  a more  or  less  marked 
manner  for  ten  or  twelve  hours. 

From  the  third  to  the  fifth  day  the  skin  is  hard,  difficult  to  fold, 
and  covered — especially  at  the  mangy  parts — by  a sedimentary 
adherent  crust,  which  is  rust-tinted  if  Tessier’s  bath  has  been  used. 
The  animals  no  longer  rub  or  scratch  themselves,  and  have  an 
excellent  appetite.  In  the  crust,  the  microscope  only  reveals  dead 
Psoroptes,  and  dried  and  withered  eggs. 

From  the  eighth  to  the  twentieth  day,  numerous  crusts  become 
detached,  showing  the  cicatrized,  rosy  skin,  which  is  thin  and 
supple.  In  the  parts  which  were  badly  affected,  the  latter  result 
is  only  attained  towards  the  thirtieth,  and  even  the  fiftieth  day. 
The  wool  grows  soft  and  shiny,  and  the  reddish  tint  at  the  end  of 
the  locks  disappears  from  day  to  day,  while  the  animals  quickly 
regain  their  liveliness  and  condition. 

Sometimes,  though  rarely,  the  disease  reappears  in  some  animals 
at  certain  points  ; but  scraping,  and  the  application  of  one  or  two 
dressings  with  the  bath  fluid,  will  suffice  to  effect  a complete 
cure. 

The  process  of  cicatrization  in  the  affected  parts  often  produces 
intense  pruritus,  which  must  not  be  taken  as  an  indication  of  per- 
sistence of  the  malady  ; it  is  well,  nevertheless,  to  watch  the  Sheep 
carefully  during  this  period,  and  to  be  assured  that  the  diseased 
places  are  really  recovering. 

The  cure  of  scabies  is  all  the  more  rapid  the  less  constitutional 
disturbance  there  is.  It  is  realized  in  about  eight  days,  when  the 
skin  is  not  greatly  altered.  In  other  instances  the  cure  is  sub- 
ordinate to  the  reactional  power  of  the  animals  ; and  it  may  be 
remarked  that,  according  to  the  observations  of  Cagnat,  the 
antipsoric  baths  are  injurious  to  cachectic  Sheep,  and  may  cause 
their  death. 

Scheuerle  and  Kehm  employ  an  arsenical  bath  which  they  con- 
sider the  best,  with  regard  to  efficacy  and  rapidity  of  cure  ; it  leaves 
the  wool  of  a fine  white  colour,  and  never  causes  poisoning  if  the 
precautions  they  give  are  adopted.  It  is  composed  of : 

Arsenious  acid  -----  500  grammes. 

Alum  ------  6,000 

Water  - - - - - -100  litres. 


The  Sheep  are  dipped  in  the  open  air.  There  are  two  iron 
caldrons  of  20  to  24  litres  capacity,  which  are  filled  with  water  and 
placed  on  a fire  ; two  other  caldrons  of  about  30  litres  capacity, 
not  quite  full  of  water,  are  also  heated.  In  the  two  first  caldrons  is 


i68 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


put  the  arsenic,  which,  by  reason  of  its  density,  sinks  to  the  bottom  ; 
but  after  boiling  and  stirring  for  fifteen  to  thirty  minutes,  it  is 
completely  dissolved,  and  the  fluid  has  the  limpidity  of  water.  At 
the  same  time  the  alum,  broken,  is  thrown  into  the  boiling  water 
in  the  larger  caldrons,  and  is  concurrently  dissolved.  The  two 
solutions  are  then  poured  into  a tub  or  bath,  and  cold  water  is 
added  sufficient  to  make  up  the  amount  stated  in  the  formula.  To 
dip  200  Sheep  recently  shorn  will  require  2*500  kilos  of  arsenic,  25 
to  30  kilos  of  alum,  and  a corresponding  quantity  of  water. 

A quantity  of  the  solution  sufficient  to  cover  a Sheep  is  placed  in 
the  bath  ; a man  takes  the  Sheep  by  the  fore-legs  and  crosses  them 
on  the  neck,  while  a second  man  seizes  the  hind-legs  and  turns  the 
animal  over  on  its  back  ; the  creature  is  then  immersed  for  two 
minutes,  the  eyes  and  mouth  being  kept  out  of  the  fluid.  On 
removal,  it  is  put  into  an  empty  tub,  and  three  men  rub  and  brush 
it  vigorously,  squeezing  out  the  fluid  remaining  in  the  fleece.  To 
protect  themselves  from  the  corrosive  action  of  the  fluid,  if  long 
employed  at  this  dipping,  the  men  frequently  soak  their  hands  in 
linseed-oil.  One  of  them  is  occupied  with  the  head  of  the  Sheep, 
which  had  not  been  moistened  ; he  holds  in  one  hand  a basin  con- 
taining a quantity  of  the  solution,  while  with  the  other  hand  he 
applies  this  all  round  the  head,  taking  care  not  to  allow  it  to  get 
into  the  eyes.  The  very  mangy  parts  are  scraped,  so  as  to  remove 
the  crusts.  When  all  the  Sheep  have  been  dipped,  they  are  set  at 
liberty  in  an  enclosed  place  for  some  hours,  in  order  to  facilitate 
evaporation,  but  without  exposing  them  to  a hot  sun  or  a dry 
wind. 

There  is  a tendency  to  replace  the  various  antipsoric  baths  by 
creolin  baths,  and  this  preference  is  justified  by  their  efficacy,  their 
innocuousness  with  regard  to  health  and  the  quality  of  the  wool, 
the  facility  with  which  they  can  be  employed,  and  their  cheapness. 
Trials  of  them  have  been  more  particularly  made  in  Germany,  and 
their  use  is  officially  prescribed  in  Prussia.  Shearing  having  been 
carried  out  as  much  as  possible,  the  crusts  are  softened  by  rubbing 
the  most  diseased  places — neck,  back,  and  croup — with  a liniment 
composed  of  soft  soap,  8 parts  ; creolin,  1 ; alcohol,  1.  The  bath 
is  afterwards  prepared  for  100  Sheep,  as  follows  : water,  250  litres  ; 
creolin,  6*500  litres.  Every  Sheep  undergoes  two  dippings  at  an 
interval  of  seven  days,  each  dip  consisting  in  an  immersion  in  the 
bath  for  three  minutes,  followed  by  a good  brushing  for  the  same 
time,  and  a second  but  brief  immersion.  Each  Sheep  requires 
about  2 litres  of  the  solution.  It  is,  of  course,  understood  that  the 
general  rules  applicable  to  antipsoric  baths  are  as  important  in 
regard  to  this  one.  The  value  of  the  creolin  bath  has  been  many 
times  recognised,  and  Hohenleitner  and  Gsell  have  quite  recently 
confirmed  the  reports  as  to  its  utility. 

Walz's  Bath. — The  oldest  bath  employed  is  that  of  Walz.  Hering 
and  Hertwig  have  particularly  recommended  it,  and  it  is  still  in 
frequent  use  in  Germany.  It  is  composed  of  .* 


ACARIASES 


169 


Slaked  lime  - - - - - 4 parts. 

Carbonate  of  potash  - - - - 5 

Cow’s  urine  ------  q.s. 

Dissolve  by  boiling,  and  then  add  : 

Empyreumatic  oil  - - - - 6 parts. 

Vegetable  tar  (or  coal  tar)  - - - 3 

Mix  perfectly,  and  dilute  the  whole  with  : 

Cow’s  urine  - - - - - 20  ,, 

Water  -------  800  „ 


One  hundred  litres  are  sufficient  for  100  Sheep.  The  dipping 
requires  to  be  repeated  three  times  at  least,  sometimes  four  and  five, 
at  intervals  of  eight  days,  in  order  to  ensure  a complete  cure.  This 
bath  is  therefore  inferior  to  the  preceding  preparations.  The  three 
parts  of  tar  are  usually  replaced  by  two  parts  of  the  carbolic  acid  of 
commerce. 

ZundeV s Bath. — Zundel  has  devised  a special  bath,  the  formula 
for  which  has  been  inspired  by  the  energetic  acaricide  action  of 
pyrogenous  substances,  such  as  were  employed  in  the  comparative 
experiments  of  Hertwig,  Gerlach,  etc.  ‘ Our  system,’  he  says,  4 is 
really  economical,  as  it  does  not  cost  more  than  twopence  per  head, 
and  is  a certain  cure,  often  after  only  one  bath.  This  is  composed 
of  crude  carbolic  acid,  1,500  grammes  ; quicklime,  1,000  grammes  ; 
carbonate  of  soda,  3,000  grammes  ; soft  soap,  3,000  grammes. 
These  substances,  on  being  mixed,  form  a thick  paste  ; this  is 
diluted,  when  required  for  use,  in  260  litres  of  hot  water — which 
makes  a sufficient  quantity  for  100  previously  shorn  Sheep.  With 
this  rational  imitation  of  Walz’s  bath,  in  which  there  is  formed 
a caustic  soda  that  dissolves  the  carbolic  acid,  the  Sheep  are  washed 
by  means  of  a strong  brush — of  dog-grass,  and  by  plunging  them  in 
the  solution,  which  is  placed  in  a large  tub.  Two  men  and  two 
assistants  are  sufficient  for  the  operation.  Sheep  which  are  badly 
affected  should  be  washed  again  in  four  to  six  days.’  The  caustic 
soda  which  is  formed  in  this  preparation  dissolves  the  crusts  and 
the  Psoroptes  they  conceal,  and  also  dissolves  the  shell  of  the 
parasites’  eggs  ; but  it  slightly  irritates  the  hands  of  the  operators. 
Zundel  asserts  that,  with  the  degree  of  concentration  of  this  bath, 
there  is  no  fear  that  the  soda  will  saponify  the  yolk,  and,  corroding 
the  wool,  render  it  dry  and  brittle.  He  prefers  the  crude  carbolic 
acid  to  the  pure  article,  as  the  essential  empyreumatic  oils  in  it 
are  also  useful. 

Tobacco. — In  Germany,  the  relatively  low  price  of  tobacco  and 
its  certain  acaricidic  action  causes  it  to  be  often  employed  for  the 
treatment  of  Sheep  scabies.  It  was  strongly  recommended  by 
Gerlach,  and  the  following  is  the  manner  of  applying  it,  as  indicated 
by  Ziirn. 

An  alkaline  bath  is  first  given,  composed  of  4 kilos  of 
potash,  2 kilos  of  lime,  and  100  litres  of  water.  The  next  day  the 
antipsoric  bath  is  given  ; this  is  made  of  15  kilos  of  ordinary  tobacco 
to  no  litres  of  water.  One  to  two  litres  are  required  for  each 
clipped  Sheep,  and  double  the  quantity  in  winter  when  the  wool  is 


170 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


long.  Each  animal  is  kept  in  the  bath  for  three  or  four  minutes, 
the  head  being  plunged  in  it  several  times,  and  the  creature’s  eyes 
protected  by  the  hands.  The  Sheep  is  then  placed  on  its  feet 
in  an  empty  tub,  where  all  the  superfluous  fluid  is  squeezed  out 
of  the  wool.  This  fluid  is  returned  to  the  dipping-tub.  The 
manipulations  are  otherwise  the  same  as  for  the  arsenical  baths. 

These  tobacco  baths  are  limited  in  their  action  to  the  living 
Psoroptes.  The  eggs  remain  intact,  and  are  hatched  ; so  that  the 
parasites  from  them  should  be  destroyed  before  attaining  the  age 
of  reproduction.  This  is  why  a second  antipsoric  bath  is  required 
in  five,  six,  or  eight  days  after  the  first.  If  there  are  many  crusts, 
it  is  advisable  to  give  a second  alkaline  bath  ; and  in  some  cases, 
in  which  the  pruritus  continues,  it  is  requisite  to  administer  a third, 
and  even  a fourth,  tobacco  bath. 

Ostertag  has  modified  this  treatment  in  the  following  manner  : 
Employing  by  preference  the  juice  of  tobacco,  because  of  its  low 
price,  he  makes  a decoction  of  5 kilos  of  tobacco  in  250  litres  of 
water,  adding — after  he  has  dissolved  them  separately — 3 kilos 
of  common  soda,  the  same  quantity  of  soft  soap,  and  1,500  grammes 
of  quicklime,  and  the  same  quantity  of  crude  carbolic  acid.  Ostertag 
has  also  successfully  employed  a bath  composed  of  water,  250  litres  ; 
pure  carbolic  acid,  1 kilo  ; potash,  1 kilo  ; and  tobacco,  7*500  kilos. 

Because  of  its  originality,  we  may  here  mention  the  manner  of  treating 
the  disease  in  the  Pampas  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  in  flocks  of  2,000  to 
2,500  Sheep. 

The  shepherd,  a gaucho  on  horseback,  drives  the  Sheep  towards  a palisaded 
enclosure  ending  in  a narrow  passage,  through  which  they  are  obliged  to 
defile,  one  after  the  other,  the  space  being  too  small  to  allow  two  to  go  through 
at  a time.  This  passage  is  continuous  with  a kind  of  trench  in  wood  or 
masonry,  with  a sloping  entrance  and  exit,  which  is  filled  with  the  antipsoric 
bath.  The  Sheep,  not  being  able  to  turn  round  to  escape,  has  to  pass  through 
this  wet  ditch,  and  so  is  gradually  immersed  deeper  and  deeper  until  up  to 
the  neck  in  the  fluid.  The  animal  finds  its  way  out  by  the  opposite  slope, 
with  its  fleece  impregnated  by  the  fluid.  The  operation  is  very  simple,  and 
scarcely  occupies  more  than  an  hour  for  the  whole  flock.  The  curative  agent 
is  tobacco  or  its  refuse. 

It  is  recognised  in  Britain,  that  the  treatment  of  Sheep  scabies,  to 
be  satisfactory,  must  be  cheap,  simple,  and  readily  and  quickly 
practicable  ; while  it  must  neither  hurt  the  Sheep  nor  their  wool, 
or  the  men  who  apply  the  remedy.  It  may  beneficially  continue  in 
the  fleece  for  some  time  after  application,  so  that  it  can  destroy  the 
young  acari  as  they  are  hatched  from  the  eggs,  which  have  escaped 
destruction  or  removal ; as  most  applications  require  repeating  after 
a few  days,  and  sometimes  even  a second  or  third  dressing  is  neces- 
sary. The  methods  which  have  been  found  practicable  are  dipping , 
smearing  or  salving , and  pouring.  ‘ Dipping  ’ consists  in  the 
thorough  immersion  of  the  Sheep  in  the  acaricide  fluid  contained 
in  a bath — or  a dipping-well  in  some  cases  ; and  its  proper  perform- 
ance depends  on  the  adoption  of  a number  of  precautions,  and 
exercise  of  the  greatest  care.  The  liquid  used  varies  much  in 


ACARIASES 


171 

different  cases  and  countries  ; every  chemist  has  his  formula  for 
a ’ Sheep-dip/  ranging  from  McDougall’s  compound  and  Tuson’s 
equally  valuable  soluble  mixture,  to  the  empirical  preparations  of 
local  country  chemists,  and  the  ancient  recipes  in  possession  of 
shepherds  and  farmers. 

In  Australia,  ‘ Sheep-dipping  ’ is  carried  out  on  a very  extensive 
scale.  There  are  generally  two  yards — the  receiving  and  forcing 
yards — usually  of  a circular  form,  which  turns  to  advantage  the 
habit  which  Sheep  have  of  ‘ ringing  ’ when  disturbed  in  a yard,  and 
saves  labour  of  men  and  dogs  ; as  the  Sheep  cannot  ‘ pack  ’ or  stop, 
however  much  they  may  try.  It  is  recognised  as  advisable  to  have 
the  exit  of  the  yard  near  to  the  entrance,  as  the  instinct  of  the 
Sheep  impels  it  to  escape  by  the  opening  through  which  it  entered. 
If  the  Sheep  are  tardy  in  moving  on,  a man  jumps  over  the  fence 
and  runs  through  the  flock  in  a direction  opposite  to  that  in  which 
they  are  required  to  pass  ; this  will  start  them  at  once.  There 
must  be  several  yards  in  series,  so  that  too  many  Sheep  are  not  in 
any  one  of  them  at  a time  ; from  the  last  yard  to  the  dip  there  must 
be  a path  or  race,  2 feet  3 inches  wide,  and  20  feet  long  ; the  last 
5 feet  being  smooth,  and  at  an  incline  of  250  to  30°,  in  order  that  the 
Sheep  may  slide  along  it  into  the  dip.  These  yards  can  be  used  for 
drafting  purposes,  after  being  disinfected,  by  simple  modifications. 
The  race  and  commencement  of  the  dip  should  have  high  fences,  to 
prevent  the  Sheep  jumping  out.  Around  the  dip  should  be  a stage 
from  which  the  Sheep  can  be  thrown  into  the  dip,  either  by  men  or 
by  means  of  a tilt.  The  Sheep  on  the  race  and  stage  should  not  be 
allowed  to  see  the  dip,  nor  those  in  the  yards  be  able  to  see  the 
stage  and  dip.  Decoy  pens  may  be  placed  in  such  a position  that 
the  Sheep  coming  up  see  those  in  these  pens  and  suspect  nothing  ; 
this  economizes  much  time.  A slide  gate  separates  the  race  from 
the  dip,  and  is  better  than  simple  hurdles  for  the  purpose. 

Three  kinds  of  dipping  apparatus  are  used  in  Victoria  and  South 
Australia  : 

1.  Round,  9 feet  in  diameter,  and  8 feet  deep  in  the  clear,  having 
a drawgate  feet  wide  at  the  commencement  of  the  race  from  the 
dip  into  the  draining  yard,  which  race  is  10  to  15  feet  long  by  4J  feet 
wide,  commencing  at  2 feet  from  the  bottom  of  the  dip,  and  gradu- 
ally rising  to  the  level  of  the  draining  yard. 

2.  Oblong,  20  to  25  feet  long,  by  4 feet  long  at  the  stage  end, 
gradually  narrowing  to  2 feet  3 inches  at  12  feet  from  the  end  of  the 
stage,  remaining  that  width  to  the  race  to  the  draining  yard,  which 
is  2 feet  3 inches  wide  and  10  to  15  feet  long. 

3.  This  is  employed  with  circular  yards,  and  is  similar  to  No.  2, 
but  is  2 feet  3 inches  wide  throughout.  The  dip  is  made  of  pine, 
tongued  and  grooved,  or  of  colonial  timber,  sawn  or  in  slabs. 
Around  the  race  and  dip  should  be  puddled  to  a thickness  of  2 feet 
if  colonial  timber  be  used,  and  the  slabs  should  be  secured  with 
stays  attached  to  posts  in  the  ground  behind  the  dip.  The  depth 
and  contents  in  gallons  should  be  indicated  by  a plainly-marked 


172 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


scale  on  the  sides.  There  should  be  a depression  on  the  side  next 
to  the  boilers  to  collect  the  mixture.  Both  dip  and  draining  race 
should  have  watertight  covers.  The  draining  yards — which  may 
be  two  in  number,  each  for  200  to  300  Sheep — and  the  gangway 
which  leads  to  them,  should  have  battens  so  arranged  as  to  allow 
the  drippings  to  flow  back  into  the  dip. 

The  tobacco  and  sulphur  dip  is  used.  Infusion  boilers  with  air- 
tight covers  must  have  one  pound  of  tobacco  to  five  gallons  of 
water,  and  the  infusion  is  made  as  if  making  tea — it  is  allowed  to 
stand  for  eight  to  ten  hours — then  fresh  water  may  be  boiled  with 
the  tobacco  for  two  hours,  and  this  may  be  drawn  off  and  a second 
boiling  tried,  after  which  the  tobacco  is  exhausted.  A measure, 
consisting  of  a cask  gauged  and  marked,  lies  on  the  tube  running 
from  boiler  to  dip,  and  serves  to  measure  the  quantity  of  water 
passing  in.  The  sulphur  water  must  be  thoroughly  mixed  with 
the  tobacco  infusion. 

Six  men  and  the  overseer  are  required  for  the  operation — one 
to  the  yard,  two  to  throw  in  the  Sheep,  one  to  the  boilers,  and  two 
men  armed  with  crutches,  consisting  of  a 7- foot  handle  attached  to 
the  middle  of  a head  12  inches  long,  made  of  -J-inch  round  iron, 
bent  so  as  to  either  pull  or  push. 

The  dip  is  filled  to  within  12  inches  of  the  top,  and  each  Sheep  is 
made  to  swim  round  the  No.  1 dip  at  least  twice,  but  with  Nos.  2 
and  3 swimming  the  whole  length  is  sufficient.  By  means  of  the 
crutches  each  Sheep  is  made  to  pass  at  least  twice  completely  into 
the  solution. 

The  overseer  at  the  drawgate  of  the  draining  gangway  passes 
each  Sheep  as  sufficiently  dipped.  Care  has  to  be  taken  to  keep 
up  the  strength  and  temperature  of  the  bath  ; it  should  not  be 
allowed  to  fall  lower  than  2 feet  3 inches  from  the  top,  lest  the 
Sheep’s  legs  be  broken  against  the  bottom  when  they  are  thrown 
m With  a short  fleece  the  bath  should  be  at  no°  Fahr.  in  winter, 
ioo°  in  summer,  and  the  Sheep  ought  to  remain  in  it  for  about  a 
minute.  If  the  bath  is  colder  they  must  be  kept  in  longer,  but  the 
temperature  of  it  should  never  be  less  than  85°  Fahr. ; with  a long 
fleece,  90°  to  950  in  summer,  and  950  to  ioo°  in  winter,  will  suffice, 
and  each  may  be  kept  in  a little  shorter  time,  as  it  will  take  longer 
to  drain. 

Another  method  of  Sheep-dipping,  given  in  a Scotch  newspaper, 
is  of  interest  : The  dipping  apparatus  may  be  in  the  form  of  a pond 
or  trough,  and  may  be  fixed  or  movable.  It  should  be  narrow  and 
deep  to  economize  the  liquid,  and  narrower  at  the  bottom  than  the 
top.  It  should  not  hold  more  than  80  to  100  gallons  of  fluid  ; 
if  for  flocks  of  thirty  to  forty  score  a movable  dip  capable  of  con- 
taining 50  to  60  gallons  will  be  sufficient.  One  end  of  the  trough 
should  slant,  to  facilitate  lifting  of  the  Sheep  on  to  the  drainer,  and 
should  be  fitted  with  battens  to  enable  the  animal  to  walk  up  when 
turned  on  to  its  legs  by  the  shepherd,  who  lifts  the  head,  while  his 
assistants  leave  the  hind-legs  free  and  lift  the  fore-quarters.  The 


ACARIASES 


73 


trough  should  be  freely  washable  and  have  a ready  outlet,  and 
water  ought  to  be  constantly  kept  in  it  to  maintain  it  water-tight. 
The  drainer  is  a wooden  or  metal  grating  on  a wooden  channel 
inclined  towards  the  trough,  sufficiently  large  to  accommodate 
forty  or  fifty  Sheep  at  once,  surrounded  by  a railing,  and  divided 
into  halves,  each  with  a gate  of  entry  and  one  of  exit,  the  latter 
being  furnished  with  a sliding  - board  to  prevent  injury  when  the 
Sheep  are  lifted  off  the  drainer.  The  dipper  should  have  beside 
him  a stool  or  inverted  pail,  on  which  to  turn  the  Sheep,  to  pre- 
vent rough  and  hurried  handling.  Not  fewer  than  six  men  are 
required  for  the  movable  apparatus,  and  four  for  the  fixed.  One 
catches  the  Sheep,  the  shepherd  holds  the  head,  two  men  seize  the 
legs  and  turn  the  animal  into  the  bath  ; two  more  men  hold  it  on 
the  drainer.  Two  enclosures  should  be  to  hand,  one  near  the 
apparatus  for  three  or  four  Sheep,  and  a larger  for  fifty  Sheep. 
The  fixed  dipping  apparatus  may  be  paved,  and  roofed  to  keep  out 
the  rain. 

The  bath  fluid  should  be  of  extra  strength  rather  than  weak,  and 
it  ought  to  be  at  a temperature  of  8o°  to  950  Fahr.  Not  more  than 
fifty  Sheep  per  hour  should  be  dipped  ; six  men  can  dip  500  animals 
in  a day,  giving  two  or  three  minutes’  immersion  for  each.  A good 
dip  is  composed  of : Sulphur,  20  parts  ; quicklime,  10  parts  ; water, 
100  gallons.  Boil  for  two  hours  in  a fourth  of  the  water,  and  add 
more  water  as  required.  Finally,  dilute  the  product  to  100  gallons, 
and  use  after  precipitation  of  the  sediment. 


3.  Chorioptic  Scabies. 

This  form  has  been  observed  by  Ziirn  and  by  Schleg.  The  Choriopt  is 
similar  to  that  of  the  Horse,  of  which  it  is  a variety — Ch.  symbiotes,  var.  ovis — 
though  of  smaller  dimensions  than  the  type. 

Like  the  symbiotic  scabies  of  the  Horse,  this  is  principally  located  on  the 
limbs — in  the  hollow  of  the  pasterns  of  fine-bred  but  neglected  Sheep,  especi- 
ally the  Negretti  breed.  And  like  the  Horse  Chorioptes,  those  of  the  Sheep 
emigrate  with  difficulty  from  the  region  they  have  invaded,  and  only  slowly 
ascend  towards  the  upper  part  of  the  limbs.  The  scabies  they  produce  is 
very  slightly  contagious,  and  in  a flock  there  is  only  a small  number  of  Animals 
attacked — sometimes  no  more  than  one  per  cent.  Ziirn  is  inclined  to  ascribe 
an  important  share  to  predisposition  and  immunity  in  the  etiology  of  the 
disease. 

At  its  commencement,  this  scabies  is  characterized  by  the  redness  of  the 
skin  and  an  abundant  epidermic  desquamation  ; later,  there  appear  pale- 
yellow  crusts.  The  pruritus  is  somewhat  severe — the  animals  stamping, 
rubbing  and  gnawing  the  affected  parts,  and  so  giving  rise  to  an  exudation, 
and  the  formation  of  crusts  varying  in  thickness  ; while  cracks,  more  or  less 
deep,  appear  about  the  pastern.  Numerous  Chorioptes — among  which  the 
males  are  nearly  as  abundant  as  the  females — burrow  beneath  the  crusts. 
The  shepherds  considered  this  eruption  was  due  to  food  too  rich  in  salt, 
because  they  observed  it  when  the  Sheep  were  stabled  in  winter.  The  hind 
limbs  are  first  affected,  then  the  fore  ones,  and  the  scrotum  in  the  ram,  the 
mammary  region  in  the  ewe.  The  body,  neck  and  head  always  remain  free 
from  it. 

This  form  of  scabies  is  not  serious,  and  always  disappears  with  simple 
cleanliness.  In  any  case,  it  readily  yields  to  antipsoric  treatment. 


174 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Goodall,  Christchurch,  Hants,  has  recently  discovered  this  parasite  on  the 
feet  of  Sheep,  and  he  believes  it  occasions  one  of  the  forms  of  foot-rot,  as  he 
has  discovered  it  where  that  disease  was  prevalent.  He  has  found  it  in 
abundance — the  males  being  very  few — around  the  upper  part  of  the  claws, 
in  the  sebaceous  follicles,  and  more  especially  on  the  interdigital  skin  and  in 
the  sinus  there.  He  states  that,  in  his  experience,  glycerin  kills  the  Acari 
immediately  they  come  in  contact  with  it.  To  observe  them  and  watch  their 
movements,  he  makes  a thin  circle  of  Canada  balsam  on  a slide,  places  the 
parasites  within  it,  and  puts  a covering  glass  over  them.  They  may  then  be 
observed  alive  for  hours,  and  it  will  be  noticed  that  the  animalcules  always 
spread  out  their  legs  in  good  positions  as  the  cover-glass  gradually  falls  on 
them. 


D. — Scabies  of  the  Goat. 

On  the  Goat  are  found  Sarcoptes,  Psoroptes  and  Chorioptes. 
But  up  to  the  present  time  only  two  forms  of  scabies  have  been 
observed — the  sarcoptic  and  chorioptic.  The  Psoroptes  have  only 
been  seen  in  the  pavilion  of  the  ear,  producing  a benign  acariasis, 
which  will  be  studied  when  the  diseases  of  the  sensory  organs  are 
dealt  with.  The  Goat,  to  judge  by  the  experiments  of  Delafond, 
cannot  contract  psoroptic  scabies  ; as  he  vainly  tried  to  transmit 
the  ordinary  scabies  of  Sheep  to  that  animal,  by  placing  on  its 
skin  numerous  Psoroptes  taken  from  scabied  Sheep. 

i.  Sarcoptic  Scabies. 

Among  Thibetan  Goats  imported  into  France  in  1818,  through  the  instru- 
mentality of  Huzard,  and  in  1819  through  the  action  of  Joubert  and  Ternaux, 
a large  number  were  affected  with  scabies,  and  many  of  these  died.  It  is 
difficult  to  say  if  the  disease  was  due  to  the  sarcoptic  or  the  chorioptic  form  ; 
but  there  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  this  with  regard  to  the  scabies  of  a Perisan 
Goat,  the  history  of  which  was  published  by  Henderson,  for  its  disease  was 
communicated  to  men  and  horses  in  the  form  of  sarcoptic  mange.  And  so 
it  was  with  the  epizootic  scabies  that  affected  the  Goats  in  the  valley  of 
Prattigau,  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  in  1851,  1852,  1853.  Though 
Wallraff,  who  observed  it,  did  find  the  acarus,  the  contagiousness  of  the 
malady  with  regard  to  Man,  Horse,  and  Sheep,  and  its  clinical  characters  in 
these,  well  demonstrated  its  sarcoptic  nature.  But  it  was  Franz  Muller,  of 
Vienna,  who  first — in  1853 — found  Sarcoptes  on  the  dwarf  Goats  of  Africa, 
and  Hebra  considered  them  identical  with  those  of  Man.  Fiirstenberg 
studied  them,  and  concluded  that  they  were  a distinct  species — Sarcoptes 
caprce  ; and  Roloff,  who  also  undertook  their  study,  regarded  them  as  the 
Sarcoptes  squamiferus  of  Fiirstenberg.  But  it  is  more  just  to  name  the 
parasite  S.  scabiei,  var.  caprce. 

Symptoms. — From  its  commencement  to  its  termination,  the 
disease  is  characterized  by  great  itching.  It  begins  at  the  head 
and  ears,  reaches  the  trunk  and  abdomen,  the  mammae,  and  finally 
the  limbs — appearing  at  first  in  the  form  of  small  pimples,  from 
which  a viscid  fluid  exudes,  and  soon  produces  dry,  scaly  crusts, 
sometimes  furfuraceous,  sometimes  great  thick  plates  of  a shining 
bluish-grey  tint.  The  hair  falls  off ; the  skin  becomes  thickened, 
dry,  ridged,  cracked,  and  adherent  ; and  the  nose  and  lips  are 
tumefied.  Numerous  Sarcoptes  are  found  under  the  crusts. 


ACARIASES 


1 75 

At  first  limited  to  a few  restricted  patches,  the  malady,  if  left 
to  itself  or  insufficiently  treated,  becomes  generalized,  and  causes 
rapid  emaciation,  which  may  terminate  in  death. 

It  is  capable  of  assuming  an  epizootic  character.  Wallraff  re- 
marked that,  after  the  disease  had  shown  itself  in  some  communes 
of  Prattigau  during  the  summer  of  1851,  it  extended  in  such  a 
manner  that  in  the  spring  of  1853,  in  ten  communes,  containing 
2,596  Goats,  1,015  were  affected  and  about  250  died.  When  the 
epizooty  had  subsided,  the  total  loss  amounted  to  about  500 
animals.  Klingau  reported  100  deaths  in  a year  in  one  commune. 

Etiology,  Contagion. — The  relatively  few  observations  published 
with  regard  to  sarcoptic  scabies  of  the  Goat  show  that  it  attacks, 
by  preference,  breeds  of  Asiatic  or  African  origin.  The  only 
exceptions  to  this  are  the  outbreaks  recorded  by  Wallraff  and 
Klingau,  in  which  the  diseased  animals  belonged  to  the  local  moun- 
tain breeds.  In  the  instance  recorded  in  the  Comptes  rendus  of 
the  Lyons  Veterinary  School,  they  were  Thibetan  Goats  ; in  that 
reported  by  Henderson,  it  was  a Persian  Goat  ; in  that  mentioned 
by  Muller,  they  were  dwarf  Goats  from  Khartoum ; and  it  was  in 
a fat-tailed  ram  from  Africa  that  Roloff  first  saw  it. 

The  scabies  of  that  ram  was  transmitted  to  a male  Goat,  which 
died  from  it.  And  it  is  not  impossible  that  the  sarcoptic  scabies  of 
the  Goat  had  its  origin  in  the  psoric  form  of  noir-museau  of  the 
Sheep.  An  experiment  made  by  Railliet  would  tend  to  demon- 
strate this,  as  he  was  able  to  communicate  a generalized  and  fatal 
scabies  to  a Goat  by  means  of  the  Sheep  sarcopt. 

Inversely,  this  scabies  of  the  Goat  is  transmissible  to  the  Sheep, 
on  which  it  is  localized  on  the  head,  as  in  the  natural  form  of 
sarcoptic  scabies  of  that  animal.  It  is  only  in  breeds  with  dry 
wool,  poor  in  yolk — like  the  Zackel  breed  and  the  Somali  Sheep — 
that  it  may  extend  to  the  other  parts  of  the  body,  where  the  wool 
is  scanty  and  coarse. 

In  Henderson’s  case,  the  Goat  disease  was  conveyed  to  men,  who 
were  considered  as  suffering  from  itch  by  the  doctors  attending 
them.  It  was  the  same  in  the  epizooty  at  Prattigau,  where  the 
itch,  transferred  to  the  people,  assumed  a particularly  severe 
character.  Horses  were  also  infected  in  these  two  instances,  and 
in  that  alluded  to  by  Wallraff  the  malady  extended  also  to  the 
Cattle  and  Pigs.  A herd  guarding  the  Goats  observed  by  Muller, 
was  attacked  on  the  hands  by  an  eruption  of  itch,  which  was  cured 
by  sulphur  ointment.  Roloff  has  also  collected  a number  of 
instances  of  pure  itch  occurring  in  people  who  had  been  in  contact 
with  his  scabied  Goats.  On  the  other  hand,  in  his  experiments 
he  could  not  succeed  in  implanting  this  Goat  mange  on  other  animals 
except  short-woolled  Sheep — Somalis — or  Sheep  with  scanty  wool — 
fat-tailed  Sheep.  With  Merino  Sheep,  the  Pig,  Dog,  Ass  and 
Rabbit,  he  only  obtained  a very  ephemeral  scabies,  or  absolutely 
negative  results. 

Treatment. — In  cases  in  which  flocks  of  Goats  are  affected,  the 


176 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


treatment  by  antipsoric  baths — as  in  the  psora  of  the  Sheep — is 
applicable  ; but  it  is  attended  by  greater  difficulties,  owing  to  the 
greater  vivacity  of  the  Caprine  species.  Wallraff  was  completely 
successful  with  Walz’s  bath,  which  was  followed  by  an  ointment 
having  sulphur  and  soft  soap  for  its  base.  But  some  of  the  Goats 
plunged  their  head  in  the  liquid,  swallowed  some  of  it,  and  died 
from  poisoning. 

For  isolated  cases,  after  clipping  off  the  hair,  recourse  may  be 
had  to  one  of  the  antipsoric  applications  already  mentioned  for 
the  sarcoptic  scabies  of  the  Horse. 

2.  Chorioptic  Scabies. 

This  scabies  was  studied  by  Delafond  in  the  Jardin  des  Plantes,  Paris, 
on  Angora  Goats  in  1854.  He  recognised  the  parasite  as  belonging  to  the 
genus  he  named  Sarco-dermatodecte — the  Choriopt. 

Railliet  observed — even  on  Delafond’ s preparations — that  the  male  of 
this  variety  had  many  of  the  foliaceous  bristles  indicated  by  Megnin  as  char- 
acteristic of  the  Choriopt.  Mollereau  has  recently  witnessed  an  altogether 
peculiar  instance  of  this  psora. 

The  Chorioptic  scabies  studied  by  Delafond  began  on  the  sides  of  the  neck, 
behind  the  ears,  on  the  withers,  the  back  and  loins,  and  sometimes  at  the  root 
of  the  tail — more  rarely  on  the  sides  of  the  chest  and  at  the  flanks.  It  pro- 
duced more  or  less  extensive,  though  at  first  incomplete,  depilations,  attended 
by  shedding  of  the  wool  alone  and  persistence  of  the  long  hard  hair.  Yellow, 
hard,  thick  and  coarse  crusts  form,  which  are  very  adherent  ; and  beneath 
them  the  skin  is  hypertrophied,  dry,  wrinkled,  cracked  and  adherent.  The 
Chorioptes  are  always  beneath  the  crusts,  and  especially  those  of  recent  for- 
mation. The  lesions  of  the  skin  induce  tumefaction  of  the  neighbouring 
lymphatic  glands. 

The  wool  of  the  Angora  Goats  becomes  matted  and  falls  off  in  locks,  the 
hairs  of  which  are  dirty  at  the  roots,  and  have  lost  their  elasticity,  softness 
and  lustre  ; so  that  combing  is  difficult,  and  there  is  much  waste.  At  those 
points  where  the  disease  is  very  old,  the  fibres  of  the  wool  are  short,  thin,  and 
atrophied,  very  fine  at  the  end,  and  much  intermixed  with  the  hairs  proper. 

This  scabies  has  a slow  course,  and  may  remain  for  two  or  three  months  con- 
fined to  the  sacro-lumbar  region  ; it  is  only  after  that  period  that  it  has  de- 
scended to  the  chest  and  flanks,  and  on  the  limbs  to  the  knees  and  hocks. 
It  does  not  affect  the  face,  ears,  testicles,  mammae,  tail,  or  lower  part  of  the 
legs. 

In  the  instance  recorded  by  Mollereau,  the  scabies  was  localized  on  a hind- 
pastern,  and  was  manifested  by  a hard  ring  which  had  compressed  the  neigh- 
bouring parts,  producing  an  cedematous  swelling,  and  even  commencing 
necrosis  of  the  skin.  This  thick  crust  was  formed  by  shreds  of  straw  agglu- 
tinated by  serosity  ; its  inner  surface  covered  a multitude  of  the  Chorioptes. 

The  treatment  followed  by  Delafond  consisted  in  clipping  off  the  wool, 
then  employing  alkaline  baths — about  5 to  10  pounds  of  carbonate  of  potash 
or  soda  to  22  gallons  of  water.  The  concentration  of  the  fluid  is  subordinate 
to  the  thickness  of  the  crusts,  and  the  immersion  is  for  a quarter  of  an  hour, 
being  accompanied  by  vigorous  rubbing.  ‘ Two  or  three  baths,  and  four  or 
five  rough  rubbings,  at  four  or  five  days’  interval,  are  sufficient  to  effect  a 
cure.’  Delafond  advises,  in  addition,  local  applications  of  Helmerich’s 
pomade,  oil  of  turpentine,  tar,  etc. ; but  every  kind  of  convenient  antipsoric 
treatment,  judiciously  applied,  will  yield  good  results. 


ACARIASES 


1 77 


E. — Scabies  of  the  Pig. 

The  Pig  has  only  one  kind  of  scabies — the  sarcoptic  form — due 
to  the  Sarcoptes  scabiei , var.  suis  ; the  5.  squamiferus  Fiirstenberg. 
We  cannot  admit  that  there  are  two  kinds  of  sarcoptic  scabies,  due 
to  two  different  varieties  of  Sarcoptes  scabiei.  This  distinction 
has  been  made  by  Megnin  after  an  incomplete  examination  of 
Delafond’s  description,  and  of  too  brief  notes  supplied  by  Guzzoni. 
One  of  these  forms  was  scabies  of  the  trunk,  the  other  that  of  the 
ears,  and  the  sarcoptes  which  caused  them  differed  in  size  ; the  one 
must  have  been  the  S.  sc.  suis , and  the  other  was  mistaken  for  the 
5.  sc.  hominis.  Our  notice  of  Pig  scabies  will  show  our  reasons — 
until  better  informed — for  rejecting  this  distinction. 

It  was  a long  time  ago  described  by  Viborg,  but  search  for  the  acarus  pro- 
ducing it  was  unsuccessful.  In  1847,  Gurlt  and  Spinola  had  certainly  found  a 
Sarcopt  in  the  scabies  of  a wild  Boar,  and  some  years  afterwards  the  same 
experience  occurred  to  Hertwig  and  Gerlach  ; but  all  failed  to  find  the  para- 
site on  the  domestic  Pig.  It  was  Delafond  who,  in  1857,  discovered  it  at 
Alfort  on  two  young  Pigs  of  the  Anglo-French  breed,  and  intended  for  surgical 
operations.  Subsequently,  Miiller,  of  Vienna,  in  1864,  and  Kocourek,  in 
1865,  found  this  Sarcopt  on  Chinese  Pigs.  We  have  also  seen  this  scabies  at 
Toulouse,  affecting  a Yorkshire  sow  and  her  progeny. 

Symptoms. — This  scabies  begins  with  a violent  pruritus.  It 
appears  to  be  at  first  localized  on  the  head — chiefly  on  the  ears  and 
around  the  eyes,  then  at  the  withers,  croup,  and  inner  surface  of  the 
thighs ; later  it  invades  the  entire  surface  of  the  body.  In  recent 
cases,  no  galleries  are  observed,  but  only  some  red,  closely-set 
papules.  * The  morbid  secretions  and  the  abundance  of  epidermic 
cells  cause  the  formation  of  dry,  whitish-grey,  lustrous  crusts,  which 
are  adherent  while  yet  thin,  but  easily  detached  when  not  so,  and 
sometimes  attaining  a thickness  of  5 mm.  to  10  mm.  The  skin  is 
wrinkled,  and  the  bristles  are  either  shed  or  pushed  from  their 
follicles  : they  lie  on  the  surface  of  the  integument,  agglutinated  into 
small  tufts,  to  fall  off  afterwards.  The  crusts  are  more  or  less 
extensive,  according  to  the  age  of  the  disease.  Frequently  the 
whole  head  is  invaded,  and  even  the  greater  part  of  the  trunk,  when 
the  animals  look  as  if  powdered  with  dry  guano,  according  to  the 
remark  of  Muller.  Beneath  the  crusts  the  skin  is  excoriated  and 
cracked,  especially  at  the  bottom  of  the  wrinkles  ; and  on  the  chest 
and  abdomen  it  may  become  3 cm.  or  4 cm.  thick.  In  the  other 
regions — and  particularly  at  the  base  of  the  ears — the  hyper- 
trophied papillae  form  tubercles  from  the  size  of  a pea  to  that  of  a 
bean,  which  may  be  compared,  for  shape  and  dimensions,  to  the 
papillae  on  the  Ox’s  tongue,  or  the  warts  on  a Cow’s  teats  or  lips  of 
the  Dog.  These  hypertrophied  cutaneous  papillae  are  embedded 
in  the  crusts,  beneath  which  the  Sarcoptes  are  found. 

In  order  to  discover  the  parasites,  it  is  sometimes  necessary  to 
scrape  the  skin  to  the  quick,  and  even  then  the  search  will  often 
be  without  result ; this  explains  the  non-success  of  the  earlier 

12 


i;8  TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

investigations.  The  size  of  the  parasites  renders  them  perceptible 
to  the  naked  eye,  and  especially  if  a pocket  lens  is  used.  They  are 
the  largest  variety  of  the  Sarcoptes  scabiei,  the  ovigerous  female 
measuring  from  -40  mm.  to  -50  mm.  long,  and  *32  mm.  to  ‘39  mm. 
broad ; while  the  male  is  *25  mm.  to  -35  mm.  long,  and  ’19  mm.  to 
•30  mm.  broad.  Guzzoni  found  some,  in  scabies  of  the  ears,  the 
dimensions  of  which  were  about  those  of  5.  scabiei , var.  hominis, 
the  ovigerous  female  being  -30  mm.  long,  and  *26  mm.  broad  ; 
and  the  male  -20  mm.  long,  and  ’i6  mm.  broad. 

Swine  scabies  progresses  slowly.  When  it  has  invaded  a large 
surface  of  the  body,  it  hinders  fattening  and  gradually  causes 
marasmus. 

Etiology,  Contagion. — This  scabies  appears  to  be  rare,  although 
it  is  stated  to  be  relatively  frequent  in  Holland,  and  more  prevalent 
in  the  centre  and  west  of  France  than  in  the  other  parts  of  the 
country.  It  is  possible  that,  as  Viborg  asserts,  excessive  misery 
and  uncleanliness  are  the  predisposing  causes. 

Contagion  is  evidently  the  only  efficient  cause,  though  it  does  not 
appear  to  be  alike  for  all  animals  ; for  it  has  been  already  shown 
that  the  disease  has  been  more  particularly  studied  on  Pigs  of 
improved  breeds  ; and  it  has  been  observed  that  young  Pigs  of 
common  breed  have  been  in  daily  contact  with  those  of  English 
breed — which  contracted  the  disease  from  their  parents — without 
becoming  infested.  There  is  nothing  in  the  accounts  of  this  scabies 
which  allows  of  the  disease  being  traced  to  its  source.  ‘ It  is  not 
rare/  says  Viborg,  ‘ for  Pigs  to  take  the  mange  from  burrowing  in 
the  manure  of  mangy  Sheep,  Cattle  and  Horses.’  This  is  a bold 
assertion  which  experiments  do  not  justify,  as  Gerlach  has  inocu- 
lated Pigs  with  Sarcoptes  from  the  Horse  and  Cat,  with  a negative 
result ; and  according  to  Spinola,  the  Sarcopt  of  the  wild  Boar  only 
will,  when  transferred  to  the  domestic  Pig,  cause  mange. 

The  scabies  of  the  Pig  is  contagious  for  Man,  as  the  clinical 
observations  of  Bateman,  von  Gemmern,  Bontekoe,  and  Heck- 
meyer  — quoted  by  Delafond  and  Bourguignon  — prove  ; but 
the  eruption  disappears  spontaneously  in  about  five  days.  De- 
positing the  Sarcoptes  of  the  wild  Boar  on  the  arm  of  Man  induces 
an  ex  anthem  which  disappears  in  eight  to  ten  days  (Gerlach). 
Delafond  contracted  the  disease  in  studying  and  dissecting  the 
skin  of  an  affected  Pig  ; the  malady  progressed  slowly,  and  it  was 
only  towards  the  thirtieth  day  that  it  threatened  to  become  gener- 
alized, when  Delafond  cured  himself  with  Helmerich’s  pomade. 
At  the  Dresden  Veterinary  School,  two  students,  by  means  of  a 
bandage,  fastened  on  their  arm  a piece  of  diseased  skin  from  a 
mangy  Sow,  and  there  resulted  a very  pruriginous  itch  that,  in  one 
of  them,  subsided  of  itself  in  about  forty-eight  hours,  but  in  the 
other  had  to  be  treated  by  creosote  ointment. 

Scabies  of  the  Pig  is  transmissible,  according  to  Viborg,  to  all  the 
domesticated  animals  ; but  Am-Pach — quoted  by  Gerlach — states 
that  it  is  only  communicated  to  the  Dog.  At  Dresden,  a fragment 


ACARIASES 


179 


of  the  skin  of  a mangy  Pig  was  fixed  on  the  neck  of  a Dog  ; this 
gave  rise  to  a violent  pruritus  that  reached  its  maximum  in  about 
forty-eight  hours  ; then  it  gradually  subsided,  and  on  the  eighth 
day  had  disappeared.  The  same  experiment  made  on  the  back 
of  a Sheep  was  absolutely  negative  ; but  the  proof  would  have  been 
more  convincing  if  the  attempt  had  been  made  on  the  face  of  the 
Sheep,  which  is  the  seat  of  the  sarcoptic  scabies  special  to  the  ovine 
species. 

Treatment. — The  disinfection  of  the  pigsties  is  a necessary 
prophylactic  measure.  Treatment  consists  at  first  of  alkaline 
baths  accompanied  by  vigorous  friction,  so  as  to  remove  as  many 
of  the  crusts  as  possible.  As  an  antipsoric  remedy,  Viborg  has 
recommended  a decoction  of  30  grammes  of  tobacco  in  2 litres  of 
water,  to  be  reduced  to  1 litre.  In  the  case  of  chronic  and  extensive 
disease,  Delafond  counsels  several  hard  rubbings  with  Helmerich’s 
pomade,  or  with  a mixture  of  oil  of  turpentine  8 parts  and  flowers 
of  sulphur  1 part.  The  use  of  Helmerich’s  pomade  has  given  us 
an  easy  and  complete  success  in  the  case  of  a Sow  and  her  litter. 


F. — Sarcoptic  Scabies  of  the  Rabbit. 

We  have  already  seen  that,  in  the  fur  of  the  Rabbit,  we  may 
find  three  kinds  of  microscopical  Acarina  not  belonging  to  the 
psoric  Sarcoptidae,  and,  rarely  causing  cutaneous  lesions.  These 
are  the  Gamasus  pteroptoides  (p.  99),  the  Cheyletiella  para- 
sitivorax  (p.  103),  and  the  Listrophorus  gibbus  (p.  105).  Inde- 
pendently of  these  Acarina,  a Sarcopt  and  a Psoropt  live  on  the 
head  of  the  Rabbit  and  produce  two  diseases — a sarcoptic  scabies, 
and  a psoroptic  acariasis  having  its  seat  in  the  ear.  The  latter 
will  be  studied  hereafter,  when  the  parasitic  maladies  of  the  sensory 
organs  are  considered. 

Gohier  asserted  that  he  had  seen  this  scabies  on  the  domestic  Rabbit,  and 
discovered  the  parasite.  Huzard  has  given  a description  of  the  affection  ; 
and  Gerlach  also  describes  it,  and  gives  a figure  of  the  parasite,  which  he  names 
the  Sarcoptes  cuniculi.  We  have  already  said  that  it  belongs  to  the  Sarcoptes 
minor,  var.  cuniculi — it  being  so  placed  by  Fiirstenberg.  Railliet  has  had 
occasion  to  study  this  scabies. 

Symptoms. — Sarcoptic  scabies  at  first  affects  the  nose,  then  the 
lips  and  the  forehead.  Gerlach  has  never  seen  it  extend  beyond 
this  ; but  in  a Rabbit  which  died  from  it,  Railliet  noted  that,  after 
the  malady  had  attained  the  margin  of  the  eyes,  the  face,  forehead, 
and  lips,  it  reached  the  lower  jaw  to  the  root  of  the  neck,  the  lower 
half  of  the  outer  surface  of  the  auricular  concha,  the  fore-legs  as 
far  as  the  elbows,  and  the  hind  ones  to  the  hocks.  It  produces  an 
acute  pruritus,  which  compels  the  rabbits  to  rub  against  anything 
near  them, -and  to  scratch  themselves  with  their  hind- feet.  The 
fur  falls  off,  and  white  or  greyish  crusts  appear  ; these  are  at  first 
thin,  but  later  become  more  than  a centimetre  thick,  and  are  very 

12 — 2 


i8o 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


adherent.  When  they  are  removed,  the  skin  is  red  and  bleeding, 
and  on  their  lower  surface  are  found  the  Sarcoptes,  which  are 
imbedded  in  them  like  the  Sarcoptes  mutans  of  the  scabies  of  the 
feet  of  birds. 

According  to  Huzard,  this  disease  is  very  contagious.  It  arrests 
the  growth  of  young  Rabbits,  sometimes  renders  the  prehension 
of  food  impossible,  and  may  result  in  fatal  marasmus. 

Diagnosis  is  easy  in  presence  of  the  Sarcoptes,  as  these  cannot 
be  mistaken  for  any  other  of  the  three  non-psoric  Acarina  which 
live  in  the  fur  of  Rabbits  ; neither  can  it  be  mistaken  for  the  favus 
that  sometimes  attacks  these  animals — the  tinea  favosa,  which  is 
not  necessarily  localized  on  the  head,  and  which  manifests  itself 
by  limited,  circular,  cupped,  and  thick  crusts  of  a yellowish-grey 
or  sulphur  hue,  formed  by  a fungus,  which  requires  a higher 
magnifying  power  to  distinguish  it  than  is  needed  to  discover  the 
Sarcopt. 

Etiology,  Contagion. — It  is  not  established  that  the  sarcoptic 
scabies  of  the  Rabbit  may  be  derived  from  that  of  the  Rat  or  Cat, 
which  are  both  due  to  the  same  kind  of  Sarcopt.  Gerlach  was 
certain  that  the  Sarcopt  of  the  Rabbit  could  neither  live  nor  pro- 
duce scabies  on  any  of  the  domesticated  animals — not  even  the 
Cat — when  a large  number  are  deposited  on  their  skin.  On  the 
skin  of  Man  they  cause  a trifling  disturbance — scarcely  pruriginous 
— that  disappears  in  two  or  three  days  ; though  Ziirn  asserts  that 
the  Rabbit  scabies  is  transmissible  to  Man. 

Treatment. — Remove  the  hair  over  the  diseased  part,  and  even 
beyond  it ; rub  the  skin  with  soft  soap,  allowing  it  to  remain  on 
for  a short  time  before  washing  off  ; repeat  this  a second  time,  if 
need  be,  and  at  five  hours’  interval ; apply  twice  or  thrice  to  all  the 
mangy  and  adjoining  healthy  parts  the  pomade  of  Helmerich. 
Five  hours  after  the  last  dressing  wash  these  parts  (Delafond). 


G. — Scabies  of  the  Dromedary  and  Camel. 

The  Dromedary  and  Camel  are  very  often  affected  with  scabies, 
and  the  prophylaxis  of  this  malady  occupies  an  important  place 
in  their  hygiene. 

This  is  a sarcoptic  scabies,  the  parasite  of  which  was  seen  in  1827,  according 
to  the  report  of  Biett,  by  an  anatomical  assistant  in  the  King’s  Garden,  who 
thought  it  was  a Sarcopt.  In  1841,  P.  Gervais  found  it  on  a Dromedary 
recently  sent  from  Africa  to  the  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Paris.  The 
Sarcopt  of  the  Dromedary  and  Camel  belongs  to  the  species  Sarcoptes  scabiei, 
of  which  it  forms  the  variety  cameli — common  also  to  the  Llama,  Giraffe,  and 
the  Antilope  bubalis. 

The  scabies  of  the  Dromedary,  which  the  Arabs  have  doubtless  known 
from  time  immemorial,  has  been  particularly  studied  by  the  veterinarians 
of  the  French  army  of  Africa — Flaubert,  Gourdon  and  Naudin,  Chevalier, 
Imbert,  and  especially  Vallon.  Haslam  and  other  veterinarians  of  the 
English  army  in  India  have  also  given  much  information  with  regard  to  this 
disease  in  the  Camel. 


ACARIASES 


181 


Symptoms. — The  scabies  of  the  Dromedary  and  Camel  is  accom- 
panied by  a violent  pruritus,  which  keeps  the  animal  in  a state  of 
continual  agitation,  and  causes  it  to  rub  itself  against  everything 
within  its  reach — trees,  ground,  its  companions,  etc.  The  malady 
commences  where  the  skin  is  thin — inside  the  flanks,  and  inferior 
parts  of  the  abdomen  ; then  it  invades  the  trunk,  withers,  tail, 
legs,  and  interdigital  region.  It  is  manifested  at  first  by  pimples, 
which  attain  a centimetre  in  diameter,  and  soon  become  hairless 
and  excoriated  by  rubbing.  Crusts  form  ; the  hairs  are  detached 
in  places  and  fall  in  tufts.  The  skin  is  thickened,  wrinkled,  and 
covered  by  dark,  thick,  and  very  adherent  crusts.  The  disease 
makes  rapid  progress  ; the  crusts  increase  in  thickness  and  extent  ; 
the  skin  is  wrinkled,  ridged,  cracked,  and  fissured  ; from  ulcerations 
flows  a scanty,  but  very  foetid  discharge,  and  the  animal  presents 
a repulsive  appearance. 

The  rapid  progress  of  the  disease,  the  complications  accompany- 
ing it,  and  the  living  in  herds,  contribute  to  give  a particular 
gravity  to  the  prognosis.  Isolated  cases  are  easily  cured  at  the 
commencement,  but  when  the  disease  has  become  generalized, 
recovery  from  it  is  doubtful.  What  justifies  the  redoubtable 
reputation  that  is  attached  to  Camel  mange,  is  the  employment  of 
this  animal  in  caravans  travelling  far  from  places  where  the 
necessary  medicaments  can  be  procured. 

Etiology,  Contagion. — Predisposing  causes  have  been,  from  the 
earliest  times,  more  invoked  for  this  scabies  than  for  any  other. 
Debility,  physiological  misery,  and  uncleanliness  no  doubt  play  an 
important  part.  Young  and  old  animals  are  more  often  mangy  than 
adults ; and  it  is  in  the  springtime  that  the  malady  prevails  among 
Dromedaries,  and  invades  the  greater  part  of  the  cutaneous  surface. 

But  it  is  clear  that  contagion  is  the  efficient  cause,  favoured  by 
the  promiscuousness  in  which  the  Camels  and  Dromedaries  employed 
with  caravans  live — carrying  baggage,  food  and  munitions  of  war. 
Vallon  states  that  when  a mangy  animal  is  introduced  into  a healthy 
troop,  fifteen  or  twenty  days  afterwards  cases  of  the  disease  appear 
among  the  latter,  and  soon  all  are  infested. 

The  scabies  of  the  Camel  and  Dromedary  is  transmissible  to 
Man.  Louis  Franck,  Straus-Durckheim,  and  Hamon  have  given 
instances.  The  best-known  case  is  that  which  Biett  has  reported. 
Six  Dromedaries  sent  from  Egypt  to  the  Museum  of  Natural  History 
(Paris),  in  1827,  were  attacked  by  scabies,  which  was  communi- 
cated to  the  men  who  cleaned  them. 

According  to  Palgrave,  the  itch  that  frequently  affects  mankind 
in  Arabia  appears  to  be  derived  from  the  Camel,  on  which  it  is  very 
common.  Berenger-Feraud  has  observed  a psoric  disease  in  Senegal, 
named  larbisch  by  the  Oulofs  and  Toucolors,  which  is  characterized 
by  the  presence,  on  the  fingers  and  other  parts  of  the  body,  of 
furrows  like  those  of  scabies.  The  parasite  has  not  yet  been  seen, 
but  Carpot  thinks  that  it  is  the  Sarcopt  of  mange  of  the  Dromedary 
(R.  Blanchard). 


82 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Treatment. — The  development  of  scabies  in  the  Dromedary,  as 
well  as  its  transmission,  can  be  prevented  by  keeping  the  skin  always 
clean,  in  properly  sheltering  the  animals,  in  sparing  them  from 
long  fatigue  and  privations,  and  more  especially  in  preventing  them 
from  coming  in  contact  with  mangy  animals. 

During  treatment,  they  should  have  alible  nourishment,  with 
exercise  every  day,  and  their  hygiene  should  be  ameliorated  in 
every  way  possible. 

The  treatment  is  begun  by  general  clipping,  if  the  malady  has 
not  yet  caused  vast  depilation.  On  the  shores  of  the  Red  Sea,  the 
mangy  Camels  are  often  treated  by  simply  bathing  them  in  the  sea 
for  half  an  hour  every  day,  and  when  they  come  out  of  the  water 
an  experienced  native  rubs  the  skin  with  a polished  stone,  while 
another  throws  water  over  the  parts  that  are  rubbed — the  opera- 
tion being  terminated  by  thorough  washing.  The  rubbing  with  the 
stone  has  to  be  carefully  carried  out,  so  as  not  to  produce  new 
excoriations  or  cause  the  old  ones  to  bleed. 

Lotions  of  sulphurated  potash  completely  failed  at  Alfort  in 
1827.  In  Africa,  from  time  immemorial,  tar  has  been  considered 
a panacea  against  scabies.  The  Prophet  said:  ‘ For  mange  of  the 
Camel,  tar  is  the  remedy  ’ (Vallon).  And  when  the  Dromedary 
is  two  years  old,  the  Arabs  are  in  the  habit  of  rubbing  it  with  tar 
three  times  a year  after  clipping,  in  order  to  protect  it  from  mange 
and  the  attacks  of  flies.  This  tar  is  obtained  from  the  wood  of 
the  Juniperus  phoenicea  and  Thuya  articulata.  They  make  a 
mixture  of  two  parts  of  tar  to  one  of  water,  rubbing  it  on  the  skin 
moderately  warm,  when  it  appears  homogeneous.  This  tarring 
requires  particular  care  ; for  when  the  mixture  is  too  strong,  the 
animals  succumb  to  a kind  of  cutaneous  asphyxia — instances  of 
which  occur  every  year.  Such  accidents  are  averted  by  employing 
a mixture  of  sulphur,  tar  and  soft  soap,  applied  rather  warm.  The 
Arabs  in  Egypt  dilute  the  tar  with  fish-oil. 


H. — Sarcoptic  Scabies  of  the  Dog. 

Independently  of  the  demodecic  scabies,  the  Dog  may  have  an 
ordinary  scabies — the  sarcoptic — due  to  the  Sarcoptes  scabiei,  and 
an  auricular  acariasis — chorioptic — caused  by  the  Chorioptes 
cynotis  (Hering).  The  latter  will  be  noticed  in  the  chapter  on 
parasitic  affections  of  the  ear. 

In  practice,  the  sarcoptic  scabies  of  the  Dog  is  considered  a 
common  disease  ; but  many  of  those  who  have  assiduously  sought 
for  the  Sarcopt  regard  it  as  rare.  Fiirstenberg  and  Delafond,  in 
their  numerous  investigations,  have  met  with  it — the  first  in  one 
instance,  the  second  in  two  ; and  Megnin  has  only  found  it  in  two 
or  three  cases  among  the  hundreds  of  Dogs  he  examined,  and  which 
were  considered  mangy.  Our  own  researches  remained  fruitless 


ACARIASES  183 

until  we  began  to  employ  the  solution  of  potash  to  soften  the  crusts  ; 
since  then  the  parasite  has  not  been  rare. 

Observers — such  as  Bose,  Gohier,  Bonnes,  Hertwig  and  Hering — 
have  for  a long  time  noticed  the  occurrence  of  psoric  Sarcoptidae 
on  the  Dog  ; but  the  descriptions  they  give  are  too  brief  or  too 
incomplete,  and  it  is  not  at  all  certain  that  they  had  to  do  with  the 
Sarcoptes.  Gerlach  has  described  the  Sarcoptes  of  the  Dog  and 
the  scabies  it  determines  ; but  his  description  of  the  Sarcopt  is, 
unfortunately,  incomplete  and  inexact  in  many  points. 

Gurlt  and  Furstenberg  found  on  a mangy  Dog  a variety  of  Sarcopt 
of  large  dimensions,  which  might  be  the  same  kind  met  with  by 
Railliet  and  Cadiot  on  a Dog  affected  with  crusted  mange  ; the 
same  was  also  observed  by  Megnin  on  Wolves,  which  also  had  this 
crusted  form  of  scabies — this  was  the  5.  scabiei,  var.  lup-i ; and  it 
was  also  the  same  as  that  found  by  Furstenberg  in  the  scabies  of 
Man  known  as  Norwegian  itch — so  named  from  the  country  in  which 
it  is  most  frequently  seen — a variety  of  the  parasite  that  he  desig- 
nated 5.  scabiei  crusiosce.  According  to  Hebra,  the  Norwegian 
itch  is  not  due  to  a particular  kind  of  Sarcopt,  as  was  at  first  believed, 
but  to  the  5.  scabiei , var.  hominis , of  ordinary  scabies,  from  which 
it  only  differs  in  the  greater  number  of  the  Sarcoptes  and  the 
accumulation  of  their  debris.  The  Sarcopt  of  ordinary  sarcoptic 
mange  of  the  Dog — which  was  certainly  seen  first  by  Delafond, 
then  by  Megnin,  Railliet  and  Cadiot,  etc. — is  a little  larger  than  that 
of  Man  ; it  is  the  5.  scabiei , var.  canis. 

Symptoms.  — Sarcoptic  scabies  may  appear  on  any  part  of  the 
body,  but  it  usually  begins  on  the  head,  muzzle,  around  the  eyes, 
and  on  the  ears.  It  then  reaches  the  belly,  the  under  surface  of 
the  chest,  the  sides,  root  of  the  tail,  legs,  etc.,  and  this  so  rapidly, 
that  at  the  end  of  a month  the  invasion  is  general. 

It  first  manifests  itself  by  red  punctiform  spots,  resembling  Flea- 
bites,  which  can  only  be  seen  where  the  skin  is  thin  and  not  pig- 
mented— as  on  the  abdomen,  in  the  arm-pits  and  flanks  — though 
rubbing  often  renders  them  diffuse.  On  these  surfaces  the  early 
red  points  are  soon  converted  into  papules,  from  the  size  of  a lentil 
to  that  of  a pea,  the  summit  of  which  becomes  vesiculous,  ruptures, 
and  allows  much  serosity  to  escape.  This  effect  is  most  frequently 
due  to  the  repeated  scratchings  under  the  influence  of  the  pruritus, 
which  lead  to  the  production  of  more  01  less  extensive  moist  patches. 
There  may  also  be  seen — and  particularly  on  the  fine  skin  of  the 
belly  and  flanks — vesicles  which  are  being  transformed  into  pustules 
— a dark  point  in  their  centre  communicating  with  the  gallery  of 
the  Sarcopt.  Sometimes  the  mange  remains  dry,  and  is  marked 
by  an  abundant  formation  of  scurf  and  by  depilations.  As  a rule, 
the  surfaces  first  invaded  become  dry,  and  are  covered  by  greyish- 
yellow  crusts,  which  gradually  scale  off.  The  depilated  and 
thickened  skin  becomes  ridged,  wrinkled,  and  excoriated  ; and  in 
cases  of  generalized  scabies  the  Dog  exhales  an  offensive  odour,  and 
presents  a repulsive  appearance. 


184 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  pruritus  is  always  intense,  particularly  if  the  patient  is  kept 
in  a warm  place,  and  after  running.  The  disease  induces  a grave 
state  of  cachexia  and  marasmus  by  the  insomnia,  continual  agita- 
tion, deprivation  of  rest,  and  interference  with  the  cutaneous 
functions ; and  death  ensues  in  two  or  three  months  if  treatment 
is  not  adopted. 

Diagnosis. — Follicular  or  demodecic  scabies  is  often  mistaken  for 
sarcoptic  scabies,  and  this  confusion  entails  an  erroneous  prognosis  ; 
for  while  the  first  is  very  difficult  to  cure,  the  latter  is  comparatively 
easy  to  get  rid  of.  Follicular  scabies  commences  like  sarcoptic 
scabies,  but  the  surface  it  affects  is  dry  ; in  the  latter  form  it  is 
covered  with  small  yellow  crusts,  and  the  papules  rarely  become 
pustules — while  the  acne  pimples  are,  on  the  contrary,  an  almost 
constant  sign  of  follicular  scabies,  which  is  also  less  pruriginous  and 
slower  in  its  course.  But  discovery  of  the  parasite  confirms  the 
diagnosis. 

Sarcoptic  scabies  may  also  be  confounded  with  what  has  been 
termed  red  mange  ( rouge  or  rouget) — a frequent,  but  non-parasitic, 
skin  affection  of  young  Dogs,  which  commences  beneath  the  chest 
and  abdomen  and  inner  surface  of  the  limbs,  and  is  characterized 
by  the  red  colour  of  the  skin,  much  itching,  and  the  almost  total 
absence  of  humidity. 

Another  skin  disease  is  the  roux-vieux,  dartre  seche,  rogue  (dry 
mange),  which  is  frequent  on  old  or  fat  Dogs,  and  is  located  on  the 
back,  more  especially  on  the  loins,  where  it  is  recognised  by  the 
erect  hairs — which  are  reddish  at  their  base — and  by  the  induration 
of  the  skin,  which  is  thickened,  wrinkled  and  cracked,  brownish- 
red,  slightly  pruriginous,  and  from  its  cracks  there  may  exude  a 
sero-sanguineous  fluid  that,  on  drying,  forms  brown  irregular 
crusts.  These  different  signs,  as  well  as  the  absence  of  the  parasite, 
lead  to  a diagnosis. 

The  humid  mange  or  tetter  has  a varied  seat,  and  consists  in 
more  or  less  depilated,  irregular  patches,  showing  numerous  small 
vesicles,  the  contents  of  which  escape  and  keep  the  diseased  surface 
always  moist.  There  is  no  parasite,  and  the  malady  extends  slowly. 

The  dry  or  scaly  eczema , or  pityriasis , is  very  tenacious  in  old 
Dogs,  and  is  situated  on  the  head,  neck,  and  back,  causing  moderate 
pruritus,  and  having  little  tendency  to  spread  ; it  is  also  recognised 
by  the  abundance  of  epidermic  pellicles  that  cover  the  diseased 
surface. 

Lastly,  trombidian  acariasis,  due  to  the  hexapod  larva  of  the 
Trombidium  holosericeum , has  its  principal  seat  around  the  eyes,  and 
on  the  paws  and  belly.  A careful  examination  will  discover  the 
parasite,  and  thus  eliminate  scabies  from  the  diagnosis. 

Etiology,  Contagion. — Youth,  debility,  or  a sickly  condition  may 
be  considered  as  predisposing,  but  not  necessary  causes  ; for  the 
Sarcoptes  will  live  on  animals  of  all  ages  and  in  all  conditions.  The 
existence  of  follicular  scabies  also  predisposes  to  the  invasion  of 
sarcoptic  scabies  ; but  it  is  evident  that  contagion  is  the  essential 


ACARIASES 


85 


cause.  The  admitted  rarity  of  this  malady  has  led  to  the  suppo- 
sition that  Dogs  suffering  from  it  have  been  in  contact  with  itchy 
people,  or  have  contracted  it  while  hunting  animals  (Wolf,  Wild 
Boar)  affected  with  psora.  But  it  has  been  seen  in  an  epizootic  form ; 
for  in  Germany,  in  1890,  it  attacked  10  per  cent,  of  the  Dogs, 
especially  in  such  cities  as  Berlin,  Munich,  Stuttgart,  and  Cologne. 

‘ During  the  year  1886-87,  of  8,399  animals  attending  the  canine 
clinic  of  the  Berlin  school,  639  were  affected  with  sarcoptic  mange. 
The  asylums  for  Dogs  contributed  largely  to  its  dissemination  * 
(Friedberger  and  Frohner). 

Facts  of  contagion  from  Dog  to  Dog — to-day  a matter  of  current 
observation — have  been  published  by  Rayer,  Littre,  Leblanc, 
Sabatier,  and  have  been  well  established  by  Delafond,  who  also 
observed  that  the  sarcoptic  scabies  of  the  Cat  may  be  transmitted 
to  the  Dog,  although  due  to  the  Sarcoptes  minor , and  not  to  the 
Sarcoptes  scabiei.  He  deposited  on  the  skin  of  a bitch  in  perfect 
health  125  Sarcoptes  taken  from  a mangy  Cat ; and  in  about  a 
month  she  was  covered  with  a generalized  scabies.  In  another 
experiment,  four  mangy  kittens  were  put  to  a bitch,  which  suckled 
them  along  with  three  puppies  that  she  was  already  nursing.  She 
became  mangy,  as  well  as  her  own  progeny,  which  died  of  the 
disease  in  about  two  months. 

Delafond  did  not  succeed  in  developing  mange  of  the  Dog  by 
Sarcoptes  taken  from  psoric  people.  On  the  contrary,  however, 
numerous  examples  show  that  Dog  scabies  can  be  transmitted  to 
Man. 

Chabert  says  that  Dog  mange  is  communicated  to  Man  in  a very  obstinate 
form.  Grognier  has  seen  a student  whose  hands  were  covered  with  itch  after 
having  rubbed  a mangy  Dog.  Viborg  gives  an  instance  of  a Man  and  Woman 
who  became  psoric  from  a Dog  they  possessed.  Mouronval  furnishes  a similar 
instance.  Chavassieu  d’Audebert  assures  us  that  the  Dog  and  Cat  may 
transmit  a very  troublesome  itch  to  Man.  Biett  has  seen  a child  which 
became  infected  through  caressing  a mangy  Dog.  Hertwig,  Heckmeyer, 
Stiitz,  and  Marrel  have  published  observations  of  the  same  kind.  Delafond 
saw  a student  contract  the  itch  on  attending  a diseased  Dog  ; and  he  himself 
became  infected  by  depositing  the  Sarcoptes  of  the  Dog  on  his  skin,  the  itch 
resulting  continuing  for  about  forty-five  days,  and  only  ceasing  on  the  adop- 
tion of  antipsoric  treatment.  The  same  experimental  result  was  produced 
on  a student  ; on  two  others  there  was  only  a fugaceous  eruption.  Lastly, 
Gerlach  was  likewise  able  to  transmit  the  mange  of  the  Dog  to  Man,  and  states 
that  he  on  two  occasions  witnessed  spontaneous  transmission.  More  recently, 
Friedberger  has  seen  such  transmission  from  Dogs  to  women  and  children  ; 
in  the  latter  there  was  a very  pruriginous  eruption  between  the  fingers,  and 
on  the  arms  and  abdomen.  Leonhard  reports  an  analogous  case.  We  have 
also  known  of  another  ; and  in  the  epizooty  that  occurred  in  Germany  in 
1890,  hundreds  of  people  who  had  been  in  contact  with  mangy  Dogs  in  Berlin 
were  contaminated.  Frohner  in  one  month  reported  twenty-one  cases  of  this 
contagion. 

According  to  Ziirn,  the  Sarcopt  of  the  Dog  can  be  conveyed  to  the 
Pig  and  Horse. 

Treatment. — Contagion  must  be  prevented  by  isolating  diseased 
from  healthy  dogs,  burning  litter,  washing  kennels — the  wooden 


1 86  TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

portions  with  boiling  water  kept  so  in  the  place  to  be  cleansed,  or 
with  creolinated  water,  5 to  100 — the  parts  in  masonry  being  lime- 
washed  ; in  a word,  carrying  out  the  various  measures  already 
repeatedly  indicated. 

To  combat  the  debilitating  effects  of  the  mange,  an  abundance  of 
animal  and  vegetable  food — varied  and  substantial — should  be 
given,  combined  with  tonics.  Exercise,  and  living  in  the  open  air 
as  much  as  possible,  should  also  be  allowed. 

With  regard  to  medical  treatment,  the  first  operation  to  be 
carried  out  is  general  clipping  for  long-haired  Dogs,  no  matter 
how  limited  the  diseased  parts  may  appear.  Cleanliness  is  indis- 
pensable. The  litter  must  be  frequently  renewed,  and  the  patient 
must  be  well  washed  with  soft  soap  and  water  ; a vigorous  brushing 
in  the  bath  at  the  same  time  will  remove  the  crusts  and  diminish 
the  number  of  parasites.  Care  must  be  taken  that  the  animal 
does  not  lick  off  the  remedy — especially  if  it  is  toxic — by  employing 
a muzzle  or  a leather  covering. 

The  antipsoric  remedies  that  may  be  employed  are  numerous. 
Friedberger  and  Frohner  much  recommend  creolin  in  the  form  of 
a wash,  composed  of  creolin  and  soft  soap,  1 part  of  each,  alcohol 
J to  10  parts,  according  to  the  extent  and  degree  of  the  malady. 
In  generalized  scabies,  one-third  of  the  body  is  dressed  each  day, 
and  a cure  is  effected  in  from  eight  to  twenty  days. 

At  the  Toulouse  Veterinary  School,  cevadilla  oil  is  usually 
employed,  sometimes  cade-oil,  or  a mixture  of  equal  parts  of 
petroleum  and  linseed-oil. 

Gerlach  approved  of  Peruvian  balsam  dissolved  in  alcohol,  1 to 
30  ; its  vanilla-like  odour  renders  it  suitable  for  house  Dogs.  Styrax 
may  be  used  in  the  same  way.  These  medicaments  give  ex- 
cellent results.  Many  practitioners  employ  simple  carbolized  soap 
• — that  is,  carbolic  acid  incorporated  with  soap  in  the  proportion 
of  1 to  20. 

The  pomade  of  Helmerich — about  100  grammes  for  a medium- 
sized Dog — is  a simple  and  frequently-employed  remedy.  When 
the  Dog  has  been  well  dried  after  its  soap  bath,  it  receives  a first 
dressing,  which  is  left  on  for  twenty-four  hours.  Next  day  this  is 
washed  off  with  soap  and  water,  and  a second  dressing  is  applied. 
If  it  has  acted  well,  there  is  rarely  any  necessity  for  applying  a 
third  dressing. 

Tar  cannot  be  recommended,  as  it  is  dangerous  to  cover  all  the 
surface  of  the  skin  with  it.  Ellenberger  and  Hofmeister  have 
reported  a case  of  fatal  poisoning  of  a Dog  which  was  affected  with 
mange,  and  had  the  whole  body  covered  with  tar.  If  this  substance 
is  employed,  it  should  be  mixed  with  an  equal  quantity  of  soft 
soap,  and  alcohol  added  to  give  the  mixture  the  consistence  of  a 
liniment.  The  dressing  should  be  extended  over  three  days,  only 
one- third  of  the  body  being  dressed  each  day,  and  a bath  given  on 
the  fourth  day.  This  series  of  operations  ought  to  be  repeated 
three  or  four  times. 


ACARIASES 


1 87 


The  oil  of  lavender  and  oil  of  turpentine  have  often  been  used  for 
mange  of  the  Dog  ; but  the  first  is  uncertain  in  its  effects,  and  the 
second  is  too  irritating,  although  it  forms  the  most  active  ingredient 
in  the  following  application,  which  is  much  appreciated  by  sports- 
men and  veterinary  surgeons  : 


Sea  salt  - - - - - - 150  grammes. 

Gunpowder  - - - - - 10  ,, 

Sulphur  ------  140  ,, 

Vinegar  ------  1 litre. 

The  mixture  is  made  at  a boiling  temperature,  and  continually  stirred. 
■When  it  is  homogeneous,  it  is  allowed  to  cool  until  tepid,  and  then  there  is 
carefully  mixed  with  it : 

Oil  of  turpentine  - - - - - 90  grammes. 


This  remedy  is  employed  tepid.  It  causes  an  irritation  of  the 
skin  that  does  not  disappear  for  some  days,  and  it  is  therefore  not 
to  be  recommended. 

Benzine  and  creosote  are  recommended  by  Gerlach  and  Ziirn, 
when  mixed  with  oil  or  alcohol — 1 to  30  to  60  ; but  it  has  been 
reported  that  they  are  too  irritating,  and  even  toxic. 

Naphthalin,  lauded  by  Fiirbringer,  Fischer,  etc.,  has  been  suc- 
cessfully employed  by  Siedamgrotzky,  in  the  following  form  : 


Naphthalin 
Vaseline 
Oil  of  thyme 
Oil  of  lavender 


- 1 5 grammes. 

- 75 

|aa  8 drops. 


The  cure  is  complete  in  twelve  to  fourteen  days.  This  is  a cheap 
remedy  and  soothing  to  the  skin ; it  acts  well  when  the  disease  is 
commencing,  and  for  house  Dogs. 


I. — Sarcoptic  Scabies  of  the  Cat. 

The  Cat  may  be  affected  with  a sacroptic  scabies,  due  to  the 
Sarcoptes  minor , var.  cati , and  a chorioptic  acariasis  due — like  that 
of  the  Dog — to  the  Ch.  cynotis.  (See  Parasitic  Diseases  of  the  Ear.) 

The  earliest  mention  of  Scabies  of  the  Cat  is  due  to  Wedelius.  In  1672, 
he  described  an  epizooty  which,  in  two  years,  and  for  an  extent  of  some  miles, 
prevailed  in  Westphalia  with  such  violence  that  nearly  all  the  Cats  perished. 
Notwithstanding  the  manifest  exaggeration  in  his  account — and  particularly 
with  regard  to  the  changes  occurring  in  the  eyes — it  seems  very  probable  that 
it  was  scabies  he  saw.  Girtanner  has  also  published  some  positive  documents 
on  this  affection.  Rigot,  in  1811,  reported  an  outbreak  of  scabies  among 
Cats  which  prevailed  for  nearly  four  years  ; and,  in  1827,  Sajous  presented  a 
memoir  to  the  Central  Society  of  Agriculture,  on  an  epizooty  of  scabies  which 
had  existed  for  some  years,  and  had  killed  all  the  Cats  in  entire  villages. 
Analogous  observations,  of  which  mention  will  be  made  hereafter,  have  also 
been  published  ; and  altogether  they  prove  that  the  malady  has  been  known 
for  a long  time. 

If  Gohier  was  the  first  writer  who  speaks  of  having  seen  the  Sarcopt  of  the 
Cat  in  1813,  Hering  has  given  the  first  description  of  it ; but  he  only  saw  the 
male,  and  is  inexact  in  several  details. 


1 88 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  Sarcopt  is  now  well  known,  owing  to  the  works  of  Rayer,  Gerlach, 
Fiirstenberg,  and  Delafond  and  Bourguignon.  The  latter  considered  it  to 
be  a distinct  species,  and  named  it  the  ‘ Sarcopte  notoedre,’  a designation 
given  because  of  the  dorsal  position  of  the  anus.  Fiirstenberg  named  it  the 
Sarcoptes  minor,  and  in  this  species  it  forms  the  variety  cati. 

Symptoms. — Scabies  of  the  Cat  usually  commences  on  the  neck, 
reaches  the  ears  and  forehead,  then  all  the  head,  and  rarely  goes 
beyond  the  anterior  part  of  the  neck.  A pruritus  of  variable 
intensity  is  one  of  the  early  symptoms. 

The  initial  lesion  is  a vesicle  or  papule  the  size  of  a pin’s  head  ; 
this  is  promptly  ruptured  and  transformed  into  a crust.  The 
multiplication  of  the  vesicles,  and  their  replacement  by  crusts, 
brings  about  the  invasion  of  larger  surfaces,  which  are  covered  by 
greyish,  hard  crusts  that  agglutinate  the  hairs,  the  greater  portion 
of  which  are  rapidly  shed.  The  skin  becomes  thickened,  hard 
and  wrinkled  ; the  eyelids  are  inverted,  the  eyes  are  buried  in  their 
orbits,  and  there  is  more  or  less  intense  conjunctivitis.  The 
swollen  tissues  obstruct  the  nostrils,  embarrassing  the  respiration  ; 
the  animal  is  feeble  and  languishing,  has  a melancholy  and  repulsive 
physiognomy,  and  finally  succumbs  to  the  disease,  if  it  is  not 
opportunely  sacrificed.  Death  usually  ensues  in  four  to  six  months, 
though  it  is  earlier  in  young  animals,  or  when  the  malady  is  epi- 
zootic. 

According  to  Megnin,  the  dwarf  Sarcopt  does  not  excavate  a 
subcutaneous  gallery  like  the  common  Sarcopt,  but  makes  a simple 
nest  that  appears  as  a miliary  eminence  ; this,  when  raised  on  the 
point  of  a scalpel,  is  found  to  be  composed  of  a layer  of  epidermis 
surrounding  ova  in  all  stages  of  incubation,  as  well  as  an  ovigerous 
female  and  her  excrements,  in  the  form  of  brown,  cylindrical 
corpuscles.  The  larvse,  nymphae  and  males  wander  in  the  midst 
of  the  crusts. 

Diagnosis. — The  diagnosis  of  this  disease  is  not  difficult.  Its 
commencement  on  the  head  and  persistency  in  that  region,  its  rare 
extension  to  other  parts,  the  ready  discovery  of  the  Sarcoptes,  and 
the  special  characters  of  this  psora,  suffice  to  remove  any  doubts  as 
to  its  nature.  It  should  not  be  mistaken  for  a non-parasitic,  very 
tenacious  prurigo  that  sometimes  attacks  emasculated  Cats,  and 
is  located  on  the  belly,  flanks,  back,  legs  and  tail — rarely  the  head  ; 
it  consists  of  small,  dry  papules,  and  is  very  pruriginous  and 
obstinate. 

An  analogous,  but  ephemeral  eruption  is  at  times  seen  on  nursing 
Cats  which  are  suddenly  deprived  of  their  young. 

It  is  not  possible  to  mistake  this  scabies  for  the  prurigo  of  the 
* rouget,’  due  to  the  larvae  of  the  Trombidium  holosericeum,  nor  with 
the  punctures  of  Fleas,  or  the  skin  affections  of  old  house  Cats, 
which  affections  have  not  an  invariable  localization,  and  consist 
of  pustular  surfaces  with  thick  isolated  crusts,  and  a moderate 
degree  of  itching. 

Lastly,  favus  is  recognised  by  the  form  of  its  parasitic  cup- 


ACARIASES  189 

shaped  crusts,  which  are  usually  sulphur-coloured,  and  by  the 
presence  of  the  fungus. 

Prognosis. — Scabies  of  the  Cat  is  only  serious  when  it  is  chronic, 
and  when  the  animals  affected  have  habits  of  independence  which 
prevent  their  being  submitted  to  regular  treatment ; then  it  follows 
its  natural  course  and  terminates  in  death.  It  is  more  especially 
serious  when  it  assumes  an  epizootic  form,  and  when  its  gravity 
cannot  be  ascribed  to  any  plausible  cause.  When  it  is  taken  at 
the  commencement  it  is  easily  cured.  Its  serious  character  is 
increased  by  the  fact  of  its  contagiousness  for  Man  and  the  domesti- 
cated animals. 

Etiology,  Contagion. — Of  45  scabied  Cats,  Delafond  found  26 
aged  from  4 to  7 years,  15  from  2 to  3 years,  and  5 of  six  months 
to  a year.  The  largest  proportion  of  Cats  being  aged,  is  probably 
vdue  to  the  circumstance  that  they  are  less  attractive  and  useful 
than  young  ones,  and  are  therefore  often  driven  from  their  homes 
and  exposed  to  misery  and  uncleanliness — that  is,  to  all  the  pre- 
disposing conditions  of  psoric  affections.  Delwart  mentions  having 
seen  the  disease  in  large  farms,  where  many  Cats  are  kept,  com- 
municated with  such  rapidity  that  in  four  or  five  weeks  all  these 
animals  had  perished.  Although  the  dwarf  Sarcopt  also  causes 
scabies  in  Rats,  it  is  not  established  that  it  is  in  hunting  these  that 
the  Cat  contracts  the  malady. 

Delafond  has  succeeded  in  developing  scabies  on  a Cat,  by  de- 
positing on  it  Sarcoptes  from  a Lion,  and  on  another  by  cohabitation 
with  a mangy  Dog  ; but  these  two  Cats  recovered  spontaneously, 
for  their  scabies  remained  artificial,  being  due  to  the  Sarcoptes 
scabiei,  and  not  to  the  5.  minor. 

Scabies  of  the  Cat  may  be  transmitted  to  Man.  Hertwig  relates 
the  case  of  a servant  who  contracted  the  disease  through  allowing 
a mangy  Cat  to  lie  in  her  bed.  Berthold  cites  that  of  a child  who 
was  infected  by  a diseased  Cat,  which  she  permitted  to  rest  on  her 
breast.  Marrel  mentions  having  seen  Cat  scabies  transmitted  to 
two  adult  people  and  a child.  Hering  has  observed  the  malady 
transferred  from  the  Cat  to  the  back,  chest  and  arms  of  two  young 
people.  Gerlach  has  experimentally  effected  the  transmission  of 
the  disease,  by  depositing  some  crusts  taken  from  Cats  on  the  arms 
of  students  ; a local  scabies  followed,  that  disappeared  spontaneously 
in  about  ten  days  in  the  first,  fifteen  days  in  the  second,  and  three 
weeks  in  the  fourth  student ; but  in  a blonde  and  very  hairy  student 
it  continued  for  six  weeks,  and  at  the  end  of  that  time  terminated 
only  after  a sulphur  bath  had  been  administered.  Perroncito 
reports  a case  of  contagion  from  a Cat  to  a woman,  and  we  have 
knowledge  of  a similar  fact. 

Scabies  of  the  Cat  may  also  be  transmitted  to  the  Horse.  Hertwig 
cites  the  case  of  a Cat  which  gave  its  mange  to  a Horse  on  whose 
back  it  was  accustomed  to  rest ; and  Megnin  developed  an  extensive 
outbreak  on  a Horse,  by  fixing  on  its  withers  a piece  of  skin  from  a 
mangy  Cat ; the  disease  was  cured  by  a single  rubbing  with  Hel- 


190  TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

merich’s  pomade.  On  another  occasion  he  has  seen  a mangy  Cat 
convey  its  disease  to  two  Horses,  on  whose  backs  it  usually  lay. 

With  regard  to  the  Ox,  we  have  already  related  the  case  of 
Rademacher,  in  which  a mangy  Cat  was  in  the  habit  of  lying  on  the 
back  of  a Cow  and  transmitted  the  disease  to  it ; from  this  it  passed 
on  to  a servant  and  to  all  the  family.  We  have  also  mentioned 
how  Delafond  succeeded  in  transmitting  the  Scabies  of  the  Cat  to 
the  Dog. 

Treatment. — The  treatment  of  Cat  scabies  cannot  include  baths, 
in  view  of  the  repugnance  of  this  species  to  water,  and  the  danger 
of  affections  of  the  air-passages  to  which  these  animals  would  be 
exposed  by  bathing  them.  So  at  most,  after  carefully  clipping 
away  the  hair  from  the  diseased  parts,  these  can  only  be  washed 
with  soap  and  water  ; but  it  would  be  even  better  to  dispense  with 
this,  and  have  direct  recourse  to  topical  acaricides,  which  may  be 
repeated. 

The  pomade  of  Helmerich  is  particularly  convenient  and  suc- 
cessful. ‘ If  the  balsam  of  Peru  is  more  efficacious,  it  is  also  more 
dangerous.  We  have  several  times  seen  a single  rubbing  on  the 
head  with  this  substance  produce  a very  acute  cerebral  excitement, 
followed  by  torpor,  and  even  by  death.  We  have  also  witnessed 
the  same  accidents  arise  from  the  application  of  rancid  cod-liver 
oil,  which  is  recommended  by  Schwarz.  Styrax  appears  to  be  less 
dangerous  ’ (Friedberger  and  Frohner). 

In  the  epizootic  outbreak  in  the  environs  of  Offenbourg,  Bell 
successfully  employed  a lotion  composed  of  chloride  of  zinc  and 
water — 4 to  500. 


J. — Sarcoptic  Scabies  of  the  Ferret. 

Independently  of  a Listrophorus  which  lives  in  the  fur  without  causing  the 
slightest  injury,  the  Ferret  may  be  attacked  by  two  species  of  psoric  Acarina  : 
a Sarcopt — Save,  scabiei,  var.  hydrochcBri,  and  a Choriopt — Ch.  cynotis.  We 
shall  only  notice  sarcoptic  scabies  here,  as  the  auricular  acariasis  will  be 
described  with  the  parasitic  affections  of  the  ear. 

Sarcoptic  scabies  was  described  for  the  first  time,  in  i860,  by  F.  Peuch, 
who  pronounced  it  to  be  due  to  a Sarcopt,  and  his  remarks  were  confirmed 
by  Megnin. 

The  disease  is  chiefly  confined  to  the  head  and  feet,  but  it  may  invade  all 
the  trunk.  The  affected  parts  are  covered  with  brown  or  yellow  crusts, 
beneath  which  the  Sarcoptes  are  concealed  ; they  are  the  seat  of  an  almost 
continual  pruritus,  the  little  animal  frequently  biting  itself,  and  especially 
the  feet,  in  a kind  of  fury.  When  the  malady  is  not  much  advanced,  and 
not  localized  on  the  limbs  or  ears,  the  body  is  moist  from  a gelatinous,  almost 
viscid,  sweat  that  strongly  exhales  the  odour  of  the  ferret. 

On  the  feet,  the  crusts  are  attached  to  the  plantar  surface  and  the  root  of 
the  claws,  which  may  grow  to  an  extreme  length,  and  straighten  out  or  bend 
upwards.  Progression  is  then  slow  and  difficult,  the  weight  being  thrown 
on  the  posterior  part  of  the  foot. 

It  is  scarcely  admissible  that  the  Ferret  contracts  the  disease  in  Rabbit- 
warrens,  the  sarcoptic  scabies  of  these  creatures  being  due  to  the  Sarcoptes 
minor,  and  not  to  the  5.  scabiei.  It  is  more  likely,  as  Railliet  remarks,  that 


ACARIASES 


191 

the  origin  of  the  malady  is  scabied  pole-cats,  which  are  frequent  in  Rabbit- 
warrens. 

Peuch  could  not  succeed  in  transmitting  the  Ferret  scabies  to  the  Dog, 
nor  yet  to  Man.  But  his  experiments  were  so  few  that  they  do  not  justify 
a definite  conclusion. 

The  disease  sometimes  appears  in  an  epizootic  form. 

Its  treatment  is  reduced  to  the  following  prescriptions  : ‘ Frequent  dressing 
of  the  crusts  with  glycerin,  so  as  to  soften  them  and  render  their  removal 
easy  ; then  vigorous  rubbing  with  simple  sulphur  ointment,  or  Helmerich’s 
pomade,  on  the  parts  freed  from  crusts.  Frequent  and  complete  removal  of 
the  litter,  and  disinfection  or,  better,  change  of  residence  in  box,  chest,  or 
barrel  ’ (Peuch). 


2.— DEMODECIC  SCABIES. 

This  form  of  scabies  is  produced  by  a parasite — Demodex  follicu- 
lorum  (Owen) — of  the  family  of  Demodecidse  (p.  85).  The  acarina 
live  in  the  hair-follicles  and  sebaceous  glands  of  several  species  of 
mammalia. 


History. — In  1842,  G.  Simon,  of  Berlin,  in  examining  the  contents  of  pustules 
of  A cnea  sebacea  of  Man,  recognised  in  the  fatty  matter  expressed  by  squeezing, 
in  the  form  of  small  masses  with  their 
external  extremity  dark — Comedones — c 

the  presence  of  animalcules,  of  which  he 
gave  a remarkable  description.  By 
the  advice  of  the  learned  entomologist, 

Erichson,  he  considered  them  to  be  Acari, 
and  named  them  A cams  folliculorum. 

He  made  known  his  discovery  to  the 
Berlin  Society  of  Naturalists,  when  Pro- 
fessor Henle,  of  Zurich,  informed  him 
that  in  the  preceding  autumn  he  had 
observed  the  same  parasite  in  the  hair- 
follicles  of  the  external  auditory  canal — 
so  that  the  discovery  was  made  almost 
simultaneously  ; though  Henle  appeared 
to  entertain  doubts  as  to  the  nature  of 
what  he  had  seen.  From  that  time 
a number  of  observers  sought  for,  and 
found,  the  new  parasite.  Owen  was  the 
first  to  name  it  the  Demodex  folliculorum ; 
but  Miescher  called  it  Macrogasler  platy- 
pus ; Erasmus  Wilson,  Entozoon  follicu- 
lorum, then  Steatozoon  ; and  Paul  Gervais, 

Simonea  folliculorum.  The  latter  desig- 
nation — Frenchified  into  Simonie, 

Simonide  — has  often  been  employed 
in  France.  The  natural  history  of  the 
Demodex  has  been  well  established  by  the 
labours  of  Wedl,  Gruby,  Leydig,  Kiichen- 

meister,  Barensprung,  Valentin,  Von  Siebold,  Remak,  Megnin,  etc. 

Shortly  after  the  discovery  of  the  Demodex  of  Man,  Topping  found  that  of 
the  Dog,  of  which  Tulk  gave  a description  on  December  20,  1843,  to  the  Micro- 
scopical Society  of  London.  The  disease  to  which  it  gives  rise  was  afterwards 
the  object  of  numerous  investigations ; it  is,  in  fact,  on  the  Dog  that  the  derma- 
tosis caused  by  the  Demodex  has  been  most  frequently  studied. 

Description. — The  rostrum,  which  is  a little  narrower  than  the  thorax, 
is  salient  in  front,  covered  at  its  base  by  the  epistoma,  which  is  itself  prolonged 


Fig.  86. — Anterior  extremity  of 
the  Demodex  folliculorum  of  the 
Dog,  highly  magnified. 

c,  chelicerae;  mx,  maxillae;  p, 
maxillary  palps  ; /,  cheeks  ; ep, 
epistoma ; ja,  leg  ; t,  tarsus. 


192 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


by  two  cheeks  united  on  the  middle  line,  and  advanced  to  near  the  anterior 
extremity  of  the  rostrum.  The  latter  comprises  : i . A pair  of  chelicerae,  or 
mandibles,  in  the  form  of  flattened  and  lamellar  stylets,  larger  behind  — 
where  they  are  joined  on  the  middle  line — than  in  front,  where  they  are  a 
little  divergent  ; they  are  related,  above,  to  the  epistoma  and  cheeks.  2.  A 
pair  of  maxillae  or  jaws,  separated  at  their  base,  lying  together  in  front,  where 
they  are  continued  by  the  maxillary  palpi  obscurely  articulated.  3.  A narrow 
tongue  situated  between  the  maxillae  and  their  upper  surface,  and  completing 
the  floor  of  the  mouth. 

The  cephalothorax  is  convex  superiorly,  and  finely  striated  in  various 
directions  ; it  is  flat  on  its  lower  surface,  where  it  shows  the  four  pairs  of  legs 
salient  on  the  sides.  Each  leg  is  composed  of  three  parts  or  articles  : the 
haunch,  basilar,  antero-posterior,  triangular,  summit  posterior,  nearly  at 
a tangent  outwardly  to  the  margin  of  the  thorax  ; the  leg  of  the  same  length 
as  the  haunch,  and  forming  with  it  an  angle  open  in  front  ; the  tarsus,  a discoid 
piece  crowning  the  extremity  of  the  leg,  and  furnished  with  two  claws.  These 
legs  rest  by  the  base  of  their  haunch  on  the  transverse  arched  epimeres,  united 
by  a middle  longitudinal  piece — the  sternum. 

The  abdomen  is  elongated  and  conical,  striated  transversely,  and  shows 
at  the  anterior  portion  of  its  ventral  face  a longitudinal  slit,  which  is  the  anus. 

This  slit  is  larger  in  the  female  than  the  male,  and  prob- 
ably serves  for  copulation  and  ovulation.  The  males 
have  the  abdomen  less  developed  than  the  females,  and 
possess  a genital  armature  situated  immediately  in  front 
of  the  anus. 

The  length  of  the  female  Demodex  does  not  exceed 
400  jx  in  the  largest  varieties  ; that  of  the  males  is  not 
less  than  220  \x  ; while  the  width  at  the  thorax  varies 
between  40  fi  and  5 5 /x. 

The  Demodex  is  oviparous.  The  eggs  are  60  fx  to 
90  ix  long,  and  20  fx  to  50  fx  broad,  and  are  cordiform  or 
fusiform  in  shape.  From  the  egg  issues  a larval  hexa- 
pod, the  legs  of  which  are  only  represented  by  three 
pairs  of  tubercles,  while  the  buccal  organs  are  yet  in  a 
rudimentary  condition.  After  a moulting,  the  larva 
becomes  an  octopod,  the  fourth  pair  of  legs  being  still 
tubercles,  like  the  three  other  pairs.  A second  moulting 
transforms  this  larval  octopod  into  a nympha,  which 
possesses  the  legs  and  buccal  organs  of  the  perfect  state, 
from  which  it  only  differs  in  the  absence  of  sexual 
organs  in  the  male,  the  acquisition  of  these  being  the  result  of  a last 
transformation. 

The  Demodex  has  been  found  on  Man,  and  the  Dog,  Cat,  Goat, 
Pig,  Sheep,  Ox,  Horse,  Aristotelian  Deer  (Prietsch),  Fox  (Gros), 
Rat  (Hahn),  Field-Mouse  (Zschokke),  and  the  Surinam  Bat  (Leydig). 
In  general,  the  difference  in  habitat  of  the  parasite  coincides  with 
differences  in  its  dimensions,  and  these  at  least  authorize  the  dis- 
tinction of  varieties.  We  have  to  mention  : 

1.  Demodex  of  Man  ( D . folliculorum,  var.  hominis). — The  female  measures 
380  n long  and  45  fx  wide  at  the  thorax  ; the  male  is  300  ju  long  and  40  /x  wide. 
The  rostrum  is  a little  longer  than  it  is  broad.  The  length  of  the  rostrum  and 
cephalothorax  combined  forms  nearly  one-third  the  total  length  of  the  body. 
The  ova  are  cordiform  or  fusiform,  from  60  fx  to  80  fx  long,  and  40  fx  to  50  /t 
broad. 

The  Demodex  of  Man  lives  in  the  sebaceous  glands  of  the  face, 
where  it  often  remains  without  its  presence  causing  the  slightest 
trouble.  , When  there  are  more  than  a dozen  in  a follicle,  this 


1 2 3 


Fig.  87. — Evolution 
of  the  Demodex 
folliculorum  of  the 
Dog  ; magnified 
one  hundred  dia- 
meters.— Railliet. 

1,  ovum  ; 2,  lar- 
val hexapod  ; 3, 

larval  octopod. 


ACARIASES 


*93 


becomes  dilated  and  prominent,  and  forms  a comedo.  It  is  rare 
that  acne  of  the  face  can  be  attributed  to  it.  Gruby  assures  us 
that  forty  people  out  of  sixty  are  infested  with  it ; but  this  pro- 
portion has  generally  appeared  to  be  exaggerated. 


2.  Demodex  of  the  Dog  ( D . folliculorum,  var.  cams  ; D.  caninus  Tulk). — 
The  female  measures  250  /z  to  300  n long,  and  45  /z  broad  ; the  male  220  n to 
250  j iz  long,  and  the  same  width.  The  rostrum  is  nearly  as  long  as  it  is  broad  ; 
and  its  length  and  that  of  the  cephalothorax  combined  is  a 
little  less  than  half  the  total  length.  The  ova  are  fusiform, 
and  from  70  /z  to  90  /z  long,  and  25  /z  broad. 

This  Demodex  causes  follicular  mange  in  the  Dog. 

3.  Demodex  of  the  Cat  (D.  folliculorum,  var.  cati). — 

Similar  to  that  of  the  Dog,  but  one-fourth  smaller  in  all  its 
dimensions. 

It  was  found  by  Leydig,  in  1859,  on  the  nose  of  a Cat 
affected  with  Sarcoptic  scabies ; and  by  Megnin  in  the  external 
auditory  canal  of  two  Cats.  It  appears  to  be  inoffensive. 

4.  Demodex  of  the  Goat  ( D . folliculorum,  var.  capra). — 

The  female  is  230  /x  to  250  /z  long,  and  60  /z  to  65  /z  broad  ; 
while  the  male  is  220  \x  to  230  /z  long,  and  50  /z  to  55  /z  broad. 

The  rostrum  and  cephalothorax  combined  are  nearly  equal  to 
half  the  total  length.  The  ova  are  ellipsoid,  and  from  68  /z  to 
80  /z  long,  and  32  /x  to  45  /x  broad. 

It  has  been  found  by  Niederhoeusern,  Railliet  and  Nocard, 
and  causes  a pustular  dermatosis  which  will  be  referred  to 
hereafter. 

5.  Demodex  of  the  Pig  (D.  folliculorum,  var.  suis  ; D. 
phylloides  Csokor). — The  female  measures  240  /z  to  260  /z  long, 
and  60  /z  to  66  /z  broad  ; and  the  male  220  /z  long,  and  50  /z  to 

57  n broad.  The  rostrum  is  very  developed,  and  a little  longer  than  it  is 
wide  ; its  length  with  that  of  the  cephalothorax  is  nearly  equal  to  that  of 
the  abdomen.  The  eggs  are  ovoid,  and  a little  contracted  and  elongated  at 
the  ends  ; they  are  from  100  /z  to  1 10  /x  long  and  30  \x  wide  (Fig.  91). 

This  form  determines  a pustular  affection  in  the  Pig. 

6.  Demodex  of  the  Sheep  (D.  folliculorum,  var.  ovis ). — Found  by  Oschatz 
in  the  Meibomian  glands  of  the  Sheep  ; it  differs  from  that  of  Man  chiefly 
by  the  greater  breadth  of  its  rostrum  and  cephalothorax.  It  has  not  been 
seen  since  Oschatz  found  it. 

7.  Demodex  of  the  Ox  ( D . folliculorum,  var.  bovis). — The  average  length 
is  200  /X.  The  rostrum  and  cephalothorax  form  about  two-fifths  of  the  total 
length.  Eggs  ovoid  in  shape.  Causes  a pustular  affection  in  the  Ox. 

8.  Demodex  of  the  Horse  ( D . folliculorum,  var.  equi). — Found  by  E. 
Wilson  in  the  secretion  of  the  Meibomian  glands  of  a Horse.  He  described 
it  as  identical  with  the  Demodex  of  Man.  In  1 845,  Gros  also  indicated  the  pre- 
sence of  the  Demodex  in  the  muzzle  of  the  Horse. 


Fig.  88. — De- 
modex fol- 
liculorum, 
male,  of  the 
Dog  ; mag- 
nified one 
hundred 
diameters. 
— Railliet. 


A. — Demodecic  Scabies  of  the  Dog. 

Synonyms. — Follicular  Mange,  Red  Mange,  Black  Mange  of  the  older 
veterinarians. 

History. — As  has  been  stated,  the  parasitic  nature  of  this  disease  was  first 
recognised  by  Topping  ; and  Roll  separated  the  affection  from  the  other 
exanthemata  of  the  Dog.  Delafond  and  Bourguignon  pointed  out  its  gravity, 
and  described  it  under  the  name  of  Acne  Simonea.  Verheyen  proposed  for 
it  the  designation  of  follicular  mange,  by  which  name  it  is  now  almost  ex- 
clusively known.  It  has  been  more  especially  studied  by  Gruby,  Haubner, 
Gerlach,  Sparks,  Simonds,  Oreste,  Weiss,  Friedberger,  Lafosse,  Saint-Cyr, 
Cornevin,  Pennetier,  Megnin,  Laulanie,  etc. 


13 


194 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Symptoms. — Follicular  scabies  presents  itself  under  different 
aspects,  according  to  its  duration  ; and  to  such  an  extent,  that  one 
might  imagine  them  to  be  different  diseases,  if  not  informed  as  to 
this  polymorphism. 

At  the  commencement,  there  are  merely  somewhat  red  depila- 
tions  about  the  elbows,  hocks,  around  the  eyes,  and  at  the  toes  ; 
and  in  the  place  of  the  hairs  are  seen  small  papules,  with  a pityriasic 
powder  covering  the  parasitic  patches. 

Gradually  these  depilations  extend,  become  redder,  and  reach  the 
inner  surface  of  the  paws  and  the  cheeks  ; the  eyelids  are  swollen, 
inverted — entropion — and  their  borders  are  covered  with  an  abun- 
dant purulent  discharge.  The  skin  of  the  cheeks  is  thickened, 
depilated,  wrinkled,  and  covered  with  papules  and  pustules  more 
or  less  irritated.  The  pruritus,  still  intermittent,  is  more  marked. 

The  disease  at  last  becomes  generalized,  occupying  the  entire 
surface  of  the  body.  The  skin  everywhere  presents,  in  different 
degrees,  the  characters  that  it  at  first  showed  on  the  head.  Acne 
pimples  are  scattered  everywhere — sometimes  confluent,  sometimes 
discrete  ; some  yet  in  the  papular  stage,  others  pustular.  Among 
the  latter,  a great  number  are  dark-blue  at  their  summit,  and  a 
sanguinolent  serosity  can  be  squeezed  from  them,  in  which  the 
Demodex  can  be  found  on  microscopical  examination.  The 
parasites  are  more  numerous  in  the  small  pustules  with  apparently 
purulent  contents  than  in  those  which  merely  yield  a kind  of 
cylinder  of  sebaceous  fat  on  pressure.  The  number  of  Acarina 
is  often  prodigious,  and  constitutes  the  greater  portion  of  the  pro- 
duct under  observation.  More  or  less  abundant  crusts  are  noticed 
at  various  points,  due  to  the  rupture  of  the  pustules  and  drying 
of  their  contents.  At  the  parts  most  severely  affected  the  skin  is. 
moist  and  cracked,  and  in  the  folds  there  is  a yellow  viscid  matter  ,- 
the  greater  portion  is  depilated,  and  the  animal  exhales  a foetid, 
sour  odour  that  is  absolutely  nauseating.  When  the  malady  has 
arrived  at  this  stage,  it  has  produced  a profound  effect  upon  the 
whole  organism  ; the  appetite — which  was  for  a long  time  unim- 
paired, and  even  increased — now  diminishes,  emaciation  begins,, 
and  this  gradually  goes  on  to  marasmus. 

In  certain  cases,  as  Saint-Cyr  has  shown,  the  disease  is  generalized, 
but  it  does  not  cause  depilation  except  at  some  rather  circumscribed 
points  ; the  pustules  are  rare,  but  they  are  irregularly  disseminated 
everywhere,  and  the  condition  might  be*  taken  for  one  of  gener- 
alized acne.  In  addition,  the  whole  of  the  skin  is  covered  with  a 
fine  dust,  as  if  the  animal  had  been  powdered  with  maize  flour.  At 
the  hairless  places — which  are  more  or  less  circular — there  is  much 
irritation,  a serous  exudation,  excoriations,  and  even  small  sores. 

An  interesting  form  is  that  which  Saint-Cyr  has  named  ‘ the 
circinated  form  of  follicular  mange.’  It  consists  of  circular  patches 
from  2 cm.  to  6 cm.  in  diameter,  red  and  inflamed — more  par- 
ticularly towards  their  slightly  salient  borders,  depilated,  and 
often — but  not  always — showing  chiefly  at  their  periphery  small,. 


ACARIASES 


19  5 


red,  pustular,  acne-like  pimples.  In  enlarging,  these  patches  may 
join  each  other,  and  form  others  more  extensive,  with  largely 
festooned  borders.  Often  the  centre  becomes  pale  and  covered 
with  yellow  dust.  This  circinated  form  is  seen  in  the  early  stages, 
and  it  may  be  accompanied  by  the  acneic  form  ; it  is  not  very 
pruriginous,  and  the  general  health  does  not  appear  to  be  affected. 

This  form  is  related  to  that  which  Friedberger  and  Frohner  have 
designated  the  ‘ squamous  form,’  and  which  they  give  as  of  fre- 
quent occurrence.  It  is  scarcely  indicated  by  any  other  sign  than 
shedding  of  the  hairs  and  the  abundance  of  epidermic  pellicles. 


Fig.  89. — A Dog  affected  with  advanced  Demodecic  Scabies. 


There  is  no  humidity,  and  little,  if  any,  trace  of  inflammation. 
The  disease  commences  principally  around  the  eyelids,  and  the 
eyes  are  surrounded  by  a depilated  circle,  which  is  somewhat  red 
and  scaly.  This  scabies  may  extend  all  over  the  body,  and  is  often 
characterized  by  the  deep  tint  of  the  patches,  which  are  some- 
times circular,  as  in  the  circinated  form.  There  is  usually  no 
pruritus,  and  the  diagnosis  is  difficult — often  necessitating  a 
microscopical  examination  of  the  sebaceous  matter. 

Course,  Duration,  Termination. — Follicular  scabies  pursues  a 
very  slow  course,  especially  at  the  commencement.  It  frequently 

13—2 


196 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


terminates  in  death,  owing  to  its  resistance  to  parasiticides.  Weiss, 
however,  gives  an  instance  of  spontaneous  recovery  from  this 
scabies  of  a pregnant  bitch  which  aborted  ; the  pustules  gradually 
disappeared,  an  abundant  desquamation  followed,  the  skin  became 
smooth,  and  the  Demodex  could  not  be  found.  The  animal, 
nevertheless,  succumbed  to  the  cachectic  condition  into  which  it 
had  fallen. 

Diagnosis,  Prognosis. — The  circinated  form  may  easily  be  mis- 
taken for  ringworm.  However,  in  follicular  scabies  the  hairs  are 
not  altogether  absent ; while  in  tinea  they  are  broken  close  to  the 
skin,  which  appears  as  if  shaved.  The  microscope  shows  on  the 
surface  of  the  epidermis  the  fungus  if  the  malady  be  ringworm  ; 
but  in  scabies,  scraping  the  skin  to  the  blood  and  examining  the  pro- 
ducts obtained  will  reveal  the  presence  of  the  Demodex  folliculorum. 

A mistake  may  also  occur  with  regard  to  sarcoptic  scabies  ; but 
the  chief  points  in  the  diagnosis  of  this  have  been  already  shown, 
and  the  microscope  must  decide  in  doubtful  cases. 

The  most  frequent  errors  arise  with  respect  to  an  erythematous 
skin  affection  of  young  Dogs,  named  red  mange  ( rouge ),  which  is 
distinguished  from  follicular  scabies  by  its  being  non-parasitic  ; 
instead  of  commencing,  like  the  latter,  on  the  paws  and  head,  it 
appears  on  the  limbs,  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  thighs  and  fore- 
arms, underneath  the  belly,  and  on  those  parts  where  the  skin  is 
fine  and  almost  hairless.  It  is  very  pruriginous,  and  this  increases 
the  redness  of  the  skin  and  induces  artificial  lesions,  as  a consequence 
of  the  rubbing  and  scratching. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  demodecic  scabies  may  co-exist 
with  various  cutaneous  affections  of  youth,  and  with  sarcoptic 
scabies  and  ringworm. 

The  prognosis  of  follicular  scabies  is  always  very  grave,  para- 
siticide treatment  rarely  succeeding  in  destroying  the  Demodex. 

Pathological  Anatomy. — The  prominent  feature  in  the  patho- 
logical anatomy  of  this  affection  is  the  presence  of  the  Demodex 
folliculorum  in  the  hair-follicles  and  sebaceous  glands  ; but  par- 
ticularly in  the  former,  where  it  is  seen  sometimes  in  considerable 
numbers. 

Gruby,  with  Delafond,  has  counted  as  many  as  200  in  one  hair- 
follicle.  They  are  seen  to  be  pressed  upon  one  another,  the 
rostrum  being  directed  towards  the  bottom  of  the  follicle  (Fig.  90), 
and  the  ventral  surface  ordinarily  on  the  side  of  the  hair  or  the 
space  it  should  occupy.  Here  they  are  observed  in  all  stages  of 
development — from  the  eggs  to  the  sexualized  individuals  and 
fecundated  females.  By  their  presence  they  cause  an  irritation 
which  is  manifested  by  signs  of  variable  intensity,  according  to 
their  number  and  activity.  When  the  inflammation  is  acute,  it 
extends  around  the  hair-follicle  or  sebaceous  gland,  invades  the 
tissue  of  the  derma,  and  terminates  in  the  formation  of  pustules. 
At  other  times,  there  is  merely  hypersecretion  of  sebaceous  matter, 
which  dilates  the  canal  of  the  follicle. 


ACARIASES 


197 


According  to  Krulikowski, 
some  time  in  their  first  loca- 
tion, pass  through  its  walls 
into  the  derma  and  subcu- 
taneous connective  tissue, 
causing — in  the  first  instance 
— inflammation  of  the  skin 
and  the  eruption  of  pustules 
on  its  surface ; and  in  the 
second,  a small  abscess  and 
haemorrhage.  The  shedding 
of  the  hairs  is  due  to  the  pro- 
liferation of  cells  on  the  in- 
ternal surface  of  their  follicle, 
and  softening  of  their  base. 
Relapses  are  brought  about 
by  some  of  these  parasites 
which  were  encysted,  and 
which  have  again  destroyed 
the  new  walls  of  the  hair- 
follicles. 

Etiology,  Contagion.  — Is 

follicular  scabies  due  to  the 
presence  of  the  Demodex  in 
the  follicles  of  the  skin  ; or  is 
not  the  accumulation  of  these 
parasites  a consequence  of  the 
state  of  irritation  existing  in 
the  integument  ? It  has  been 
imagined  by  some  persons  that 
the  Demodex  is  present  in  all 
Dogs — even  those  in  the  best 
condition — and  that  there  is 
no  disease  until  their  number 
becomes  excessive.  Marte- 
mucci,  accepting  these  views, 
regards  the  affection  as  a 
dermatitis  situated  more  par- 
ticularly in  the  derma  and 
sebaceous  follicles,  which — 
then  receiving  a larger  quan- 
tity of  blood — have  a greater 
vitality,  and  can  therefore 
furnish  a more  abundant 
nourishment  to  the  pre-exist- 
ing Demodex ; hence  their 
extraordinary  multiplication. 
This  authority  also  proposes 
to  give  it  the  name  of  folli- 


parasites,  when  they  have  been 


Fig.  90. — Section  of  the  skin  of  a Dog 
affected  with  Follicular  Scabies ; magni- 
fied forty  diameters. — After  Laulanie. 

e.  Epidermis  continued  to  form  the  sheath  of  the  hair- 
follicle  which — sinuous,  and  bifid  at  the  bottom — con- 
tains two  hairs  p,  the  bulbs  of  which  are  seen  at  bb\ 
At  a , a,  a ",  a"\  a"'\  this  follicle  shows  dilatations,  due 
to  the  accumulation  of  the  Demodex  d ; sb,  sebaceous 
glands,  one  of  which,  sb'  contains  the  Demodex ; sd, 
sudoriparous  glands. 


198 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


cular  dermatitis , which — in  his  opinion — is  more  in  accord  with  its 
inflammatory  character.  But  these  ideas  are  not  well  founded. 
No  investigations  have  been  made  to  establish  the  constant — or 
at  least  very  frequent — presence  of  the  Demodex  in  the  skin 
of  Dogs  in  good  condition,  as  has  been  observed  in  Man  ; and 
it  would  seem  that  Martemucci’s  notions  are  only  a hazardous 
generalization  of  facts  appertaining  to  human  dermatology,  the 
only  support  they  receive  being  the  difficulty  in  transmitting  the 
disease  ; though  this  can  be  explained  by  the  deep,  intra-cutaneous 
habitat  of  the  parasites,  and  the  necessity  for  a predisposition. 

The  latter  is  to  be  found  more  especially  in  the  youthfulness  of 
the  animals,  for  it  rarely  happens  that  adult  creatures  are  attacked. 
Breed  also  plays  an  important  part.  L.  Lafosse  mentions  that 
lap-dogs,  before  or  after  having  paid  their  tribute  to  the  disease  of 
youth  (distemper),  are  more  frequently  affected  with  follicular 
mange,  although  no  breed  is  exempt.  The  observations  of  Cornevin 
are — so  far  as  breed  is  concerned — more  in  accord  with  what  is 
usually  remarked,  that  the  disease  is  more  frequent  in  short-haired 
than  in  long-haired  Dogs. 

Accepting  these  predisposing  causes,  the  efficient  cause  is  con- 
tagion. But  this  is  much  less  easy  to  produce  than  in  the  other 
kinds  of  scabies,  owing  to  the  deep  situation  of  the  parasite. 
Delabere-Blaine  and  Clater — quoted  by  Verheyen — assert  that 
Dogs  which  cohabit  for  a long  time  with  mangy  ones,  do  not  contract 
the  malady,  and  that  at  other  times  the  slightest  contact  will  suffice  to 
convey  it.  These  differences  may  be  explained  by  errors  in  diagnosis, 
the  demodecic  cause  of  follicular  scabies  not  being  known  when  the 
statements  were  made.  Since  that  time  instances  have  been  re- 
ported in  which  contagion  has  not  been  effected,  notwithstanding 
every  facility  for  its  taking  place.  Weiss’s  patient  lived  from  eight 
to  fifteen  days  among  other  Dogs,  without  these  contracting  the 
affection.  Rivolta  has  transferred  the  Demodex  from  a diseased 
to  a healthy  Dog  without  result.  Martemucci  has  inoculated  the 
healthy  parts  of  the  skin  of  a Dog  with  the  fluid  rich  in  parasites 
from  pustules  on  diseased  regions,  and  yet  the  result  was  negative. 
It  has  been  the  same  with  the  experiments  of  Friedberger,  who, 
besides,  has  not  observed  contagion  occurring  by  making  diseased 
Dogs  associate  with  those  which  were  healthy  ; and  the  observa- 
tions of  Siedamgrotzky,  made  at  the  Dresden  Veterinary  School, 
and  those  of  Csokor,  carried  out  at  the  clinic  of  the  Vienna  Veteri- 
nary School,  are  to  the  same  effect. 

On  the  other  hand,  Haubner  has  succeeded  in  producing  the 
disease  by  depositing  demodecic  pus  directly  on  the  skin  of  a healthy 
Dog  ; for  at  the  point  where  he  placed  the  animalcules,  in  about 
twenty-four  hours  there  was  slight  tumefaction  of  the  skin  ; in 
forty-eight  hours  the  follicles  already  contained  a purulent  fluid,  in 
which  young  and  adult  acari,  as  well  as  ova,  could  be  distinguished 
by  means  of  the  microscope.  The  exanthem  extended,  but  the 
Demodex  disappeared,  and  a spontaneous  recovery  took  place. 


ACARIASES 


199 


Cornevin  made  four  inoculation  experiments,  and  succeeded  in 
one  ; but  here,  also,  in  about  eight  days  the  malady  vanished  of 
itself.  This  authority  mentions  a somewhat  striking  instance  of 
contagion  from  a nursing  bitch  to  two  of  her  puppies  ; a third 
puppy  remained  free  from  the  disease.  Of  four  Dogs — three  of 
which  were  adults  and  the  other  smooth-haired,  five  months  old — 
inoculated  by  Guinard,  only  one,  the  last-mentioned,  contracted 
the  disease. 

In  fine,  experiments  and  clinical  observations  demonstrate  that 
the  transmission  of  follicular  scabies  from  Dog  to  Dog  is  very 
difficult. 

Martemucci  and  Friedberger  have  in  vain  attempted  to  pass  the 
Demodex  of  Man  to  the  Dog. 

With  regard  to  transmission  of  the  follicular  scabies  of  the  Dog 
to  Man,  this  has  only  been  reported  by  Ziirn,  who  has  seen  a 
veterinary  surgeon,  a coachman,  and  a woman,  who  attended  on 
Dogs  so  affected,  suffer  from  a very  pruriginous  eruption  on  the 
hands  and  feet,  the  pustules  which  formed  containing  the  Demodex. 
But  these  persons  must  have  had  a marked  predisposition  for  the 
malady ; as  for  years,  and  daily,  persons  have  attended,  and  now 
attend,  upon  diseased  Dogs  without  taking  any  precautions,  and 
yet  no  cases  of  contagion  are  recorded.  And  Martemucci  has  un- 
successfully inoculated  demodecic  pus  from  a Dog  on  Man  ; while 
Cornevin  has  failed  to  implant  the  disease  on  himself. 

Treatment. — Every  known  parasiticide  substance  has  been  tried 
for  the  cure  of  follicular  scabies  of  the  Dog,  but  generally  in  vain  ; 
as  the  parasites  are  deeply  situated,  and  beyond  the  reach  of  the 
remedies  employed.  There  is  no  need  to  enumerate  all  the  attempts 
which  have  been  made  to  combat  the  malady  ; so  we  shall  only 
indicate  those  which  sometimes  have  had  a good  result. 

Balsam  of  Peru  has  been  particularly  recommended  by  Siedam- 
grotzky.  It  has  been  used  diluted  with  four  parts  of  alcohol,  and 
rubbed  into  the  skin  every  day,  after  the  pustules  have  been 
squeezed,  so  as  to  remove  their  contents.  By  this  means  he  says 
he  has  obtained  a cure  in  a case  of  generalized  scabies.  Zundel 
also  states  that  he  has  derived  excellent  results  from  this  medica- 
ment, though  it  was  more  diluted.  But  the  treatment  is  very 
expensive,  owing  to  the  long  time  it  has  to  be  continued  and  the 
care  required  ; for  in  simple  cases,  Friedberger  and  Frohner  have 
only  been  able  to  effect  a cure  after  fifty-eight  days’  rubbings. 
On  one  occasion,  after  sixteen  weeks’  treatment  of  a Dog  that  was 
seriously  affected,  it  was  supposed  to  be  cured  ; but  the  disease 
soon  reappeared  when  the  remedy  ceased  to  be  applied. 

Brusasco’s  method  consists  in  the  employment  of  sulphur et  of 
potash  and  cantharides  ointment.  Friedberger  and  Frohner  assert 
that  they  have  completely  cured  very  advanced  cases.  The  Dog 
being  clipped,  a sulphur  bath  is  administered,  500  grammes  liver 
of  sulphur  (calcium  sulphide)  to  100  litres  of  water.  Then,  for  three 
days  in  succession,  one-third  of  the  body  is  dressed  with  an  ointment 


200 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


composed  of  cantharides  ointment  i part,  lard  6 parts.  On  the 
fifth  or  sixth  day,  the  entire  body  is  washed,  and  a few  days  after- 
wards the  sulphur  bath  is  again  given,  followed  by  the  ointment  as 
before,  and  so  on  until  a cure  is  effected.  But  such  a result  is  far 
from  being  constant ; for  Friedberger  and  Frohner  have  failed  in 
one  case,  after  sixty-eight  days’  treatment,  during  which  12  sulphur 
baths  were  administered,  and  9 total  applications  of  the  ointment, 
plus  9 partial  applications.  In  any  case,  there  is  reason  to  appre- 
hend dangerous  irritation  of  the  eyes  ; so  that  it  is  advisable  to 
employ  the  balsam  of  Peru  for  the  parts  surrounding  them. 

Creolin  should  be  tried.  In  strong  solution — 30  to  100 — Reul 
has  had  a cure  in  a case  of  partial  disease  ; and  the  results  of  the 
trials  of  Guinard,  with  an  ointment  composed  of  creolin  5 parts  and 
lanolin  100  parts,  are  encouraging.  But  it  must  be  noted  that 
this  treatment  has  not  been  successful  in  the  hands  of  Watkins. 

Unterberger  has  succeeded  with  the  essence  of  juniper  applied 
with  friction  ; four  applications  were  sufficient.  Weiss  recommends 
the  same  remedy.  W.  Hunting  advises  : creosote,  16  grammes  ; 
olive-oil,  300  grammes  ; solution  of  potash,  30  grammes.  Mix  the 
creosote  and  oil,  then  add  the  caustic  potash.  One  or  two  applica- 
tions a week  are  to  be  made,  according  to  the  chronicity  of  the 
disease,  and  the  treatment  continued  for  several  months. 

Saint-Cyr  has  recommended  corrosive  sublimate , and  Cornevin 
has  employed  it  in  the  form  of  bath,  1 or  2 grammes  to  the  litre  of 
water.  But  mercurial  intoxication  is  frequent,  either  from  the 
animal  drinking  some  of  the  fluid  or  licking  itself,  or  the  poison  is 
absorbed  through  the  skin.  The  duration  of  the  bath,  which  is 
at  first  for  three-quarters  of  an  hour,  is  gradually  reduced  to  half 
an  hour. 

In  simple  cases,  Zurn  says  he  has  sometimes  succeeded  with 
benzine  ointment — 1 to  4 of  lard  ; and  he  quotes  Hofer  as  being  also 
successful  with  an  ointment  of  carbolic  acid — 1 to  30  ; while  Vogel 
advises  a solution  of  caustic  potash. 

Herbet  has  cured,  in  fifteen  days,  a case  of  follicular  mange  that 
had  lasted  six  months,  with  DippeVs  animal  oil  (obtained  from 
bones  and  horns),  applying  it  in  partial  frictions,  alternately  with 
soft-soap  washings. 

Megnin’s  treatment  consists  in  giving  every  day — for  at  least  a 
month — Bareges  baths  of  a quarter  to  half  an  hour’s  duration,  the 
skin  being  kneaded  in  such  a manner  that  the  sulphurous  solution 
may  penetrate  every  part  of  it.  In  the  second  month  the  bath  is 
only  given  every  second  or  third  day.  Megnin  has  cured  obstinate 
cases  by  this  treatment,  and,  of  course,  all  the  more  easily  as  the 
affection  is  recent.  Recently  he  has  recommended  the  sulphuret 
of  lime , prepared  by  boiling  100  grammes  of  sublimed  sulphur  and 
200  grammes  of  quicklime  in  a litre  of  water.  After  cooling,  the 
clear  portion  is  decanted  and  kept  in  a well-corked  bottle.  To  use 
it,  it  is  diluted  with  four  or  five  times  its  weight  of  tepid  water,  and 
applied  by  means  of  a sponge  every  day  until  the  disease  is  cured. 


ACARIASES 


201 


Whatever  may  be  the  topical  treatment  employed,  it  would  be 
advantageous  to  combine  with  it  the  internal  administration  of 
sulphur,  in  as  frequent  and  large  doses  as  the  Dog  can  bear  without 
injury  to  health  ; the  sulphur  being  excreted  to  some  extent  by 
the  skin  (Fleming). 


B. — Demodecic  Scabies  of  the  Pig. 

This  disease  was  observed  for  the  first  time,  and  well  described 
by  J.  Csokor,  who  considered  the  parasite  as  a kind  special  to  the 
Pig,  and  named  it  the  Demodex 
fthylloides.  It  is  the  form  just 
described  under  the  designation 
of  D.  folliculorum,  var.  suis.  More 
recently  we  have  met  with  it  in 
some  portions  of  the  skin  of  a 
Pig  received  from  Barcelona.  It 
has  since  been  seen  by  Wright 
and  Lindqvist. 

The  disease  greatly  resembles 
the  follicular  scabies  of  the  Dog, 
and  appears  as  pustules  of  vari- 
able size,  the  largest  usually  re- 
sulting from  the  confluence  of  the 
smallest.  They  may  or  may  not 
be  pigmented,  are  more  often 
deep  than  superficial,  and  may 
be  surrounded  by  an  inflamma- 
tory zone.  The  pustules  gradu- 
ally increase  in  size,  and,  in 
rupturing,  leave  large  ulcers. 

They  occupy  more  especially  the 
finer  parts  of  the  skin — the  snout, 
neck,  underpart  of  the  chest  and 
abdomen,  flanks,  and  inner  sur- 
face of  the  thighs.  The  top  of  the  head,  back,  and  external  surface 
of  the  limbs  remain  free  from  the  disease.  In  the  smaller  pustules, 
Csokor  has  found  50  to  60  parasites ; while  others  contained  500  to 
1,000.  They  were  mixed  up  in  the  inflammatory  products,  pus 
corpuscles,  and  fat  in  the  form  of  granules  and  drops.  They  were 
lodged,  and  appeared  to  multiply,  not  in  the  hair  follicles,  but  in 
the  sebaceous  glands. 

The  malady  ought  to  be  contagious,  for  in  the  instance  recorded 
by  Csokor  it  was  observed  in  22  Pigs  forming  a single  drove 
belonging  to  one  owner.  But  Lindqvist,  of  Stockholm,  has  only 
seen  one  animal  affected  in  a lot  of  800  Pigs. 

The  disease  should  not  prevent  the  flesh  being  consumed  as  food. 


Fig.  91. — Demodex  of  the  Pig,  seen 
on  the  ventral  surface  ; magnified 
250  diameters. — Csokor. 

A,  male  ; B,  female,  with  an  ovum 
visible  in  the  abdomen. 


202 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


C.  — Demodecic  Scabies  of  the  Goat. 

This  was  observed  for  the  first  time  by  Von  Niederhoeusern,  at 
the  Veterinary  School  of  Berne,  Switzerland.  A Goat  showed  on 
different  parts  of  its  body,  but  especially  about  the  middle  of 
the  trunk,  nodosities  the  size  of  a pea  to  that  of  a nut.  They  were 
hard,  and  it  was  only  by  strong  pressure  that  a semi-solid,  yellowish 
grey  matter  could  be  extruded  from  them  ; this  was  almost  entirely 
composed  of  the  Demodex.  But  all  the  parasites  were  in  the  form 
of  larvae,  similar  to  those  of  the  Demodex  of  the  Dog. 

In  May,  1885,  Nocard  and  Railliet  * found  the  same  parasite  on 
a two-years-old  Goat,  born  and  bred  at  the  Alfort  School.  The 
Demodex  were  in  abundance  in  a kind  of  pustules  of  variable  size, 
occupying  especially  the  sides  and  flanks  ; and  the  parasites  were 
imbedded  in  a considerable  mass  of  cerumen.’ 

D.  — Demodecic  Scabies  of  the  Ox. 

The  Demodex,  already  noted  by  Gros  (1845),  in  the  muzzle  of  the 
horse,  was  found  by  W.  Faxon,  in  1878,  in  the  hides  of  cattle  pre- 
pared for  tanning,  and  sent  from  Illinois  and  Minnesota  to  Boston. 
More  especially  in  the  region  of  the  neck  and  the  shoulders,  these 
skins  showed  numerous  pustules  formed  by  dilated  hair-follicles  ; 
they  were  filled  with  a soft,  whitish  matter,  which  escaped  by  pres- 
sure, and  was  composed  of  fat  globules  and  a multitude  of  the 
Demodex.  After  being  tanned,  the  skins  exhibited  small  cavities, 
many  of  them  extending  through  the  substance  of  the  hide. 

A case  of  the  disease  was  observed  by  Grimm  in  a fifteen  months’ 
old  heifer,  badly  developed  and  in  poor  condition,  notwithstanding 
good  food.  With  the  exception  of  the  head  and  limbs,  the  skin 
elsewhere — especially  at  the  shoulders — was  studded  with  nodules 
the  size  of  a pea.  The  surface  of  these  small  tumours  was  hairless 
and  smooth,  and  when  squeezed  yielded  a thick,  viscid  pus  con- 
taining an  enormous  quantity  of  the  Demodex.  The  other  animals 
in  the  herd  were  quite  healthy  in  every  respect. 


B. — ACARIASES  OF  DOMESTICATED  BIRDS. 

Birds  are  for  the  Acarina,  as  they  are  for  the  Pediculinse,  hosts  of 
predilection.  There  is  scarcely  an  individual  on  which  a variable 
number  of  Acarina  cannot  be  found,  the  majority  of  which  can  be 
supported  with  indifference  ; for,  living  on  the  matters  composing 
the  feathers,  they  do  not  affect  the  health  of  their  host.  They 
belong  to  one  or  another  of  the  following  four  families  : Ixodidce , 
Gamasidcz,  TrombidiidcB,  and  Sarcoptidce. 

As  for  the  Mammalia,  we  distinguish  non-psoric  and  psoric 
acariases  ; the  first  are  caused  by  the  non-psoric  Ixodidae,  Gamasidae, 
Trombidiidae,  and  Sarcoptidae ; the  others  exclusively  by  the 
Sarcoptinae. 


ACARIASES 


203 


Article  I. — Non-Psoric  Acariases. 

I.  Ixodidae.— The  Ticks  found  on  domesticated  birds  are : Argas 
reflexus , A.  miniatus,  A.  ftersicus,  and  Ornithodoros  tholozani.  The 
reflexus  or  bordered  Argas  infests  pigeons,  the  Persian  Argas  attacks 
Poultry  and  sometimes  Man,  and  the  Miniatus , or  chicken  tick, 
infests  poultry,  particularly  in  the  Southern  United  States,  where 
it  has  also  been  found  on  Cattle. 

Argas  Reflexus  (A.  reflexus  Fabr.). — Rostrum  similar  in  both  sexes  and 
1 *9  mm.  long,  the  dart  being  1 mm.  long,  and  having  on  its  inferior  surface 
two  rows  of  teeth  on  each  side,  with  the 
commencement  of  a third  row  near  the 
point,  which  is  rounded  ; the  chelicerae  are 
terminated  by  a three-toothed  harpoon. 

The  four  pieces  of  the  palps  are  cylindri- 
cal and  somewhat  hairy.  There  are  no 
eyes.  The  fecundated  and  replete  female 
— one-fourth  larger  than  when  fasting — 
measures  6 mm.  long  and  4 mm.  broad. 

The  body  is  ovoid,  and  somewhat  broader 
behind  than  before.  The  central  portion 
is  of  a dark  hue,  and  corresponds  to  the 
digestive  apparatus,  which  sends  its  digita- 
tions  towards  the  periphery.  The  vulva 
is  situated  at  the  base  of  the  rostrum, 
between  the  first  pair  of  legs.  The  male 
— uniformly  brown,  and  a little  smaller 
than  the  fasting  female — has  its  sexual 
orifice  at  the  third  pair  of  legs.  The  Fig.  92. 
nympha — of  the  same  size  as  the  male — 
is  distinguished  by  the  absence  of  the 
genital  pore.  The  larva,  hexapod,  has  the 
rostrum  terminal.  Eggs  ovoid  and  reddish 
in  colour. 


Rostrum  of  the  Argas 
reflexus,  seen  from  above  ; 
magnified  fifty  diameters. — 
Railliet. 


c,  Chelicerae  ; p,  maxillary 
palps ; d,  maxillo-labial  dart,  the 

This  Argas  lives  in  dove-cots,  and  *fth  °?  *hehlowff  su5£ace  bein? 

, . b . ......  ’ seen  through  the  transparent 

sometimes  in  considerable  numbers  organ. 

infests  the  Pigeons  and  sucks  their 

blood.  It  is  frequent  in  Italy  and  some  parts  of  France,  but 
somewhat  rare  in  Germany  and  England. 

This  species,  of  all  ages  and  both  sexes,  lives  on  blood,  the  larvae 
even  appearing  to  be  fixed  for  a longer  time  than  the  adult  on  the 
bodies  of  the  Pigeons.  It  avoids  the  light,  and  during  the  day — 
like  the  bed  Bugs — it  remains  hidden  in  the  interstices  of  the  locality 
— fissures  in  boards,  holes  and  cracks  in  the  walls,  etc.,  commencing 
its  mischief  at  night.  When  these  parasites  have  invaded  a dove- 
cot, the  rearing  of  pigeons  is  compromised.  They  attack  by 
preference  the  young  Birds,  which  they  cause  to  die  from  exhaustion 
in  from  eight  to  fifteen  days.  They  are  more  particularly  found 
on  the  neck  and  beneath  the  breast,  but  no  region  of  the  body  is 
free  from  their  attacks.  The  exhaustion  is  due  not  only  to  the 
quantity  of  blood  extracted,  but  to  the  restlessness  caused  by  the 
pricking  ; sleep  is  disturbed  and  interrupted,  and  the  incubation 
of  eggs  is  irregular,  if  not  altogether  suspended. 


204 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


They  are  readily  propagated  from  one  place  to  another,  availing 
themselves  of  every  passage  and  crevice,  and  particularly  of  the 
beams  and  joists.  It  is  not  absolutely  rare  to  find  them  in  hen- 
roosts situated  beneath  dove-cots  ; though  they  do  not  annoy 
Poultry. 

What  contributes  to  make  them  more  redoubtable,  is  their  great 
vitality,  and  the  faculty  they  possess  of  reproduction  in  the  absence 
of  everything  capable  of  nourishing  them.  Successive  generations 
have  to  content  themselves  with  the  organic  matters  furnished  by  the 
place  in  which  they  are  located.  Once  satiated,  this  species  can 
live  for  a very  long  time  without  another  repast.  Railliet  has  kept 
three  very  emaciated  ones  in  a bottle  for  four  months  ; and  Perron- 


Fig.  93. — Argas  reflexus,  a fecundated  and  replete  Female. — Railliet. 

1,  natural  size;  2.  magnified,  and  seen  on  the  dorsal  surface;  3,  the  same, 
seen  on  the  ventral  surface. 


cito  mentions  that  Ghiliani  has  seen  one  exist,  fasting,  for  twenty- 
two  months. 

The  Argas  reflexus  feeds  also,  on  occasion,  on  the  blood  of  Man. 
Latreille  has  found  the  parasite  wandering  in  houses,  and  Blanchard 
states  that  Megnin  received  from  Strasburg  some  specimens  that 
had  been  gathered  from  the  clothes  of  a Man.  In  1858  and  1859, 
Boschulte,  at  Camen,  Westphalia,  remarked  the  presence  of  a large 
number  of  the  parasites  in  a bedroom  inhabited  by  children,  and 
communicating  with  an  old  pigeon-house.  They  are  only  seen  in 
the  evening,  and  as  soon  as  a light  appears  they  remain  motionless, 
giving  no  sign  of  life  even  when  they  are  touched. 

Children  are  bitten  during  sleep,  and  chiefly  on  the  feet  and 
hands,  the  bites  being  marked  by  a red  point  but  no  areola.  There 
is  great  itching,  rather  along  the  course  of  the  nerves  than  at  the 
seat  of  the  lesion.  On  a girl  of  fourteen  or  fifteen  years  old  there 
were  real  vesicles  similar  to  those  produced  by  burns,  and  on  an 


ACARIASES 


205 


old  Man  there  was  a small  ulcer.  The  pruritus  sometimes  persists 
for  eight  days.  Chatelin,  of  Charleville,  states  that  a child  and  a 
Man  had  most  painful  punctures  and  persistent  oedema,  caused  by 
the  Argas  from  a house  dove-cot  which  had  been  unoccupied  for  six 
months. 

It  is  necessary  to  destroy  these  parasites  by  every  possible 
means.  When  they  are  seen  on  the  body  of  a Pigeon,  they  ought 
to  be  removed  by  gradual  traction — so  as  not  to  leave  the  rostrum 
in  the  wound — and  then  crushed. 

But,  above  all,  the  infested  dove-cot  should  be  puiified  ; the 
walls  scraped  and  whitewashed,  chloride  of  lime  being  applied  to 
the  woodwork,  scalding  everything  with  boiling  water,  and  putting 
petroleum  into  the  crevices.  In  addition,  some  insecticide  powder 
should  be  blown  in  among  the  feathers  of  the  Pigeons,  as  has  been 
already  recommended  for  phthiriasis,  taking  care  to  damp  the 
plumage  previously  with  glycerin  and  water.  Lastly,  it  has  been 
recommended  to  wash  the  legs  and  feet  of  the  Pigeons  with  an 
alcoholic  solution  of  the  balsam  of  Peru  (Ziirn). 

II.  Gamasidae. — The  Dermanysses  ( Dermanyssus  Duges)  are  the 
only  Gamasides  which  live  on  Birds  ; they  may  also  infest  Mammals. 

They  are  distinguished  from  Gamasidae  (p.  85)  by  their  integuments  being 
soft  and  finely  striated  throughout,  with  the  exception  of  two  small  trans- 
parent, lyriform  plastrons  ; and  by  their  chelicerae,  which  are  different  in  the 
two  sexes — being  in  the  shape  of  a long  thin  stylet  in  the  female,  and  sub- 
didactylous  in  the  male.  Oviparous. 

The  species  only  interest  us  by  their  parasitism  on  Poultry,  and 
by  their  possible  extension  to  various  Mammals. 

Dermanyssus  of  the  Fowl  ( Dermanyssus  gallincs  Redi). — Body  ovopyriform, 
posterior  end  largest,  slightly  flattened  from  above  to  below ; abdomen 
margined  by  short,  well-separated  bristles  ; colour  varying  from  yellowish- 
white  to  blood-red,  according  as  the  parasite  is  fasting  or  more  or  less  full  ; 
the  intestinal  tube,  gorged  with  blood,  can  be  seen  as  a variously-shaped 
figure.  The  ovigerous  female  is  70  mm.  long  and  ’40  mm.  broad  ; the  male, 
•60  mm.  and  *32  mm.  broad. 

A Dermanyssus  of  Swallows  ( D . hirundinis  De  Geer),  and  a D.  of 
Birds  ( D . avium  De  Geer)  have  been  described  ; but  their  specific 
value  has  not  been  well  established,  and  many  authorities  are  of 
opinion  that  those  found  on  Poultry,  Swallows,  and  house  Birds 
aie  only  varieties  of  the  same  species.  The  Dermanyssus  of  the 
Turkey  ( D . gallop avonis  Gerv.)  is  certainly  identical  with  that  of 
the  Fowl. 

The  Dermanysses  of  the  Fowl  live  in  the  poultry- yards  and 
dove-cots.  Essentially  noctambulatory,  during  the  day  they  are 
concealed  in  fissures  in  the  floors,  walls,  perches,  nests,  and  in  all 
the  corners  and  angles  of  the  locality — the  straw  nests  of  the 
Pigeons  being  often  infested.  There  are  to  be  found  numerous 
colonies  of  males  and  females — free  or  coupled — with  nymphae 
and  ova.  At  night  they  scatter  themselves  over  the  Birds  within 


206 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


their  reach — Fowls  and  Pigeons — and  by  pricking  with  their  keen 
rostrum,  they  extract  a notable  quantity  of  blood.  They  readily 
become  hurtful  to  the  chickens  and  young  Pigeons,  and  produce 
wasting  or  death  ; while  their  pricking  prevents  the  creatures 
resting,  causes  them  to  become  emaciated,  and  hinders  Fowls  from 
hatching  steadily. 

When  the  Birds  they  torment  are  examined  during  the  day, 
the  parasites  are  not  found,  and  it  rarely  happens  that  there  are 

any  traces  of  their  punctures. 
Sometimes,  however,  inter- 
mittent as  are  their  habits, 
they  become  permanent  para- 
sites, and  may  then  be  found 
by  day,  sometimes  in  great 
numbers  on  Fowls,  and  — 
more  frequently — on  Pigeons, 
running  about  with  great 
rapidity.  They  are  extremely 
prolific,  multiply  very  quickly, 
and — which  assures  their  pre- 
servation— they  can  remain 
for  months  without  a host 
capable  of  satisfying  their 
sanguinary  appetite. 

It  is  asserted  that  they 
sometimes  enter  the  nasal 
cavities  of  Birds,  and  occasion 
a catarrhal  inflammation.  Ziirn 
has  observed  them  in  young 
Pigeons,  and  Weber  in  Poultry 
(Ziirn)  ; Lax,  of  Hildesheim, 
Fig.  94. — Dermanyssus  gallince.  has  found  them  in  the  external 

A,  rostrum  of  the  female,  seen  from  auditory  meatus,  on  making 

above  ; B,  seen  in  profile  ; C,  ovum  ; the  autopsy  of  several  chickens 

D,  tarsus. — Delafond.  (Ziirn).  But  these  instances 

are  altogether  exceptional. 

The  treatment  of  dermanyssic  acariasis  consists  in  the  employment 
of  the  parasiticide  measures  described  with  respect  to  phthiriasis — 
insecticide  powders,  boiling  water,  lime- wash,  sulphuret  of  carbon, 
and  creolin  are  the  principal  agents  to  which  recourse  must  be  had, 
according  to  the  indications  and  modes  of  employment  previously 
given. 

In  cases  of  rhinitis,  olive-oil — to  which  a little  ethereal  essence  of 
aniseed  may  be  added — should  be  introduced  into  the  nasal  cavities 
by  means  of  a thin  feather. 

Transmission  to  Man. — The  Dermanysses  are  not  limited  in  their 
attacks  to  Birds,  but  may  transfer  themselves  to  Man  and  other 
Mammals. 

So  far  as  the  human  species  is  concerned,  it  is  the  country  people 


ACARIASES 


207 


of  the  poultry-yards,  and  the  towns-people  who  handle  and  pluck 
the  fowls,  who  are  exposed  to  the  incursions  of  the  Dermanysses. 
They  do  not  produce  a true  dermatosis,  for  the  parasites  do  not  find 
conditions  favourable  to  their  multiplication  on  the  skin  of  Man, 
nor  do  they  become  acclimatized  there.  The  disease  is  rather 
limited  to  an  ephemeral  pruriginous  affection,  resembling  certain, 
forms  of  the  papular  eczema  of  ordinary  scabies.  It  is  chiefly 
observed  on  the  back  of  the  hands,  and  so  much  of  the  fore-arms  as 


Fig.  95. — Dermanyssus  gallince. 

An  ovigerous  female,  seen  on  the  dorsal  surface  ; magnified  about  eighty 
diameters. — Delafond. 

is  uncovered  during  work  ; but  it  may  also  exist  on  all  exposed  parts 
and  even  on  the  body  generally. 

Alt  has  found  Dermanysses  on  the  neck  and  arms  of  an,  old 
cachectic  woman  ; they  were  lodged  in  small  excavations.  Bory 
de  Saint-Vincent  has  described  and  figured  an  Acarian  that  caused 
great  itching  on  the  body  of  a woman  forty  years  old,  on  whom 
the  parasites  were  found  in  large  numbers  ; as  far  as  can  be  judged 
from  the  figure — which  is  rather  insufficient — it  certainly  appears 
to  be  a Dermanyssus  closely  related  to  D.  gallince.  F.-V.  Raspail 
states  that  he  has  witnessed  the  action  on  Man  of  the  Dermanyssus 
of  Pigeons,  which  he  named  Tique , but  which  is  readily  known  by 
the  figures  he  gives.  Children  and  adults  were  invaded — not  only 


208 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


after  having  touched  the  Pigeons,  but  also  in  frequenting  gardens 
manured  with  the  dung  of  these  birds.  This  small  calamity  dis- 
appeared when  the  Pigeons  were  removed  and  the  excrement  was 
buried.  Goldsmith  attended  a woman  to  whom  the  Dermanyssus 
was  conveyed  by  Pigeons  ; the  parasite  only  appeared  when  she 
was  perspiring,  afterwards  concealing  itself  in  the  cutaneous  glands. 
In  a case  observed  by  Geber,  the  Dermanyssus  of  the  Fowl  had 
caused  a diffused  eczema  on  a woman  ; it  lasted  four  weeks,  and 
then  disappeared  spontaneously. 

The  affection  generally  subsides  of  itself  after  the  parasites  are 
got  rid  of,  the  itching  being  allayed  by  some  soothing  application. 
According  to  Fuchs,  the  best  means  of  getting  rid  of  the  Der- 
manyssus— which  may  be  got  by  handling  Fowls — is  to  place  the 
person  for  some  time  in  a haystack. 

Transmission  to  the  Domestic  Mammalia. — It  is  to  the  Horse  that  the 
Dermanyssus  is  most  readily  transferred,  and  it  may  excite  a pruriginous 
affection  which  has  often  been  mistaken  for  scabies. 

The  first  mention  of  transmission  of  this  acariasis  to  the  Horse  is  as  long 
ago  as  1843,  and  is  due  to  Gurlt.  But  it  was  Demilly,  in  1846,  who  clearly 
defined  the  affection  produced  in  the  Horse  by  the  Dermanyssus.  Some 
years  afterwards — in  1850 — H.  Bouley  gave  an  excellent  description  of  the 
disease  ; and  since  then  other  observers — Henderson,  Causse,  Woodger, 
Delwart,  Moon,  and  Taylor,  etc.,  have  published  instances  of  it.  In  all  the 
cases,  the  cutaneous  malady  of  the  Horse  coincided  with  the  presence  of 
Fowls  or  Pigeons  in  the  stable  or  its  vicinity  ; and  it  ceased — with  or  without 
treatment — when  the  animal  was  placed  in  a healthy  stable,  but  only  to 
reappear  when  it  was  returned  to  its  former  dwelling.  It  also  ceased  when 
the  latter  was  cleared  of  the  Fowls,  and  was  disinfected.  It  was  at  first 
attributed  to  the  Lice  of  the  Pigeons,  or  Poultry,  the  parasites  found  on  several 
occasions  on  the  diseased  Horses  being  recognised  as  such  ; for  this  reason 
the  parasite  was  named  the  Poultry  Louse,  and  the  malady  designated 
Phthiriasis  of  Birds.  Reynal  and  Lanquetin  believed  they  had  found  the 
origin  of  the  disorder  in  the  scabies  of  Poultry,  due  to  the  Sarcoptes  mutans  ; 
and  some  experiments — certainly  badly  conducted — led  them  to  imagine 
that  this  sarcopt,  so  slow  in  movement,  was  capable  of  developing  in  a single 
night  all  the  disturbance  that  characterizes  this  dermatosis  of  the  Horse. 
Megnin  observed  that  this  Sarcopt,  when  deposited  on  the  Horse,  induced 
some  itching,  but  that  it  died  on  the  spot  where  it  was  placed,  without  multi- 
plying— it  had  not  become  acclimatized.  He  concluded,  therefore,  that 
Poultry  scabies  was  not  contagious  for  the  Horse.  What  rendered  the 
recognition  of  the  part  played  by  the  Dermanyssus  in  the  disease  was  its 
noctambular  habits,  which  impelled  it  to  fly  from  the  light  and  conceal  itself 
at  the  bottom  of  the  hairs.  On  one  occasion,  however,  at  the  clinic  of  the 
Alfort  Veterinary  School,  there  was  seen  a colony  of  the  parasites  in  broad 
daylight,  on  a light-coloured  Horse,  the  clothing  on  which  had  not  been 
removed  for  a week — hence  the  parasites  were  living  in  obscurity.  These  Acari, 
in  fact,  do  not  gather  in  any  great  numbers  on  the  Horse  except  during  the 
night ; in  the  daytime  they  hide  themselves  in  the  walls,  manger,  litter,  etc. 
In  consequence  of  the  true  cause  of  the  disease,  the  improper  name  of  phthi- 
riasis given  to  it  should  be  abandoned,  and  that  of  Dermanyssic  Acariasis 
adopted. 

The  malady  is  sudden  in  its  commencement,  and  is  characterized 
by  general,  intense,  and  continuous  pruritus — at  least  during  the 
night ; at  the  same  time,  the  skin  is  the  seat  of  an  eruption  of  very 
small  vesicles — some  isolated,  but  the  greater  number  agminated 


ACARIASES 


209 


on  a variable  extent  of  surface.  The  epidermis  is  removed  by  the 
friction,  and  there  is  exposed  a raw  circular  patch  from  5 mm. 
to  10  mm.  in  diameter,  which  is  soon  covered  with  a new  layer  of 
epithelium.  But  usually  the  Horse  is  not  observed  until  after  this 
period,  when  the  depilation  succeeding  the  desiccation  of  the 
vesicles  has  commenced.  This  depilation  is,  it  may  be  said, 
pathognomonic — as  it  gives  the  skin  a flea-bitten  aspect,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  multiplicity  of  smooth  circular  surfaces  it  occasions. 

A general  invasion  of  the  integument  may  take  place  in  three  or 
four  days,  and  it  might  be  imagined,  from  its  appearance,  that  one 
had  to  deal  with  a herpetic  malady  of  much  older  date.  To  the 
lesions  caused  by  the  Dermanyssus  are  to  be  added  excoriations, 
crusts,  ulcerations,  etc.,  consequent  on  the  rubbing. 

From  confluence  of  the  depilations  may  result  large  denuded 
patches,  on  which  may  be  seen  lenticular  spots,  which  are  smoother, 
because  of  the  desiccation  of  the  vesicles. 

If  the  malady  continues  for  a long  time,  it  may,  by  the  torment 
it  induces,  lead  the  animals  to  a state  of  marasmus. 

Dermanyssic  acariasis  is  distinguished  : 

1.  From  ringworm,  in  the  latter  having  larger  depilations,  these 
being  margined  by  broken,  brush-like  hairs. 

2.  From  phthiriasis  due  to  the  Hcematopinus  macro  cephalus,  in 
that  this  has  only  depilations  on  limited  points,  and  its  seat  is 
more  especially  the  root  of  the  mane  and  tail. 

3.  From  sar Coptic  scabies , which  it  most  resembles,  but  which  has 
not  its  sudden  invasion,  its  rapid  generalization,  nor  its  pruritus  so 
continuous ; besides,  we  inquire  whether  the  malady  had  its 
origin  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Poultry  or  Pigeons  ; and  if  grooming 
is  suspended  and  the  clothing  left  on  the  body,  there  is  a probability 
of  finding  the  Dermanyssus. 

The  treatment  consists  more  especially  in  moving  away  the 
habitation  of  the  Birds.  Poultry  ought  to  be  banished  from  the 
stable  and  its  immediate  vicinity.  The  affection  will  then  dis- 
appear of  itself  in  a few  days,  and  it  may  be  assisted  te  do  so  by 
some  emollient  or  sulphurous  lotion. 

Gurlt  states  that  the  parasites  may  also  pass  to  the  Rabbit  ; 
Farez  has  found  them  on  the  Goat,  and  Ziirn  affirms  that  Dogs  and 
Cats  have  a vesicular  eruption  from  their  attacks.  Mobius  has 
observed  a peculiar  dermatosis  on  eight  Cows,  consisting  of  rounded 
depilations  which  had  been  unsuccessfully  treated  for  two  years, 
but  disappeared  when  some  Swallows’  nests  had  been  cleared  away 
from  the  cowshed ; these  nests  contained  the  Dermanyssus. 
Lastly,  Gassner,  Stadler,  and  Schumacher  have  reported  cases  of 
auricular  acariasis  due  to  the  same  parasite.  (See  Parasites  of  the 
Ear.) 

III.  Trombidiidae.— Like  those  of  the  domesticated  Mammals,  the  Trombi- 
diidae  of  Poultry  belong  to  the  Tronibidince  and  the  Cheyletince. 

In  the  Tronibidince,  it  is  the  Harvest-bug,  or  Leptus  autumnalis — the  larva  of 
the  Trombidium  holosericeum — observed  by  Csokor,  Eloire,  and  by  Railliet 

14 


210 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


and  Lucet  on  Fowls  and  chickens.  According  to  the  last  two  authorities, 
the  presence  of  the  Leptus  on  chickens  hatched  at  the  end  of  summer  and 
during  the  autumn  is  somewhat  common,  and  sometimes  causes  considerable 
mortality.  The  parasites  fix  themselves  by  their  rostrum  to  the  skin  at  the 

base  of  the  feathers,  and  cause  such  an 
intense  degree  of  irritation  as  to  give  rise 
to  an  epileptiform  affection  that  leads  to  a 
fatal  termination  in  a few  days.  Insuffla- 
tions of  flowers  of  sulphur  among  the  feathers 
appear  to  have  given  good  results. 

The  Cheyletince  parasites  of  Birds  com- 
prise the  genera  Cheyletiella,  Sarcopterus,  and 
Syringophilus. 

The  Ch.  heteropalpa  (Megnin)  lives  at  the 
base  of  the  feathers  of  Pigeons  and  other 
Columbae,  as  well  as  Sparrows,  which  do  not 
appear  to  suffer  any  inconvenience  from  its 
presence.  Its  body  is  rhomboidal  in  shape, 
elongated  from  before  to  behind ; the  ros- 
trum is  conical,  narrow,  elongated  in  front, 
bordered  on  each  side  by  the  palps,  which 
are  much  smaller  than  in  the  Cheyletiella 
parasitivorax,  and  do  not  exceed  the  rostrum 
in  the  female,  in  which  the  hooklet  on  the 
second-last  article  is  small  and  much  bent  ; 
in  the  male,  on  the  contrary,  they  exceed 
the  rostrum  by  one- third,  and  their  hooklet 
is  curved.  The  anterior  and  posterior  legs 
are  almost  alike.  The  length  of  the  male 
and  female  is  *35  mm.,  the  breadth  of  the 
female  being  *25  mm.,  and  the  male  *16  mm. 
(Megnin). 

The  Sarcopterus  (Nitzsch)  has,  like  the 
Cheyletiella,  powerful  palps,  the  third  article 
of  which  is  exceeded  by  the  second  ; but 
the  latter  has  at  its  extremity,  not  one, 
but  three  hooks  curved  upwards  and  back- 
wards. ‘The  Sarcopterus  nidulans  (Nitzsch) 
lives  in  numerous  colonies  in  the  dilated 
feather  follicles,  forming  a sort  of  cutaneous 
tumour,  especially  in  the  Passeres.  Megnin 
states  that  he  has  often  found  the  pubescent 
nymph  wandering  amongst  the  feathers  of 
pigeons  and  some  other  birds’  (Railliet). 

Ziirn,  who  has  found  the  nodules  of  the 
Sarcopterus  on  the  Pigeon,  says  that  if  these 
parasites  are  in  small  number  in  the  cysts, 
they  may  at  most  disturb,  locally,  the  forma- 
tion of  the  feathers ; but  if  they  are 
abundant  they  bring  about  deranged  nutri- 
tion, and  then  a fatal  wasting. 

The  Syringophiles  ( Syringophilus  A. 
Heller)  constitute,  in  the  sub-family  of  the 
Cheyletinae,  a small  degraded  group,  re- 
markable for  the  elongated  vermicular  shape 
of  the  body,  the  very  marked  reduction  of 
the  palps,  and  are  more  particularly  charac- 
terized by  the  presence  of  two  yellow  chitinous  organs  like  combs,  placed 
at  the  base  of  the  hooks  which  terminate  the  tarsus  of  each  leg. 

The  Syringophiles  are  represented  in  the  domestic  birds  by  two  species — 
the  S.  bipectinatus  (Heller)  and  the  5.  uncinatus  (Heller). 


Fig.  96. — Syringophilus  bipecti- 
natus, female,  of  the  Fowl, 
seen  on  the  ventral  surface  ; 
magnified  one  hundred  dia- 
meters. 

a,  tarsus  of  the  fourth  pair  of 
legs,  seen  laterally ; magnified 
375  diameters. 


ACARIASES 


21 1 


The  S.  bipectinatus  shows  very  distinctly  the  two  combs  on  the  tarsi.  The 
male  measures  7 mm.  and  the  female  *9  mm.  long,  and  *14  mm.  to  *15  mm. 
broad.  It  lives  on  Poultry,  Guinea-fowl,  and  Pigeons.  Heller  found  it 
on  90  per  cent,  of  the  Fowls  he  examined  at  Kiel,  but  it  is  much  less  frequent 
in  France. 

The  S.  uneinatus  (Heller),  met  with  on  the  Peacock,  is  distinguished  from 
the  preceding  species  by  its  squat  shape,  smaller  combs,  and  the  presence  of 
strong  hooklets  on  the  palps. 

* The  Syringophiles  are  found  within  the  quills  of  the  wing-feathers  and  in 
those  of  the  tail,  and  often  also  in  those  of  the  wing-coverts.  In  the  affected 
feathers,  the  quill  has  lost  its  transparency,  and  instead  of  regular  cones 
formed  inside  by  the  retraction  of  the  pulp — as  seen  in  the  normal  state — 
there  is  only  an  opaque  or  powdery 
matter.  If  the  feather  is  split,  and  this 
matter  is  examined  microscopically,  it 
will  be  found  to  consist  of  living,  but 
almost  inert,  Syringophiles  of  all  ages, 
surrounded  by  the  skins  they  have 
shed,  their  dark-coloured  excreta,  and 
the  debris  of  the  cones  they  have  de- 
stroyed by  feeding  upon  them.  Isolated 
individuals  are  met  with  accidentally 
outside  the  feathers.  It  is  probable 
that  all  leave  the  interior  of  the  feathers 
in  the  autumn — when  these  become 
dry  and  are  about  to  be  shed — and 
seek  a new  habitation  in  the  young 
plumage  ’ (Trouessart). 

According  to  our  own  observations, 
however,  it  is  not  uncommon  to  find 
only  the  dead  bodies  of  the  parasites 
in  the  feathers  which  are  plucked  during 
the  winter. 

Trouessart  admits  that  they  find  their 
way  into  the  feather  by  its  upper 
umbilicus,  which  remains  widely  open 
during  the  whole  period  of  development, 
and  is  not  closed  until  the  quill  is  fused 
to  the  shaft,  which  springs  from  it  as 
from  a sheath ; on  the  contrary,  it  is  Fig.  97.- 
by  the  inferior  umbilicus  that  they 
should  make  their  exit,  but  only  after 
the  desiccation  and  death  of  the  feather 
in  the  autumn  moulting,  when  this 
orifice  becomes  free.  In  support  of  this 
opinion,  Trouessart  cites  what  he  has 
observed  in  the  Sarcoptidae  plumicoles, 

which  also  penetrate  more  or  less  accidentally  into  the  quills  of  the  feathers. 
The  alteration  in  the  pith  of  the  feather  has  no  influence  on  the  healthjM 
the  bird. 


-Megninia  asternalis,  of  the 
Pigeon. 

Male  and  pubescent  female 
coupled,  seen  on  the  ventral 
surface ; magnified  one  hundred 
diameters. 


IV.  Sarcoptidae. — The  nonpsoric  Sarcoptidae  of  Birds  belong  to 
three  of  the  six  families  or  tribes  into  which  this  family  is  divided 
(see  p.  103).  These  are  the  Sarcoptidce  plumicoles  or  Analgesince, 
the  Sarcoptidce  epidermicoles  or  Epidermoptince,  and  the  Sarcoptidce 
cysticoles  or  Cytcditince. 

a.  Sub-family  of  Analgesinae. — The  Sarcoptidae  plumicoles  are 
found  in  nearly  every  species  of  Bird — each  harbouring  one  or  more 
forms  which  are  special  to  it,  or  which  may  be  found  on  others. 

14 — 2 


212 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Often  the  same  species  is  met  with  on  all  the  Birds  of  the  same  family, 
and  there  may  be  a species  of  Bird  which  will  carry  as  many  as  four 
distinct  species  of  Acari  belonging  to  three  different  genera.  These 
Acari  live  between  the  barbules  of  the  feathers,  principally  those  of 
the  wings,  where,  during  life,  they  are  found  on  the  quill  feathers, 
sometimes  on  the  retrices  or  coverts.  They  are  entirely  inoffensive. 

According  to  Trouessart — whose  labours  have  thrown  great  light 
on  the  subject — the  drying  of  the  feather,  by  arresting  the  afflux 
of  fatty  matter  upon  which  the  insects  are  nourished,  compels  them 
to  emigrate  towards  the  root.  This  drying  may  be  produced 
either  by  the  death  of  the  bird,  by  moulting,  or  by  cold.  Thus,  in 
winter — as  Ch.  Robin  has  noted — very  few  Acari  are  found  between 
the  barbules  of  the  wing  feathers,  but  numerous  nymphae,  and  even 
adults,  are  observed  agglomerated  towards  the  upper  umbilicus  ; 
sometimes,  even  at  the  time  of  moulting,  they  seek  to  reach  the 
subcutaneous  connective  tissue  by  the  lower  umbilicus.  Certain 
species  seem  to  be  able  to  hibernate  in  the  quill.  When  the  bird 
dies,  they  often  leave  the  feathers  and  get  on  the  surface  of  the 
skin,  or  spread  themselves  into  places  different  to  those  they 
occupied  during  the  life  of  their  host. 

The  Analgesinae  are  distinguished  by  their  integuments,  which  are  always 
symmetrically  striated,  and  in  general  hardened  by  the  plastrons  that  are 
remarked  more  particularly  on  the  dorsal  surface.  The  legs  are  rarely  all 
alike,  especially  in  the  male,  which  often  has  the  third  pair  very  thick.  The 
posterior  extremity,  instead  of  being  simply  rounded,  is  usually  more  or  less 
deeply  lobulated,  particularly  in  the  males — although  sometimes  also  in  the 
females — and  ornamented  with  various  appendages  ; the  copulatory  suckers 
are  nearly  constantly  present  in  the  males. 

The  Analgesinae  may  be  divided  into  three  sub -tribes  in  the 
following  manner  : 

Adult  female  having  al-  /Males  slightly  different  from  the 
ways  the  abdomen  en-  females  by  the  development  of 
tire  or  scarcely  bilo-J  the  posterior  legs  . . . . Pterolichce. 

bate,  without  any  | Males  having  the  posterior  legs 
other  appendages  than  much  more  developed  than 
hairs.  \ the  females  . . . . Analgesce. 

Adult  female  having  the  abdomen  bilobate,  each  lobe  being 

terminated  by  glandiform  or  setiform  appendages  . . Proctophyllodce. 

The  Sarcoptidae  plumicoles  met  with  on  the  domesticated  Birds 
belong  to  the  genera  Freyana  Haller,  Pterolichus  Robin,  Falciger 
Trouessart,  Dermoglyphus , Megnin,  Megninia  Berlese,  and  Procto- 
phyllodes  Robin — ( Pterophagus  Megnin).  The  characters  of  these 
genera  are  indicated  in  the  following  table  : 

. / A dorsal  cuirass  /The  two  pairs  of  posterior  legs  sub- 
^ ' abdominal  . . . . . . Freyana. 

! The  two  pairs  f Males  alike  . . . . Pterolichus. 

of  posterior-! 

\ legs  lateral  [Males  dimorphous  . . Falciger. 

No  dorsal  cuirass  . . . . . . . . Dermoglyphus. 

A nalgesce.  Anterior  legs  spinous  . . . . . . Megninia. 

Proctophyllodce.  Female  with  bulging  abdominal  lobes,  Proctophyllodes 
setiferous  . . . . . . . . . . ( Pterophagus ). 


ACARIASES 


213 


On  the  Fowl  are  found  the  Pterolichus  obtusus  Robin  ; the  Dermo - 
glyphus  minor — Analges  minor — Norner,  found  by  Norner  in  the 
quill  of  the  feathers ; 
the  Dermoglyphus  elon- 
gatus  Meg.,  which  we 
have  seen  in  abundance 
in  the  quill  feathers  ; 
the  Megninia  cubitalis 
Megnin,  and  the  Meg- 
ninia asternalis  Megnin. 

The  two  last  - named 
species  are  principally 
distinguished  by  the 
first  being  a little  longer 
— the  female  *40  mm., 
and  the  male  *45  mm. 

— having  the  abdominal 
lobes  of  the  male  artic- 
ulated, and  furnished 
with  two  unequal 
bristles  and  three  hairs; 
while  in  the  Megninia 
asternalis,  the  two 
bristles  are  equal  and 
very  long,  and  the  ab- 
dominal lobes,  which 
are  not  articulated,  are 
bordered  internally  by 
a notched  membrane. 

In  the  Turkey  has 
been  found  the  Frey  ana 
Chanayi  Trouessart ; 
in  the  Pheasant,  the 
Pterolichus  obtusus 
Robin  — which  lives 
also  on  the  Fowl — the 
Pterolichus  uncinatus 
Megnin,  and  the  Meg- 
ninia ginglymur  a 
Megnin.  The  two 
species  of  Pterolichus 
are  distinguished  by 
the  extremity  of  the 
male  abdomen,  which 
is  simply  bilobate,  each 
lobe  having  two  bristles, 
in  the  Pt.  obtusus  ; while 
in  the  Pt.  uncinatus 
triangular  lobes. 


Fig.  98. — Falciger  rostratus  of  the  Pigeon,  male, 
seen  on  the  ventral  surface  ; magnified  one 
hundred  diameters. — Railliet. 


it  is  deeply  notched  into  two  prismatic 


214 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  only  Analgesinse  observed  on  the  Guinea-fowl  are  the 
Dermoglyphus  varians  Trouessart,  and  the  Derm,  minor — Analges 
minor — Norner,  var.  similis.  The  first — which  is  perhaps  only  a 
variety  of  the  Derm,  elongatus  found  on  the  Fowl — is  distinguished 
by  the  presence  of  a transparent,  conical  prolongation  at  the 
posterior  commissure  of  the  anus. 

The  Duck  harbours  the  Freyana  anatina  Koch,  and  the  Megninia 
velata  Megnin. 

The  Analgesinae  of  the  Pigeon  are  the  Falciger  rostratus  Bucholz, 
the  Megninia  asternalis — which  also  infests  the  Fowl — and  the 
Pterophagus  strictis  Megnin.  Ziirn  has  described,  under  the  name 
of  ‘ Federmilbe  der  Tauben,’  an  Acarian  which  appears  to  us  to  be 
only  the  Megninia  asternalis.  The  Pigeons  on  which  he  found  it 
had  incredible  quantities  of  it,  and  died  in  a state  of  profound 
marasmus,  which  he  attributed  to  this  acariasis. 

The  Falciger  rostratus  offers  a special  peculiarity.  According  to  Megnin, 
it  may  undergo  deviations  in  its  metamorphoses  when  there  occur  any  changes 
in  the  normal  conditions  of  its  existence.  If,  for  example,  the  moulting  of 
the  Bird — and  consequent  dryness  of  the  skin — happens  to  deprive  the  parasite 
of  aliment  or  of  necessary  warmth,  the  colony  will  perish  without  the  inter- 
vention of  the  interesting  phenomenon  described  by  Megnin.  The  normal 
nympha,  instead  of  being  transformed  into  a young  pubescent  male  or  female, 
becomes  a hypopous  nympha — that  is,  it  is  dilated,  and  from  its  envelopes 
issue  an  acarian  form  quite  different  from  the  normal  shape,  the  conformation 
of  which  is  appropriate  to  a new  kind  of  life.  This  acarian  form  is  elongated, 
vermicular,  and  destitute  of  rostrum  and  internal  organs.  It  introduces  itself, 
by  the  feather-follicles,  into  the  subdermic  connective  tissue,  and  contrives 
to  live  there  for  some  time  by  cutaneous  absorption.  Then,  when  the  normal 
conditions  of  its  existence  are  re-established,  it  finds  its  way  to  the  exterior 
by  the  same  channel,  assumes  its  primitive  form,  and  subsequently  resumes 
its  regular  evolution. 

This  transitory  and  accidental  form  has  been  named  by  Megnin  an 
adventive  or  hypopial  nympha.  It  was  allotted,  before  him,  to  a particular 
genus,  the  Hypodectes  Philippi,  in  which  several  species — found  on  different 
Birds — were  described  ; they  are  also  probably  different  hypopial  forms 
of  the  Sarcoptidae  plumicoles. 

These  Hypodectes  had  already  been  found  on  several  Birds  when  they 
were  met  with,  for  the  first  time,  on  the  Pigeon  by  Ch.  Robertson,  in  1866. 
They  were  chiefly  found  in  the  subcutaneous  connective  tissue  around  the 
large  veins  of  the  neck,  and  on  the  surface  of  the  pericardium  ; when  they 
were  few  in  number,  it  was  only  in  these  two  regions  they  were  located. 
Robertson  examined  a considerable  number  of  Pigeons,  wild  and  tame,  and 
rarely  found  them  free  from  these  Acari. 

Slosarski — quoted  by  Megnin — studied  them  in  1872,  and  made  a new 
species  of  Hypodect,  which  he  designated  H.  columbce. 

The  presence  of  these  hypopial  nymphae  in  the  subcutaneous  connective 
tissue  does  not  cause  any  appreciable  disturbance,  and  appears  to  have  no 
influence  on  the  health. 

b.  Sub-family  of  the  Epidermoptinae. — Rivolta,  Caparini,  Fried- 
berger,  and  Railliet  and  Lucet,  have  observed  a cutaneous  acariasis 
of  Fowls  which  they  considered  of  a psoric  character.  It  was  due 
to  two  allied  species,  for  which  Rivolta  created  the  genus  Epi- 
dermoptes.  One  is  the  E.  bilobatus,  and  it  has  been  regarded  by 
Caparini  and  Friedberger  as  a Symbiot — Symbiotes  avium  Caparini. 


ACARIASES 


215 


The  other  species — first  seen  by  Rivolta — is  the  Epidermoptes 
bijurcatus 

The  Epidermoptinae  are  very  small,  and  present  the  facies  of  the 
Sarcoptidae  plumicoles,  especially  the  genera  Pterolichus  and 
Pteronyssu s.  But  their  integuments  and  epimeres  are  always 
colourless,  or  very  faintly  tinged. 

These  Acari  usually  live  on  the  surface  of  the  skin,  at  the  bottom 
of  the  plumage  among  the  down.  In  certain  circumstances,  they 
multiply  to  excess,  and  their  presence  coincides  with  an  intense 
pityriasis,  which  they  may  occasion. 

From  published  observations,  the  Epidermoptes  have  been  found 
in  considerable  numbers  on  diseased  Fowls.  In  the  parts  which  were 


Fig.  99. — Epidermoptes  bilobatus  of 
the  Fowl  ; male,  seen  on  the  ven- 
tral surface;  magnified  150  dia- 
meters. 


Fig.  ioo. — Epidermoptes  bilobatus  of 
the  Fowl ; female,  seen  on  the  ven- 
tral surface ; magnified  150  dia- 
meters. 


affected,  the  skin  was  covered  with  large,  thin,  pale-yellow,  stratified 
scales,  which  formed  a sort  of  embedded  horn  inside  the  tube  of 
the  feathers,  at  the  points  where  these  were  implanted  (Caparini). 
The  skin  was  also  covered  with  dry,  dirty,  greyish- yellow  crusts, 
from  1 mm.  to  1*5  mm.  thick,  similar  to  bread-paste.  These  were 
on  the  bare  places,  and  especially  on  those  which  are  quilled,  and  at 
the  base  of  the  erect  feathers  (Friedberger).  The  Epidermoptes 
bilobatus  and  bijurcatus  cause  a ‘ furfuraceous  scabies,’  characterized 
by  the  production  of  dirty  yellow  scales,  which  are  especially 
accumulated  at  the  base  of  the  feathers  (Rivolta).  Over  the  entire 
surface  of  the  body,  with  the  exception  of  the  head,  there  are 
crusted  patches  which  may  be  of  the  dimensions  of  a four-shilling 
piece  and  a thickness  of  5 mm.  or  6 mm.  ; these  contain  the  Epi - 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


216 


dermoptes  bilobatus,  associated  with  the  Sarcoptes  Icevis,  var.  gallince 
(Railliet  and  Lucet).  The  malady  may  occupy  various  points  of 
the  surface  of  the  skin,  and  exceptionally  the  head  (Caparini)  ; 
the  head  and  neck  (Friedberger)  ; the  head,  neck,  region  of  the 
crop,  armpits,  wings,  and  chest  (Rivolta). 

In  at  least  several  instances,  the  Epidermoptes  were  inoffensive, 
and  did  not  produce  the  lesions  that  have  been  described.  Thus, 
on  some  pieces,  preserved  in  alcohol  and  obtained  from  a fowl, 
Caparini  has  remarked  the  presence  of  the  fungus  of  favus,  which 
was  evidently  the  cause  of  the  dermatosis.  Trouessart  has  found 
the  Epid.  bif meatus  on  a Fowl,  the  skin  of  which  was  healthy. 
But  we  have  met  with  the  Epid.  bilobatus  in  considerable  numbers 
on  a cachectic  Fowl,  the  skin  on  the  trunk  of  which  was  covered  by  a 

whitish  squamous  layer  resem- 
bling the  crumb  of  dried  bread. 

In  cases  of  dermatosis  sup- 
posed to  be  caused  by  the  Epi- 
dermoptes, it  will  be  well  to 
make  certain  if  the  disease  is 
not  rather  due  to  favus. 

c.  Sub-family  of  the  Cytodi- 
tinae. — The  Sarcoptidae  cysti- 
coles,  or  Cytoditinae,  live  exclu- 
sively on  Birds — in  the  sub-cuta- 
neous or  intermuscular  connec- 
tive tissue,  in  that  surrounding 
the  respiratory  organs,  or  in  the 
air-sacs.  Notwithstanding  their 
deep  habitat,  we  think  it  useful 
to  study  them  here,  when  de- 
scribing the  ether  acariases. 
They  are  distinct  from  the  hypo- 

Fig. ”101* — Cytodiies  nudus  of  the  Fowl,  P‘al  nymph*  of  the  Sarcoptidae 
seen  on  the  ventral  surface  ; magnified  phimicoles  mentioned  above, 
one  hundred  diameters. — Railliet.  and  are  divided  into  two  genera 

— Cytodites  and  Laminosioptes. 
The  first  were  seen  in  1859,  by  Gerlach,  who  considered  them  to 
be  Sarcoptes.  They  were  again  found  in  1864,  by  Zundel,  and  in 
1868  by  Vizioli,  who  described  them,  as  well  as  the  second.  They 
have  since  been  met  with  by  a number  of  observers. 

The  genus  Cytodites  (x^ros,  a cavity)  was  established  in  1877  by 
Megnin,  who  justly  separated  it  from  the  genus  Sarcoptes,  to  which 
this  form  had  been  allotted  by  Gerlach  and  Vizioli.  But  there  was 
no  sufficient  taxonomic  reason  for  his  proposing,  at  a later  period, 
to  exchange  this  name  for  that  of  Cytoleichus.  Only  one  species  is 
known — the  Cytodites  nudus  (Vizioli,  Cytoleichus  sarcoptoides 
Megnin,  Sarcoptes  Gerlachi  Rivolta). 

This^Acarian  has  a rounded,  whitish,  and  nearly  glabrous  body  without 
visible  striae,  prolonged  in  front  by  a conical  rostrum,  without  cheeks,  which 


ACARIASES 


21 7 


forms  a tubular  sucker.  The  legs  are  strong,  conical,  elongated,  composed 
of  five  articles,  which  are  disposed  as  in  the  Sarcoptes,  and  all  are  terminated 
by  a sucker  with  a simple  pedicle.  The  male  is  about  '45  mm*  long  and  *30  mm. 
broad,  and  has  a conical  penis  in  front  of  the  anus.  The  ovigerous  female 
is  -56  mm.  long,  and  about  ‘40  mm.  broad  ; she  shows  a vulva — tocostome — 
in  the  form  of  a longitudinal  slit  between  the  two  posterior  pairs  of  legs  ; it 
is  ovoviviparous  or  oviparous,  and  may  produce  larvae  or  eggs,  according 
as  the  latter  remain  for  a long  or  short  period  in  the  oviduct. 


The  Cytodites  species  inhabit  the  air-sacs  of  the  Gallinacei,  and 
especially  Fowls  and  Pheasants,  and  by  reason  of  their  relatively 
greater  size  and  their  white  tint,  they  are  readily  seen  by  the 
naked  eye.  They 
enter  the  bronchi, 
and  even  reach  the 
air-canals  in  the 
bones.  Gerlach  has 
attributed  to  them 
the  enteritis  he 
witnessed  among 
Poultry,  in  which 
he  found  them ; and 
Zundel  believed 
they  caused  enter- 
itis and  peritonitis. 

Zschokke  has  seen 
them  in  the  lungs, 
trachea,  and  an- 
terior air-sacs,  in 
the  midst  of  yellow 
gelatinous  masses, 
deposits  of  false 
membranes,  and 
abundant  quanti- 
ties of  mucus ; but 
he  was  not  certain 
whether  there  was 
not  a mere  simple 

coincidence  between  this  diphtheria  and  the  internal  acariasis.  The 
disease  ran  the  course  of  a contagious  affection,  and  was  rapidly  fatal. 

At  the  autopsy  of  several  Fowls  from  the  same  poultry- yard, 
which  had  been  ill  for  a long  time,  Holzendorff  found  in  the  lungs, 
liver,  kidneys,  etc.,  a great  number  of  yellow,  miliary  nodules,  and 
in  the  thorax  innumerable  parasites  (Cytodites),  which  were  also 
recognised  in  the  nodules. 

But  the  Cytodites  species  often  exist  in  large  numbers  in  the  air- 
sacs,  without  betraying  their  presence  during  the  life  of  their  host ; 
and  it  is  only  when  they  are  extremely  numerous,  and  crowding  in 
the  bronchi,  that  they  may  cause  fits  of  coughing  by  irritating  the 
mucous  membrane.  Megnin  has  seen  them  on  one  occasion  cause 
death  by  congestion,  obstruction  of  the  bronchi,  and  asphyxia. 


Fig.  102. — Cytodites  nudus  of  the  Fowl ; an  ovigerous 
female,  seen  on  the  ventral  surface  ; magnified  one 
hundred  diameters. — Railliet. 


2l8 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  genus  Laminosioptes  (Megnin)  contains  only  one  species — the  L.  cysti- 
cola (Vizioli).  It  is  an  Acarian  with  an  oblong  body  more  than  twice  as  long 
as  it  is  broad,  having  several  pairs  of  bristles  on  the  upper  surface  and  a long 
pair  at  the  posterior  extremity.  It  is  divided  by  a circular  transverse  furrow 
into  two  portions  ; the  anterior  carries  the  rostrum  and  the  two  first  pairs  of 
legs  ; the  posterior  has  the  two  other  pairs,  the  anus,  and  the  orifice  of  the 
genital  organs.  The  integument  is  finely  striated  transversely,  and  the  colour 
is  greyish.  The  legs  are  short,  glabrous,  and  provided  with  suckers  having 
a simple  pedicle  ; the  suckers  are  temporary  on  the  two  anterior  parts,  per- 
sistent on  the  posterior  pairs.  The  rostrum  is  analogous  to  that  of  the 
Sarcoptes  ; the  anus  is  sub-abdominal.  The  male  is  *22  mm.  long  and  *io  mm. 
broad  ; it  has  the  penis  between  the  anus  and  the  base  of  the  posterior  legs. 
The  ovigerous  female  is  *25  mm.  long  and  *n  mm.  broad  ; it  has  its  tocostome 
between  the  bases  of  the  two  pairs  of  posterior  legs. 


Fig.  103. — Laminosioptes  cysiicola  of  Fig.  104. — Laminosioptes  cysticola  of 
the  Fowl ; male,  seen  on  the  ven-  the  Fowl  ; ovigerous  female,  seen 

tral  surface  ; magnified  200  dia-  on  the  ventral  surface  ; magnified 

meters. — Railliet.  200  diameters. — Railliet. 

The  Laminosioptes  cysticola  is  special  to  the  Gallinacei ; it  lives 
in  the  connective  tissue,  and  does  not  appear  to  produce  any  lesions 
capable  of  affecting  the  health  of  the  Birds.  Nevertheless,  when 
many  exist  on  a host,  they  cause  irritation  of  the  subcutaneous 
connective  tissue  with  the  formation  of  nodules,  in  which  may  be 
found  the  dead  parasites.  These  nodules — first  noticed  by  Voigt- 
lander,  then  by  Vizioli,  and  other  observers — are  yellow,  oval 
bodies  from  *25  mm.  to  ’50  mm.  and  1 mm.  long,  and  are  sometimes 
so  abundant  that  as  many  as  a hundred  will  be  found  on  two  and 
a half,  square  centimetres  of  surface  (Vizioli).  The  contents  are 


ACARIASES 


219 


soft,  granular,  and  adipose  or  calcareous — in  fact,  much  like  those 
of  tubercle.  They  may  be  found  on  the  abdominal  viscera,  and  in 
the  peritoneum,  as  also  in  the  muscles  and  beneath  the  skin  ; in 
the  latter  instance;  they  can  be  seen  through  the  integument,  and 
may  even  be  discovered  among  the  epidermic  scurf  (Rivolta). 
They  have  been  seen  in  Fowls,  Pheasants,  and  Turkeys.  Heller,  of 
Kiel,  states  that  he  has  met  with  them  in  70  per  cent,  of  the  Fowls, 
he  has  examined.  They  are  especially  frequent  in  old  and  cachectic 
birds. 


Article  II. — Psoric  Acariases. 

The  psoric  Sarcoptidae  that  live  on  Birds  belong  to  the  genus 
Sarcoptes  ; but  they  offer  external  characters  and  a kind  of  life 
that  justifies  their  union  into  one  section  or  sub-genus — the 
Knemidokoptes  of  Fiirstenberg  ( Dermatoryktes  Ehlers). 

These  parasites  have  the  body  orbicular,  destitute  of  squamiform  promi- 
nences and  of  spinules  on  the  notogastrum.  Each  of  the  epimeres  of  the  first 
pair  of  legs  sends  over  the  back  a prolongation,  which  joins  its  congener  in 
such  a manner  as  to  limit  a rectangular  plastron.  The  anus  is  situated  at 


Fig.  105. — Sarcoptes  mutans  of  the  Fig.  106. — Sarcoptes  mutans  of  the 
Fowl ; male,  seen  on  the  dorsal  Fowl  ; ovigerous  female,  seen  on 

surface  ; magnified  one  hundred  the  dorsal  surface  ; magnified  one 

diameters.  hundred  diameters. — Railliet. 

the  posterior  part  of  the  notogastrum.  The  males,  nymphae  and  larvae,  are 
provided  on  all  the  legs  with  the  suckers  that  characterize  the  other  Sarcoptes, 
which  they  much  resemble  in  their  general  form.  The  pubescent  and  ovi- 
gerous females  are  globular  in  shape,  and  almost  glabrous  ; their  legs — which 
are  very  short  and  conical — are  destitute  of  suckers,  and  terminate  in  two 
unequal  hooklets.  They  are  ovoviviparous. 

The  Sarcoptidae  avicoles  actually  known  have  been  divided  into 
three  species,  only  two  of  which  live  on  the  domestic  Birds — these 
are  Sarcoptes  mutans  and  Sarcoptes  Icevis. 


220 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  Sarcoptes  mutans  (Rob.,  Knemidokoptes  viviparus  Fiirst.)  has — in  the 
female — the  dorsal  surface  covered  with  mammiliform  integumentary  pro- 
minences ; the  length  of  the  parasite  is  *40  mm.  to  ’45  mm.,  and  breadth 
•35  mm.  to  *38  mm.,  while  the  male  is  *20  mm.  long  and  ‘15  mm.  broad,  and 
is  destitute  of  copulatory  suckers,  like  all  the  other  Sarcoptes  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  following  species. 

This  Sarcopt  lives  on  the  Fowl,  and  causes  the  leg  scabies. 

The  Sarcoptes  laevis  (Railliet)  has  no  dorsal  integumentary  prominences  in 
the  female,  but  very  fine  parallel,  regular  ridges  ; the  male  has  two  small 
copulatory  suckers.  The  dimensions  are  less  than  in  the  preceding  species 
(Figs.  108,  109,  no). 

This  species  comprises  two  varieties  : 

5.  Icevis,  var.  columbce. — The  epimeres  of  the  first  pair  of  legs  are  joined  in 
a Y shape  in  the  male,  and  are  united  in  the  female  by  a transverse  piece  in 
the  form  of  a circumflex  accent.  Male  from  140  /x  to  170  /x  long,  and  no  /x  to 
120  fi  broad.  Ovigerons  female  from  270  /z  to  310  /x  long,  and  230  /z  to  270  /x 
broad.  Discovered  by  Railliet  and  Cadiot,  in  1855,  at  the  base  of  the  feathers 
of  a messenger  Pigeon. 

5.  Icevis,  var.  gallince. — The  epimeres  of  the  first  pair  of  legs  remain  free  in 
the  female.  Male  from  170  fx  to  180  /z  long,  and  from  120  /x  to  130  /z  broad. 
Ovigerous  female  from  310  /z  to  350  [x  long,  and  270  /x  to  300  /z  broad.  Dis- 
covered by  Railliet  in  1886  on  a Fowl. 


§ i. — Scabies  of  the  Legs. 

Known  for  a long  time  as  a dermatosis,  the  scabies  of  Fowls  (gale  des  pattes, 
grappe,  blanc ) has  only  been  considered  as  an  acariasis  since  1859,  when 
Ch.  Robin  and  Lanquetin  discovered  the  parasite — the  Sarcoptes  mutans — 
and  when  Reynal  and  Lanquetin  gave  a description  of  the  disease.  It  has 
since  been  studied  by  numerous  authorities,  who  have  witnessed  it  on  Turkeys, 
Pheasants,  Partridges,  and  small  birds  in  aviaries — such  as  Bullfinches, 
Goldfinches,  Paroquets,  etc.  (Megnin). 

Symptoms. — Reynal  and  Lanquetin  state  that  the  malady  may 
be  seated  on  the  head  or  the  legs,  or  both  regions  at  the  same  time. 
But  those  who  have  followed  them — Unterberger,  Furstenburg, 
Megnin,  etc. — have  only  seen  it  on  the  legs.  We  have  shown  that 
in  the  observations  of  Reynal  and  Lanquetin  a serious  mistake  was 
made  through  the  co-existence  of  favus — seated  on  the  head — and 
scabies — located  on  the  feet.  The  result  of  all  the  reliable  observa- 
tions goes  to  prove  that  this  psoric  affection  is  exclusively  confined 
to  the  legs. 

The  Sarcoptes  mutans  lives  under  the  epidermic  scales  covering 
the  anterior  surface  of  the  tarsi  and  the  upper  part  of  the  toes,  and 
by  its  presence  it  soon  sets  up  an  irritation  that  is  manifested  in  the 
elevation  of  these  scales,  owing  to  the  formation  of  a white  powdery 
matter  that  remains  agglutinated  by  the  exuded  serum.  There  are 
gradually  formed  rough  crusts,  which  are  greyish  externally,  white 
internally,  irregular  in  shape  and  mammillated,  and  which  finish  by 
invading  the  whole  of  the  digital  region.  They  are  few  on  the 
inferior  face  of  the  toes  and  behind  the  tarsi ; they  are  very  adherent, 
and  when  detached,  the  irritated  and  bleeding  skin,  somewhat 
honey-combed,  is  exposed.  In  examining  these  crusts  by  means  of 
a hand-lens  or  microscope,  the  inferior  surface  is  seen  to  be  excavated 
by  an  infinite  number  of  alveoli,  each  of  which  is  moulded,  as^it 


ACARIASES 


221 


were,  on  the  body  of  the  female  Sarcopt  lodged  therein.  For  they 
are  nearly  always  ovigerous  when  they  occupy  these  depressions,  in 
which  they  lie  squat  and  immovable,  the  ventral  surface  being 
turned  towards  the  crust  ; they  are  recognised  by  their  regular 
form  and  the  rusty  colour  of  their  epimeres.  Larvae,  nymphae, 
pubescent  females,  and  a very  small  number  of  males,  wander 
beneath  the  crusts  ; no  eggs  are  found  except  by  chance,  and  these 
have  escaped  from  the  ovigerous 
females  which  have  been  accidentally 
crushed. 

The  entire  substance  of  the  crust  is 
so  excavated  by  cavities  that  it  is 
quite  spongy,  and  greatly  resembles 
the  crumb  of  dried  bread  The  alveoli 
become  smaller  as  they  are  more 
superficial,  owing  to  drying  of  the 
crust,  or  external  pressure  on  it ; but 
the  deeper  ones  alone  contain  the 
Sarcoptes,  which  abandon  the  cavities 
as  these  become  old,  and  therefore 
farther  removed  from  the  moist  surface 
of  the  derma  There  are  no  furrows, 
as  in  the  other  forms  of  sarcoptic 
scabies ; but  an  epidermic  proliferation 
takes  place  around  the  motionless 
ovigerous  female,  which  has  penetrated 
beneath  the  epidermis  after  copula- 
tion. 

The  prominence  of  the  crusts  exposes 
them  to  cold,  and  to  damage  that 
breaks  them,  and  causes  a sanguinolent 
effusion  into  the  fissures  at  their  base  ; 
the  movements  of  the  joints — other- 
wise much  compressed  and  restrained 
— also  bring  this  about.  Progression 
and  standing  are  difficult ; the  Bird  is 
lame,  arthritis  appears,  and  it  is  not 
rare  to  see  a phalanx,  or  even  an  entire 
toe,  fall  off.  Fig.  107. — The  foot  of  a Fowl 

The  disease  is  accompanied  by  a affected  with  scabies, 
moderate  degree  of  pruritus,  which 

is  more  intense  at  night  or  during  warm  weather,  and  which 
the  Fowl  manifests  by  scratching,  and  often  attacking  the  affected 
parts  with  its  beak. 

This  scabies  runs  a very  slow  course,  and  may  continue  for  six 
or  eight  months,  or  even  a year  Gradually  the  general  health  is 
affected  ; the  Fowls  become  emaciated,  cease  to  lay,  lose  their 
appetite,  and  succumb  to  marasmus  or  to  an  intercurrent  affection. 

The  most  usual  complications  are  favus,  diphtheria,  and  psoro- 


222 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


spermosis  ; but  it  is  to  the  two  last-named  diseases,  and  to  tubercu- 
losis, that  the  hepatic,  and  sometimes  the  pulmonary  tubercles 
mentioned  by  Reynal  and  Lanquetin  as  lesions  of  the  scabies, 
really  belong. 

In  a cock  affected  with  sarcoptic  scabies,  Csokor  found  the 
conjunctive  swollen  and  red,  and  discharging  much  purulent 
mucus  ; though  the  ocular  globe  was  bright  and  the  vision  intact. 
The  use  of  an  appropriate  collyrium  cured  this  condition. 

Etiology,  Contagion. — Contagion — the  real  cause  of  the  malady — 
occurs  through  the  cohabitation  of  healthy  with  diseased  Fowls  ; 
the  agent  being  the  Sarcoptes  mutans  in  its  various  stages,  save  that 
of  the  ovigerous  female,  of  which  the  immobility  is  nearly  absolute. 
When  the  Poultry  do  not  get  much  exercise,  and  are  confined  in  small 
places,  they  run  much  risk  of  being  infested  by  wandering  acari 
from  the  manure.  However,  the  contagion  is  not  subtle,  for  Fowls 
remain  a long  time  healthy  in  the  midst  of  diseased  ones  ; and 
according  to  the  observation  of  Friedberger,  some  very  severely 
affected  ones  may  be  seen  in  poultry-yards  where  all  the  others 
are  free  from  the  malady. 

Breed  appears  to  us  to  have  a real  influence  in  the  etiology  of  the 
disease.  Common-bred  Fowls  resist  contagion  much  longer  than 
exotic  breeds.  Reynal  and  Lanquetin  observed  that  the  malady  is 
more  frequent  in  the  Cochin-China  breeds  and  its  varieties  than  in 
the  Dorking  and  Brahmapootra  breed.  Perhaps  this  predisposition 
is  related  to  the  thinner  skin  in  these  breeds. 

The  disease  is  contagious  for  the  Gallinacei,  Passeres,  and  Climbers ; 
it  has  not  been  observed  on  Palmipedes.  Reynal  and  Lanquetin 
represent  it  as  transmissible  to  Man,  Equines,  and  Ruminants  ; but 
the  evidence  they  furnish  in  support  of  their  statement  refers  rather 
to  the  Dermanyssus,  and  not  to  the  Sarcoptes  mutans. 

Treatment. — To  prevent  the  infection  of  healthy  Fowls,  it  is 
necessary  that  the  diseased  be  separated  from  them,  and  the  locality 
these  occupied  be  thoroughly  (Jisinfected  by  washing  with  medicated 
boiling  water,  such  washings  to  be  extended  to  the  perches,  beams, 
etc.,  of  the  roost. 

The  medical  treatment  should  have  for  its  object  the  removal 
of  the  crusts,  and  the  prevention  of  their  reappearance.  They  may 
be  removed  by  means  of  the  finger-nail,  or  a small  brush  dipped  in 
tepid  water  ; but  this  is  painful  for  the  Bird.  It  is  preferable  to 
soften  them  in  a tepid  alkaline  bath  for  a few  minutes,  then  remove 
them  without  causing  bleeding  ; then,  when  the  parts  are  dry,  a 
layer  of  Helmerich’s  pomade  is  to  be  applied  to  them.  Generally, 
two  days  afterwards  this  ointment  may  be  washed  off  by  means  of 
soap,  when  a cure  will  be  found  to  have  been  effected. 

Carbolic  acid  ointment — i part  of  carbolic  acid  to  io  or  20  of 
lard  ; creosote  ointment — 1 of  creosote  to  20  of  lard  ; benzinated 
oil— -1  of  benzine  to  10  of  sweet  oil ; iodine,  and  petroleum  ointment 
have  also  been  recommended.  But  these  means,  though  more  active 
than  Helmerich’s  pomade,  may  have  a bad  effect  on  the  general 


ACARIASES 


223 


health  of  the  Fowls,  especially  if  they  are  young.  The  balsam  of 
Peru  is  not  inconvenient ; its  odour  is  agreeable  and  its  effect 
certain ; it  is  to  be  applied  once  a day  for  two  or  three  days.  When 
the  disease  is  cured,  it  may  be  advisable,  in  order  to  calm  the 
irritation  which  sometimes  persists  in  the  skin,  to  smear  over  the 
parts  with  sweet  oil,  cream,  vaseline,  glycerin,  butter,  etc. 


§ 2. — Scabies  of  the  Body,  Depluming  Scabies. 

This  form  of  scabies  was  first  observed  by  Railliet  and  Cadiot,  on 
a carrier-Pigeon  from  Brussels.  This  bird  had  been  affected  for  more 
than  a year  with  a disease  of  the  skin  characterized  by  somewhat  acute 
irritation,  and  accompanied  by  an  abundant  production  of  epidermic 
scurf  and  shedding  of  the 
feathers,  which  broke  off  at 
the  surface  of  the  epidermis, 
the  remaining  part  becoming 
a powdery  mass  which  the 
slightest  pressure  extruded. 

The  Sarcoptes  were  found 
at  the  base  of  the  feathers. 

The  affection  yielded  to  the 
daily  application  of  sulphur 
lotion,  continued  for  a cer- 
tain time.  Friedberger  has 
published  a similar  observa- 
tion. 

Railliet  for  the  first  time 
observed  scabies  of  the  body 
of  Fowls  in  1868,  in  a 
poultry- yard  in  Normandy. 

He  has  since  found  it  in  the 
environs  of  Paris,  and  is 
informed  that  it  is  very 
common.  We  have  seen  it 
affecting  Poultry  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Carcas- 
sonne. 

‘ The  disease  appears  in 

poultry-yards  in  consequence  of  the  introduction  of  one  or  more 
affected  Fowls,  and  is  transmitted  with  such  remarkable  rapidity 
that  in  a few  days  the  whole  run  is  invaded.  It  usually 
begins  on  the  rump,  then  spreads  to  the  neighbouring  parts — 
thighs,  back,  and  belly ; and  often  the  head  and  upper  part 
of  the  neck  are  early  affected.  The  feathers  fall  off  at  all  these 
points,  and  finally  the  skin  is  left  denuded  over  a vast  extent 
of  surface  ; though  the  larger  feathers  of  the  tail  and  wings, 
as  well  as  those  of  the  wing-coverts,  are  generally  retained.  The 


Fig.  108. — Sarcoptes  Icevis,  var.  gallince  ; 
male,  seen  on  the  ventral  surface  ; mag- 
nified 200  diameters. — Railliet. 


224 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


denuded  skin  always  presents  a normal  appearance — remaining 
supple,  smooth,  and  not  perceptibly  thickened.  In  pulling  out  the 
feathers  that  remain  in  the  vicinity  of  the  invaded  parts,  it  is  easy 
to  find — in  Pigeons — a mass  of  whitish  epidermic  layers,  occupying 
the  limit  of  the  quill  and  the  shaft,  and  containing  a variable 
number  of  Sarcoptes  * (Railliet). 

As  a rule,  the  health  is  not  impaired,  though  sometimes  the  Fowls 
become  emaciated,  the  skin  around  the  croup  becomes  of  a bright- 
red  colour,  egg-laying  is  diminished,  and  the  flesh  is  insipid  to 


eat.  The  malady  is  usually 
more  intense  in  cocks,  which 
sometimes  die  in  a cachectic 
state. 

This  body  scabies  prevails 
most  in  the  spring  and 


Fig.  109. — Sarcoptes  Icevis,  var. 
gallince ; ovigerous  female,  seen 
on  the  dorsal  surface  ; magni- 
fied one  hundred  diameters. — 
Railliet. 


Fig.  no. — Sarcoptes  Icevis,  var.  gallince 
larva,  seen  on  the  ventral  surface ; 
magnified  200  diameters. — Railliet. 


summer,  and  disappears  more  or  less  completely  at  the  commence- 
ment of  autumn,  usuallyreturning  in  March  or  April.  It  appears  to 
us  that  contagion  is  more  particularly  effected  during  copulation 
of  the  Poultry,  the  region  of  the  rump  being  that  which  is  nearly 
always  the  first  to  be  invaded.  A cock  affected  with  the  malady 
will  rapidly  infect  all  the  Fowls  in  the  poultry-yard. 

This  somewhat  common  disease  has  often  been  mistaken  for  an 
abnormal  moulting,  early  or  late  ; and  at  least  the  majority  of 
cases  of  piquage  ought  probably  to  be  ascribed  to  it.  This  piquage 


ACARIASES 


225 


is  an  affection  which  prevails  in  poultry-yards,  and  is  recognised  by 
the  scanty  and  miserable  condition  of  the  plumage.  The  Fowls 
naturally  peck  out  their  feathers,  being  impelled  thereto,  not,  as  is 
generally  believed,  by  mischief  or  imitative  habit,  but  by  a sensation 
of  pruritus  or  malaise , which  causes  them  to  render  each  other  this 
reciprocal  service. 

The  treatment  of  this  ‘ body  scabies,’  or  ‘ depluming  scabies  ’ — as 
Railliet  has  termed  it — is  simple,  and  somewhat  the  same  as  that 
recommended  for  dermanyssic  scabies  and  phthiriasis. 


15 


CHAPTER  VI 


CUTANEOUS  HELMINTHIASES 

Among  the  domesticated  animals,  the  Horse,  Dog,  Ox,  and  Sheep 
are  alone  mentioned  as  being  attacked  with  affections  due  to 
Nematodes  living  on  the  surface  of  the  skin,  in  its  substance,  or  in 
the  subcutaneous  connective  tissue. 

These  Nematodes  have  all  been  placed  in  the  genus  Filaria 
(Muller),  thus  characterized  : 

Body  slender,  very  elongated,  and  80  to  too  times  longer  than  it  is  thick. 
Mouth  of  variable  form,  sometimes  encircled  by  lips,  and  often  furnished 
with  papillae.  (Esophagus  thin,  and  not  forming  a distinct  ventriculus. 
Male,  tail  curved  or  spiral,  sometimes  provided  with  lateral  membranous 
wings  ; nearly  always  furnished  with  four  pre-anal  papillae  and  a variable 
number  of  post-anal  ones  ; one  or  two  unequal  spicules.  Female  provided 
with  a double  ovary,  and  a vulva  situated  very  near  the  mouth  ; most  fre- 
quently ovo  viviparous. 

The  Filariae  are  more  particularly  parasites  of  the  serous  mem- 
branes and  the  subcutaneous  connective  tissue.  They  are  also 
included  among  the  worms  very  rarely  met  with  in  the  intestines  of 
the  Horse  and  Dog. 


Article  I. — Parasitic  Dermatorrhagia. 

It  has  been  known  for  a long  time  that  the  Horse  is  liable  to  small 
local  haemorrhages  on  various  parts  of  the  surface  of  the  body. 
According  to  the  bibliographic  researches  of  Leymacher,  the  Chinese 
were  aware,  from  the  remotest  antiquity,  of  a breed  of  Horses  in 
Khodang  which  perspired  blood.  Ercolani  has  collected  a number 
of  observations  by  different  practitioners,  of  similar  haemorrhages 
occurring  on  the  Horse  and  Ox,  to  which  he  has  given  the  name 
of  Hczmathydrosis  (blood-sweat)  ; but  the  disease  has  been  only 
well  known  since  Drouilly  and  Condamine  discovered  in  the 
haemorrhagic  points  a particular  Nematode,  which  they  have  placed 
in  the  genus  Filaria.  We  cannot  deal,  therefore,  with  the  observa- 
tions made  with  regard  to  the  Ox,  to  which  animal  this  discovery 
has  not  been  carried  ; nor  yet  with  those  haemorrhages  on  the  limbs, 
of  which  Rossignol  has  furnished  an  interesting  example. 

226 


CUT  A NEO  US  HELMINTHIA  SES 


22  7 


Symptoms. — Parasitic  cutaneous  haemorrhage  begins  with  hemi- 
spherical, hard,  painless  elevations,  slightly  oedematous  around 
their  margin,  and  of  the  size  of  a pea  to  that  of  a hazel-nut,  on 
which  the  hairs  are  erect.  They  are  formed  by  an  accumulation  of 
blood  in  the  superficial  layers  of  the  skin,  which  become  ruptured 
by  the  pressure,  and  the  blood  then  passes  in  streaks  along  the 
hairs,  and  coagulates,  the  opening  by  which  it  escapes  being  gene- 
rally at  the  summit  of  the  tumour,  though  it  is  scarcely  visible. 
The  haemorrhage  takes  place  soon  after  the  appearance  of  the 
tumefaction — in  an  hour  or  two — which  then  disappears,  and  every- 
thing again  becomes  normal,  though  sometimes  there  is  suppuration. 

The  eruption  is  especially  localized  upon  the  shoulders,  the  sides 
of  the  body,  the  back,  and  the  sides  of  the  neck  and  withers.  It  is 
very  ephemeral,  and  when  the  blood  has  escaped  there  remains 
scarcely  a trace  of  the  primitive  lesion.  There  are  always  several 
nodules  at  one  time,  the  eruption  going  on  for  several  days,  and 
gradually  subsiding  as  the  elevations  become  fewer  and  smaller. 
Such  eruptions  happen  in  starts,  at  intervals  varying  from  three 
weeks  to  a month,  during  the  three  or  four  months  of  spring  ; there 
are  none  in  winter,  and  in  France  the  affection  recovers  of  itself, 
and  finally  disappears  in  about  three  or  four  years. 

No  general  disturbance  of  the  health  accompanies  or  precedes 
the  haemorrhages  ; indeed,  in  some  cases,  according  to  Salle,  they 
seem  to  have  exercised  a favourable  influence  on  the  course  of 
climatic  affections  to  which  army  remount  horses  are  liable.  Lamy, 
however,  who  has  on  several  occasions  observed  termination  by 
suppuration,  has  seen  marked  debility  occur  in  these  cases. 
Brunswig  has  reported  a fatal  case — a horse  commenced  to  sweat 
blood  over  the  entire  skin,  and  in  such  great  quantity  that  on  the 
second  day  it  was  dead  ; while,  in  1845,  at  Mustapha  (Algeria), 
Liautard — quoted  by  Salle — observed  cutaneous  haemorrhages  on 
Mules  from  Spain,  several  of  which  died  of  splenic  haemorrhage. 

We  cannot  decide  whether  these  exceptional  cases  were  really 
those  of  parasitic  dermatorrhagia,  as  its  nature  is  only  known  since 
the  discovery  of  Drouilly  and  Condamine  ; and  before  that  time 
it  was  confounded  with  all  the  diseases,  otherwise  rare,  which  are 
accompanied  by  cutaneous  haemorrhage. 

To  discover  the  presence  of  the  Filaria,  Drouilly  recommends  that 
the  hair  be  shaved  off  that  part  of  the  skin  where  an  elevation  is 
felt.  Some  hours  afterwards,  its  summit  will  show  an  ecchymotic 
point,  which  will  rupture  to  allow  the  blood  to  escape.  Shortly 
before  this  occurs,  a slight  opening  should  be  made  in  it,  when  the 
Worm  will  be  perceived  5 but  it  contracts,  to  bury  itself  in  the 
connective  tissue.  Sometimes  it  has  to  be  sought  for  as  deep  as 
the  muscles.  ‘ If  it  be  desired  to  hasten  and  to  view  this  migration, 
a drop  of  oil  of  turpentine  or  a small  portion  of  mercurial  ointment 
should  be  placed  on  one  of  these  swellings,  which  has  been  previously 
shaved  over  its  whole  surface  and  beyond  ; then  it  will  be  possible 
to  follow  the  Worm,  either  by  observing  the  small  ecchymotic  streaks 

15—2 


228 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


on  the  skin  when  it  is  fine,  or  in  feeling  a small  cord  form  under  the 
finger.  In  twenty-four  to  twenty-eight  hours,  a new  elevation  is 
certain  to  appear  at  3 cm.  to  5 cm.  from  the  first.’ 

The  Filaria  of  the  haemorrhagic  tumours  ( Filaria  hemorrhagica 
Railliet,  F.  multipapillosa  Condamine  and  Drouilly)  was  discovered 
and  described  by  Condamine  and  Drouilly,  and  has  also  been  seen 
by  Megnin  and  Trasbot.  The  female  alone  is  known. 

It  is  white,  filiform,  6 cm.  to  7 cm.  long,  and  *355  mm.  broad,  gradually 
tapering  in  its  posterior  third.  The  mouth  is  nude  ; the  anterior  extremity 
of  the  body  is  covered  by  a large  number  of  small  conical  warts,  among  which 

the  vulva  opens.  The  embryos — which 
are  extremely  numerous — are  all  formed 
in  the  body  of  the  female,  which  is,  there- 
fore, ovoviviparous. 

Etiology. — In  France  the  malady 
has  only  been  observed  on  Hungarian 
Horses,  distributed  as  remounts  in 
regiments  of  cavalry,  and  the  docu- 
ments we  possess  show  that  it  is  special 
to  Horses  of  Eastern  origin.  ‘ Thus,’ 
says  Trasbot,  ‘ Spinola  considered  it 
as  peculiar  to  Horses  of  the  Steppe 
breed  ; Ercolani  states  that  Sibald, 
in  his  Histoire  Naturelle  du  Cheval , 
affirms  that  he  has  often  observed 
it  on  the  white  Horses  of  Tartary. 
Leblanc,  sen.,  declared  at  the  Veter- 
inary Society,  in  the  short  discussion 
that  followed  the  reading  of  the 
interesting  paper  of  Salle,  that  he 
had  observed  it  on  one  of  the  Russian 
Horses  brought  to  the  Paris  Universal 
Exhibition  in  1867  ; and  on  that 
occasion  the  man  who  accompanied 
these  animals  informed  him  that  it 
was  frequent  in  that  country.  Leblanc  also  remembered  that 
Barthelemy,  sen.,  had  often  seen  it  in  Germany,  during  the 
campaigns  of  the  First  Empire,  among  Horses  from  the  Steppes. 
And  observations  recently  made  in  Austria  by  Leymacher,  when 
he  was  detached  at  Laybach  in  Illyria,  to  receive  the  Hungarian 
Horses  purchased  by  the  French  Government,  and  those  collected 
by  Salle  and  Naudin  shortly  afterwards,  when  these  horses  had 
been  sent  to  regiments,  all  testify  that  the  cutaneous  haemorrhage 
is  a malady  special  to  Eastern  breeds.  Bernard  states  that  he  has 
seen  the  disease  among  Spanish  horses. 

Fleming  has  seen  this  cutaneous  haemorrhage  in  North  China, 
affecting  Horses  from  India,  and  among  Arab  Horses  in  Syria.  In 
some  cases  the  bleeding  was  somewhat  profuse,  and  sufficient  to 
stain  the  ground  upon  which  the  animals  stood  ; but  it  did  not 


Fig.  hi. — Filaria  of  the  Haemor- 
rhagic Tumours. 

A,  adult  female,  natural  size  ; 
B,  cephalic  extremity  with  its 
warts  ; b,  mouth  ; vu,  vulva  ; 
magnified  one  hundred  diameters. 
— After  Condamine. 


CUTANEOUS  HELMINTHIASES 


229 


apparently  injure  them,  the  only  inconvenience  experienced  being 
when  the  tumours  formed  on  the  back  where  the  saddle  rests.  The 
affection  has  been  witnessed  in  England  in  foreign  Horses. 

Now  that  we  can  attribute  this  affection  to  a parasite,  it  must  be 
admitted  that  its  geographical  localization  is  related  to  the  distri- 
bution of  this  Nematode.  But  we  know  nothing  of  its  migrations, 
but  only  of  its  last  habitat — the  subcutaneous  connective  tissue. 
It  is  possible  that  the  embryos  have  to  undergo  evolution  external 
to  the  body  ; for  it  may  be  mentioned  that  Railliet  unsuccessfully 
injected  a somewhat  large  number  of  these  embryos — extracted 
from  the  body  of  a Filaria — into  the  subcutaneous  connective  tissue 
of  an  old  Mare. 

Diagnosis,  Prognosis,  Treatment. — The  peculiar  physiognomy  of 
this  affection  should  not  allow  it  to  be  mistaken  for  any  other. 

The  different  authorities  are  nearly  unanimous  as  to  its  benignity. 
There  is,  therefore,  little  need  for  resorting  to  special  treatment,  all 
that  is  required  being  merely  to  wash  off  the  blood  and  keep  the  skin 
clean.  In  the  exceptional  instances  in  which  debility  is  induced,  a 
tonic  and  fortifying  regime  must  be  adopted.  The  only  measure 
to  be  recommended,  is  abstention  from  work  that  necessitates  the 
application  of  harness  to  parts  on  which  the  eruption  is  seated. 


Article  II. — Summer  Sores  of  Horses. 

Synonyms,  History. — Estival  Sores,  Granular  Sores,  Granular 
Dermatitis.  We  owe  to  H.  Bouley  the  first  description  of  this 
affection,  in  1850.  He  considered  it  to  be  a particular  complication 
of  cutaneous  wounds,  under  the  influence  of  the  heat  of  summer  ; 
and  this  opinion  was  for  a long  time  current.  In  1868  Rivolta 
clearly  indicated  the  parasitic  nature  of  these  wounds  ; but  his 
observations  remained  unsupported  until  a few  years  later,  when 
Laulanie  confirmed  them  ; and  now  it  seems  to  be  well  established 
that  the  ‘ summer  sores  ’ ought  to  be  ascribed — at  least,  in  a great 
number  of  cases — to  the  presence  of  a larval  Nematode  in  the 
substance  of  the  skin. 

Symptoms. — The  ‘ summer  sores  ’ have  been  considered,  up  to  the 
present  time,  as  a complication  of  ordinary  wounds,  due  to  the  hot 
weather  of  summer.  Therefore  at  their  commencement — such  as 
we  know  it — they  do  not  offer  anything  special  in  their  character. 
When  they  begin  to  attract  attention,  they  show  a tendency  to 
spread,  and  are  covered  with  a soft,  pulpy  layer  ; the  granulations 
are  of  a reddish-brown  colour,  and  separated  by  furrows  full  of 
thin  pus,  or  of  the  pulpy  matter  that  covers  the  whole.  The  centre 
of  the  sore  is  soft,  and  easily  penetrated  by  the  finger.  In  the 
middle  are  formed  granulations  of  a yellow  colour,  composed  of 
fibrous  and  calcareous  matter.  The  volume  of  these  granulations 
varies  between  that  of  a grain  of  millet  and  a pea.  Some  are 
superficial,  and  easily  lifted  out  by  simple  scratching ; while  others 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


230 


are  deeper,  and  are,  as  it  were,  encrusted  in  the  indurated  tissue  of 
the  sore. 

At  first  irregular  in  their  form,  the  sores,  in  extending,  gradually 
assume  a circular  contour  ; their  diameter  is  variable,  but  is 
generally  limited  to  three  or  four  centimetres,  though  some  may  be 
a decimetre. 

They  have  no  particular  seat,  but  may  be  found  on  any  part  of 
the  body,  and  especially  on  those  regions  which  are  most  exposed 

to  wounds — as  has  long 
been  observed  — such  as 
those  on  which  harness 
rests,  and  the  extremities 
of  the  limbs. 

One  of  their  constant 
characters  ‘ is  the  ardent, 
insupportable  pruritus 
which  never  allows  the 
animal  a moment’s  res+, 
but  compels  it  to  rub, 
tear,  and  gnaw  with  its 
teeth,  to  the  complete 
destruction  of  the  sore  in 
which  the  itching  is  ex- 
perienced ’ (H.  Bouley). 

Duration,  Complica- 
tion, Prognosis.  — These 
sores  are  remarkable  for 
their  tenacity,  as  it  is 
quite  exceptional  to  see 
a spontaneous  recovery 
with  the  termination  of 
the  summer  heat.  The 
_ 0 ,.  , , ^ , , 1 . , duration  is  always  long, 

Fig.  1 12. — Section  of  a fragment  of  the  skm  of  , A • 0 

a Horse,  showing  the  lesions  of  granular  der-  appears  to  be  m- 

matitis ; after  a preparation  by  Laulanie ; mag-  creased  by  the  rubbing 
nified  twenty  diameters. — Railliet  (inedited).  to  which  the  animal  sub- 
jects them  ; and  it  often 
requires  two,  three,  or  more  months  to  control  them,  or,  at  least, 
to  effect  their  disappearance.  And  sometimes  their  cure  is  only 
momentary,  as  they  break  out  again  the  following  summer,  on  the 
return  of  hot  weather. 

Their  resistance  and  their  duration  constitute  their  gravity  ; 
while  the  damage  they  receive  from  the  patient  itself  may  seriously 
complicate  them,  according  to  their  anatomical  situation.  We 
have  seen  open  synovial  sheath  and  exfoliation  of  tendon  brought 
about  in  this  way. 

Pathological  Anatomy. — The  particular  tissue  implicated  in  the 
sore  is  not  so  superficial  as  its  appearance  might  indicate  ; for  it 
often  extends  beyond  the  thickness  of  the  skin,  and  involves  the 


CUTANEOUS  HELMINTHIASES 


231 


subcutaneous  connective  tissue  ; in  this  way  it  forms  a slightly 
diffused  tumour,  greater  in  extent — sub-epidermically — than  the 
cutaneous  denudation. 

In  the  pathological  tissue,  there  must  be  distinguished  the  special 
granulations  and  the  neoplasy  englobing  them.  The  latter  is  the 
result  of  an  inflammatory  process,  the  intensity  of  which — according 
to  Laulanie — appears  to  depend  upon  the  period  of  the  year  in 
which  the  sore  is  examined.  In  winter,  this  observer  has  found  the 
derma  very  much  thickened,  and  in  a manner  sclerous  ; but  in 
summer  the  alterations  may  have  a sub-acute  character — the  derma 
being  infiltrated  with  embryonic,  and  more  particularly  fibro- 
plastic, elements, . abundantly  interposed  between  the  connective 
or  fibrous  tissue  fasciculi ; in  both  conditions  the  smaller  arteries 
are  in  process  of  obliteration.  The  caseous  masses  of  the  granula- 
tions are  surrounded  by  a disjunctive  zone — the  elements  of  which 
are  more  or  less  altered  by  the  caseification  changes,  and  by  a fibrous 
circle  undergoing  fibrous  evolution. 

The  granulations  are  composed  of  a caseous  or  calcareous  mass, 
and  are  especially  interesting  from  the  presence  in  their  centre  of  a 
Nematode,  or  its  debris  ; or  merely  the  spiroid  space  it  occupied, 
which  is  now  only  an  irregular  cavity  with  broken  outlines. 
Rivolta — who  has  been  able  to  study  these  granules  at  the 
commencement  of  their  formation — has  succeeded  in  isolating  a 
Nematode,  which  had  also  probably  been  seen  by  Ercolani  and 
Semmer. 

Ercolani  has  met  with  the  embryos  of  the  Nematode  in  a Horse 
on  which  were  umbilicated  crusts  about  a centimetre  broad,  and 
very  adherent  by  their  deep  surface,  which  was  attenuated  to  a 
kind  of  pedicle  fixed  in  the  derma.  These  crusts — which  implicated 
the  entire  thickness  of  the  skin — were  localized  on  the  lower  surface 
of  the  body  along  the  linea  alba , where  were  also  seen  many  bare 
patches,  and  others  on  which  the  hair  had  grown  again,  but  was 
white.  The  deep  portion  of  each  crust  looked  like  a white  matted 
tissue,  and  was  composed  of  a loose  connective  tissue,  in  the  midst 
of  which  were  the  very  minute  Nematodes.  Ercolani  characterized 
them  as  keeping  the  caudal  extremity  doubled  under  the  body, 
and  making  frequent  movements  of  abduction.  Semmer  reports 
having  found  numerous  Nematodes  between  the  derma  and  epi- 
dermis in  a horse  affected  with  a dermatosis  which  was  considered 
to  be  a psoriasis. 

It  is  a very  fine  Worm,  which  may  attain  a length  of  3 mm.,  and  the  head 
of  which  is  sometimes  a little  distinct  from  the  body  ; the  tail  is  attenuated, 
terminated  in  a point,  and  margined  by  fine  notches.  The  mouth  is  orbicular, 
and  appears  to  be  provided  with  lips.  A short  distance  from  the  head  is  seen 
an  opening.  The  anus  is  placed  at  the  point  where  the  body  becomes  attenu- 
ated to  form  the  tail.  The  skin  is  delicately  striated  transversely. 

This  is  evidently  a larval  Nematode.  Rivolta  has  recently 
proposed  to  name  it  the  Dermofilaria  irritans,  but  Railliet  has  rightly 
reduced  this  designation  to  that  of  Filaria  irritans  Riv. 


232  TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

Etiology. — Investigations  are  not  yet  sufficiently  numerous  to 
allow  it  to  be  affirmed  that  every  granular  or  summer  sore  must  be 
due  to  this  Nematode.  But  the  discovery  of  this  element  perfectly 
accounts  for  the  physiognomy  of  the  affection — its  periodicity, 
disappearance  in  winter,  recrudescence  in  summer — related  to  ‘ the 
natural  congestion  resulting  from  the  increase  in  temperature  ; so 
that  the  parasitic  granulations,  placed  in  the  centre  of  the  tissue 
which  has  become  more  irritable,  develop  the  first  movement  in  the 
chronic  inflammation  that  is  accompanied  by  pruritus,  which 
induces  the  animal  to  scratch  itself.  Hence  the  excoriations  and 
the  sores,  which  are  all  the  more  obstinate  as  the  denuded  derma  is 
more  impressionable,  and  the  more  readily  submits  to  the  irritating 
effects  of  the  granulations  ’ (Laulanie). 

With  regard  to  the  inefficacy  of  treatment,  this  is  owing  to  the 
deep  situation  of  the  parasite,  which  is  protected  by  the  caseous 
mass  surrounding  it. 

Its  mcde  of  introduction  is  still  unknown.  Rivolta  admits  that 
it  penetrates  the  integument  from  without  to  within,  and  he  ascribes, 
as  a predisposing  influence,  the  uncleanliness  of  the  animals  and 
the  stables.  Megnin  has  even  affirmed — though  without  proof  to 
support  the  statement — that  the  Nematodes  of  the  sores  are  only 
the  embryos  of  the  Oxyuris  curvula  Rud.,  an  intestinal  parasite  of 
the  Horse.  This  assertion  of  Megnin  may  have  been  inspired  by 
an  observation  of  Pflug,  relative  to  a Horse  that  had  numerous  thick 
crusts  at  the  base  of  its  tail,  which  were  very  pruriginous.  These 
crusts  contained  the  ova  of  the  Oxyuris  curvula  at  different  stages 
of  development,  the  parasite  itself  being  found  in  the  faeces.  Pflug 
thought  that  the  Oxyuris  of  the  rectum  induced  acute  pruritus  of 
the  anus,  which  caused  the  Horse  to  rub  itself,  and  so  to  lead 
to  the  deposition  of  the  ova  on  the  walls  of  the  stable,  whence  they 
would  be  taken  up  by  the  hairs  of  the  tail ; they  would  then  produce 
embryos  which  would,  continue  to  live  under  the  protection  of  the 
crusts,  and  with  the  help  of  the  warmth  of  the  skin.  But,  as 
Railliet  has  remarked,  the  parasites  of  the  ‘ summer  sores  ’ occupy 
the  centre  of  the  granulations,  and  it  is  consequently  difficult  to 
admit  that  they  are  only  an  epiphenomenon,  the  granulations 
themselves  constituting  the  essential  element  in  these  wounds.  It 
is  probable  that,  according  to  Laulanie,  the  parasite  is  introduced — 
in  the  form  of  ovum — into  the  digestive  tract,  and  subsequently 
penetrates  into  the  blood  circulation. 

Besides  the  parasitism,  a preponderant  influence  has  been 
attributed  to  the  summer  heat ; and  it  has  been  admitted  that  it 
causes  the  drying-up  of  the  pus,  and  the  union  of  its  corpuscles  in 
the  form  of  concretions.  Friction  has  also  been  considered  as  very 
important  in  this  etiology.  The  malady  is  more  frequent  in  hot 
countries — Algeria  and  Italy,  for  instance — and  the  Ass  appears 
to  be  more  exposed  to  it  than  the  Horse,  the  extremities  of  the  limbs 
being  chiefly  attacked  in  that  animal. 

Treatment. — An  essential  indication  in  the  treatment  is  to 


CUTANEOUS  HELMINTHIASES 


233 


prevent  the  animal  yielding  to  the  pruritus  that  maddens  it  ; and 
with  this  object  in  view,  means  of  restraint  are  employed,  the 
nature  of  which  is  subordinate  to  the  situation  of  the  sore. 

Many  agents  have  been  tried  in  the  treatment  of  the  sores,  but 
the  majority  of  them  have  proved  of  no  value.  Among  those 
which  have  less  frequently  failed  is  continuous  irrigation  with  cold 
water,  recommended  by  Quin  when  the  seat  of  disease  permitted. 
The  same  authority  has  counselled  frictions  of  glycerin,  but  these 
two  methods  of  treatment  ought  to  be  employed  for  a long  time — 
fifteen  days,  at  least.  Caustics  constantly  fail,  though  Rey  obtained 
excellent  results  from  the  yellow  sulphide  of  arsenic,  or  orpiment,  in 
powder.  He  took  up  some  of  this  on  the  moistened  end  of  his  finger, 
and  spread  ‘ an  imperceptible  layer  ’ over  the  sore.  One  application 
was  sufficient ; the  pruritus  completely  ceased,  the  wound  dried, 
and  a scab  formed  that  became  detached  in  eight  or  ten  days, 
leaving  a simple  wound,  which  rapidly  cicatrized. 

Blaise  has  had  equal  success  with  ether,  chloroform,  and  iodoform, 
with  which  he  dressed  the  surface  of  the  sore  for  about  ten  minutes 
every  twenty-four  or  forty-eight  hours — applying  a protective  layer 
of  collodion  over  it.  The  cure  was  complete  in  about  fifteen  days. 

Following  this  affection,  may  be  placed  the  filariasis  observed  by  Baru- 
chello  among  a large  number  of  horses  belonging  to  a cavalry  regiment.  It 
was  seated  almost  exclusively  beneath  the  hairs  on  the  withers,  on  the  neck, 
beneath  the  forelock,  and  at  the  base  of  the  tail ; and  it  was  manifested 
during  the  spring  and  summer.  It  consisted  of  small  dark-grey  tumours — 
isolated  or  confluent — varying  in  size  from  that  of  a millet-seed  to  a pigeon’s 
egg.  These  tumours  soon  softened  in  their  centre,  which  became  yellow, 
ruptured,  and  allowed  pus  to  escape.  This  suppuration  was  followed  by 
sloughing  of  a portion  of  the  skin.  There  was  no  pruritus,  and  only  a certain 
amount  of  sensibility  on  pressure.  In  the  pus,  Baruchello  discovered  a 
number  of  extremely  slender  agamous  Nematodes,  from  5 mm.  to  1 5 mm.  in 
length,  and  the  most  developed  of  which  were  enlarged  at  their  cephalic 
extremity,  or  terminated  in  a blunt  point,  in  the  centre  of  which  there  was 
an  orbicular  mouth,  apparently  provided  with  lips.  The  body  gradually 
became  attenuated  to  the  tail,  which  had  the  anus  at  its  base.  Some  of  them, 
shorter  and  thicker,  had  the  cephalic  extremity  less  distinct,  had  no  caudal 
point,  and  the  anus  was  terminal  ; these  continued  their  development  in 
water,  and  realized  the  preceding  form. 

A cure  was  effected,  principally  by  the  application  of  an  ointment  com- 
posed of  vaseline,  2,000  grammes  ; sulphur,  400  grammes  ; saturated  alcoholic 
solution  of  carbolic  acid,  120  grammes  ; corrosive  sublimate  in  solution  in 
q.s.  of  glycerin,  12  to  25  grammes. 

Three  horses  attacked  with  this  filariasis  fortuitously  died  during  the 
course  of  the  disease,  and  in  their  peritoneal  cavity  a very  large  number  of 
Filayia  pupillosa  Rud.  were  found.  For  this  reason,  Baruchello  was  in- 
clined to  believe  that  this  cutaneous  Helminthiasis  is  due  to  the  embryos  of 
this  Filaria. 

The  veterinary  surgeons  of  the  English  army  in  India  are  very  often  troubled 
by  a skin  disease  of  Horses  which  is  extremely  refractory  to  treatment.  Very 
pruriginous,  it  causes  much  irritation,  shedding  of  the  hairs,  wrinkling  and 
thickening  of  the  skin,  and  an  abundant  formation  of  scurf  ; while  the  rubbing 
and  gnawing  induced  by  the  itching  tends  still  more  to  increase  the  alteration 
in  the  skin.  The  disease  is  usually  manifested  on  the  sides  of  the  neck  and 
shoulders,  on  the  chest,  and  at  the  base  of  the  tail.  Its  nature  is  not  well 
known,  and  numerous  hypotheses  have  been  formed  on  the  subject.  In  1884, 


234 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Gunn  reported  that  he'  had  found  a parasitic  Worm  every  time  he  examined 
the  crusts  which  appear  in  the  course  of  the  affection,  but  the  description  he 
gave  of  the  parasite  is  absolutely  obscure. 

It  may  be  added  that  ‘ Cobbold  has  described,  under  the  designation  of 
Pelodera  Axei,  a Worm  found  by  Axe  in  the  hoofs  of  horses  affected  with 
“seedy  toe”;  but  we  are  of  opinion  that  this  is  a thread- worm  found  in 
manure,  and  has  no  connection  with  the  disease  ’ (Railliet). 


Article  III. — Dracontiasis  (Filaria  of  Medina). 

The  Filaria  of  Medina  ( Filaria  Medinensis  Linn.,  Dracunculus 
Persarum  Kaempfer)  is  chiefly  known  as  a parasite  of  Man.  It 
has,  nevertheless,  been  sometimes  found  in  other  animals,  among 
which  are  the  Dog,  Horse,  and  perhaps  the  Ox.  It  has  been  very 
often  named  the  Dragonneau  ( Dracunculus ),  and  hence  the  designa- 
tion Dracontiasis  given  to  the  disease  it  determines.  In  the  adult 
state,  the  female  only  is  known. 

It  is  a white  Worm,  on  the  average  from  50  to  80  centimetres  long,  and, 
according  to  certain  authorities,  it  may  attain  a length  of  4 metres  (more 
than  12  feet).  Its  diameter — uniform  throughout — varies  between  *5  mm. 
and  1 7 mm.  The  anterior  extremity  is  blunt,  and  shows  a cephalic  shield — 
an  irregular  surface,  elongated  transversely,  which  has  the  mouth  in  its  centre 
in  the  form  of  a triangular  slit,  having  at  its  margin  two  papillae — one  dorsal, 
the  other  ventral — and  behind  the  latter,  on  the  border  of  the  shield,  are  six 
other  papillae,  nearly  equidistant.  The  posterior  extremity  terminates  in 
a blunt  point,  at  most  1 mm.  in  length,  curved  like  a hook  on  the  ventral 
surface.  The  digestive  apparatus  is  well  developed  in  young  individuals,  but 
is  atrophied  in  adults,  being  empty  and  reduced  to  a slender  tube  that  gradu- 
ally disappears  behind,  without  opening  into  an  anus.  The  cavity  of  the 
body  is  almost  completely  occupied  by  a uterus  gorged  with  ova  and  embryos 
The  latter — hatched  in  myriads  in  the  body  of  the  female — can  only  escape 
by  rupture  of  the  Worm  ; the  vagina  and  vulva,  which  were  doubtless  present 
in  early  age,  having  completely  disappeared.  These  embryos  measure 
•50  mm.  to  *75  mm.  long,  and  15  fi  to  25  ji  in  diameter;  they  are  cylindrical, 
scarcely  attenuated  in  front,  but  in  the  posterior  third  of  their  length  they 
taper  to  a very  fine  tail. 

The  Filaria  of  Medina  is  special  to  hot  countries.  In  Asia  it  is 
observed  not  only  at  Medina,  but  throughout  nearly  the  whole  of 
Arabia  and  in  India.  In  Africa  it  is  common  on  the  coast  of 
Guinea,  hence  the  name  Guinea  Worm  given  to  it  by  the  English  ; 
it  has  also  been  observed  in  Upper  Senegal,  and  more  especially  in 
East  Africa — Abyssinia,  Nubia,  Egypt,  Kordofan,  Darfour,  and 
Senaar.  It  was  introduced  into  South  America  by  the  negroes 
at  the  time  of  the  treaty,  and  it  has  become  endemic  in  Guiana  and 
some  localities  in  Brazil. 

This  Worm  is  found  in  the  subcutaneous  connective  tissue,  and 
in  Man  is  met  with  chiefly  in  the  legs  and  feet ; though  sometimes 
it  is  also  seen  on  the  head,  neck,  trunk,  hands,  and  even  in  deep- 
seated  organs.  Usually  rolled  up  in  a spiral  manner,  it  causes  the 
formation  of  superficial  tumours,  which  are  occasionally  very 
painful,  and  most  frequently  become  abscesses.  A certain  number 
of  observations  have  established  the  fact  that  it  can  also  develop 
in  the  Dog,  Horse,  and  Ox,  among  the  domesticated  animals. 


CUT  A NEO  US  HELM  IN  THIA  SES 


235 


Dog. — The  Filaria  of  Medina  has  been  observed  in  the  Dog 
by  Doerssel  at  Buenos-Ayres  and  Curacao.  Smyttan,  Forbes,  and 
Griffith  have  seen  it  in  India,  and  Clot-Bey,  Pruner-Bey,  and  Innes 
and  Piot  in  Egypt.  We  borrow  from  Railliet  the  following  sympto- 
matology : 

‘ The  Filaria  Medinensis  is  most  frequently  met  with  in  the 
limbs  ; it  is  located  in  the  subcutaneous  connective  tissue,  parallel 
with  the  long  bones,  and  more  rarely  in  the  superficial  portions  of 
the  intermuscular  connective  tissue. 

‘ The  Worm  first  manifests  its  presence  by  the  development  of 
an  oblong,  flattened  tumour,  feeling  to  the  touch  like  a skein  of 
thick  twisted  cord.  This  tumour  is  indolent  at  the  beginning,  and 
sometimes  forms  a very  apparent  prominence  ; it  gradually  becomes 
painful,  often  to  such  a degree  that  the  Dog  threatens  to  bite  when 
an  attempt  is  made  to  explore  the  diseased  region.  The  animal 
becomes  restless  and  agitated,  lying  down  and  getting  up  every 
instant,  licking  the  tumour,  and,  indeed,  manifesting  all  the  signs 
of  a most  intense  local  pain. 

‘ Then  there  occur — at  a variable  point  of  the  tumour — one  or 
more  small  abscesses,  which  soon  open,  and  give  issue  to  a small 
quantity  of  purulent  serosity.  The  wound  becomes  fistulous,  and 
in  time  gives  exit  to  the  Worm,  one  of  the  extremities  of  which 
protrudes  from  the  opening.  Sometimes  an  abscess  forms  some  dis- 
tance from  the  tumour,  and  then  the  inflexions  of  the  Filaria  can 
easily  be  followed  beneath  the  skin,  as  it  has  passed  through  the 
connective  tissue  without  producing  any  marked  degree  of  inflam- 
mation on  its  course.  The  pain — no  doubt  caused  by  the  move- 
ments of  the  Worm — does  not  seem  to  be  constant  ; for  varying 
periods  the  Dog  remains  quiet,  but  at  other  times  it  howls,  and 
furiously  licks  the  wound,  sometimes  seizing  the  worm  by  its  teeth 
and  trying  to  extract  it,  though  the  suffering  this  entails  compels 
it  to  desist.  However,  one  of  the  Dogs  that  Piot  attended  suc- 
ceeded in  freeing  itself  from  one  of  the  parasites  by  gradual  traction, 
the  inflammation  assisting  the  operation. 

* In  Man,  rupture  of  the  Filaria — which  at  times  happens  during 
extraction — is  a very  grave,  often  a fatal,  accident.  It  does  not 
appear  to  be  so  with  the  Dog,  as  the  Worm  simply  retracts  within 
the  wound  without  the  pain  or  inflammation  being  increased,  the 
parasite  ultimately  appearing  at  the  same  fistulous  opening,  or  it 
makes  a new  passage  for  itself  through  the  integument.’ 

The  number  of  Filarke  found  in  the  same  individual  varies  from 
one  to  five. 

Horse. — The  Filaria  Medinensis  has  been  observed  in  the  Horse 
by  Clarkson  (1837),  Fleming  (1861),  and  Burke  (1882).  In  each  of 
these  instances  the  Worm  was  situated  in  one  of  the  limbs — at  the 
lower  part  of  the  posterior  pastern  in  Clarkson’s  case,  at  the  ex- 
ternal aspect  of  the  hock  in  Fleming’s,  and  below  the  carpus  in 
Burke’s.  The  presence  of  the  parasite  was  at  first  shown  by  lame- 
ness, then  by  an  abscess,  recovery  following  extraction  of  the  Worm. 


236  TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

In  Fleming’s  case  the  Horse  was  ridden  during  the  campaign  in 
North  China  in  i860.  It  was  an  Australian  Horse,  and  had  been 
for  som£  time  in  India  before  accompanying  the  expedition  to 
China  ; and  as  the  symptoms  did  not  appear  until  the  summer  of 
1861,  infestation  might  have  occurred  in  China,  the  Horse  having 
left  India  a year  previously.  A swelling  formed  outside  the  left 
hock,  at  the  head  of  the  metatarsal  bone,  and  there  was  consider- 
able pain  and  swelling.  As  it  was  supposed  to  be  a contusion, 
fomentations  were  applied  for  some  days,  when  one  morning  a 
Filaria,  about  eighteen  inches  long,  was  discovered  on  the  litter 
behind  the  animal,  and  it  was  then  found  that  the  swelling  had 
burst.  The  Horse  experienced  immediate  relief,  and  was  fit  for 
duty  in  a day  or  two,  the  wound  healing  rapidly.  The  Worm  is 
now  in  the  museum  of  the  Dick  Veterinary  College. 

Ox. — According  to  Avenzoar  and  De  Marchais,  the  Filaria  of 
Medina  often  attacks  the  Ox,  and  the  Arab  physician  even  desig- 
nates dracontiasis  as  the  disease  of  Oxen.  This  is  the  only  informa- 
tion we  possess  relative  to  the  presence  of  this  Nematode  in  the 
bovine  species. 

Etiology. — Numerous  hypotheses  have  been  framed  to  explain 
the  entrance  of  this  Filaria  into  the  body  of  Man  and  animals.  We 
now  know,  from  the  investigations  of  Fedchenko,  that  the  embryos 
of  this  Worm  find  their  way  into  the  system  of  small  soft-water 
Crustaceans  (Copepoda),  and  there  undergo  their  larval  stage  of 
existence  ; there  may  be  as  many  as  a dozen  parasites  in  the  body 
of  a single  Cyclops,  without  its  appearing  to  suffer  any  inconveni- 
ence. It  is  very  probable,  therefore,  that  in  drinking  non-filter ed 
water  containing  these  Crustaceans,  Man  and  animals  become 
infested. 

The  Cyclops,  by  reason  of  its  small  size,  may  easily  pass  un- 
perceived, and  on  arriving  in  the  digestive  canal,  it  would  be 
destroyed,  and  the  Filarise  set  at  liberty. 

We  are  reduced  to  suppositions  in  following  their  development. 
Fedchenko  has  failed  in  his  attempts  to  infest  young  Dogs  and  a 
Cat,  by  giving  them  milk  and  water  containing  Cyclops,  in  which 
were  the  larvae  of  the  Filaria.  It  may  be  admitted  that  the  Worm 
is  at  first  a hermaphrodite,  and  only  becomes  exclusively  female  in 
consequence  of  the  extreme  development  of  its  uterus — full  of 
ova  and  embryos  ; but  it  is  very  likely  that  the  larvae  arrive  at 
sexual  maturity  in  the  intestine  of  Man,  the  Dog,  and  the  Horse, 
and  copulate  there.  Then  the  male  dies  and  is  evacuated  with  the 
faeces,  while  the  female  passes  through  the  intestinal  wall,  to  find 
lodgment  in  some  congenial  situation.  In  a period  varying  from 
eight  months  to  two  years,  it  reaches  its  full  growth,  and  makes 
its  appearance  under  the  skin. 

Treatment. — The  sole  object  of  treatment  is  the  extraction  of  the 
Filaria.  With  regard  to  Man,  the  method  generally  followed  from 
the  earliest  times  consists  in  getting  hold  of  the  Worm,  either  by 
incision  or  through  the  opening  it  makes,  and  rolling  it  gradually 


CUTANEOUS  HELMINTHIASES 


237 


round  a bit  of  wood,  or  on  a roll  of  diachylon.  If  extraction  cannot 
be  effected  at  once,  without  risk  of  breaking  the  Worm,  then 
several  days  may  be  necessary,  the  wood  being  attached  to  the  part 
by  means  of  a bandage.  Clarkson  and  Burke  have  in  this  way 
operated  on  Horses  that  came  under  their  notice.  In  India  the 
bruised  leaves  of  the  plant  Amarpattee , or  Radpana,  are  applied 
as  a specific. 

But  these  methods  are  not  always  practicable  with  the  Dog. 
It  is  easier  and  more  convenient  to  incise  the  skin  for  the  entire 
length  of  the  swelling,  and  at  once  enucleate  the  coiled-up  parasitic 
mass.  If  the  Worm  happens  to  be  extended  in  the  form  of  a sub- 
cutaneous knotted  cord,  it  can  be  removed  at  different  times  by 
repeated  incisions. 


Article  IV. — Indigenous  Cutaneous  Filariasis  of  the  Dog. 

Rivolta  has  published  an  instance  of  herpetic  disease  in  a Dog,  due  to  the 
embryos  of  a Filaria.  This  Dog  had  at  the  upper  part  of  its  neck,  on  one  side 
only,  a moist  ulcero-pustular  patch,  about  4 cm.  in  diameter,  and  of  a dark-red 
colour.  The  few  hairs  remaining  were  erect,  and  matted  together  by  crusts. 
Pressure  caused  a purulent  matter,  mixed  with  blood,  to  exude  from  this 
surface  ; this  fluid,  on  microscopical  examination,  was  found  to  contain  the 
embryos  of  Nematodes,  the  tail  of  which  executed  very  energetic  movements. 
These  embryos  were  also  very  numerous  under  the  crusts  and  in  the  pustules. 
The  hairs  had  been  partly  detached  from  their  follicles. 

The  embryos  had  an  orbicular  mouth  ; the  body  was  a little  attenuated  in 
front  and  very  tapering  behind,  where  it  formed  an  exceedingly  slender  tail. 
They  resembled  those  Ercolani  found  in  the  Horse,  but  were  smaller.  Rivolta 
considered  them,  without  plausible  reason,  to  be  the  embryos  of  Filaria 
Medinensis.  This  affection,  which  did  not  affect  the  general  health  of  the 
Dog,  yielded  to  four  or  five  applications  of  mercurial  ointment. 

Siedamgrotzky  has  also  published  a case  of  dermatosis  in  the  Dog,  caused 
by  Nematodes.  The  animal  had,  on  the  outer  surface  of  all  its  legs,  small 
discrete  pustules  surrounded  by  a red  circle,  and  also  small  red  papules, 
between  which  the  hairs  had  been  partly  removed  by  rubbing.  The  pruritus 
was  intense.  In  the  pus  from  each  pustule  were  found  one,  two,  or  three 
Nematodes,  measuring  *4  mm.  to  7 mm.  long  and  10  fx  to  25  /x  maximum 
breadth.  The  anterior  end  of  the  body  was  slightly  attenuated  ; the  posterior 
•extremity  tapered  into  an  acuminated  tail,  50  fx  to  80  fx  long.  The  skin  was 
very  delicately  striated.  The  mouth  was  surrounded  by  six  indistinct  lips, 
and  was  succeeded  by  a cylindrical  oesophagus  ; stomach  muscular  and 
rounded  ; intestine  simple  ; anus  a little  in  front  of  the  caudal  point.  The 
absence  of  genital  organs  was  evidence  that  these  were  embryos. 

The  Dog  did  not  pass  any  worms,  either  before  or  after  the  administration 
of  the  anthelmintic.  In  the  dust  of  the  kennel,  parasites  similar  to  the  pre- 
ceding, but  smaller  and  dried  up,  were  found,  as  well  as  some  females,  also 
desiccated.  The  latter  differed  from  the  embryos  in  their  dimensions — length 
*8  mm.  to  1 ’2  mm.,  maximum  breadth  70  n — by  their  short  acuminated  tail, 
by  the  presence  of  a vulva  situated  a little  behind  the  middle  of  the  body,  and 
about  15  oval  eggs  37  fx  long  and  25  fx  broad,  containing  undivided  protoplasm. 

By  simple  cleanliness,  the  affection  disappeared  in  about  three  weeks.  The 
kennel  was  thoroughly  cleansed  and  provided  with  new  litter. 

Siedamgrotzky,  in  classing  these  Worms  with  Anguillulce  (Strongyloides) 
cites  the  observations  of  Moller  of  Berlin,  who  met  with  the  latter  on  the  skin 
.of  different  mangy  Dogs,  and  on  one  occasion  when  there  were  no  acari. 
The  skin  was  thickened,  depilated,  and  the  seat  of  an  abundant  desquama- 


238 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


tion.  Moller  could  not  assure  himself  whether  the  eruption  was  caused  by 
the  Anguillulae  or  whether  the  worms  were  merely  commensals  living  on  the 
pathological  secretions  of  the  skin.  Observations  analogous  to  the  pre- 
ceding have  been  published  by  Zurn,  Schneider,  Rosso,  and  Mazzanti. 


Article  V. — Verminous  Foot-rot  of  Sheep. 

Priimers  has  described  a contagious  disease  which  prevailed  among  Sheep 
in  the  circles  of  Wetzlar,  Coblentz,  Simern,  and  Wissenheim,  and  which 
several  veterinary  surgeons  mistook  for  ‘ foot-rot  * (piStin).  According  to 
him,  it  differed  from  that  affection  in  being  seated  on  the  plantar  surface, 
less  frequently  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  claws  ; while  foot-rot  occupies  the 
interungual  cleft  and  the  coronet,  and  is  accompanied  by  a serous  discharge. 
Besides,  this  ‘ contagious  foot-rot  ’ ( anstekende  Klauenfaule)  is  manifested 
by  dark-brown  spots,  2 mm.  to  3 mm.  in  diameter  at  the  commencement,  but 
in  about  ten  or  twelve  days  are  the  size  of  a 50-centime  piece  ; the  superficial 
horny  layers  are  destroyed,  and  decomposition  continues  its  perforating  pro- 
gress. It  usually  remains  localized  on  the  sole,  but  it  sometimes  extends  to 
the  fleshy  parts  and  produces  ulcerations. 

A microscopical  examination  of  the  diseased  horn  discovered  Nematodes, 
the  mouth  of  which  was  horseshoe-shaped,  and  the  caudal  extremity  was  very 
acute  ; the  males  were  smaller  than  the  females.  These  details,  however, 
are  too  summary  to  allow  the  genus  of  this  parasite  to  be  determined. 

This  affection  is  more  frequent  with  Sheep  kept  in  sheepfolds.  than  on 
pasture.  It  is  contagious,  probably  by  means  of  the  fitter.  Lambs  two  or 
three  days  old  may  be  attacked,  when  they  remain  with  the  ewes  in  the  folds. 

It  has  yet  to  be  decided  whether  these  Worms  are  merely  commensals 
attracted  from  the  fitter  by  the  horn  already  softened  under  the  influence  of 
a pathological  condition  of  different  origin. 


CHAPTER  VII 

DERMATOMYCOSES 


The  Dermatomy coses  (from  Seppa,  skin  ; /xux*??,  fungus),  Dermo- 
phytes  (from  Sep/xa,  skin,  and  <J>vtov,  vegetable),  or,  better,  Epi- 
dermophytes , are  more  often  designated  by  the  name  of  Tineae. 
They  are  due  to  inferior  Fungi  called  Epiphytes , Ectophytes,  or 
Dermatophytes , which  many  mycologists  group  into  one  family — 
the  Trichophyta. 

The  Trichophyta  are  generally  included  in  the  order  Hyphomy- 
cetes  or  Mucedince — commonly  known  as  moulds.  These  lower 
fungi,  consisting  of  simple  filaments,  are  reproduced  by  means  of 
bud-like  growths,  called  conidia,  which  are  developed  on  the 
filaments.  Careful  researches  have,  however,  proved  that  certain 
of  the  Mucedinae  are  only  lower  or  conic!  ian  forms  of  more  highly 
organized  fungi,  and  it  is  possible  this  may  be  the  case  with  all  the 
Hyphomycetes. 

In  the  case  of  the  Dermatophytes  a comparative  study  of  the 
genera  which  are  typical  of  the  family  Gymnoascea  (of  the  order 
Ascomycetes)  has  caused  Matruchot  and  Dassonville  to  include  the 
ectophytic  fungi  of  animals  in  this  family.  It  must  be  stated, 
however,  against  this  view  that  the  formation  of  asci  (character- 
istic of  the  Ascomycetes)  has  only  been  observed  in  one  species  of 
Dermatophyte — the  Eidamella  spinosa  of  the  Dog. 

The  Ascomycetes  are  distinguished  from  the  other  orders  of 
fungi,  first,  by  the  possession  of  a segmented  thallus  or  mycelium  ; 
second,  by  the  formation  of  spores  in  the  interior  of  a specialized 
cell  called  an  Ascus. 

Of  this  order,  the  family  Gymnoascea  is  characterized  (i)  by  the 
situation  of  the  asci  which  are  enclosed  in  a cavity  (the  perithecium)  ; 
(2)  by  the  shape  and  structure  of  the  perithecium,  which  is  more 
or  less  spherical  and  made  up  of  entwined  filaments,  and  never  a 
true  membrane. 

The  Dermatophytes  are  reproduced  by  the  vegetation  of  their 
mycelium,  and  by  spores.  The  characteristic  mode  of  growth  of 
the  thallus  causes  it  to  form  circles  more  or  less  regular  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  skin,  and  sometimes  crusts  in  the  form  of  cups. 

In  the  parasitic  state  a Dermatophyte  is  made  up  of  the  filaments 

239 


240 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


of  the  mycelium,  a series  of  tubes  each  limited  by  an  amorphous 
envelope  and  containing  protoplasm,  more  or  less  granular.  Some- 
times the  protoplasm  is  undivided  and  the  whole  of  the  tubes  form 
the  vegetative  part  or  thallus  of  the  fungus  ; the  cells  are  much 
longer  than  they  are  broad.  In  other  cases  the  cells  are  as  long  as 
they  are  broad,  and  represent  the  so-called  mycelian  spores.  These 
spores,  separated  from  one  another,  become  rounder,  and  in  ger- 
minating, contribute  to  the  multiplication  of  the  parasite. 

In  cultures  spores  are  formed  by  lateral  budding  ; these  are 
more  characteristic  of  the  species,  and  are  called  Conidia.  Conidia 
are  also  sometimes  found  in  the  parasitic  state. 

But  when  the  development  of  the  parasite  is  followed,  it  is  recog- 
nised that  the  distinction  between  these  elements  depends  upon  the 
phase  in  evolution  at  which  they  are  observed.  In  fact,  as  F.  Balzer 
has  said,  ‘ All  are  derived  from  the  spore  ; in  becoming  elongated 
and  developed,  it  forms  a tube  or  filament  of  mycelium , in  the  interior 
of  which  the  substance  of  the  nucleus  or  protoplasm  buds,  sending 
out  lateral  prolongations  and  segments  in  such  a manner  as  to  con- 
stitute the  sporiferous  tube ; and  when  at  last  the  segmentation  of 
the  sheath  takes  place,  in  enclosing  the  segments  of  the  central 
substance,  new  spores  are  formed  and  evolved  in  their  turn,  in  the 
same  manner.  In  fine,  evolution  begins  and  ends  with  the  spore.’ 
This  is  clearly  indicated  in  the  following  illustration  : 


Fig.  i i 3. — Diagram  of  the  Vegetation  of  the  Dermatophytes. — F.  Balzer. 

It  should  not  be  concluded,  from  what  has  been  stated,  that  each 
tube  must  undergo  sporular  segmentation  throughout  its  whole 
extent  ; for  this  only  occurs  at  the  extremities,  and  many  of  the 
tubes  remain  sterile  and  wither,  whether  or  not  their  segmentation 
has  been  commenced. 

The  discovery  of  the  parasitic  nature  of  Ringworm  was  made  in 
1839,  when  Schonlein  observed  that  tinea  favosa  or  favus  of  Man 
was  caused  by  a fungus — of  which  Gruby  published  a good  descrip- 
tion in  1841,  and  to  which  Leber te  in  1845  gave  the  name  Oidium 
Schonleinii.  Shortly  afterwards  Gruby  discovered  a Trichophyton 
in  mentagra  (1842),  then  a Microsporum  in  ‘ la  tondante  rebelle  ’ 

(1843). 

The  Dermatomycoses  of  the  domesticated  animals  have  for  a 
long  time  been  known  under  the  common  name  of  dartres.  In  1852 
the  parasitic  nature  of  the  dartres  of  the  Horse  was  first  suspected 
as  a result  of  the  occurrence  of  contagion  to  Man.  The  following 
year  Bazin  demonstrated  the  existence  of  Trichophyton  tonsurans 
in  ‘ la  dartre  tondante  ’ of  a Horse  which  had  infected  the  gendarme 


DERMA  TOM  Y COSES 


241 


in  charge  of  it.  A few  years  later  (1857)  Gerlach  published  an 
important  work,  in  which  he  clearly  showed  the  parasitic  nature  of 
dartre  of  the  Ox.  About  the  same  time  Reynal  read  before  the 
Academie  de  Medicine  of  Paris  a memoir  containing  evidance  of 
the  transmission  to  Man  of  the  dartres  of  the  Horse  and  Ox,  and 
of  the  identity  of  these  conditions  with  Herpes  tonsurans  of  Man. 
From  that  time  the  study  of  the  Dermatomycoses  became  more 
exact.  Gradually  the  field  became  wider  and  the  number  of 
parasitic  species  increased.  Reaction,  however,  was  not  long  in 
coming.  In  1850  Lowe  sought  to  establish  that  all  the  vegetable 
parasites  which  grow  on  man  are  identical,  more  especially  the 
Achorion  of  favus  and  the  Trichophyton  of  Tinea  tonsurans , and  that 
they  are  only  lower  forms  of  the  same  mould  ( Aspergillus  glaucus). 
Hogg,  in  1859,  expressed  the  same  opinion,  and  was  supported  by 
Tilbury  Fox  and  by  Hebra.  Hebra  based  his  opinion  on  the 
phenomena  produced  on  the  skin  of  Man  by  the  application  of 
compresses  covered  with  moulds.  At  the  time  Tulasne  had  dis- 
covered the  pleimorphism — or  polymorphism — of  certain  Fungi  ; 
the  observations  of  De  Bary,  Hoffmann,  and  Kuhn  had  confirmed 
this  fact,  and  it  was  natural  that  it  should  be  sought  to  apply  the 
knowledge  thus  acquired  to  the  Dermatophytes.  Hallier  was  the 
most  ardent  promoter  of  this  generalization  of  the  facts  of  poly- 
morphism ; but  the  experiments  invoked  in  support  of  his  theory 
have  been  considered  by  the  most  distinguished  botanists  as 
stained  with  errors. 

Later,  and  with  momentary  success,  Grawitz  held  analogous 
views,  and  considered  the  Fungi  of  Tinea  tonsurans , favus,  pity- 
riasis versicolor , and  thrush  as  identical  with  Oidium  lactis.  All 
culture  experiments,  however,  and  especially  those  of  Duclaux 
(1886),  have  proved  the  impossibility  of  transforming  any  derma- 
tophyte into  Oidium  lactis  or  reciprocally.  The  mistake  of  Grawitz, 
which  he  acknowledged  later,  can  be  explained  by  the  variations  in 
shape  that  the  dermatophytes  may  undergo  according  to  the 
conditions  of  cultivation.  Now,  clinical  experience  and  mycology 
agree  in  denying  any  identity  of  action  or  nature  between  a 
dermatophyte  and  a mould. 

This  does  not  mean  that  the  parasitic  life  is  absolutely  necessary 
to  the  dermatophytes.  It  is  possible  that  some  of  them  have  a 
saprophytic  origin — that  is,  they  may  exist  naturally  , on  vegetable 
or  inert  matter,  where  they  are  developed  and  reproduced,  and 
that  animals  become  contaminated  by  contact  with  such  inert  or 
vegetable  matter.  This  has  been  proved  for  internal  mycoses  such 
as  actinomycosis  and  aspergillosis,  and  there  is  no  reason  to  con- 
sider it  impossible  for  the  dermatomycoses. 

With  regard  to  the  question  of  the  specific  autonomy  of  the 
Dermatophytes,  dermatologists,  in  the  last  ten  or  fifteen  years, 
have  shown  a tendency  just  the  reverse  of  that  caused  at  first  by 
the  discovery  of  the  parasitic  Fungi  of  Ringworm.  The  application 
of  culture  methods  has  led  many  experimenters  to  subdivide  the 


242 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


old  species,  and  to  recognise  nearly  as  many  clinical  varieties.  These 
efforts  have  chiefly  been  applied  to  Trichophyton  and  A chorion,  and 
they  seem  justified  by  the  results  of  cultures.  But  many  of  the 
new  species  have  already  been  recognised  as  illegitimate,  and  it  may 
be  that  several  of  the  others  represent  only  varieties  of  the  type 
species,  to  which  they  may  return  after  a sufficient  series  of  cul- 
tures. The  formation  of  different  pigments,  on  which  current 
classification  is  mainly  based,  does  not  appear  to  be  sufficiently 
settled  to  serve  as  a criterion,  and  we  shall  only  retain  here  the 
species  whose  legitimacy  has  not  yet  been  seriously  contested. 

It  should  be  noted,  also,  that  certain  genera,  such  as  A chorion, 
Microsporum , and  Trichophyton , are  connected  by  intermediate 
forms  which  indicate  their  relationship. 

The  Dermatophytes  of  the  domesticated  animals  belong  to  six 
distinct  genera — Trichophyton , Eidamella,  Microsporum,  A chorion, 
Lophophyton  and  Oospora.  The  essential  characteristics  of  these 
genera  are  furnished  by  their  cultures,  but  notwithstanding  the 
necessity  of  cultures  for  the  scientific  determination  of  a derma- 
phytic  Fungus,  we  shall  limit  our  remarks  to  those  characters  of 
the  genera  that  may  be  traced  by  microscopic  observation  in  situ, 
in  the  lesions,  in  the  parasitic  life  of  the  dermatophyte. 

1 . Trichophyton  (Malmsten,  1 848). — Mycelium,  with  simple  or  dichotomously 
branching  filaments,  much  segmented,  and  producing  spores  in  their  interior 
(mycelial  spores)  ; diameter  4 to  9 /u,. 

A special  characteristic  of  the  Trichophytons  consists,  according  to  Sabour- 
aud,  in  the  position  of  the  Fungus  with  regard  to  the  invaded  hair.  The 
Tr.  endothrix  lives  inside  the  hair  ; the  Tr.  ectothrix  lives  outside  the  hair, 
which  it  surrounds  like  a sheath  ; and  the  Tr.  endo-ectothrix  develops  both 
inside  and  around  the  hair.  The  faviform  Trichophytons  of  Bodin  belong  to 
the  third  group. 

The  division  of  the  Trichophytons  of  animals  into  endothrix  and  ectothrix 
types  does  not  appear  to  have  any  real  value.  The  same  Trichophyton 
inoculated  on  animals  of  different  species,  on  individuals  of  the  same  species, 
and  also  at  different  places  on  the  same  individual  may  have,  according  to 
the  case,  the  appearance  of  an  endothrix  or  an  ectothrix.  Besides,  in  well- 
prepared  sections  of  the  lesions,  very  often  we  see  that  the  hair  is  invaded 
through  and  through  by  the  parasite,  even  when  an  examination  of  hairs 
pulled  from  the  lesion  appears  to  warrant  the  conclusion  that  the  parasite 
is  of  the  ectothrix  type  (Dassonville). 

2.  Eidamella  (Matruchot  and  Dassonville,  1901). — Mycelium  much 
branched,  1*5  /t  in  diameter,  divided  into  short  segments,  and  splitting  into 
sub-square  or  oval  elements.  Only  one  species,  on  the  Dog. 

3.  Microsporum  (Gruby,  1843). — Mycelium  producing  lateral  branches 
bearing  conidia  (conidian  spores),  from  2 to  3 n in  diameter. 

4.  Lophophyton  (Matruchot  and  Dassonville,  1899). — (Epidermophyton 
Megnin,  1881  ; not  E.  Bazin,  1862  ; nor  E.  Lang,  1879). — Mycelium  with 
filaments,  some  tortuous  with  thin  walls,  usually  sterile  (without  protoplasm)  ; 
others  short,  curved,  with  thick  walls  and  granular  protoplasm  (mycelium  of 
conservation)  ; no  spores.  Only  one  species,  on  the  Fowl. 

5.  Achorion  (Remak,  1845). — Mycelium,  with  straight  or  flexuous  filaments, 
from  2 to  3 jit  in  diameter,  formed  of  cells  from  12  to  15  n long,  branch- 
ing by  dicho-,  tricho-,  or  tetra-tomy,  with  a thick  membrane,  finally  breaking 
up  into  isolated  polyhedral  bodies  (mycelian  spores). 

6.  Oospora  (Wallroth,  1833). — Mycelium  with  filaments  from  2 to  3 /t 
in  diameter,  intermingled  with  round  or  oval  elements  5 to  6 /*.  in  diameter, 


DERMA  TOM  Y COSES 


243 


and  arranged  in  long  irregular  chains.  Affecting  the  Dog.  (The  parasite  of 
the  Dog,  0.  canina,  certainly  does  not  belong  to  the  Gymnoascea,  nor  does 
any  other  species  of  Oospora.) 

The  Dermatophytes  localize  themselves  on  the  epidermic  tissue 
and  even  penetrate  into  the  hairs  and  between  the  cells  of  the  epi- 
dermis— separating  them  from  .each  other,  decomposing  them, 
living  on  them  ; and  consequently  determining  by  this  action,  and 
the  shedding  of  the  hair,  a more  or  less  acute  degree  of  irritation, 
characterized  by  pruritus  of  varying  intensity,  redness  of  the  naked 
skin,  and  also,  sometimes,  exudation. 

Subordinate  to  the  growth  of  the  Fungus,  the  tineae  have  usually 
a chronic  course ; but  the  prognosis  they  elicit  is  always  favourable 
in  regard  to  animals,  on  which  it  is  always  easy  to  destroy,  with 
impunity,  the  parasite  that  occasions  them.  They  are  due  solely 
to  contagion,  and  beyond  age— for  young  animals  appear  to  be 
most  liable  to  them — no  general  conditions  are  known  that  influence 
their  manifestation. 

Contagion  may  be  direct , produced  by  actual  contact  of  the 
animals  ; or  mediate  by  means  of  grooming  tools,  litter,  etc.,  and  it 
is  even  possible  that  spores  may  be  carried  some  distance  in  the 
air.  According  to  the  nature  of  the  Fungus,  contagion  takes  place 
more  or  less  easily  between  animals  of  the  same  species,  often 
between  those  of  different  species,  and  even  from  animals  to  Man. 

The  diagnosis  is  based  on  the  most  apparent  clinical  symptoms  ; 
but  however  marked  these  may  be,  it  is  always  useful,  if  not  neces- 
sary, to  have  recourse  to  a microscopical  examination  of  the  altered 
epidermic  products.  This  investigation  should  be  made  on  the 
most  recent — the  youngest  or  deepest  part — of  the  crusts  that 
cover  the  circular  patches  of  the  disease,  and  on  the  hairs  grown 
at  the  periphery  of  these  parts.  » j 

On  scraping  the  skin  with  a spatula,  or  small  curette  with  margins  a little 
sharp,  epidermic  pellicles  and  hairs  are  collected.  The  products  that  abun- 
dantly cover  the  patches  are  very  poor  in  parasitic  elements,  and  it  is  advisable 
to  concentrate  attention  on  the  deeper  parts  in  direct  contact  with  the  skin. 
To  examine  the  hairs  easily,  they  should  be  removed  from  the  periphery  of 
the  patches  by  means  of  a pair  of  forceps.  A direct  examination  can  be  made 
at  once,  for  it  is  sufficient  to  soften  the  crusts  and  scales  in  water.  But  it  is 
better  to  employ  a 40  per  cent,  solution  of  caustic  potash,  and  on  warming 
the  preparation  slowly  nearly  to  boiling  the  alkaline  solution  breaks  down 
the  epidermal  cells  and  clears  the  preparation.  The  particle  to  be  examined 
is  disassociated  in  itself  by  pressure  on  the  cover  glass,  which  reveals  the 
presence  of  the  elements  of  the  parasitic  Fungus.  In  general,  there  is  scarcely 
any  need  to  previously  remove  fatty  matters  by  treating  the  substance  with 
ether  or  absolute  alcohol.  For  durable  preparations,  there  must  be  sub- 
stituted for  the  alkaline  solution  in  which  the  elements  were  first  examined 
glycerin,  or,  better,  carbolized  water,  which  has  not  the  disadvantage  of 
rendering  the  preparation  too  transparent.  Sabouraud  does  not  advise  the 
use  of  aniline  stains,  as  they  produce  opaque  preparations,  not  easily 
interpreted  ; lactic  blue  has  not  this  disadvantage,  and  may  be  used  like  the 
potash,  solution.  A magnification  of  from  200  to  500  diameters  is  most 
convenient. 

By  the  naked  eye  or  hand  lens,  there  can  often  be  seen  at  the  base  of  the 
hairs  which  have  been  pulled  out,  a whitish  mass  surrounding  their  root, 

16 — 2 


244 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


which  is  formed  of  the  parasitic  elements.  If  the  examination  be 
extended  to  the  hairs  that  are  much  altered  and  broken,  their  ends  will  be 
found  split  up  and  frayed  like  a brush.  At  times  there  are  found  here  and 
there,  between  the  crusts  and  the  skin,  small,  yellowish,  earthy-looking 
masses,  readily  broken  up,  which  are  nearly  exclusively  formed  of  the  Fungus 
in  the  state  of  spores,  or  more  especially  of  filaments.  But  it  is  only  by  the 
study  of  all  the  products  of  the  morbid  process,  that  a complete  idea  can  be 
derived  as  to  the  nature  of  the  parasite. 

Vitality  of  the  Parasite. — Gerlach  undertook  some  experiments 
to  * determine  the  duration  of  the  germinative  faculty  of  the  spores. 
Crusts  were  collected  in  autumn,  kept  in  paper  capsules  in  his 
laboratory  until  the  following  spring,  and  experimented  with  at 
intervals.  Those  which  were  more  than  three  months  old  had  lost 
their  potency  when  placed  on  an  unprepared  skin,  but  spores  six 
months  old — inoculation  being  effected  by  scarification — still  ger- 
minated and  produced  perfectly  developed  ringworm.  It  was 
noted  that,  the  longer  the  incubation  period,  the  thinner  were  the 
crusts  and  more  rapid  the  recovery.  Spores  more  than  six  months 
old  were  not  experimented  with.’  Siedamgrotzky  has  in  vain  tried 
to  transmit  tinea  tonsurans  from  the  Horse  to  the  Goat,  by  means 
of  crusts  kept  for  five  years  and  eight  months.  But  he  succeeded, 
on  the  caprine  species,  with  crusts  from  a Bull,  which  had  been  kept 
eighteen  months.  Megnin  says  he  has  successfully  inoculated  a 
Dog  with  crusts  eighteen  months  old.  In  Duclaux’s  cultures,  the 
Fungi  which  had  been  kept  for  two  years  would  not  germinate. 

By  a long  series  of  experiments  made  with  cultures  of  the  Tri- 
chophyton in  Koch’s  nutrient  gelatin,  Thin  has  obtained  in- 
teresting results.  He  has  found  that  in  about  two  years  and  a half 
the  spores  seem  to  have  lost  all  their  aptitude  to  germinate,  but  he 
has  been  able  to  grow  those  which  were  eleven  months  old.  The 
spores  from  trichophytic  hairs  were  dead  after  being  immersed 
eight  days  in  water,  but  survived  two  days’  steeping  ; they  also  pre- 
served their  germinative  power  after  being  kept  forty-eight  hours 
in  olive-oil,  lard,  or  vaseline.  An  hour’s  contact  with  soft  soap, 
or  a one  per  cent,  solution  of  acetic  acid,  appeared  to  be  sufficient 
to  kill  them  ; but  a one  per  cent,  solution  of  carbonate  of  soda  was 
less  efficacious,  germination  taking  place  even  after  three  days. 
Sulphur  ointments  had  a slow  action  upon  them,  and  required 
several  hours  to  sterilize  spores.  Citrine  ointment  was  a very  active 
destroyer,  for  after  an  hour’s  contact  with  it  spores  could  no  longer 
germinate  ; on  the  other  hand,  croton-oil  was  absolutely  ineffi- 
cacious, as  after  eight  hours’  immersion  in  it  the  Trichophyton 
preserved  its  vitality. 

Cultures. — The  Dermatophytes  usually  grow  well  on  media 
with  a neutral  or  slightly  alkaline  reaction  and  containing  glucose. 
Sabouraud  recommends  the  following  formula  : 

Pure  glycerin,  glucose,  lactose,  or  better  maltose  - 4 grammes. 

Granulated  peptone  - - - 1 ,, 

Distilled  water  - - - - - 100 

Gelose  - - - - - 1.50  „ 


DERMA  TOMY COSES 


245 


Agar,  beer-must,  potato,  coagulated  serum,  peptonized  bouillon, 
gelatin,  or  agar  peptone  may  be  used,  but  liquid  media  are  less 
favourable  than  solid  ones  for  differentiating  the  species.  Growth 
takes  place  even  at  150,  is  very  active  at  30°,  but  above  36°  the 
culture  may  be  spoiled. 

The  cultures  are  grown  in  inclined  tubes  or  in  flat  dishes.  These 
cultures  in  dishes  at  the  ordinary  temperature  are  often  necessary 
in  order  to  observe  closely  certain  conidian  formations,  since  these 
easily  break  up.  Air  must  have  free  access  to  the  cultures  through 
a cotton-wool  plug,  as  the  Fungi  require  much  oxygen. 


Article  I. — Ringworm  of  the  Horse  and  Ass. 

Four  species  of  Trichophyton  and  one  of  Microsporum  have  been 
given  as  causing  the  various  forms  of  ringworm  in  the  Horse.  To 
these  must  be  added  the  Verrucous  Trichophyton  of  the  Ass.  The 
various  species  are  : 


1.  Microsporum  Audouini  (Gruby). — Mycelium  forming  in  the  hair  an  axial 
bunch  of  parallel  filaments,  from  2 to  2*5  /j.  in  diameter,  divided  into  fairly 
long  segments,  and  giving  off  thin  branches  at 

right  angles  to  the  filament,  directed  towards 
the  surface,  where  they  produce  conidia 
(conidian  spores).  These  are  rounded  or 
polyhedral  by  mutual  pressure,  smooth,  shiny, 
from  2 to  3 /t  in  diameter,  and  crowded 
round  the  hair,  which  they  ensheafh  from  its 
root  up  to  3 mm.  above  the  follicle,  causing 
it  to  become  greyish  and  brittle. 

M.  Audouini  var.  equinum  (Delacroix 
and  Bodin). — This  variety  represents  the 
form  under  which  the  species  is  met 
with  in  the  Horse.  It  is  distinguished 
from  the  type  by  its  polymorphism  in 
cultures,  in  which  it  may  take  three 
different  forms. 

2.  Trichophyton  mentagrophytes  (Ch.  Robin  ; 

Tr.  depilans,  Megnin). — Pyogenic  Trichophyton 
with  white  cultures  (Sabouraud).  The  Myce- 
lium breaks  up  into  chaplets  of  spores 
measuring  5 to  6 /x  in  diameter,  but  of 
very  unequal  size,  especially  about  the  peri- 
phery of  the  hair  (from  2 to  3 /x  up  to 
10  or  11  n).  Endo-ectothrix. 

3.  Trichophyton  flavum  (Bodin). — Cultures  yellow — friable — wormlike 
(Sabouraud).  The  Mycelium  breaks  up  into  ovoid  or  irregular  elements, 
which  average  from  5 to  6 /x,  some  up  to  1 1 /x.  Endo-ectothrix. 

4.  Trichophyton  equinum  (Gedoelst). — The  intrapilar  mycelium  separates 
into  oval  spores  from  4 to  6 ix  by  2 to  4 /x  broad.  Around  the  hair 
segmented  branching  mycelial  filaments  break  up  to  some  extent  into  spores. 
Endo-ectothrix.  • - 1 4 - 41  M -4 

5.  Trichophyton  verrucosum  (Bodin,  var.  equi). — Faviform  trichophyton 
with  brown  cultures,  the  growths  irregular  and  prominent.  Mycelium  rapidly 
breaking  up  into  spherical  spores  with  a double  outline.  Endo-ectothrix. 


Fig.  114.- 
Horse  ; 
meters. 


■Trichophyton  of  the 
magnified  500  dia- 


246 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


6.  Trichophyton  verrucosum  (Bodin,  var.  asini).  Faviform  trichophyton 
-with  grey  cultures.  Mycelium  breaking  up  into  regular  chainlets  of  round 
elements.  Ectothrix. 


Symptoms. — In  the  Horse  it  is 
necessary  to  distinguish  two  differ- 
ent kinds  of  Ringworm  — Micro- 
sporosis  and  the  Trichophytoses. 

1.  Microsporosis. — This  affection 
corresponds  to  the  disease  known 
under  the  name  of  ‘ Contagious 
Herpes  of  Foals,’  and  it  almost 
exclusively  attacks  young  Horses. 
It  appears  in  patches  which  are 
more  especially  seated  on  the  upper 
part  of  the  body — on  the  shoulders, 
back,  loins,  croup,  sides,  and  flanks 

— where,  in  fact,  the  grooming 
instruments  most  readily  carry  the 
parasites,  in  the  dissemination  of 
which  they  are  the  most  active 
agents.  These  patches  may,  how- 
ever, be  met  with  on  any  part  of 
the  body,  though  they  are  rare  on 
the  lower  parts  of  the  legs. 

However  much  care  may  be  taken 

— even  in  experiments  closely 
watched  from  the  evolution  of  the 
malady — the  abundance  of  hair  and 
the  pigmentation  of  the  skin  are 
most  frequently  opposed  in  an 
absolute  manner  to  observation  of 
the  primary  phenomena  of  the 
eruption.  What  are  first  noticed  are 
the  circular  patches,  the  diameter 
of  which  is  generally  about  that  of 
a shilling  ; they  are  distinguished 
from  the  healthy  skin  by  the  dulness 
and  erectness  of  the  hairs  covering 
them.  Some  time  before  the  circular 
patches  appear,  a very  small  tuft 
of  hairs  — probably  from  half  a 
dozen  to  a dozen — may  be  seen 
slightly  but  markedly  raised  in  the 
form  of  a fine  pencil,  and  feeling  as 
if  they  had  a somewhat  hard  base, 
or  were  matted  together  at  the 
bottom,  when  the  finger  is  passed 

over  them  These  tufts  may  be  several  in  number,  and  are 
usually  best  seen  on  the  hind  quarters  at  the  very  commencement 


Fig.  1 1 5.  — Horse’s  tail  invaded 
by  the  Trichophyton  ; magnified 
350  diameters. 

a,  mass  of  exterior  spores  ; s, 
split  summit  of  the  hair  ; c,  cells 
of  the  epidermis  of  the  hair. 


DERMA  TOM  Y COSES 


247 


of  the  disease,  or  in  the  vicinity  of  the  patches,  of  which  they  are 
the  initial  symptom. 

The  hairs  fall  off  in  a few  days,  and  this  is  often  the  first  symptom 
that  attracts  attention.  Megnin  remarks  that  this  phenomenon 
is  precipitated  by  grooming,  and  that,  as  the  hairs  at  the  periphery 
are  the  first  to  fall,  this  is  the  cause  of  the  formation  of  rings  in  tinea 
tonsurans — an  aspect  that  must  not  be  confounded  with  the  herpes 
circinatus  of  Man,  which  is  due  to  another  phenomenon.  But  this 
feature  soon  passes  away,  and  it  is  not  long  before  the  whole  surface 
of  the  patch  is  depilated  ; and  if  the  malady  extends,  the  coat  of 
the  animal  acquires,  through  these  nummulary  spots,  a quite 
peculiar  appearance  The  hairs  do  not  fall  by  avulsion,  but  by 
breaking  across,  almost  on  the  surface  of  the  skin,  and  it  is  readily 
noticed  that  the  broken  end  is  irregular,  and  as  if  frayed,  like  a 
brush. 

The  epidermis  of  the  patch  falls  off  at  the  same  time  as  the  hairs  ; 
it  appears  to  be  softened,  and  the  surface  of  the  skin  has  then  a 
dark-grey  tint  and  is  slightly  moist,  which  might  be  attributed  to 
the  rupture  of  vesicles,  though  their  presence  has  never  been  demon- 
strated. It  cannot,  therefore,  be  said,  as  Railliet  remarks,  that  the 
disease  presents  itself  in  the  form  of  herpes , as  what  is  so  called  in 
human  pathology  includes  a phase  marked  by  the  appearance  of 
vesicles. 

The  humidity  of  the  patch  is  ephemeral.  Its  surface  generally 
soon  dries,  and  is  covered  with  epidermic  scales  of  varying  thick- 
ness, which  are  agglutinated  into  flat  crusts  that  are  shed  and 
renewed  incessantly  These  crusts  have — more  frequently  than 
in  the  Ox — a shining  appearance  and  a grey  or  yellowish  colour 
like  flax.  At  the  same  time,  the  lesion  progresses  by  peripheral 
extension  until  it  attains  the  diameter  of  a five-shilling  piece  or 
more,  and  on  each  zone  invaded,  the  following  successive  symptoms 
are  observed.  On  gaining  these  dimensions,  the  patch  ceases  to 
extend  and  the  crusts  to  form,  and  there  remains  a dry,  glabrous, 
harsh  surface  of  a greyish  slate  colour,  throwing  off  some  fur- 
furaceous  scales,  from  which  the  hairs  grow  slowly,  and  are  of  a 
darker  colour  than  the  other  hairs,  except  in  light-grey  horses. 

This  is  only  a local  recovery,  as  patches  are  formed  more  or  less 
near  the  preceding,  to  run  through  the  same  phases  ; and  it  is 
possible  that  confluent  patches  may  unite  to  constitute  a vast 
ringworm  surface,  the  cure  of  which  is  more  difficult  to  effect 
(RaiJliet). 

We  have  remarked  on  the  extreme  abundance  of  the  Fungus,  in 
powder  and  crusts  collected  by  Couzin  on  a mule  from  Gaudeloupe, 
the  skin  of  which — and  especially  that  of  the  legs — was  almost 
completely  hairless.  The  commencement  of  this  kind  of  alopecia 
did  not  date  for  more  than  two  months. 

Fleming  has  met  with  a circinated  variety,  which  might  be 
allied  to  the  circinated  trichophyton  of  Man,  by  its  form  and  mode 
of  growth  ; it  being  simply  due  to  the  cure  of  the  central  portion 


248  TEE  A TISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

of  the,  patch  while  the  disease  extended  at  the  periphery.  The 
lesion  thus  appeared  as  a more  or  less  complete  ring. 

Pruritus  is  nearly  absent  in  Microsporosis,  and  is  scarcely  even 
shown  to  exist,  except  by  movements  indicating  satisfaction  on 
the  part  of  the  animal  when  the  patches  are  gently  scratched. 

A variety  of  Tinea  quite  different  from  the  preceding  in  its 
clinical  characters  has  been  observed  by  Le  Calve  and  Malherbe. 
From  it  they  obtained  a parasite  which  Bodin  has  recognised  as 
specifically  identical  with  the  Microsporon  of  the  Herpes  of  Foals, 
but  differing  from  it  by  the  property  of  giving  directly  in  cultures 
the  form  Oospora. 

This  form  of  Microsporosis  was  manifested  by  hairless  patches, 
which  during  several  years  had  made  their  reappearance  in  the 
spring  and  readily  disappeared  in  the  interval  under  the  influence 
of  simple  treatment.  The  patches  were  numerous,  round,  with  a 
well-defined  contour,  regular,  measuring  7 to  20  mm.  in  diameter, 
glabrous,  without  epidermal  proliferation  and  not  pruriginous. 
They  were  found  all  over  the  body,  but  especially  on  the  limbs. 
On  some  parts  the  surface  was  covered  by  slightly  adherent  greyish, 
crusts  carrying  broken  hairs.  On  the  patches  the  hairs  were 
broken  away  close  to  the  skin,  whilst  at  the  margin  they  were 
whole,  but  tapered  and  twisted  or  bent,  and  still  rather  adherent. 
Along  the  hairs,  and  particularly  on  the  fragments,  were  yellowish 
masses  which,  under  the  microscope,  proved  to  be  spores  of  Micro- 
sporon. They  were  still  more  distinct  on  the  scales. 

2.  Trichophytoses.  A. — Trichophyton  flavum. — The  lesions  consist 
of  large  patches,  at  least  8 to  10  cm.  broad,  of  a more  or  less  regular 
forn\  greyish,  and  quite  smooth.  The  hairs,  raised  and  matted  at 
their  base  by  a greyish  yellow  crust,  fall  away  very  rapidly  with 
the  crust.  The  naked  surface  is  not  prominent,  and  shows  no  trace 
of  suppurative  folliculitis  (Bodin). 

B.  Trichophyton  equinum  occurs  usually  in  numerous  patches, 
some  isolated,  scattered  over  the  croup  and  shoulders,  and  attaining 
at  the  most  3 cm.  in  diameter  ; others  confluent,  generally  crowded 
on  the  back,  and  from  4 to  5 cm.  in  diameter.  At  first  they  can  be 
detected  only  by  touch,  but  later  they  become  visible  by  the  flatten- 
ing of  the  hair.  The  least  traction  or  slight  friction  carries  off  a 
scaly  crust  which  brings  away  the  diseased  hairs.  The  skin  then 
appears  smooth,  moist,  pinkish,  or  light  grey.  Very  soon  the  patch 
becomes  dry,  scaly,  or  powdery,  and  its  base  a slaty  grey.  The 
lesions  spread  by  the  falling  out  of  the  marginal  hairs  (Matruchot 
and  Dassonville). 

C.  Trichophyton  verrucosum , var.  equi , occurs  in  numerous  patches 
which  average  5 to  6 cm.  in  diameter,  and  are  localized  on  the 
shoulders,  neck,  withers,  flanks,  in  fact,  everywhere  where  the 
harness  touches.  By  their  confluence  these  patches  may  produce 
large,  irregular  lesions.  At  first  the  hairs  are  raised,  not  broken, 
and  are  matted  together  at  the  base  by  a soft  grey  crust.  This 
crust  falls  off  in  less  than  a week,  carrying  away  the  hairs,  and 


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249 


leaving  an  absolutely  bald,  grey  surface  covered  more  or  less  with 
dry,  greyish  scales,  and  without  follicular  suppuration.  In  young 
Horses,  however,  the  shedding  of  the  crust  leaves  a vesicle  or  pus- 
tule, then  the  surface  of  the  patch  is  slightly  raised,  red  and  in- 
durated (Bodin). 

D.  Trichophyton  verrucosum , var.  asini. — The  lesions  are  the  same 
as  in  the  preceding  Trichophytosis  of  the  Horse,  but  are  generally 
confined  to  the  neck,  head  and  ears  (Bodin). 

E.  Trichophyton  mentagrophytes . — This  Trichophytosis  occurs 
usually  on  the  nostrils  or  head.  It  forms  patches  up  to  5 or  6 cm. 
in  diameter,  which  may  be  mistaken  for  pustules  of  horse-pox 
undergoing  regression.  Over  the  whole  of  these  patches  the 
hairs  are  matted  together  at  their  base  by  a soft,  brownish  crust  of 
unequal  thickness.  Slight  traction  on  the  hair  brings  away  the 
crust,  exposing  a bare,  slightly  raised  surface,  which  is  red,  in- 
flamed, and  pitted  with  small  depressions,  grey  at  their  base. 
These  result  from  the  opening  of  fine  pustules,  of  which  some  may 
be  found  at  the  margin  of  the  patch.  The  hairs  are  not  broken, 
but  shed,  and  the  condition  is,  in  fact,  a suppurating  folliculitis. 

The  course  of  the  disease  is  rapid,  and  four  to  five  weeks  are 
generally  sufficient  for  its  cure.  This  is  the  form  mentioned  by 
Megnin.  It  has  been  studied  by  Viseux,  by  Delamotte  and  Bogenez 
and  by  Everard.  It  may,  in  certain  cases,  be  developed  with 
remarkable  rapidity.  A Horse  which  appeared  to  have  nothing 
amiss  with  it  at  night,  was  found  next  day  to  have  five  hundred 
patches  on  its  body  (Everard).  Megnin  has  reported  a contagious 
dermatosis  met  with  by  Weber,  which  consisted  of  papules  about  a 
centimetre  in  diameter,  covered  by  a crust  that  was  easily  detached 
by  scratching  it,  leaving  a dark-grey  denuded  surface,  somewhat 
granulating,  which  at  a distance  looked  like  the  cicatrix  of  a 
small-pox  pustule. 

Course,  Duration,  Termination,  Prognosis. — In  general,  the 
affected  patch  is  limited  by  a maximum  of  diameter  which  it  only 
exceptionally  exceeds.  When  it  attains  this  maximum  it  spon- 
taneously disappears,  the  fungus  having  expended  its  local  activity. 
But  the  animal  is  not  cured,  as  the  various  rubbings  have  carried 
the  spores  to  other  points,  where  they  form  patches  that  run  the 
same  course.  If  these  are  near  each  other  they  may  join,  and  it 
is  this  junction  which  constitutes  the  large  diseased  surfaces  that 
are  sometimes  seen.  Nevertheless,  this  extension  of  the  disease 
is  not  indefinite.  It  gradually  diminishes,  and  the  malady  may  in 
the  end  vanish  without  medical  interference. 

The  average  duration  of  Ringworm  is  from  forty  to  fifty 
days  ; though  circumstances  which  favour  the  appearance  of  the 
malady  may  also  prolong  its  existence,  and  this  is  the  reason  why 
it  is  more  tenacious  in  young  animals.  Absence  of  cleanliness  is 
also  more  efficacious  in  this  direction,  as  it  facilitates  the  multipli- 
cation of  ringworm  patches  ; and  indefinitely  prolongs  the  duration 
of  the  affection.  Recovery  takes  place  sooner  in  animals  which 


250 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


have  a fine  coat  or  are  clipped,  and  are  well  fed  and  cleaned,  than 
on  those  which  have  a long  thick  coat,  and  which  are  also  badly 
attended  to.  Shedding  the  coat  expedites  recovery,  and  this 
explains  the  influence  of  spring-time  on  animals  at  pasture. 

It  is  scarcely  probable  that  ‘ issues  ’ have  the  salutary  effect  on 
this  affection  that  Reynal  attributed  to  them,  as  he  did  also  to 
‘ strangles  ’ ; though  with  regard  to  the  latter  it  is  not  so  improbable, 
but  it  needs  verification.  In  any  case,  the  malady  is  generally 
easily  cured,  and  in  this  respect  it  is  very  different  from  the  tinea 
tonsurans  of  Man. 

When  recovery  has  been  effected,  the  hair  grows  again,  and  at 
once  the  diseased  patches  can  be  distinguished  from  those  which  are 
cured,  and  which  have  no  crusts  or  scales,  nor  broken,  brush-like 
hairs.  Afterwards,  and  for  some  time,  the  formerly  affected  parts 
can  be  recognised  in  the  coat,  by  the  hairs  covering  them  being 
very  fine  and  darker  in  colour. 

The  Tineae  of  the  Horse  are  benign  affections  which  do  not 
disturb  the  general  health,  nor  resist  curative  measures  ; indeed, 
they  may  disappear  of  themselves.  The  general  symptoms  which 
several  authors  have  described,  were  only  a coincidence,  and 
belonged  to  an  antecedent  pathological  state — languor,  inappetence, 
debility,  and  marasmus — that  prepared  the  soil  for  the  evolution 
of  the  parasite. 

The  contagious  properties  of  Ringworm  are  its  most  serious 
feature.  It  may  extend  to  all  the  animals  on  a farm,  in  a stable, 
or  in  a regiment,  and — what  is  very  important,  because  of  the  more 
malignant  character  it  assumes — also  to  the  people  who  attend  to 
these  ; this  circumstance  renders  prompt  treatment  necessary. 

Diagnosis. — The  various  tinese  of  the  horse  are  very  difficult  if 
not  impossible  to  distinguish  from  one  another  by  a clinical  exami- 
nation. The  form  due  to  Trichophyton  mentagrophyt&s  is  easily 
recognised  by  the  symptoms  of  follicular  suppuration  which  it 
causes.  For  the  rest  they  all  produce  bare  circular  patches  from 
which  the  hairs  have  fallen  along  with  the  crusts  which  hold  them 
together  at  their  base,  and  diagnosis  of  the  parasite  can  only  be 
established  by  means  of  cultures  entrusted  to  a competent 
mycologist.  .Still  it  is  possible  that  later  studies  may  destroy  the 
autonomy  of  several  species  of  the  Trichophytons  of  the  Horse. 

The  parasitic  nature  of  tinea  tonsurans  should  always  differentiate 
it,  after  a microscopical  examination,  from  all  other  cutaneous 
affections  exhibiting  clinical  signs  that  might  at  first  sight  cause  a 
mistake  to  be  made.  Besides,  the  circular  form  of  the  patches  and 
the  appearance  of  their  surface,  and  especially  that  of  the  hairs,  as 
well  as  the  contagious  properties  of  the  malady  and  the  other  points 
insisted  on  above,  should  prevent  any  error  being  committed. 

Megnin  has  described  a circinated  psoriasis  in  the  Horse,  of  a 
herpetic  nature,  which  might  be  mistaken  for  tinea  tonsurans.  But 
it  is  distinguished  by  the  absence  of  any  parasite,  by  the  hairs  not 
being  altered — they  being  shed  entire — and  by  the  resistance  of 


DERMA  TOM  Y COSES 


251 


this  affection  to  all  anti-parasitic  treatment,  but  quickly  yielding 
to  the  internal  administration  of  iodide  of  potassium. 

The  strangles  herpes , which  is  accompanied  by  a viscid  secretion 
that  agglutinates  the  hairs  on  round  or  oval  surfaces,  in  three  or 
four  days  brings  about  the  depilation  of  these,  though  they  are  not 
long  before  they  are  re-covered  by  fine  and  abundant  hairs.  This 
entirely  different  course,  with  the  absence  of  the  parasite,  constitutes 
a sufficient  criterion. 

Etiology. — The  efficient  cause  of  Ringworm  is  the  parasite,  from 
which  it  is  inseparable,  though  certain  conditions  favour  its  develop- 
ment and  transmission. 

Predisposing  Causes. — This  malady,  as  with  so  many  others, 
was  attributed  to  various  debilitating  causes  before  its  true  nature 
was  discovered.  It  was  imagined  that  weakly,  worn-out  animals 
were  more  liable  to  it  than  others  ; but  it  can  now  be  only  admitted 
that,  at  the  most,  they  afford  a more  favourable  medium  for  the 
parasite.  The  influence  of  uncleanliness  and  want  of  attention  is 
better  defined.  Animals  badly  cleaned  and  attended  to  are  most 
frequently  attacked,  and  it  is  usually  to  negligence  that  must  be 
attributed  the  greater  frequency  of  the  affection  in  certain  countries. 
Early  age  is  a predisposing  factor.  Foals  still  sucking  are  not 
exempt,  and  young  Horses  collected  for  army  purposes  are  specially 
liable.  (Normandy  has  a reputation  for  sending  many  horses  with 
Ringworm  to  the  French  remount  depots.)  Ringworm  in  Horses  is 
rare  in  Australia,  although  the  reverse  is  true  for  Cattle  (Fleming). 
Ringworm  appears  sometimes  as  an  epizootic  ; in  1840  it  was  seen 
on  several  hundred  Horses  in  the  Borne  Valley  in  Savoy.  Cavalry 
regiments  sometimes  show  similar  examples. 

Contagion. — I.  From  Horse  to  Horse. — The  first  example  of  this 
method  of  infection  appears  to  have  been  observed  by  Bouley  the 
younger,  in  1852.  The  case  was  that  of  a young  Horse  belonging 
to  the  gendarmerie,  which  arrived  at  the  remount  depot  at  Caen 
with  a tonsurans  patch  on  its  body,  and  communicated  its  cutaneous 
affection  first  to  its  neighbour,  then  successively  to  seven  Horses 
in  the  same  stable.  Two  of  these,  sent  to  the  Alfort  Veterinary 
School,  conveyed  the  malady  to  other  two  Horses,  their  neighbours. 
The  agents  in  this  contagion  were  the  curry-combs,  brushes,  wisps, 
and  clothing  which  had  been  used  on  the  affected  animals.  This 
mode  of  contagion  is  often  witnessed  in  regiments.  It  may  also 
take  place  by  means  of  the  working  harness,  and  especially  by  the 
saddle.  Megnin,  in  1882,  published  an  instance  in  which  the  part 
played  by  the  saddle  was  remarkable.  About  two  hundred  horses 
of  his  regiment  had  been  successively  affected  with  tinea,  and  in 
the  first  cases  the  patches  occupied  the  seat  of  the  saddle  on  the  left 
side  of  the  back.  This  was  owing  to  the  lesion  on  the  first  Horse 
attacked  being  located  there,  and  the  saddle  having  been  suc- 
cessively worn  on  several  other  Horses,  so  that  each  of  these  had 
the  spores  of  the  Trichophyton  sown  on  their  skins  at  the  same 
point.  We  possess  other  instances  of  similar  epizootics  observed  in 


252 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


regiments  of  cavalry.  Lastly,  the  clippers,  scissors,  and  grooming 
tools  may  be  important  factors  in  spreading  the  disease. 

II.  From  other  Animals  to  the  Horse , and  Inversely. — Gerlach 
succeeded  in  transmitting  tinea  from  the  Ox  to  the  Horse.  ‘ In 
about  eight  or  ten  days  the  traces  of  the  contagion  were  undoubted, 
and  a circular  patch,  with  sharp  outline,  was  established  in  the 
course  of  the  third  week  ; but  towards  the  fourth  or  fifth  week  it 
had  disappeared,  leaving  behind  it  a smooth,  denuded  surface. 
The  crust  was  not  so  thick  as  in  the  bovine  animal,  and  only  con- 
tained a few  Fungi  between  the  scales  ; the  hairs  did  not  break. 
In  1878,  Megnin  also  obtained  transmission  of  tinea  from  a calf  to 
a Horse. 

In  1852  Reynal  experimentally  transmitted  tinea  tonsurans  from 
the  Horse  to  two  calves , in  cleaning  them  by  means  of  the  curry- 
combs, brushes,  and  wisps  used  on  the  two  Horses  already  men- 
tioned ; and  Nettleship  has  remarked  on  analogous  instances. 

Siedamgrotzky  has  successfully  inoculated  the  tinea  of  the  Horse 
cn  a Dog , two  Sheep , and  two  Pigs. 

The  ease  with  which  one  is  able  to  transmit  Ringworm  from  the 
Horse  to  the  Ox,  and  reciprocally,  is  due  to  the  fact  that  one  of  the 
most  frequent  dermatophytes  of  the  Horse — Trichophyton  menta- 
grophytes • — is  also  the  common  form  in  the  Ox.  The  Microsporum 
of  the  Horse  is  easily  inoculated  on  the  Guinea-pig  (Bodin),  and  on 
the  Dog  (Le  Calve  and  Malherbe).  It  is,  besides,  met  with  in  one 
of  the  tinese  of  the  carnivora. 

III.  Frcm  the  Horse  to  Man. — Ziirn  states  that  transmission  of 
the  malady  from  the  Horse  to  Man  was  first,  and  on  several  occasions, 
observed  by  Papa  in  1848,  during  an  epizooty  of  tinea  tonsurans 
that  prevailed  among  Horses  in  the  valley  of  Borne,  Savoy.  But 
the  first  detailed  observation  dates  no  further  back  than  1852  ; it  is 
due  to  Bouley  the  younger  and  Reynal,  and  the  occasion  was  that 
already  mentioned.  The  gendarmes  who  groomed  the  Horses 
alluded  to  contracted  the  disease  with  which  they  were  affected, 
and  one  of  these  men  communicated  it  to  his  wife  and  daughter. 
The  two  Horses  sent  to  Alfort  also  infected  a student  and  the  man 
who  looked  after  them.  Bazin  recognised  in  the  malady  the  animal 
origin  of  herpes  circinatus.  Some  years  afterwards,  Galligo  pub- 
lished the  case  of  a ccachman  who  contracted  the  disease  from  his 
Horse. 

These  facts  remained  for  a long  time  isolated.  But  frcm  1871 
they  became  multiplied.  In  that  year  Tilbury  Fox  communicated 
to  the  Clinical  Society  of  London  a case  of  transmission  of  herpes 
circinatus  or  ‘ ringworm  * from  a pony  to  seven  people.  Then 
G.  Fleming,  T.  Fox,  and  Horand  made  known  new  instances.  In 
1876,  Dr.  Dieu  published  an  account  of  an  epidemic  of  herpes 
circinatus,  communicated  frcm  the  Horse  to  Man  in  his  regiment  ; 
in  eight  months,  twenty-two  soldiers  were'  successively  contami- 
nated by  young  Horses  which  had  recently  arrived  from  the  remount 
depot  at  Caen.  Larger  saw  about  one-fifth  of  the  effective  men  in 


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253 


a regiment  of  dragoons  attacked  by  herpes  circinatus  of  equine 
origin.  Similar  facts  are  indicated  by  Megnin,  Aureggio,  and 
Touve,  Gerlier,  and  Longuet,  who  has  given  an  excellent  tableau 
of  this  question. 

The  infection  of  Man,  however,  is  exceptional,  when  the  frequency 
of  tinea  tonsurans  in  the  Horse  is  considered,  as  there  is  scarcely  a 
regiment  in  which  it  is  not  present  always,  on  some  young  Horses. 

Grooming  is  the  usual  means  by  which  the  disease  is  conveyed, 
and  it  is  to  this  that  nearly  all  the  cases  of  transmission  are 
attributed.  Sometimes  it  is  the  horse-clothing,  borrowed  from 
the  Horses  by  the  men,  that  conveys  the  Fungus  (Megnin).  The 
trichophytic  epidemic  at  Ferney-Voltaire,  described  by  Gerlier, 
began  among  the  children  of  a horse-clipper,  who  had  cut  their 
hair  with  his  clipping-machine. 

The  rubbings  that  accompany  grooming  facilitate  inoculation.  The 
principal  seat  of  the  eruption  is  the  fore-arm  and  the  wrist — that  is,  the  two 
parts  of  the  arm  usually  uncovered  during  this  operation.  In  Megnin’ s 
report,  it  was  on  the  face  and  neck  that  the  eruption  appeared  on  the  men 
who  had  made  use  of  the  rugs  worn  by  Horses  affected  with  trichophytosis. 
The  period  of  incubation  varied  from  five  to  ten  days. 

Trichophytosis  here  attacks  by  preference  the  smooth  parts,  and  presents 
itself — as  in  that  of  bovine  origin — in  the  form  of  tinea  circinatus,  which  is 
also  remarkable  for  the  particular  intensity  of  the  symptoms.  Often,  in  fact,  it 
is  quite  equal  in  this  respect  to  the  disease  conveyed  from  the  Ox.  Gerlier 
has,  however,  established  distinct  differential  characteristics  between  the 
human  trichophytosis  of  bovine  origin,  and  that  derived  from  equines,  which 
he  was  able  to  study  comparatively — the  first  being  very  frequent  in  the 
valley  of  Gex,  where  he  practised.  The  Trichophyton  of  the  Cow  causes  a 
true,  inflammatory  sycosis,  passing  into  a furuncle,  and  even  to  a carbuncle  ; 
a spontaneous  recovery  is  frequent,  but  it  is  followed  by  a cicatrix  ; and  this 
parasite  appears  to  be  incapable  of  producing  trichophytosis  of  the  scalp.  It 
is  the  opposite  with  the  Trichophyton  of  the  Horse,  which  has  a greater 
tendency  to  acclimatize  itself  on  Man,  is  more  epidermic,  and  more  intractable 
to  treatment. 

These  facts  preceded  the  discovery  of  the  plurality  of  the 
Dermatophytes  of  the  Horse.  We  now  know  that  the  various 
species  are  not  equally  contagious  to  man,  and  that  they  produce 
very  different  lesions.  The  Microspormn  of  the  Horse  causes,  on 
the  smooth  skin,  small  transient  erythematous  lesions  resembling 
circinate  trichophytosis  at  its  acme,  and  disappearing  spontaneously 
or  under  very  simple  treatment  (Bodin).  A lesion  of  a peladoid 
type  of  the  scalp  in  children  has,  however,  been  referred  to  this 
equine  parasite  (Bosellini). 

In  an  epidemic  of  Ringworm  due  to  the  Trichophyton  equinum 
several  men  in  charge  of  the  Horses  showed  lesions  in  the  form  of 
patches  chiefly  on  the  neck.  Experimental  inoculation  produced  a 
similar  patch  on  a man’s  arm  (Matruchot  and  Dassonville).  As  in 
the  Horse,  the  Tr.  mentagrophytes  produces  in  man  an  expulsive 
suppurating  folliculitis.  On  the  smooth  skin  it  is  an  agminated 
folliculitis,  on  the  chin  a sycosis,  and  on  the  scalp  a Kerion  of 
Celsus.  These  affections  readily  yield  to  treatment. 

Trichophyton  flavum  is  very  contagious  to  Man,  producing  lesions 


254 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


analagous  to  those  it  causes  in  the  Horse  ; it  is  a simple  dermatitis, 
in  more  or  less  extensive  patches  slightly  moist,  and  not  intractable 
(Sabouraud). 

Trichophyton  verrucosum,  var.  equi,  also  very  contagious  to  Man, 
induces  expulsive  follicular  suppuration  which  occupies  a surface 
raised  like  a cupola  (Bodin). 

Trichophyton  verrucosum . var.  asini,  is  also  capable  of  affecting 
Man.  The  follicular  suppuration  which  it  causes  is  not  manifested 
by  raised  patches  as  in  Kerion,  but  as  red,  scarcely  salient  surfaces 
with  some  whitish  vesico-pustules.  W.  Williams  has  recorded  the 
transmission  of  Tinea  favosa  to  three  Horses  and  twenty  cattle  in 
the  same  stable  from  affected  Cats  which  were  accustomed  to  sit  on 
the  animals’  backs.  This  was  doubtless  trichophytosis  of  the  Cat 
caused  by  Trichophyton  felineum. 

Treatment. — The  prophylaxis  of  Ringworm  consists  in  attending 
to  the  cleanliness  of  the  animals,  and  in  careful  and  regular  grooming. 
It  requires  the  disinfection  of  stables  inhabited  by  affected  Horses,  • 
of  grooming  tools  and  harness,  if  these  are  likely  to  be  employed  on 
others. 

With  regard  to  curative  treatment,  should  the  malady  be  very 
limited,  its  extension  is  to  be  prevented  by  keeping  the  currycomb, 
brush,  and  wisp  off  the  diseased  patches,  as  these  articles  carry  the 
spores  to  other  parts  of  the  body.  Megnin  reports  having  radically 
cured  many  young  Horses,  by  merely  having  the  crust  gently 
scraped  off  entire,  along  with  the  broken  hairs,  these  being 
immediately  burned. 

In  some  cases  it  is  advisable  to  resort  to  general  clipping,  as  a 
preliminary  to  treatment  ; and  it  may  be  again  suggested  that  all 
grooming  should  be  done  out-of-doors. 

With  regard  to  the  medicaments  to  be  employed,  nearly  all  give 
favourable  results,  the  growth  of  the  parasite  on  the  domesticated 
animals  being  readily  disturbed  or  suspended  by  medicamentous 
applications.  The  simplest  are  to  be  preferred,  and  those  which 
cause  much  irritation  are  to  be  avoided  as  they  may  leave  durable, 
if  not  indelible,  traces  on  the  skin.  Tabourin  has  given  a fastidious 
enumeration  of  a very  large  number  of  agents  that  may  be  used  for 
Ringworm  on  animals.  The  most  popular  remedies  are  : a solution 
of  corrosive  sublimate,  i to  500,  and  slightly  alcoholized  ; carbolized 
glycerin,  tincture  of  balsam  of  Peru  ; pure  alcohol  ; petroleum  ; 
cade-oil  ; white  precipitate  ointment  ; red  precipitate  ; segyptiac  ; 
an  ointment  composed  of  carbolic  acid  1 part,  and  lard  and  soft 
soap,  of  each  20  parts  ; Helmerich’s  pomade  ; and  tincture  of  iodine. 

Pure  soft  soap,  applied  as  an  ointment,  is,  according  to  Thin’s 
experiments,  to  be  recommended. 

The  applications  are  to  be  repeated  once  or  twice  a day,  or  every 
second  day,  the  frequency  depending  upon  the  agent  selected,  and 
its  local  irritant  action.  Fleming  found  one  application  of  a liniment 
composed  of  one  part  Stockholm  tar,  and  two  parts  common  oil,  a 
cheap  and  effective  remedy  for  ringworm  on  Horses. 


DERMA  TOM  Y COSES 


255 


Fourie  and  Le  Calve  recommend  Cutler’s  prescription  which 
consists  of  pure  carbolic  acid,  tincture  of  iodine,  and  chloral  hydrate 
in  equal  parts.  The  hair  is  clipped,  the  affected  part  washed  with 
soap  and  water,  and  then  painted  with  the  preparation.  A cure  is 
obtained  when  the  surface  of  the  patch  is  covered  by  a new  growth 
of  fine,  close-set  hairs. 

Article  II. — Ringworm  of  the  Ox. 

The  Tinea  of  the  Ox  has  long  been  known,  at  least  in  its  clinical  aspect,  if 
not  more  exactly.  The  peasantry  of  Auvergne  name  it  cinders  or  inderes 
(Grognier),  those  of  Limousin  anders  or  endai  (Lemaistre),  those  of  Poitou 
anderses  (Gelle),  and  those  of  the  South  of  France  teigne  (Carrere),  brillants 
(Rigal),  or  sous-brillants  (Houles). 

Its  parasitic  nature  was  proved  in  1857  by  Gerlach  and  by 
Reynal.  It  is  always  a Trichophytosis,  and  the  common  form 
is  due  to  Trichophyton  mentagrophytes  (Ch.  Robin  ; see  p.  245). 

On  two  calves  affected  with  Tinea  tonsurans  of  a distinctly  Tricho- 
phytic  character  Bodin  found  an  endo-ectothrix  Trichophyton,  with 
large  irregular  spores  forming  flexuous  chaplets,  which,  by  cultures, 
came  nearer  the  favus  group  than  that  of  Trichophytosis.  It  is  a 
variety  of  Trichophyton  verrucosum  analogous  to  those  of  the  Horse 
and  Ass,  and  produces  a ‘ favus  withTrichophytoid  lesions  ’ (Bodin). 

Galli-Vabrio  has  connected  with  Trichophyton  Sabouraudi  (R. 
Blanchard),  which  is  responsible  for  30  per  cent,  of  the  cases  of 
‘ tondante  ’ in  children,  an  endothrix  Trichophyton  which  he  found 
on  a Calf  attacked  by  tinea  with  dry  white  lesions. 

It  is  not  impossible  that  these  three  parasitic  forms  may  yet  be 
found  to  belong  to  one  and  the  same  species. 

Symptoms. — In  the  Bovine  species,  in  which  the  disease  appears 
more  frequently  than  in  any  other,  it  is  rarely  disseminated  over 
the  whole  surface  of  the  skin,  but  prefers  locating  itself  on  the  lips 
of  Calves,  on  the  head,  neck,  upper  parts  of  the  body,  and  altogether 
exceptionally  on  the  inferior  regions  of  the  limbs. 

The  commencement  is  manifested  by  a slightly  salient  ring,  on 
the  surface  of  which  the  hairs  are  erect.  An  active  proliferation  of 
the  epidermis  causes  the  rapid  formation  of  scales  more  or  less 
adherent  to  each  other,  and  crusts  of  2 mm.  to  7 mm.  thick 
— hence  the  name  dartre  crouteuse  given  to  the  affection  by  the 
older  (French)  veterinarians.  According  to  Gerlach,  the  crusts 
are  thicker  on  dark  skins,  on  which  they  have  a greyish-white, 
fibrous  appearance,  resembling  the  amianthus  ( porrigo  asbestinea)  ; 
on  white  skins,  which  are  usually  finer,  the  crust  is  thinner  and  a 
little  yellow  in  colour. 

The  lesion  progresses  by  a regular  centrifugal  radiation  ; other 
patches  form,  those  which  are  nearest  to  each  other  becoming  fused 
into  a larger  one,  and  their  diameter  varies  in  this  way  from  the  size 
of  a florin  to  that  of  a five- shilling  piece.  Gerlach  states  that  they 
may  even  be  as  large  as  a plate.  The  dark  hairs  break  off  at  the 


256 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


surface  of  the  crust,  and  the  patches  then  become  more  apparent  ; 
but  the  white  hairs  rarely  do  so,  for  a certain  number  of  them  always 
persist,  and  they  surmount  the  crust  in  such  a manner  that  white 
skins  never  appear  to  be  tonsured. 

At  the  commencement  the  crust  is  very  adherent  to  the  skin,  and 
if  torn  off,  the  derma  appears  tumefied  and  bleeding.  Gradually 
it  is  detached  from  its  centre,  while  the  peripheral  portion,  which 
is  more  recent,  is  still  fixed.  There  is  then  found  beneath  the  crust 
a thin  layer  of  pus,  which,  when  removed,  shows  the  derma  still 
inflamed,  and  marked  by  numerous  little  openings  left  by  the  torn- 
out  hairs.  The  pus  raises  the  crust  that  covers  it,  gradually  dries 
in  superposed  layers — which  may  or  may  not  be  adherent  to  the 
parasitic  production — and  constitutes  a new  crust  that  remains 
after  the  first  one  has  fallen  off,  and,  contrary  to  what  is  the  case 
with  that  one,  this  no  longer  exhibits,  especially  in  its  deeper 
la3?ers,  the  cryptogamic  elements. 

This  second  crust  dries  in  its  turn,  and  falls  off  in  the  form  of 
scurf  or  scales  ( dartre  furfuracee),  leaving  a glabrous  surface  on 
which  the  hair  grows  in  a regular  manner  immediately,  or  after 
a brief  epidermic  desquamation. 

The  malady  is  accompanied  by  a certain  amount  of  pruritus, 
which  is  more  pronounced  at  the  beginning  and  end  than  in  the 
intermediate  period  ; but  it  is  far  from  having  the  same  acuteness 
as  in  scabies. 

The  Ringworm  may  disappear  spontaneously  after  a certain 
time,  varying  from  six  weeks  to  three  months,  but  in  Calves  (the 
animals  not  being  groomed  at  all)  it  is  more  intractable  than  in 
adult  animals.  If  it  extends  over  a large  part  of  the  body  the 
Calves  may  lose  condition,  and  the  cases  recorded  by  Macorps 
prove  that  when  there  is  extreme  pruritus  it  hinders  fattening. 

What  has  been  said  with  regard  to  the  course  and  prognosis 
of  Ringworm  in  the  Horse  applies  to  that  of  the  Ox. 

Etiology. — The  information,  already  given  regarding  the  etiology 
of  ringworm  in  the  Horse  is  fundamentally  true  of  the  same  disease 
in  the  Ox.  Evidently  want  of  cleanliness,  so  favourable  to  con- 
tagion, alone  permitted,  in  1871,  the  spread  of  Ringworm  among 
the  Calves  collected  at  Lyons  in  anticipation  of  a siege. 

The  coincidence  of  the  malady  with  certain  seasons,  which  has 
been  on  several  occasions  alluded  to,  may  be  explained  in  the 
same  way.  Thus,  Fleming  has  observed  that  after  having  per- 
sisted during  the  winter  among  Cows,  it  has  disappeared  in  the 
spring  ; but  this  was  because  in  winter  the  animals  were  kept  in 
dark  and  dirty  stables,  in  which  the  parasite  could  thrive  indefinitely, 
while  in  the  spring-time  they  were  turned  out  to  pasture,  and  con- 
sequently placed  in  conditions  opposed  to  contagion. 

Spinola  attributed  to  light  some  influence  on  the  evolution  of 
the  trichophytic  patches.  It  appeared  to  him  that,  in  the  stable, 
they  developed  on  those  parts  of  the  body  which  received  the  direct 
action  of  the  light,  and  that  they  were  quickly  cured  when  these 


DERMA  TO  MY  COSES 


257 


parts  were  removed  from  it,  but  reappeared  on  another  region  exposed 
to  it.  Gerlach,  however,  formally  contested  this  statement  : ‘ Either 
chance  has  intervened,’  he  said,  ‘ or  the  exanthem  has  not  been  tinea.’ 

It  has  already  been  stated  that  Calves  are  much  more  likely  to 
contract  trichophytosis  than  adult  animals.  Ringworm  affecting 
the  Ox  appears  to  have  been  observed  in  every  country,  but  it  is 
most  frequent  in  certain  great  breeding  countries — as  in  Normandy, 
La  Vendee,  Brittany,  Holland,  Oldenburg,  Bavaria — principally 
in  Franconia,  England,  and  Switzerland.  It  is  common  also  in 
Australia  (G.  Fleming).  It  takes  sometimes  an  epizootic  form. 
Thus,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Adelfingen,  and  especially  in  the 
Commune  of  Dorlikon — Canton  of  Zurich — Fehr,  in  1838,  reported 
an  epizooty  of  trichophytosis  that  prevailed  for  four  years,  and  was 
communicated  to  a number  of  people  ; indeed,  the  majority  of  the 
inhabitants  of  Dorolikon  were  attacked.  But  according  to  the 
details  given  by  him,  it  is  more  probable — as  Gerlach  suggested — 
that  it  was  sarcoptic  scabies. 

In  the  space  of  three  months  Macorps  saw  ringworm  spread  to 
more  than  100  cattle  in  the  Canton  of  Huy  (Belgium),  and  Gigard 
has  witnessed  a similar  occurrence  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Lyons, 
while  Pflug  mentions  that  in  certain  stables  the  malady  reigns  per- 
manently. It  is  the  same  on  certain  pastures. 

Contagion. — I.  From  Ox  to  Ox. — Long  ago  the  older  veterin- 
arians — Chabert,  Grognier,  Carrere,  etc.  — had  observed  the 
contagion  of  dartres  from  one  animal  to  another  of  the  bovine 
species.  ‘ The  virus  dartreux ,’  says  Carrere,  * may  be  preserved 
for  a long  time  in  parts  of  stables  where  Calves  affected  with  the 
disease  have  been,  if  the  precaution  is  not  taken  of  burning  the 
articles  which  have  served  to  tie  them  up,  and  cleaning  the  different 
objects  against  which  they  may  have  rubbed.’  This  observation 
has  been  many  times  confirmed,  and  Pflug  cites  an  instance  in 
which  a Calf,  the  subject  of  tinea  tonsurans,  transmitted  the  disease 
— mediately  — to  all  those  which  were  put  in  the  place  it  had 
occupied.  But  it  is  to  Gerlach  that  we  owe  precise  and  definite 
information  on  this  point,  derived,  as  it  was,  from  experiments 
as  numerous  as  they  were  varied.  ‘In  all  these  experiments,  the 
crusts  taken  from  diseased  animals  were  divided  by  the  fingers  and 
deposited,  after  some  slight  rubbings,  beneath  the  hair  of  those  of 
various  ages.  The  older  animals  were  refractory  to  contagion,  but 
animals  one  to  two  years  old,  and  particularly  Calves,  took  the 
disease  with  the  greatest  readiness.  Contagion  was  more  certain 
if  care  was  taken  to  previously  damp  the  skin,  or  to  slightly  scratch 
or  scarify  it.  It  was  noted  as  something  remarkable,  that,  no 
matter  what  may  have  been  the  disposition  of  the  inoculated  surface 
even  if  it  were  longitudinal,  the  resulting  lesion  constantly  mani- 
fested a tendency  to  assume  a circular  form,  and  to  constitute  a 
veritable  circle  if  the  inoculation  scratch  was  not  too  extensive. 

‘ Gerlach  even  attempted  the  re-inoculation  of  parts  denuded  by 
the  first  eruption,  but  the  results  were  always  negative  ; while  a 

17 


258 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


new  eruption  was  produced,  though  relatively  feeble  in  intensity, 
on  those  parts  where  the  hairs  had  partially  or  wholly  been  restored. 

‘ In  order  to  demonstrate  that  the  contagion  was  exclusively  due 
to  the  Fungr.s,  Gerlach  inoculated  blood  obtained  by  scarification 
from  a diseased  patch,  as  well  as  sanguinolent  serosity  derived 
frcm  beneath  a well-formed  crust,  but  not  containing  any  Fungi. 
In  no  instance  was  the  inoculation  followed  by  the  development 
of  the  malady’  (Railliet). 

II.  From  other  Animals  to  the  Ox  and  inversely.  — Reynal 
has  transmitted  tinea  tonsurans  of  the  Horse  to  two  Calves  by 
grooming  them  with  tools  which  had  been  used  for  two  affected 
Horses.  Nettleship  has  observed  similar  cases.  Ringworm  has 
also  been  observed  to  spread  from  a Goat  to  an  Ox,  and  mention 
has  already  been  made  of  the  transmission  of  ringwoim  from  a Cat 
to  both  the  Horse  and  Ox  (Williams)  (see  also  p.  254). 

Communication  of  the  disease  from  the  Ox  to  the  Deg  succeeded 
in  the  hands  of  Gerlach,  when  the  inoculation  was  preceded  by  slight 
scarifications  and  the  destruction  of  the  epidermis.  The  Fungus 
was  seen  in  about  six  to  eight  days.  ‘ A young  Dog  experienced 
most  acute  itching  ; the  skin  was  tumefied,  and  covered  with  a 
somewhat  friable  crust,  which  left,  after  its  removal,  a circular 
•haii less  patch,  the  size  of  a sixpence  ; the  hair  was  not  long  in  grow- 
ing again.  The  thin  crust  was  composed  of  epidermic  cells,  slightly 
adherent  to  one  another,  and  between  which  no  Fungi  could  be  dis- 
covered.’ Fenger  has  likewise  reported  the  conveyance  of  tinea 
tonsurans  from  the  Ox  to  the  Dog. 

Gerlach  failed  to  inoculate  the  Sheep  and  Pig  with  the  tinea  of 
the  Ox  ; and  Railliet  was  no  more  successful  with  the  Rabbit. 

‘ Nevertheless,’  he  states,  ‘ in  some  otherwise  very  rare  instances, 
communication  of  the  disease  to  the  Sheep  and  Pig  has  been 
observed.’  Such  was  the  instance  recorded  by  Perroncito  of  a 
lamb  infected  from  an  Ox. 

III.  From  the  Ox  to  Man. — As  early  as  1820  Ernst  furnished 
an  instance  of  transmission  of  the  disease  from  a Cow  to  a 
young  girl ; and  Grognier,  Kollreuter,  Lavergne,  Carrere,  and  Fehr 
have  made  known  similar  cases.  The  number  of  such  recorded 
observations  at  the  present  day  is  considerable. 

Such  are  those  of  Hintermuller,  Epple,  in  1839 — quoted  by 
Verheyen,  Rademacher  in  1844,  Houles  in  1845,  Horing,  Hafner 
in  1846,  of  the  commission  appointed  for  the  study  of  bovine  con- 
tagious pleuro-pneumonia  in  1849,  Cazenave,  Malherbe  and  Leten- 
neur  in  1851,  Kowack  in  1853,  Chandeley  and  Sautlus  in  1856. 
These  facts,  the  most  important  of  which  relate  to  Calves,  bring  us 
to  the  important  work  of  Gerlach,  in  which  the  majority  of  them  are 
analyzed,  but  in  which  there  is  found  more  particularly  the  experi- 
mental demonstration  of  the  malady  from  bovines  to  Man.  Gerlach 
made  frequent  inoculations  on  himself  and  a certain  number  of 
students,  and  had  always  successful  results  from  them  ; though  he 
never  made  these  on  the  scalp,  for  fear  of  producing  a troublesome 


DERMA  TOMYCOSES 


259 


disease,  preferring  to  inoculate  the  skin  of  the  arm,  where  he  never 
failed  to  develop  a more  or  less  regular  herpes  circinatus , showing 
itself  from  the  seventh  to  the  fourteenth  day  after  inoculation. 
Borensprung,  Gerlach  mentions,  had  also  inoculated  himself  with 
the  bovine  tinea,  and  produced  a herpes  circinatus. 

Since  Gerlach’s  experiments,  Riiffert,  Lemaistre,  Macorps, 
Lafosse,  Fiinfstiick,  Bergemann,  Nettleship,  Pflug,  Kretschmar, 
Besnier,  Chaboux,  Gerlier,  Boucher,  etc.,  have  reported  other 
instances  of  transmission  to  Man  of  the  ringworm  of  the  Ox,  and 
especially  of  the  Calf. 

Contagion  may  occur  in  various  ways.  Most  frequently  it  is 
caught  in  attending  upon  affected  animals,  and  then  the  patches 
have  a preference  for  the  wrists  and  fore-arms,  and  particularly 
the  palmar  surface,  although  they  may  be  found  on  any  part  of  the 
body.  Calves  which  are  affected  around  the  lips  infect  the  Cows 
which  suckle  them,  about  the  teats  and  flank  ; and  this  is  why 
persons  in  the  habit  of  milking  Cows  contract  tinea  tonsurans  on 
the  hands — particularly  the  dorsal  surface — wrists  and  fore-arms, 
and  also  on  the  forehead  and  scalp  in  leaning  their  head  against 
the  animal’s  flank  while  milking.  Horand  has  seen  a tricho- 
phytic  patch  on  the  posterior  surface  of  the  neck  of  a butcher  who 
had  carried  a diseased  Calf  on  his  shoulders,  and  a similar  occur- 
rence had  been  previously  noted  by  Cazenave  ; and  according  to 
E.  Besnier,  herpes  circinatus  is  often  seen  on  the  back  of  the  hands 
and  the  fore-arms  of  butchers  who  skin  Calves.  It  is  evident  that 
the  parasite  may  afterwards  be  transported  to  any  other  part  of 
the  body,  by  touching  the  parts  primarily  inoculated. 

The  form  which  the  malady  assumes  in  Man  is  that  of  herpes 
circinatus — vesicular  herpes,  vesicular  trichophytic  erythema — for 
it  is  the  hairless  parts  which  are  most  frequently  attacked.  On 
the  scalp  it  is  tinea  tonsurans,  and  on  the  lip  it  is  a sycosis  or  men- 
tagra.  There  is  sometimes  trichophytosis  of  the  eyelashes,  according 
to  Gailleton. 

Trichophytosis  derived  from  animals  is  generally  much  more  acute 
than  it  usually  is  in  Man.  The  vesicles  are  more  numerous,  and 
sometimes  suppurate,  the  pruritus  is  more  intense,  and  the  patches 
are  larger  and  more  intractable  to  cure. 

Treatment. — What  has  been  said  with  regard  to  the  Horse  applies 
also  to  cattle.  Mercurial  preparations  are  to  be  used  with  care, 
since  the  animals  may  by  licking  the  dressings  show  more  or  less 
serious  toxic  symptoms. 

Article  III. — Ringworm  of  the  Sheep,  Goat  and  Pig. 

Little  is  known  about  the  dermatomycoses  of  the  Sheep,  Goat 
and  Pig.  From  what  has  been  written  on  the  subject,  it  may  be 
concluded  that  there  are  close  resemblances  in  the  symptoms  to 
those  exhibited  in  the  preceding  species,  if  an  account  be  taken 
of  the  differences  in  their  coat. 


17 — 2 


260 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


According  to  Brauer,  in  Sheep  affected  with  trichophytosis  it  is 
observed  at  the  beginning  that  the  wool  is  collected  in  small  irregular 
tufts,  which  increase  in  number  and  volume  ; the  fleece  is  matted  in 
various  places.  On  the  neck,  chest,  shoulders,  and  along  the  back, 
appear  furfuraceous  and  crusted  patches,  accompanied  by  marked 
pruritus,  which  assists  in  giving  the  wool  its  bad  appearance. 

Tinea  is  not  very  intractable  in  the  Goat. 

Ringworm  of  the  Pig  is  found  on  the  croup,  sides,  flanks  and 
sides  of  the  abdomen  ; but  most  often  on  the  back  and  outside  the 
thighs.  It  forms  isolated,  red  patches  from  2 cm.  to  5 cm.  in  diameter, 
covered  with  miliary  vesicles  which  are  soon  replaced  by  brown 
crusts.  The  bristles,  unaltered,  still  remain  adherent  and  un- 
broken. Pruritus  is  absent.  Contagion  from  Pig  to  Pig  is  easy. 

The  disease  may  have  originated  from  the  Ringworm  of  the  Ox  by 
means  of  litter  brought  from  the  cowshed  to  the  piggery  (Schindelka). 

Gerlach  has  not  succeeded  in  transmitting  Ringworm  from  the 
Ox  to  either  the  Sheep  or  Pig.  Perroncito  cites  a case,  however, 
of  contagion  from  an  Ox  to  a Lamb.  Siedamgrotzky  has  suc- 
cessfully inoculated  two  Sheep  and  two  Pigs  with  Ringworm  from 
a Horse  and  also  a Goat  with  Ringworm  from  an  Ox.  The  two  pigs 
further  transmitted  the  disease  to  two  others  which  were  brought 
in  contact  with  them.  Infection  from  the  Goat  to  the  Ox  has 
been  observed  in  the  Canton  of  Zurich  (1852). 

In  1876,  Lailler  communicated  to  the  Societe  Medicale  des 
Hopitaux  a letter  from  Lespiau,  relative  to  an  endemic  of  tricho- 
phytosis observed  in  the  cantons  of  C£ret  and  Arles-sur-Tech, 
Pyrenees-Oriental.  In  this  outbreak,  34  persons — of  whom  28 
were  children — were  attacked  ; the  malady  appeared  to  have  been 
propagated  from  a Dog — the  first  affected — to  a Pig,  which  in 
these  parts  lives  with  the  family,  and  from  this  animal  it  was 
conveyed  to  Man.  The  humidity  of  the  season  favoured  the 
development  of  the  parasite,  which  localized  itself  more  particu- 
larly about  the  head — eyebrows  and  cheeks — and  around  the  genital 
organs,  and  caused  itching. 

Article  IV. — Ringworm  of  the  Dog. 

Four  Dermatophytes  are  known  to  affect  the  Dog  : (1)  Tricho- 
phyton caninum  (Matruchot  and  Dassonville)  ; (2)  Micro sporum 
audouini  var.  caninum  (Bodin  and  Almy)  ; (3)  Eidamella  spinosa 
(Matruchot  and  Dassonville) ; (4)  Ocspora  canina  (Constantin  and 
Sabrazes).  Moreover,  from  a multiple  Ringworm  of  a Dog,  and 
from  Ringworm  patches  (small-celled  suppurative  folliculitis)  on  a 
child  living  in  the  same  house,  Sabouraud  isolated  a Trichophyton, 
which  in  cultures  was  identical  with  Tr.  menlagrophytes  of  the  Horse 
except  that  it  had  always  a light  cafe-au-lait  tint.  It  is  possible, 
that  this  may  be  the  common  parasite  of  Ringworm  in  the  Dog,  and 
also  that  it  has  been  confounded  with  Tr.  caninum. 

Symptoms. — I.  Trichophytic  Ringworm. — This  variety,  rare  in 


DERMA  TO  MY  COSES 


261 

France,  is  very  common  in  Germany,  at  any  rate  in  the  form  of 
suppurative  folliculitis,  which  may  be  attributed  to  Trichophyton 
mentagrophytes  and  to  Tr.  caninum.  According  to  Gerlach  and 
Friedberger  they  show  great  symptomatic  analogy  with  the  ordinary 
Tineae  of  the  Horse  and  Ox.  The  disease  is  most  frequently  situated 
on  the  head  and  legs,  and  usually  commences  around  the  lips  and 
eyes  ; but  patches  may  be  found  on  any  part  of  the  body,  when 
the  malady  has  been  present  for  some  time. 

At  the  commencement  the  patches  are  depilated,  circular,  and 
well  defined  ; by  increasing  in  number  and  extent,  they  may  unite 
and  form  irregular  surfaces.  They  are  soon  covered  with  crusts, 
which  are  at  first  thin  and  of  a dirty- grey  or  amianthine  hue.  The 
pruritus  may  be  insignificant  or  very  intense.  When  the  latter, 
in  consequence  of  the  rubbing,  the  crusts  are  impregnated  with 
blood  and  serum,  and  have  a colour  varying  from  yellow  to  brown. 
The  hairs  which  have  not  broken  are  agglutinated,  and  sores  form, 
which  alter  the  physiognomy  of  the  affection.  Beneath  the  crust 
there  is  often  observed  a reddish-brown  or  copper  tint,  with  a large 
number  of  small  nodules  the  size  of  a millet  seed,  formed  by  swollen 
hair-follicles.  It  sometimes  happens  that  the  patches  project  as 
much  as  3 mm.  above  the  level  of  the  skin,  their  surface  being  really 
papulous.  Spontaneous  recovery  is  rare. 

Inoculation  of  the  Dog,  however,  with  Trichophyton  caninum  has 
caused  the  formation  of  patches,  which  disappeared  spontaneously 
after  a few  weeks  (Matruchot  and  Dassonville). 

II.  Microsporous  Ringworm. — Patches,  oval  or  round,  from 
2 cm.  to  5 cm.  in  diameter,  may  form,  by  confluence,  much  more 
extensive  areas  with  irregular  borders.  On  these  dry,  greyish, 
scaly  patches  there  are  broken  hairs  which  are  easily  extracted  as 
they  readily  break  near  the  root.  The  part  pulled  out  is  seen  to  be 
surrounded  with  a sheath  of  small  spores  from  2 p to  3 /jl  in  diameter, 
irregularly  disposed  and  without  any  mycelial  filaments ; the  latter  are 
inside  the  hair.  Pruritus  is  absent  or  insignificant  (Bodin  and  Almy). 

III.  Eidamellian  Ringworm.— Found  only  once  in  the  form  of 
lesions  like  those  of  Tinea.  The  parasite  produced  in  the  follicle 
a mycelial  close  network,  with  intercalate  chlamydospores  from 
1 [x  to  5 p in  diameter.  Inoculation  with  cultures  failed  to  reproduce 
the  original  lesion,  and  only  caused  complete  depilation  on  a patch 
j cm.  to  2 cm.  in  diameter  (Matruchot  and  Dassonville). 

IV.  Favus. — Favus  of  the  Dog,  long  attributed  to  the  same  species 
as  that  causing  favus  in  Man  ( Achcrion  Schonleinii ) is  due  to  a special 
parasite,  Oospora  canina.  The  first  clinical  observations  of  this 
dermatosis  are  due  to  Saint-Cyr,  Trasbot,  Siedamgrotzky,  and 
Cadiot.  They  show  that,  with  young  Dogs  which  are  being  suckled, 
tinea  favosa  often  begins  at  the  umbilical  region,  and  that  it  readily 
invades  a large  extent  of  skin.  In  the  instance  given  by  Trasbot, 
the  head  was  so  covered  with  favi  that  there  were  only  a few  narrow, 
sinuous  lines  still  covered  with  hairs.  With  a nursing  bitch,  the 
abundance  of  the  crusts  was  revealed  by  a peculiar  odour,  which 


262 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Trasbot  compared  to  that  of  mouldy  cheese,  and  which  resembled 
that  of  similar  cases  in  Man  — ‘ a mawkish,  repulsive  odour, 
says  Bazin,  ‘ which  has  some  resemblance  to  that  of  Mice,  Cat’s 
urine,  moulds,  or  macerating  animal  matters.’ 

In  the  case  related  by  Cadiot,  the  Dog  was  eight  years  old,  and 
had  four  favi — two  on  one  shoulder,  one  on  the  neck,  and  the  other 
at  the  root  of  the  ear.  Each  of  these  was  formed  of  a circular  crust, 
which  was  white  on  the  surface,  sulphur- yellow  internally,  and 
around  it  the  skin  was  slightly  swollen.  On  the  left  flank,  the  croup, 
and  at  the  root  of  the  tail,  were  other  favic  patches  in  process  of 
recovery  ; they  were  in  the  form  of  hairless  red  spots,  partly  covered 
with  slate- tinted  crusts  rich  in  spores. 

The  fungus  is  found  in  the  lesions  in  the  form  of  fine  filaments 
from  2 [x  to  3 /x  in  diameter,  and  of  larger  filaments  which  break  up 
into  long  chains  of  round  or  oval  elements  5 /*  to  6 /a. 

Favus  can  only  be  confounded  with  chronic  Trichophytosis. 
Generally  in  favus  the  lesions  are  cupped  or  hollowed,  whilst  usually 
Trichophytic  crusts  are  raised  in  the  centre  by  moisture  which  collects 
beneath  them.  Further,  Favic  crusts  are  almost  entirely  formed  of 
parasitic  elements,  whereas  Trichophytic  crusts  show  comparatively 
few  of  them,  and  consist  of  epidermic  products,  sometimes  dried 
blood,  or  pus  cells. 

Etiology,  Contagion. — Early  age  has  not  for  Trichophytosis  in  the 
Dog  the  same  predisposing  influence  as  in  other  species  of  animals. 
Inoculation,  however,  is  only  successful  in  young  dogs  (Horand), 
although,  according  to  St.  Cyr,  this  hardly  applies  to  Favus. 

The  bitch  that  Trasbot  exhibited  before  the  central  society  of 
Paris,  was,  it  is  true,  aged  nine  years  ; but  then  it  was  enfeebled  by 
gestation,  parturition,  and  nursing  puppies  to  such  a degree  that  it 
realized  the  condition  of  physiological  misery  necessary  for  the 
reception  of  the  disease.  It  must  also  be  remarked,  that  the 
Oospora  first  attacked  the  offspring — aged  from  ten  to  twenty  days 
— and  it  was  from  them  the  parent  received  the  malady,  although 
she  was  placed  in  somewhat  the  same  conditions  as  to  contagion. 
Nevertheless,  in  Cadiot’s  case  the  patient  was  eight  years  old,  and 
there  was  nothing  about  it  to  constitute  a predisposition. 

The  Oospora  canina  inoculated  on  a Dog  produces  the  characteristic 
lesions  of  primary  favus.  These  usually  spread  beyond  the  point  of 
inoculation,  and  may  even  inoculate  other  parts  of  the  body.  They 
do  not  disappear  spontaneously. 

Gerlach  (1859)  observed  the  spontaneous  transmission  of  Tricho- 
phytosis from  one  Dog  to  another,  and  Friedberger  (1876)  produced 
it  experimentally. 

The  Dog  may  probably  contract  a form  of  favus  due  not  to  the 
Oospora  but  to  the  Achorion  quinckeanum  (Zopf),  the  parasite  of 
Mouse  favus.  Trasbot’ s favic  bitch  was  a terrier,  which  brought 
to  its  puppies  the  Rats  it  caught.  Anderson  has  observed — as 
also  has  Buchanan — a Dog  with  a favic  cup  on  one  of  its  forepaws  ; 
this  animal  was  in  the  habit  of  killing  the  Mice  which  swarmed  in  the 


DERMA  TO  MYCOSES 


263 


house,  and  several  of  these  creatures,  on  being  caught  and  examined, 
were  found  to  be  favic.  The  primary  localization  of  the  malady  on 
the  paws  and  nose  of  the  domesticated  carnivora  is  easily  explained. 

Contagion  to  Man. — Friedberger  reported,  in  1876,  a case  of 
contagion  of  tinea  tonsurans  from  a Dog  to  a child  and  servant, 
with  whom  the  animal  was  in  the  habit  of  playing.  The  seat  of 
eruption  was  the  face  in  the  child  and  the  neck  in  the  servant  ; and 
here  also  it  was  the  circinated  form  that  it  exhibited.  Experiments 
made  by  the  author  on  himself  and  three  students,  with  crusts  from 
the  Dog  and  the  child,  had  no  result.  Horand  had  already  reported 
a similar  fact,  and  Haas  has  published  another.  Transmission  from 
the  Dog  to  Man  is  rendered  easy  by  the  handling  and  caressing  the 
animal  receives  ; and  Frohner  has  observed  numerous  instances  of 
infection  which  had  occurred  in  this  way. 

The  Microsporum  of  the  Dog  is  transmissable  to  Man,  causing  a 
Ringworm  very  like  that  set  up  by  Microsporum  audouini,  according 
to  the  observations  of  Mitelli  and  Bunch.  The  same  is  true  of 
Favus.  St.  Cyr  contracted  it  by  manipulating  affected  Dogs  used 
for  experiments. 

Treatment. — The  Trichophytoses  of  the  Dog  are  not  very  obstinate. 
Any  of  the  methods  of  treatment  advised  in  the  case  of  the  Horse 
may  be  used  with  success. 

Microsporosis,  even  when  extensive,  disappears  after  painting  with 
pure  tincture  of  iodine,  followed  by  the  application  of  carbolized 
vaseline. 

For  Favus  Saint-Cyr  gives  the  following  treatment : Remove  the 
crusts  with  a spatula  or  the  blunt  end  of  curved  scissors,  taking 
care  not  to  make  the  skin  bleed.  Then  daily  dress  the  exposed  skin 
with  a more  or  less  concentrated  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate — 
2 to.  10  per  cent. 

Sometimes  the  Favus  re-forms,  and  it  is  then  necessary,  at  the 
second  application  of  the  lotion,  to  remove  the  crust  as  before. 
Usually,  five  or  six  applications  of  the  lotion  are  sufficient  to  effect 
a cure  ; though  when  the  disease  is  situated  at  the  root  of  the  claws, 
more  are  needed  ; but  the  malady  is  always  overcome  in  a short 
time. 

Corrosive  sublimate  may  occasion  poisoning,  and  it  is  perhaps 
preferable — as  Saint-Cyr  advises,  and  as  Trasbot,  following  his 
advice,  has  successfully  employed — to  apply  an  ointment  of  1 or 
even  5 per  cent,  nitrate  of  silver.  This  ought  to  be  carefully  rubbed 
in  to  assure  its  penetration. 

Article  V. — Ringworm  of  the  Cat. 

The  dermatomycoses  of  the  Cat  comprise  a Trichophytosis,  a 
Microsporosis,  and  a Favus. 

Trichophytosis. — Fenger,  who  has  seen  tinea  tonsurans  in  the  Cat, 
says  that  it  consists  of  circular  depilations  covered  with  abundant 
scales,  the  patches  attaining  a diameter  of  15  mm.  to  35  mm.  in 


264  TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

three  weeks.  This  ringwrorm  is  due  to  a particular  species — the 
Trichophyton  jelineum  (R.  Blanchard),  well  studied  by  Sabouraud, 
who  has  not  found  it  on  any  of  the  other  animals  in  which  he  has 
observed  spontaneous  Trichophytosis.  It  appears  to  be  especially 
ectothrix,  and  the  lesion  is  quite  temporary.  The  fungus  gives 
white  cultures  very  similar  to  those  of  Tr.  mentagrophytes  of  the 
Horse. 

The  case  recorded  by  Williams  seems  to  prove  that  this  Ringworm 
of  the  Cat  is  transmissible  to  the  Horse  and  Ox.  Fenger  states  that 
it  may  pass  from  the  Cat  to  the  Dog,  and  according  to  Ziirn  the  Cat 
may  contract  it  from  the  Dog. 

It  is  contagious  also  for  the  human  subject,  in  whom  it  is  nearly 
confined  to  women  and  children.  Fenger  states  that  he  has  inocu- 
lated the  Cat  with  the  Trichophyton  tonsurans  of  Man.  Horand  and 
Vincens  have  succeeded  equally  in  inoculating  young  animals. 

Microsporosis. — This  tinea,  observed  once  by  Marotel,  on  a Cat 
several  months  old,  was  manifested  by  three  hairless  patches,  of  the 
size  of  a shilling,  covered  with  abundant  dry,  greyish  scales.  The 
fungus  formed  round  the  hair,  within  the  hair  follicle,  a sheath  made 
up  of  small  spores  about  2 polygonal  in  shape,  and  crowded 
without  order  one  against  another. 

Favus. — The  Favus  of  the  Cat  was  mentioned  for  the  first  time  in 
1847,  in  a thesis  by  Jacquetant  of  Lyons.  Zander  observed  it 
again  in  1858.  Ten  years  later  Saint-Cyr  published  his  important 
work  on  Tinea  favosa  of  the  domesticated  animals,  and  gave  a good 
description  of  this  disease. 

The  dermatophyte  of  Favus  of  the  Cat  has  not  yet  been  studied  in 
cultures,  but  its  etiological  conditions  suggest  that  it  is  caused  by 
the  agent  of  Mouse  favus — the  A chorion  quinckeanum  (Zopf).  It 
is  possible  also  that  certain  cases  are  due  to  A chorion  Schonleinii 
(Lebert),  the  parasite  of  Favus  of  Man. 

Symptoms. — In  the  Cat  Tinea  favosa  attacks  the  extremity  of  the 
toes  or  base  of  the  claws,  by  preference  ; but  it  may  commence  at 
the  umbilicus,  or  on  the  sides  of  the  chest.  Gradually  it  extends — 
by  first  invading  the  head — especially  the  forehead,  root  of  the  ears, 
and  dorsal  line  of  the  nose,  then  the  external  surface  of  the  thighs 
and  various  parts  of  the  body.  The  malady  is  characterized  by 
crusts  more  or  less  thick — from  about  1 mm.  to  4 mm. — rather 
viscid  in  consistence,  of  a sulphur -yellow  colour  when  recent, 
becoming  grey  or  yellowish- grey  as  they  are  older  ; they  are 
arranged  quite  like  those  of  the  Favus  of  Man.  ‘ Their  contour,’ 
says  Saint-Cyr,  ‘ sometimes  very  regularly  circular,  at  other  times 
rather  notched,  forms  a rim  slightly  raised  above  the  level  of  the 
surrounding  skin  ; their  centre  is,  on  the  contrary,  more  or  less 
markedly  depressed,  which  gives  to  the  whole  of  the  crust  a cupu- 
lated  or  cup-shape.’  The  favic  cup  or  favus  has  a varied  diameter, 
there  being  those  which  are  no  larger  than  the  head  of  a pin,  while 
others  attain  the  dimensions  of  a franc-piece — many  intermediate 
sizes  being  found.  Their  prominence  is  not  subordinate  to  their  size, 


DERMA  TOMYCOSES 


265 


as  some  form  patches  which  are  scarcely  raised  above  the  level  of 
the  epidermis.  The  cupulated  arrangement  is  much  less  marked 
when  the  crust  is  seated  at  the  root  of  the  claw.  ‘ There  is  then 
most  frequently  only  a heap  of  yellow,  viscid,  split-up  crusts, 
which  the  microscope  shows  are  evidently  formed  by  the  same 
elements  as  those  above  described  ’ (Saint-Cyr).  The  deformation 
of  the  crusts  may  also  be  the  result  of  their  confluence  ; when  they 
become  multiplied  on  a limited  surface,  they  are  pressed  together, 
so  that  their  primary  characters  are  more  or  less  masked.  From 
their  free  surface  there  are  often  seen  projecting  erect,  rigid,  and 
lustreless  hairs,  which  appear  to  pass  through  them,  and  which  the 
slightest  traction  pulls  out.  Later  these  hairs  are  shed,  thrown 
out  of  their  follicles  by  the  parasite. 

‘ If  the  crusts  are  carefully  removed,  the  skin  beneath  them  is 
observed  to  be  thinner,  depressed,  and  looking  as  if  atrophied  by 
compression  ; but  smooth,  not  ulcerated,  quite  dry  or  slightly 
moist  from  serum,  and  sometimes  pale  and  anaemic-looking,  but 
more  frequently  red  and  irritated,  and  showing,  in  its  transparency, 
some  very  fine  bloodvessels.  At  the  margin  of  the  crust  the  skin 
is  sensibly  inflamed^red,  tumefied,  and  forming  a somewhat 
salient  ring  ’ (Saint-Cyr). 

The  malady  is  accompanied  by  only  a very  slight  pruritus,  and 
does  not  appear  to  have  an  injurious  influence  on  the  general  health. 

The  Achorion  quinckeanum  appears  in  the  lesions  in  the  form  of 
numerous  rectangular  or  ovoid  elements  2*5  /a  to  3 broad, 
and  3 (Jj  to  5 il  long,  united  into  mycelial  filaments  of  varying 
length,  which  split  up  into  short  rectangular  spores. 

Favus  of  the  Cat  is  not  usually  serious.  Saint-Cyr  has  seen  a Cat 
recover  without  any  treatment  in  about  three  months. 

Etiology,  Contagion. — Early  age  seems  to  be  almost  an  essential 
condition  to  the  implantation  of  Achorion  on  the  Cat.  Saint-Cyr 
twice  tried  to  transmit  Favus  to  adult  Cats  and  failed,  whereas 
inoculations  of  seven  or  eight  Cats,  from  six  weeks  to  two  months  old, 
were  all  successful.  Whenever  it  has  been  possible  to  recognise  the 
origin  of  Favus  in  a Cat,  it  has  always  been  traced  to  the  Mouse  or 
the  Rat.  These  rodents  are,  in  fact,  often  affected  with  tinea,  and, 
since  the  time  of  Bennett,  corroborative  testimony  has  been  fur- 
nished by  Draper,  Friedreich,  R.  Tripier,  Molliere,  etc.  Favic  Mice 
appear  to  be  particularly  frequent  at  Lyons,  and  the  disease — which 
usually  begins  at  the  ear  with  them — often  causes  death.  It  is 
difficult  to  arrive  at  a definite  conclusion  as  to  whether  the  Favus 
of  Mice  is  derived  from  that  of  Man,  in  consequence  of  the  peregri- 
nations of  these  little  rodents  among  the  clothing  and  head  apparel 
of  the  diseased  ; but  it  is  certain  that  they  can  convey  the  malady 
to  mankind. 

Anderson  has  reported  a case  of  Favus  on  a little  girl  who  had 
touched  Mice  caught  in  a trap,  and  who  conveyed  the  disease  to 
the  majority  of  the  members  of  her  family.  A few  days  after  this 
occurrence  five  Mice  were  captured,  and  Anderson  found  a favic  cup 


266 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


on  the  back  of  one  of  them,  near  the  tail,  while  another  had  the  sides 
of  the  head  and  the  ears  ulcerated  by  the  malady.  Dr.  Tripier, 
of  Lyons,  successfully  inoculated  himself  from  a Mouse ; and 
Horand,  of  Lyons,  has  given  the  case  of  a woman  who  had  contracted 
Favus  by  introducing  her  hand  into  a rat-trap  containing  a favic  Rat. 

In  general,  the  transmission  of  Favus  from  the  Mouse  or  Rat  to 
Man  is  effected  through  the  medium  of  the  domesticated  animals. 
It  is,  in  fact,  from  the  Mouse  that  the  Dog  and  Cat  acquire  the 
malady  in  cases  the  origin  of  which  can  be  ascertained.  Such  was 
the  case  of  the  Cat  mentioned  by  Draper,  and  probably  also  in  all 
those  in  which  the  disease  was  observed. 

Like  the  Mouse,  the  Cat  affected  with  Favus  may  transmit  the 
disease  to  Man.  In  Draper’s  case  a Cat  gave  Favus  to  two  children 
who  were  in  the  habit  of  playing  with  it.  Saint-Cyr,  Horand, 
Anderson,  W.  G.  Smith  have  all  cited  similar  cases. 

Treatment. — The  same  as  that  indicated  for  Favus  of  the  Dog. 

Article  VI. — Favus  of  the  Rabbit. 

The  only  tinea  recognised  in  the  Rabbit  is  a Favus  It  is  not 
known  to  what  Dermatophyte  it  belongs,  or  whether  it  is  really  an 
Achorion.  It  is  certain,  however,  that  the  Achorion  Schonleinii  of 
human  Favus  can  be  inoculated  on  the  Rabbit  (Sabrazes). 

Favus  of  the  Rabbit  has  been  seen  by  Mourrand  of  Lyons,  by 
Recordon  of  Corbeil,  and  by  Megnin.  Mourrand’ s observation 
relates  to  some  young  Russian  Rabbits  on  which  the  disease  was 
disseminated  on  the  paws,  head,  and  body,  but  was  more  particu- 
larly localized  on  the  first  two  regions.  On  one  animal  there  were 
from  25  to  30  favi  on  each  ear,  and  their  dimensions  were  between 
that  of  a pin’s  head  and  a twenty-centime  piece.  Some,  which  were 
of  the  volume  of  a small  lentil,  had  a small  tuft  of  hairs  in  their 
centre.  Otherwise,  by  their  characters  they  were  absolutely  the 
same  as  those  of  the  Cat.  In  Recordon’s  observation,  there  is 
mention  made  of  a litter  of  twelve  silver  Rabbits,  and  the  localiza- 
tion of  the  disease  was  the  same  as  in  the  preceding  instance.  In 
fur  Rabbits,  Megnin  has  seen  the  malady  in  the  form  of  isolated 
crusts,  somewhat  globular,  circular,  and  flattened ; they  were 
from  1 cm.  to  i|  cm.  in  diameter,  and  coriaceous  only  on  the  surface, 
which  was  easily  torn,  and  then  there  escaped  a powdery  white 
matter,  that  was  formed  exclusively  of  Achorion  spores.  By  its 
resemblance  to  the  Lycoperdon  or  Puff-ball,  Megnin  has  given  to  this 
variety  the  name  of  ly coper doid  Favus.  It  only  affects  Rabbits  of 
two  or  three  months  old — sparing  those  of  greater  age,  and  disap- 
pearing altogether  from  the  diseased  ones  when  they  attain  their 
fourth  month. 

Favus  of  the  Rabbit  has  a tendency  to  disappear  spontaneously. 
Here  again  early  age  seems  to  be  an  important  predisposing  factor. 
The  rabbits  observed  by  Moprrand  were  two  to  three  months  old, 
and  those  noted  by  Recordon  did  not  appear  to  have  passed  that  age. 


DERMA  TOM  Y COSES 


2 67 


Article  VII. — Tinea  of  the  Fowl. 


The  Fowl  is  the  subject  of  a cutaneous  mycosis  which  is  known 
under  the  names  of  Favus,  white  comb , and  comb  disease,  but  which  has 
nothing  in  common  with  Favus  of  Man,  nor  with  that  of  the  small 
mammals.  It  is  caused  by  a special  fungus,  allied  to  Trichophyton , 
and  named  Lophophyton  gallince  (Megnin),  Trichophyton  MSgnini 
(R.  Blanchard). 

This  Ringworm  or  Lophophytosis,  observed  in  the  Fowl  in  1858 
by  Gerlach,  by  Muller,  and  by  Leisering,  was  again  described  by 
Megnin  in  1881.  The  parasite,  at  first  erroneously  connected  with 
A chorion  Schonleinii,  has  been  re- 
cognised as  quite  distinct,  since  it 
was  cultivated  by  Duclaux  (1890), 
then  by  Constantin  and  Sabrazes 
(1893),  and  lastly  studied  with 
great  care  by  Matruchot  and 
Dassonville  (1899). 

Symptoms.  — The  Tinea  of 
Poultry  generally  commences  on 
the  comb  or  crest,  and  the  barbs 
and  wattles.  It  manifests  itself 
in  the  form  of  small,  white  or 
light  - grey,  round  or  irregular, 
spots  that  extend,  multiply,  and 
become  confluent,  constituting  an 
almost  continuous  thin  covering  or 
coating,  of  the  same  colour  as  the 
original  patches.  This  gradually 
grows  thicker,  and  in  about 
twenty  to  thirty  days  it  may  be 
8 mm.  It  is  then  a dry,  squamous  Fig-  II6- — The  fungus  of  the  Favus 
crust,  of  a dirty-white  colour,  ir-  ^eter°"Ury : magmfied  800  d,a- 

regular  on  the  surface,  sometimes  . * , , . , , ...  . 

„ 1'4-xi  , j r,  tv,  empty  tubes;  tp,  tubes  filled 

a little  amiantaceous,  and  often  wjth  protoplasm  and  containing 
formed  of  concentric  deposits,  spores  ; 5,  isolated  spores. 

When  this  covering  is  removed,  the 

skin  beneath  is  seen  to  be  slightly  excoriated.  From  the  nude  parts 
of  the  head,  the  malady  extends  to  the  surfaces  cohered  with 
feathers — the  neck  and  body,  and  more  especially  the  cloaca  and 
adjoining  parts.  On  the  points  attacked,  the  feathers  become 
erect,  dry,  and  friable  ; their  cavity  is  filled  with  discoid  super- 
posed crusts,  or — if  these  are  cylindrical — they  are  contained  one 
within  the  other  ; and  exceptionally  there  are  met  with  here — 
as  well  as  on  the  barbs — the  amiantaceous  deposits  observed  on 
the  surface  of  the  nude  skin.  Lastly,  the  feathers  fall  off,  leaving 
the  skin  denuded  and  covered  with  crusts  that  often  compose 
discoid  masses,  having  in  their  centre  an  infundibulum  left  by 
the  shedding  of  the  feather. 


268 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  disease  gradually  brings  on  debility,  wasting,  and  may 
terminate  in  death. 

The  affected  Fowls  exhale  a mouldy  odour,  analogous  to  that 
noticed  from  people  who  suffer  from  the  malady. 


Fig.  i 17. — Head  and  neck  of  a Fowl  affected  with  Generalized  Favus. 

When  the  scales  from  the  comb  of  a diseased  Fowl  are  examined 
under  the  microscope,  the  parasite  is  seen  to  be  made  up  of  two 
kinds  of  elements  : (1)  Twisted  mycelial  filaments,  often  rather 


DERMA  TO  MYCOSES 


269 


long,  contour  irregular,  measuring  2 ft  to  5 , /x  broad,  with  thin  walls 
and  unequal  segments,  and  presenting  articular  facets  which  corre- 
spond to  detached  lateral  branches  ; these  pieces  are  generally 
devoid  of  protoplasm,  and  are  as  a consequence  sterile.  (2)  Short 
mycelial  fragments,  straight  or  curved,  sometimes  bifurcated, 
made  up  of  three  or  four  cells  with  a thick  membrane  with  refringent 
protoplasm,  and  measuring  about  15  /x  to  20  /x  long,  and  4 [x  to  6 /x 
broad  ; these  fragments  represent  a broken-up  mycelium.  They 
are  of  service  only  in  the  preservation  of  the  lophophyton,  and  in 
the  propagation  of  the  disease  They  have  no  spores  (Matruchot 
and  Dassonville). 

Favus  may  be  confined  to  the  comb,  and  may  disappear  spon- 
taneously, of  which  we  have  seen  one  example.  Heim  has  observed 
a case  of  extensive  Favus  which  recovered  without  treatment,  the 
recovery  coinciding  with  the  autumn  moult.  But,  in  general,  when 
it  extends  beyond  this  part  and  the  barbs  and  wattles,  and  has 
invaded  the  parts  covered  with  feathers,  the  prognosis  is  more 
serious  because  of  the  loss  of  condition,  and  consequent  depreciation 
in  value  of  the  animals  ; while  it  is  all  the  more  onerous  from  the 
expense  and  trouble  of  treatment. 

Contagion. — Transmission  from  Fowl  to  Fowl  is  by  simple 
contact,  or  lophophytosis  may  be  produced  by  simply  rubbing  a 
Fowl’s  comb  with  matter  collected  from  the  comb  of  a diseased  Fowl. 

The  lophophyton  cannot  be  inoculated  on  the  Rat  or  Dog.  On 
the  Mouse  it  forms  cups  analogous  to  those  of  Favus.  It  takes  almost 
infallibly  on  the  Rabbit,  and  develops  after  the  manner  of  an 
ectothrix  Trichophyton.  Man  may  be  very  easily  inoculated  with 
lophophyton,  which  produces  large  scaly  erythematous  patches, 
and  numerous  filaments  which  spread  over  the  surface  in  the 
interstices  of  the  superficial  horny  cells  (Constantin  and  Sabrazes). 

Sabouraud  has  met  with  it  three  times  in  Man,  in  lesions  of  the 
beard  resembling  those  of  icthyosis  pilaris  ; its  origin  from  the  Fowl 
was  probable. 

Treatment. — When  the  tinea  of  Poultry  is  still  confined  to  the 
nude  parts  of  the  head,  it  should  be  treated  with  either  benzine  or 
carbolic  acid  incorporated  with  soft  soap,  in  the  proportion  of  1 to 
20,  one  application  being  made  every  day  ; or  calomel  ointment — 
1 to  8 ; the  corrosive  sublimate  solution  ; Fowler’s  solution  of 
arsenic  ; or  an  ointment  of  red  oxide  of  mercury — 1 to  8 of  lard 
(Ziirn). 


Article  VIII. — Onychomycosis  of  Equidse. 

In  1855,  Virchow  described,  under  the  name  of  Onychomycosis,  certain 
affections  of  the  nails  of  Man  which  produce  alterations  in  these  parts,  and  are 
accompanied  by  the  presence  of  varied  parasitic  organisms.  From  the 
studies  subsequently  made,  it  appears  that  the  Fungus  of  onychomycosis  of 
Man  is  very  analogous  to,  if  not  identical  with,  either  the  Achorion  Schonleinii 
or  the  Trichophyton  ; in  fact,  this  somewhat  rare  malady  coincides  most 
frequently  with  favus  or  tinea. 


270 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


In  1876,  Ercolani  applied  the  same  designation  to  the  affection  of  the 
hoof  of  Equidse — more  frequent  in  the  Ass  and  Mule  than  in  the  Horse — 
known  for  a long  time  as  fourmiliere  (English  vulgo,  ‘ seedy- toe  ’),  which 
usually  appears  as  a complication  of  laminitis,  and  consists  in  a cavity  at 
the  front  (toe),  of  the  hoof  between  the  wall  and  keraphyllae.  In  the  powdery 
horn  occupying  this  space,  Ercolani  always  found  a Fungus  constituted  by  a 
mycelium,  receptacles,  and  spores,  which  he  considered  the  cause  of  this 
disease,  and  which  he  regarded  as  different  from  that  of  favus  or  tinea, 
because  he  could  not  produce  any  manifestation  of  tinea  favosa  or  tricho- 
phytosis on  the  skin  of  two  Asses  which  had  been  sprinkled  with  conidia  and 
filaments  obtained  from  the  diseased  foot  of  another  Ass — the  skin  having 
been  previously  prepared  by  a blister.  This  Fungus  should  be  a particular 
kind,  and  Ercolani  has  given  it  the  name  of  A chorion  keratophagus. 

He  was  dealing,  without  doubt,  with  an  inferior  vegetable  organism  allied 
to  the  moulds — such  as  are  found  in  quantities  on  dead  animal  matter,  like 
the  powdery  horn  of  this  condition.  What  supports  this  view  is  that,  in  one 
of  his  cases,  Ercolani  found — along  with  the  Fungus — a certain  number  of 
living  Acarina  which  he  has  figured,  and  which  appear  to  us  to  be  at  least 
related  to  Rhizoglyphus  echinopus  (Fum  and  Robin) — a species  that  lives  on 
dead  organic  substances.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  necessary  to  ascertain  if 
the  A chorion  keratophagus  is  not  met  with  in  other  affections — such  as  the 
so-called  ‘ canker  ’ and  ‘ thrush  ’ of  the  foot,  in  the  dust  of  the  lateral  lacunae, 
or  even  in  the  hoofs  from  dead  animals  placed  in  conditions  favourable  to 
mouldiness. 

Baldoni  has  attempted  to  prove  the  role  of  the  A chorion  keratophagus  in 
the  etiology  of  ‘ seedy- toe.’  He  claims  to  have  found  it  in  all  the  feet  affected 
with  this  lesion  which  he  has  examined.  He  has  made  cultures,  but  has  tried 
in  vain  to  inoculate  the  various  domesticated  animals  and  man.  Neither 
has  he  been  able  to  transmit  it  to  the  fore-feet  of  four  Donkeys.  But  he  has 
seen  it  grow  on  dead  feet  and  on  pieces  of  horn,  on  which  it  reproduced 
cultures  of  the  fungus.  This  last  result,  with  other  evidence,  proves,  contrary 
to  the  conclusion  of  Baldoni,  that  the  Achorion  keratophagus  is  not  the  active 
agent  of  ‘ seedy-toe,’  but  that  it  lives  in  a diseased  foot  as  a simple  saprophyte. 


BOOK  II 

PARASITES  OF  THE  DIGESTIVE  APPARATUS 

The  digestive  apparatus  affords  an  asylum  for  the  largest  number 
of  parasites,  and  it  is  predisposed  to  their  invasion  by  its  relations 
with  the  external  world.  An  infinity  of  germs  enter  it  along  with 
the  food  and  drink — either  as  ova  or  larvae,  or  in  a special  and  some- 
what advanced  phase  of  development.  The  drink  plays,  in  this 
respect,  the  most  important  part ; as  water  is,  in  fact,  the  vehicle 
for  a multitude  of  microscopic  organisms,  which  it  more  or  less 
preserves.  In  dry  food,  on  the  contrary,  the  germs  have  generally 
lost  their  vital  properties,  along  with  the  water  that  was  inherent  in 
them.  The  special  study  that  we  shall  make  of  each  parasite  in  its 
pathogenic  role,  will  show  distinctly  the  part  nearly  always  played 
by  water  in  the  etiology  of  parasitic  diseases. 

Of  the  germs  introduced  into  the  digestive  apparatus,  a large 
number  perish  there,  either  because — having  arrived  too  early  or 
too  late — they  have  not  yet  attained,  or  have  exceeded,  the  phase 
of  development  that  would  permit  their  profiting  from  this  con- 
juncture ; because  they  cannot  find  there  the  conditions  required 
for  their  evolution  ; or  because  some  individual  and  indeterminable 
circumstance  places  them  in  this  condition  of  inferiority.  They  are 
then  dissolved  by  the  digestive  juices.  Those  which  ingestion 
by  one  of  the  higher  vertebrates  has  not  destroyed,  and  for 
which  it  realizes  a condition  necessary — in  some  way  provided 
for  and  ready — to  their  development,  experience  a modification 
that  enables  them  to  make  the  most  of  their  good  fortune. 
Each  is  arrested  in  the  section  or  compartment  that  suits  it,  by 
the  action  of  natural  laws  ; this  may  be  the  mouth  or  pharynx,  or 
the  oesophagus,  stomach,  intestine,  etc.  If  the  germs  are  introduced 
therein  in  small  quantity,  most  frequently  they  do  not  occasion 
any  appreciable  trouble  ; but  this  is  not  so  when  they  are  numerous, 
and  in  this  respect  also  distinctions  must  be  made  according  to  the 
species  of  parasite — for  many  can  multiply  in  the  digestive  canal, 
without  betraying  their  presence  by  any  derangement  in  the  health 
of  their  host. 

In  general,  the  number  of  the  parasites  is  exactly  that  of  the 
germs  introduced,  which  have  profited  by  their  congenial  situation  ; 

271 


2 72 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


they  are  rarely  more  than  this,  for  the  species  capable  of  multiplying 
in  such  a place  are  very  few  in  number — at  least  among  the 
Helminthes. 

The  vegetable  parasites  of  the  digestive  apparatus  which  do  not 
belong  to  the  Schizomycetes,  are  little  varied,  and  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  Saccharomyces  albicans — the  parasitic  element  of  thrush 
(of  children  and  young  animals) — they  are  of  little  importance. 
There  is,  therefore,  no  need  to  include  them  in  these  general  con- 
siderations. 

It  is  not  the  same  with  regard  to  the  animal  parasites.  Very 
numerous  and  very  diverse,  these  belong  to  the  Sporozoa,  Infusoria, 
Cestoda,  Trematoda,  Acanthocephala,  Nematoda,  Annelida,  and 
Insecta. 

Of  these  diverse  groups,  there  are  some  representatives  which  are 
localized  almost  absolutely  in  a particular  compartment  of  the 
digestive  apparatus.  These  are  the  Cestodes,  which — as  parasites 
of  this  apparatus — only  develop  in  the  intestine  ; the  Acanthoce- 
phala are  also  intestinal  parasites  ; the  Annelida — represented 
by  the  Hsemopis,  which  lives  in  the  mouth,  pharynx,  and  nasal 
cavities  ; and  the  Insecta  — represented  by  the  larvae  of  the 
(Estridae — which  more  particularly  fix  themselves  in  the  stomach. 
The  special  study  of  these  four  groups  will  more  appropriately  find 
its  place  in  the  chapters  devoted  to  the  parasitism  of  their  particular 
habitat. 

A.  The  SPOROZOA  that  may  be  found  in  the  digestive  organs  belong  to 
the  Coccidia  or  Psorospermice.  The  majority  are  parasites  in  the  interior  of 
the  epithelial  cells  of  the  liver,  intestine,  etc.  The  evolution  of  these  parasites 
is  complex.  In  their  most  characteristic  form  they  are  ovoid  cysts  filled 
with  granular  protoplasm,  and  limited  by  a transparent  membrane  or  shell. 
The  protoplasm  contracts  into  a nucleated  central  sphere.  At  this  stage 
{oocyst),  the  coccidium  ruptures  the  cell  into  which  it  had  penetrated,  falls 
into  the  cavity  of  the  biliary  canals,  the  intestine,  etc.,  and  is  passed  out  with 
the  excreta.  If  the  conditions  are  favourable  its  central  mass  divides  into 
four  spherules  or  sporoblasts.  Each  sporoblast  elongates,  surrounds  itself 
with  a double  membrane,  and  becomes  a sporocyst.  Each  sporocyst  in  its  turn 
divides  into  two  or  several  sporozoites,  accompanied  usually  by  a reliquat  of 
differentiation. 

The  cyst  in  which  the  sporozoites  are  formed,  being  introduced  afresh  into 
the  intestine,  ruptures  under  the  influence  of  the  digestive  juices,  and  the 
sporozoites  are  set  free.  Being  motile  and  provided  with  a nucleus  they  fix 
themselves  to  the  surface  of  the  epithelial  cells,  and  finally  penetrate  their 
interior.  The  sporozoite  grows  at  the  expense  of  the  invaded  cell,  becomes 
very  nearly  globular  {schizont),  and  divides  ( schizogony ) into  a large  number 
of  club-shaped  corpuscles  ( merozoites ),  which  separate  from  one  another. 
The  invaded  cell  ruptures  and  liberates  the  merozoites.  Some  of  the  latter 
perish,  while  others  individually  penetrate  into  other  cells  of  the  host,  becom- 
ing schizonts,  and,  by  repeated  schizogony,  produce  new  merozoites.  The 
latter  may  behave  like  the  first  formed  merozoites,  or,  like  them  also,  some 
may  become  female  elements  {macrogametes) , the  others  male  elements  {micro- 
gametocytes)  after  their  penetration  into  a cell.  The  macrogamete,  without 
undergoing  division,  but  after  certain  modifications,  is  fecundated  within 
the  invaded  cell  or  after  leaving  it.  By  division  of  its  nucleus  the  micro- 
gametocyte  breaks  up  into  a large  number  of  falciform  elements  furnished 
with  two  very  mobile  flagella  ; these  are  the  microgametes . A microgamete 


PARASITES  OF  THE  DIGESTIVE  APPARATUS 


273 


unites  with  a macrogamete,  which  is  thus  fecundated,  and  gradually  attains 
the  state  of  oocyst  to  recommence  the  cycle.  The  infested  host  therefore 
harbours  a number  of  parasites  far  in  excess  of  that  of  the  germs  which  have 
been  introduced  by  ingestion. 

B.  The  INFUSORIA  are  included  in  the  two  sub-classes  of  Flagellata  and 
Ciliata. 

The  flagellate  Infusoria,  having  representatives  in  the  digestive  organs  of 
the  domesticated  animals,  belong  to  the  genera  Monocercomonas,  Trichomonas, 
and  Lamblia. 

a.  Monocercomonas  (Grassi). — Four  anterior  flagella,  three  of  which  are 
directed  forward,  and  a long  one  thrown  backward,  beyond  the  posterior 
extremity  of  the  body  ; no  posterior  flagellum. 

b.  Trichomonas  (Donne). — Four  or  five  anterior  flagella  directed  forward, 
with  the  exception  of  one,  which  extends  backward,  and  is  longer  than  the 
body,  to  which  it  is  fixed  for  the  greater  part  of  its  length  by  a very  thin 
membrane  ; no  posterior  flagellum  ; a single  longitudinal  rod  in  the  interior 
of  the  body. 

c.  Lamblia  (R.  Blanchard). — A large  anterior  depression  in  the  form  of  a 
sucker  ; two  flagella  at  the  posterior  extremity. 

The  Giliate  Infusoria,  are  usually  divided  into  four  orders,  according  to 
Stein’s  classification  : 


Cilia  covering  the  en-  ( All  the  cilia  alike  and  short 

tire  surface  of  the  < A row  of  long  and  strong  cilia 
body.  ( around  the  mouth 

Cilia  occupying  only  the  ventral  surface 
Cilia  arranged  in  a crown  around  the  mouth,  and  often  also 
fe,  in  the  form  of  a girdle  . 


Holotricha. 

Heterotricha. 

Hypotricha. 

Peritricha. 


The  Holotriches,  Heterotriches,  and  Peritriches  are  met  with  in  the 
digestive  canal  of  the  domesticated  Mammalia. 

C.  The  TREMATODE  parasites  of  the  digestive  tube  are  the  Distomata. 
Their  suckers — which  are  always  situated  on  the  ventral  surface — are  almost 
hemispherical,  salient  cupules,  comprising  a complex  system  of  muscular 
fibres,  the  contraction  of  which  tends  to  produce  a vacuum  in  the  cavity  of 
the  apparatus,  whence  results  a close  adhesion  between  the  parasite  and  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  host. 

The  nervous  system — which,  up  to  the  present  time,  has  only  been  examined 
in  a small  number  of  species — comprises  two  sub-cesophageal  ganglia  united 
by  a transverse  commissure,  and  sometimes  a single  sub-oesophageal  ganglion 
joined  to  the  others  by  two  lateral  commissures,  and  some  nerve  filaments. 
The  digestive  tube  is  represented  by  a nearly  always  bifurcated  cavity,  with 
simple  or  ramifying  branches,  and  constantly  terminates  in  a cul-de-sac  ; 
there  is,  therefore,  only  one  opening — the  mouth — situated  usually  at  one 
of  the  poles  of  the  body,  at  the  bottom  of  a sucker,  which  is,  for  this  reason, 
named  the  oral  sucker  ; this  mouth  acts  as  an  anus.  The  circulation  is 
lacunary.  The  excretory  apparatus  consists  of  a network  of  fine  canaliculi, 
which  converge  into  canals  that  become  gradually  larger,  and  finally  end  in 
one  or  several  longitudinal  vessels  that,  in  their  turn,  unite  near  their  termina- 
tion at  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  body,  and  are  sometimes  dilated  into 
a single  pulsatile  vesicle — the  vesicle  of  Laurer ; the  entire  system  opens 
externally  by  an  excretory  pore — the  caudal  foramen. 

With  rare  exceptions,  the  Trematodes  are  hermaphrodite.  The  male  organs 
usually  consist  of  two  tubular  or  mammillated  testicles,  the  different  canals 
of  which  unite  into  a cirrus  or  penis,  which  is  enveloped  in  a sheath  ( pouch  of 
the  cirrus ) opening  externally  by  an  orifice  that  has  a variable  situation.  The 
female  organs  comprise  an  ovary,  or  germigen,  the  ova  from  which  are  evacu- 
ated by  the  germiduct.  To  the  ovary  are  added  the  albuminiferous  or  vitello- 
genous  glands — very  numerous  glandular  culs-de-sac  secreting  a granular 
fluid,  and  joining  to  form  two  longitudinal  canals — the  albuminiferous  canals 
or  vitelloducts,  which  are  in  their  turn  joined  by  a transverse  canal  into  which 


274 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


opens  the  germiduct,  and  from  this  reunion  results  the  oviduct.  This  con- 
fluence of  vessels  is  enveloped  by  the  shell  gland.  The  oviduct  is  continued 
by  a flexuous  irregular  tube  (the  uterus),  the  terminal  portion  of  which  (the 
vagina)  opens  at  a short  distance  from  the  male  orifice. 

The  Distomea  are  oviparous,  their 
development  being  related  to  their  meta- 
morphoses and  migrations,  which  have 
been  well  studied  in  some  species,  and  to 
which  we  shall  have  to  refer  when  making  a 
particular  examination  of  these  creatures. 

In  the  uterus  the  ova  undergo  seg- 
mentation, and  not  unfrequently  the 
embryo  is  even  formed  there.  When  they 
are  laid,  or  have  arrived  in  a moist  medium 
— which  is  generally  water — they  continue 
their  development,  and  at  the  end  of  a 
certain  time  there  issue  from  them  em- 
bryos, which  are  sometimes  nude,  some- 
times ciliated  ( infusoriform  embryos). 
After  a sojourn  more  or  less  prolonged 
in  water,  these  embryos  have  to  enter  the 
body  of  an  aquatic  creature — usually  a 
mollusc — and  there  they  lose  their  cilia, 
and  are  transformed  into  a more  or  less 
complex  organism — a kind  of  sac  generally 
furnished  with  a sucker  (the  germinative 
sac),  which  may  be  destitute  of  mouth 
and  digestive  tube  (the  Sporocyst  of  Van 
Beneden),  or  may  possess  one  or  other 
of  these  (the  Redia  of  Filippi).  These 
germinative  sacs  may  engender  others,  by 
fission  or  by  budding.  They  represent  the 
second  phase  of  external  development. 

Each  Sporocyst,  or  Redia,  produces  new 
organisms  in  its  interior  named  Cercarice, 
which  in  their  organization  resemble  the 
adult  Distomea  ; they  have  suckers  like 
them,  but  they  differ  from  them  in  having 
no  genital  organs,  and  in  the  presence — 
at  the  posterior  end  of  their  oval  bodies — 
of  a very  movable  simple  or  bifid  tail. 

At  the  end  of  a certain  time  they  escape 
from  the  germinative  sac,  leave  the  body 
of  their  host,  swim  or  crawl  in  the  water, 
waiting  for  the  advent  of  another  aquatic 
animal — mollusc,  worm,  larva  of  an  insect, 
more  rarely  a fish  or  batrachian.  Ercolani 
has  found  them  in  terrestrial  molluscs  ; 
and  they  may  sometimes  fix  themselves 
on  certain  plants  or  inorganic  bodies,  in 
the  vicinity  of  their  liquid  medium. 
Arrived  in  their  new  abode,  they  lose  their 
caudal  appendage,  become  encysted,  show 
traces  sometimes  of  their  sexual  organs, 
and — as  agamous  Distomata — they  now 
await  the  chance  of  being  carried  into 
the  stomach  of  a third  host,  which  swallows  the  second.  The  latter  is 
digested,  the  cyst  is  dissolved,  and  the  parasite  being  set  free,  reaches  the 
organ  which  is  to  be  its  definite  abcde — intestine,  biliary  canals,  urinary 
bladder,  respiratory  apparatus,  sub-orbital  sinus  of  birds,  etc.  There  the 
Trematode,  acquiring  its  genital  organs,  attains  the  adult  state. 


Fig.  i i 8. — Diagram  of  the  organi- 
zation of  a Trematode. — After 

P.  J.  van  Beneden. 

vo,  oral  sucker  ; b,  mouth  ; ph, 
pharyngeal  bulb  ; i,  one  of  the  in- 
testines terminating  in  a cul-de-sac 
at  c,  the  other  intestine  being  re- 
moved ; v v' , excretory  vessels  and 
their  divisions  ; vp,  vesicle  of 
Laurer  ; tt,  testicles  ; sp,  deferent 
canals  or  spermiducts  ; pp,  scro- 
tum of  the  penis  ; vs,  seminal 
vesicle  ; p,  penis  ; ov,  germigen  or 
ovary  ; sv,  vitellogens  ; dv,  vitello- 
ducts  ; sv,  vitellosac,  or  dilated 
confluent  of  the  vitellcducts  ; rs, 
seminal  reservoir ; do,  oviduct  ; 
mt,  uterus  ; vg,  vagina,  showing  its 
orifice  or  vulva,  vu,  beneath  the 
penis. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  DIGESTIVE  APPARATUS 


275 


Such  is  a general  description  of  the 
evolution  of  the  Distomata.  Accord- 
ing to  the  species,  it  is  more  or  less 
complex,  and  varies  also  according  to 
the  media  in  which  development 
occurs  (Ercolani),  as  well  as  climatic 
conditions  (Pagenstecher).  Thus  it 
is  that,  in  the  Monostomum  mutabile, 
the  embryos  already  carry  the  germi- 
native  sac  in  their  body,  and  that  in 
certain  cases  these  sacs  are  seen  pro- 
ducing cercariae  without  tails — that  is, 
agamous  Distomata,  etc. 

The  important  part  water  plays  in 
the  succession  of  the  various  phases  of 
development,  explains  why  the  Tre- 
matodes  are  more  particularly  met 
with  in  the  aquatic  vertebrata,  and 
— amongst  the  terrestrial  animals — 
those  which  frequent  humid  places. 

The  parasitic  species  infesting  the 
domestic  animals  may  be  divided 
into  two  families  : Monostomidce  and 
Distomidce. 

1.  Monostomid^;. — These  have 
only  one  sucker,  which  is  situated  at 
the  anterior  part  of  the  body.  The 
genera  are  Monostomum,  Holostomum, 
Hemistomum. 

a.  Monostome  ( Monostomum  Rud.). 

— The  sucker  is  only  slightly  de- 
veloped, and  the  mouth  is  situated  at 
the  bottom  of  it.  This  genus  has 
representatives  in  the  intestine  of 
Poultry. 

b.  Holostome  {Holostomum  Nitzsch). 

— The  anterior  part  of  the  body  — 
which  is  separated  from  the  other 
part  by  a constriction — is  dilated  into 
a large  cupule  that  plays  the  part  of 
a sucker,  and  opens  directly  in  front. 
The  posterior  part  is  narrow  and  more 
or  less  rounded.  One  species  has  been 
found  in  the  intestine  of  the  Duck. 

c.  Hemistome  ( Hemistomum  Dies). 
— This  differs  from  the  preceding  more 
particularly  in  its  anterior  cupule, 
which  is  truncated  in  such  a manner 
as  to  open  obliquely  in  front,  and  has 
the  mouth  at  the  summit.  One  species 
is  sometimes  met  with  in  the  Dog. 

2.  Distomidce. — These  have  two 
suckers — an  anterior,  oral ; a second, 
ventral,  with  variable  situation  ac- 
cording to  the  genera.  These  are 
Distomum,  Mesogonimus,  Amphisto- 
mum,  Gastrodiscus,  and  Bilharzia. 
The  latter  is  not  a parasite  of  the 
digestive  system,  but  of  the  circula- 
tory apparatus. 

a.  Distome  ( Distomum  Retzius). — 
This  genus  is  characterized  by  its 
anterior  sucker,  which  is  destitute  of 


Fig.  1 19. — Anatomy  of  the  Ascarid  of 
the  Pig.—  Delafond. 

A,  male  ; F,  female ; c,  lateral  border  ; ce,  oeso- 
phagus ; i,  intestine ; vs,  seminal  vesicle ; ce, 
ejaculatory  duct ; ov,  ovaries  ; do,  dilated  portion, 
of  the  oviduct  or  uterus  ; vg,  vagina. 

18—2 


276 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


protractile  tentacula ; by  two  porl 
separated  throughout  their  length ; 
front  of  the  posterior  sucker.  In 
consequence  of  the  large  number  of 
species  it  contains,  this  genus  has 
been  divided  into  nine  sections,  or 
sub-genera  : Kaellikeria,  Apoblema, 
Cladoccelium,  Brachylaimus,  Brachy- 
ccelium,  Dicroccelium,  Podocotyle, 
E chino stomum,  and  Crossodera.  The 
parasitic  species  of  the  domesticated 
animals  belong  to  the  sub-genera 
Cladoccelium  and  Dicroccelium,  both 
of  which  are  hermaphrodites,  with 
their  anterior  sucker  destitute  of 


Pig.  120. — Digestive  tube  of  a 
female  of  the  Sclerostomum  equi- 
num. — Delafond. 

c,  buccal  capsule ; ce,  oesophagus  ; 
4,  intestine  ; a,  anus  ; g,  g',  so-called 
.salivary  glands. 


or  arms  of  the  intestine  that  are 
by  its  genital  openings  situated  in 

A 


Fig.  i 2i. — Sexual  apparatus  of  the 
female  Ascaris  Megalocephala  (A. 
equorum). — Delafond. 

A,  one  of  the  sexual  tubes,  the  other 
having  been  divided  a short  distance 
from  the  vagina  : ov,  ovary  ; do,  ovi- 
duct ; u,  uterus ; v,  vagina  ; B,  ova 
magnified  about  130  diameters. 


prickers,  and  the  body  non-appendiculated  posteriorly.  The  Cladoccelium 
has  the  intestine  bifid  and  branching.  The  Dicroccelium  has  the  intestine 
also  bifid,  but  not  branched,  and  with  very  long  arms  ; the'mouth  is  succeeded 


PARASITES  OF  THE  DIGESTIVE  APPARATUS 


2 77 


by  an  oesophagus,  and  the  posterior  sucker  is  sessile.  A species  of  Distomum. 
has  been  found  in  the  intestine  of  the  Dog  ; others  live  in  that  of  poultry. 
But  the  most  interesting  species  are  met  with  in  the  biliary  canals  of  various 
animals. 

b.  Mesogonim  ( Mesogonimus  Monticelli). — This  genus  is  the  result  of  division 
of  the  genus  Distomum,  and  is  distinguished  by  its  genital  openings  being 
situated  behind  the  posterior  sucker  which  is  sessile,  and  larger  or  smaller 
than  the  anterior,  which  is  orbicular.  A species  lives  in  the  intestine  of  the 
Fowl. 

c.  Cephalogonim  ( Cephalogonimus  Poirier). — The  species  of  this  genus  have 
also  been  separated  from  the  Distomum,  by  reason  of  the  genital  openings 
being  situated  above  and  to  the  side  of  the  oral  sucker.  One  species  has  been 
found  in  the  oesophagus  of  the  Fowl. 

d.  Amphistome  ( Amphistomum  Rud). — The  body  is  thick,  muscular  ; 
somewhat  dense  ; ovoid,  cylindroid,  or  conoid  ; often  curved,  and  two  or  three 
times  longer  than  it  is  broad.  The  anterior  sucker  is  small,  and  has  the 
mouth  at  the  bottom.  The  second  sucker — relatively  very  large — is  placed 
at  the  posterior  extremity,  which  is  truncated  obliquely  on  the  ventral  surface. 
The  branches  of  the  intestine  are  not  ramified.  Several  species  live  in  the 
paunch  of  the  Ruminants  ; one  is  found  in  the  intestine  of  the  Ox,  and  another 
in  that  of  the  Horse. 

e.  Gastrodisc  ( Gastrodiscus  Leuck). — The  ventral  sucker  is  situated  at  the 
posterior  border  of  the  body,  as  in  the  Amphistomes  ; but  the  ventral  surface 
is  studded  with  numerous  papillse-suckers.  An  exotic  species  lives  in  the 
digestive  tube  of  the  Horse  and  Mule. 

D.  The  NEMATODES  (Figs.  119  to  121)  may  be  white,  yellow,  brown,  red 
or  marbled.  The  surface  of  the  body  is  smooth  or  transversely  striated 
though  sometimes  it  is  longitudinally  so  ; it  is  formed  of  a chitinous  cuticle, 
which  is  transparent,  firm,  and  elastic,  divisible  into  several  layers,  and  some- 
times showing  tubercles,  spines,  hairs,  etc.,  or  forming  expansions  or  wings. 
Beneath  the  cuticle  is  the  hypodermis  or  sub-cuticular  layer,  which  is  soft, 
granular,  and  nucleated,  and  in  relation — by  its  inferior  surface — to  the 
musculo-cutaneous  or  muscular  layer,  formed  of  contractile  cells,  the  majority 
of  which  are  longitudinal  and  often  grouped  in  series.  It  is  nearly  always 
interrupted  by  four  longitudinal  lines — two  situated  on  the  right  and  left  are 
the  lateral  regions — which  sometimes  acquire  the  same  breadth  as  the  muscular 
regions.  The  latter  are  thickenings  of  the  hypodermis  traversed  by  one,  some- 
times two  or  three  excretory  canals — aquiferous  vessels — which  unite  into  a 
single,  short  canal  that  opens  externally  by  a ventral  excretory  pore,  at  the 
termination  of  the  oesophagus.  The  two  other  lines  are  intermediate  to  the 
preceding,  and  are  narrower  ; they  are  the  middle  or  dorsal,  and  ventral  lines. 

The  cephalic  extremity — which  may  or  may  not  be  distinct  from  the  rest 
of  the  body,  and  armed  or  not  armed,  winged  or  not  winged — has  at  its  summit 
the  orbicular  or  elliptical  mouth,  ordinarily  provided  with  three  or  six  soft 
or  horny  lips,  which  are  nearly  always  garnished  with  papillae.  The  digestive 
canal  extends  from  one  extremity  of  the  body  to  the  other.  The  mouth 
sometimes  opens  in  an  infundibulum — buccal  capsule — which  is  continued 
by  the  oesophagus.  The  latter  is  often  the  first  digestive  compartment ; 
it  is  a narrow  tube,  with  thick,  muscular  walls  that  are  at  times  constricted 
posteriorly  to  form  a dilatation — the  ventricle.  The  intestine — that  succeeds 
the  oesophagus — is  simple,  has  thin  walls,  and  is  scarcely,  if  at  all,  flexuous  ; 
it  terminates  in  the  rectum,  which  is  narrower  and  slightly  muscular,  and  this, 
again,  ends  in  the  anus,  which  is  always  ventral,  and  terminal  or  nearly  so. 
To  this  digestive  tube,  and  principally  in  its  anterior  part,  are  often  annexed 
glandular  organs. 

The  respiration  is  exclusively  cutaneous.  The  circulation  is  lacunary — a 
plasmatic  fluid  that  fills  the  visceral  cavity,  and  bathes  the  viscera,  is  thrown 
into  irregular  oscillations  by  the  contractions  of  the  musculo-cutaneous 
envelope.  There  is  usually  a nervous  system  constituted  by  an  oesophageal 
collar,  from  which  arise  a ventral,  a dorsal,  and  lateral  nerves.  There  are 
tactile  papillae,  and  sometimes  ocular  spots. 


27B 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  sexes  are  always  separate — at  least,  in  the  species  that  interest  us.  The 
male — which  is  habitually  smaller  than  the  female — is  usually  recognised  by 
its  tail,  this  being  more  curved.  Its  genital  apparatus  is  generally  composed 
of  a single  testicle — a flexuous  tube  continued  by  a deferent  canal  that  ends 
along  with  the  digestive  canal,  in  a cloaca.  The  latter  generally  contains, 
in  its  posterior  part,  one  or  two  elongated  chitinous  pieces  (spicules)  which 
serve  to  fix  the  female  during  copulation.  In  certain  cases,  copulation  is 
aided  by  the  presence  of  a caudal  pouch — a campanuliform  expansion  that 
keeps  the  male  closely  united  to  the  female.  The  females  have  one  or  two 
filiform  ovarian  tubes  arranged  in  more  or  less  numerous  convolutions,  and 
continued  by  a wider  portion — the  uterus — that  opens  into  a vagina  ter- 
minating in  a vulva,  the  situation  of  which  is  always  ventral,  and  near  one 
or  other  extremity  of  the  body.  The  Nematodes  are  oviparous  or  ovovivi- 
parous.  Those  which  are  parasites 


pass  through  various  phases  to  ac- 
complish their  development — some- 
times the  ova  may  become  evolved 
in  the  definite  host ; at  other  times, 
the  embryos — and  even  the  indi- 
vidual adults — pass  a portion  of  their 
life  in  the  external  world  ; and,  again, 
at  other  times  they  require  an  inter- 
mediate host  before  reaching  the  one 
in  which  they  assume  their  adult 
form.  Each  of  these  modes  includes 
several  types,  an  examination  of 
which  will  be  made  when  dealing 
with  each  parasite. 


Fig.  122. — Caudal  extremity  of  the 
male  of  the  Ascarid  of  the  Pig, 
lateral  view;  the  spicules  are  a 
little  too  thick. — Delafond. 


Fig.  123. — Spicules  of  Ascaris  Mega- 
locephala  (A.  equorum),  with  their 
retractor  muscles,  m. — Delafond. 


The  Nematodes  have  been  divided  into  a great  number  of  families,  seven  of 
which  furnish  the  parasites  of  the  digestive  apparatus  in  the  domesticated 
animals.  These  are  : Ascaridce,  Oxyuridce,  Strongylidce,  Trichotrachelidce , 
Filariidce,  Gnathostomidce,  Angiostomidce. 

1.  Ascarid.*. — The  Ascarides  have  the  body  cylindroid.  The  mouth  is 
usually  surrounded  by  three  lips  which  are  often  papilliferous — cephalic  or 
buccal  valves,  one  of  which  is  dorsal  and  the  other  two  are  ventral.  These 
lips  have  powerful  muscular  masses,  which  can  be  distinguished  by  their 
dark  tint  seen  through  the  cuticle.  The  oesophagus  is  long,  muscular,  and 
bulging  in  its  posterior  part.  The  males  are  provided  with  two  spicules. 
The  females  have  a double  ovary,  and  the  vulva  is  situated  in  front  of  the 
middle  of  the  body  (Railliet).  The  genera  are  Ascaris  and  Heterakis.  All 
the  Ascarides  live  in  the  intestines — and  especially  in  the  small  intestine — of 
various  vertebrata. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  DIGESTIVE  APPARATUS 


279 


2.  Oxyurid.e. — ‘ The  body  is  cylindroid.  The  mouth  is  nude,  or  surrounded 
by  three  slightly  salient  lips.  The  oesophagus  is  long,  with  a very  distinct  bulb 
or  ventricle.  The  males  have  one  spicule,  and  two  pairs  of  pre-anal  papillae, 
one  of  which  generally  occupies  the  side  of  the  anus.  The  females,  the 
caudal  extremity  of  which  is  elongated  and  subulated,  have  always  two 
ovaries,  and  the  vulva  ordinarily  opens  towards  the  anterior  part  of  the  body. 
Oviparous.  Ova  ovoid,  with  a very  resisting  shell  ’ (Railliet).  Genus 
Oxyuris,  a parasite  of  the  intestines — and  especially  of  the  large  intestine — 
of  the  domesticated  Mammalia. 

3.  Strongvlid^e. — ‘ The  body  is  cylindroid,  and  rarely  filiform.  The 
mouth  is  sometimes  nude,  sometimes  furnished  with  papillcs,  and  at  times  pro- 
vided wtih  a chitinous  armature.  The  oesophagus  is  more  or  less  enlarged 
posteriorly.  The  males  possess  an  entire  or  divided  caudal  pouch,  with  one 
or  two  spicules  of  equal  length.  The  females  have  one  or  two  ovaries  ; 
the  vulva  is  situated  sometimes  anterior  to,  at  other  times  behind,  the 
middle  of  the  body.  The  Strongylides  are  oviparous  or  ovoviviparous  * 
(Railliet). 

This  family  comprises  numerous  genera  that  Railliet  has  divided  into  three 
tribes,  basing  the  division  chiefly  on  the  presence  or  absence  of  the  buccal 
armature,  and  on  the  form  of  the  caudal  pouch  of  the  male.  These  are  : 
1.  Eustrongylines,  with  mouth  destitute  of  chitinous  armature,  and  caudal 
pouch  without  ribs  or  bands — genus  Eustrongylus  ; 2.  Strongylines,  the  mouth 
likewise  unarmed,  and  the  caudal  pouch  sustained  by  ribs  or  bands — Stron- 
gylus ; 3.  Sclerostomines,  the  mouth  furnished  with  a more  or  less 
complex  chitinous  armature,  and  the  caudal  pouch  provided  with  ribs — 
CEsophagostomum,  Syngamus,  Globocephalus,  Sclerostomum,  Stephanurus, 
Anehylostomum,  Ollulanus,  Hystrichis,  Physaloptera.  Only  the  genera 
Eustrongylus,  Stephanurus,  and  Syngamus  are  not  parasites  of  the  digestive 
canal. 

4.  Trichotrachelid/E. — Worms  of  medium  size,  body  very  slender, 
tapering  at  great  length  in  the  anterior  portion,  which  only  contains  the 
oesophagus — the  posterior  part  lodging  the  intestine  and  genital  organs.  The 
mouth  is  rounded  and  nude  ; the  oesophagus  is  very  long.  The  males  have  a 
single  spicule,  which  is  envaginated,  or  presents  two  caudal  papillae.  The 
females  have  a single  ovary  ; the  vulva  is  carried  to  the  anterior  quarter  of 
the  body,  or  to  the  origin  of  the  enlarged  part.  These  Worms  are  oviparous — - 
Trichocephalus  and  Trichosomum — or  ovoviviparous — Trichina.  All  the 
species  of  Trichocephalus  live  in  the  intestine  ; the  majority  of  the  species 
of  Trichosomum  are  met  with  in  the  digestive  tube  ; the  Trichina  is  an 
intestinal  parasite  in  the  adult  state. 

5.  Filariides. — ‘ The  body  is  long  and  filiform.  The  mouth  is  of  variable 
shape,  sometimes  encircled  by  lips,  and  even  succeeded  by  a buccal  capsule  ; 
it  is  often  provided  with  papillae.  The  oesophagus  is  small,  and  does  not  form 
a distinct  ventricle.  The  males — the  tail  of  which  is  generally  rolled  up — ■ 
have  a single  spicule  or  two  unequal  spicules.  The  females  have  a double 
ovary  ; the  vulva  is  usually  situated  towards  the  anterior  part  of  the  body.  A 
great  number  of  these  Helminthes  are  ovoviviparous  ’ (Railliet).  Genera 
Filaria,  Spiroptera,  Dispharagus,  and  Tropisurus.  The  first  two  alone 
furnish  intestinal  parasites.  The  two  others  are  met  with  among  the  Hel- 
minthes of  the  oesophagus  or  stomach  of  Birds. 

6.  Gnathostomid^e. — This  family  is  established  by  the  only  genus  Gna- 
thostomum  (Owen),  or  Cheiracanthus  (Dies),  represented  by  polymyarian 
Nematodes,  the  cylindroid  body  of  which  is  covered  in  front  by  chitinous 
leaves  or  plates  that  have  their  posterior  border  notched  into  spinules  ; in 
the  middle  region,  the  leaves  are  simple  and  conical ; the  posterior  part  of 
the  body  is  unarmed.  4 Head  distinct,  globular,  and  studded  with  simple 
spines.  Mouth  with  two  lips — one  dorsal,  the  other  ventral.  Males  have 
a spiral  tail  garnished  with  papillae  below.  Females  have  a straight 
tail ; ovary  double  ; vulva  posterior.  Oviparous  ’ (Railliet).  The  Gnatho- 
stomes  are  parasites  of  the  stomach,  either  of  the  Pig,  or  of  the  Dog  and 
wild  Cat. 


280 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


7.  Angiostomid^e. — ‘ This  family — not  well  characterized — comprises  the 
Nematodes  with  filiform  bodies,  their  mouth  being  small,  and  succeeded  by 
an  oesophagus  that  nearly  always  shoivs  a double  enlargement.  The  males  have 
two  equal  spicules’  (Railliet).  Genus  Strongyloides,  of  which  the  species 
live  as  parasites  in  the  intestine  of  Man,  the  Sheep,  Pig,  and  Rabbit. 

In  the  following  chapters,  we  shall  take  advantage  of  the  tendency 
to  localization,  which  is  general  in  these  parasites,  and  study  them 
by  passing  in  successive  review  each  part  of  the  digestive  apparatus 
and  its  annexes. 


CHAPTER  I 


PARASITES  OF  THE  MOUTH  AND  PHARYNX 

The  parasites  which  may  be  met  with  at  the  entrance  to  the 
digestive  passages  are  somewhat  numerous.  There  are  usually 
found  in  the  fluids  of  the  mouth  and  pharynx  various  Fungi  and 
Schizomycetes.  But  we  cannot  recognise  their  pathogenic  role 
as  they  are  nearly  always  present  in  these  fluids  ; and  when  they 
appear  to  be  abnormally  abundant,  this  would  seem  to  be  due  to 
inherent  pathological  conditions  in  their  host.  We  have  no  occasion 
therefore,  to  notice  them.  The  only  vegetable  parasite  of  the 
mouth  that  induces  morbid  phenomena  is  the  Saccharomyces 
( Oidium ) albicans , which  causes  thrush  ( muguet ). 

With  regard  to  the  animal  parasites,  we  can  scarcely  cite  more 
than  the  Sporozoa,  the  larvae  of  the  Gastrophilus,  the  Haemopis, 
and  the  Spiroptera  scutatum,  which  is  found  in  the  lingual  and 
pharyngeal  mucous  membrane  of  the  Pig,  and  will  be  alluded  to 
when  dealing  with  the  parasites  of  the  stomach  of  Ruminants. 
The  Haemopis  usually  has  its  abode  in  the  mouth  and  pharynx,  and 
its  study  should  naturally  be  made  here.  The  little  that  has  to 
be  said  about  the  larvae  of  the  Gastrophilus  will  be  more  advan- 
tageously treated  a propos  of  the  parasites  of  the  stomach  of  Equidae. 

Article  I. — Haemopis. 

The  Haemopis  or  Horse-leech  ( Hcemopis  sanguisuga  Bergmann) — 
also  named  Vorax — is  an  Annelid  belonging  to  the  family  Gna- 
thobdellid^e  of  the  sub-class  Hirudinea,  in  which  are  also  found 
the  Leeches  proper  (Hirudines). 

The  Leeches  have  an  elongated  body,  gradually  contracted  in  front,  widest 
in  the  middle,  obtuse  behind,  flat  on  the  inferior  surface,  semi-depressed  on 
the  upper  surface,  somewhat  soft  and  viscid,  very  retractile  and  extensible, 
and  composed  of  95  to  97  rings  (or  segments).  Each  of  the  extremities  is 
terminated  by  a sucker  turned  towards  the  ventral  surface.  The  anterior, 
or  oral  sucker  is  slightly  concave,  and  shaped  like  the  beak  of  a flute.  At  its 
centre  is  the  mouth,  an  opening  in  the  form  of  a three-rayed  star,  an  anterior 
median,  and  two  lateral.  Each  of  these  slits  permits  the  passage  of  a jaw — a 
semi-lenticular  body  with  an  adherent  rectilinear  border,  which  is  continued 
by  a kind  of  handle  fixed  in  the  musculo-cutaneous  envelope,  and  a free  convex 
border  that  carries  a series  of  denticules  in  the  form  of  transverse  chevrons, 

281 


282 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Fig.  124. — A,  oral 
sucker  of  the  Leech  ; 
B,  some  denticules 
of  a jaw. — Carlet. 


by  means  of  which  the  Leeches  perforate  the  integument.  The  eyes  are  ten 
in  number,  and  are  scarcely  visible  ; they  form  a curved  line  at  the  anterior 
border  of  the  dorsal  surface.  The  posterior,  or  anal  sucker,  is  twice  as  large 
as  the  oral  one,  and  on  its  upper  surface  is  a small  opening — the  anus. 

A 13  The  Leeches  are  androgynous.  The  sexual  organs 

appear  towards  the  anterior  third  of  the  ventral 
surface.  The  vulva  is  a transverse  slit,  situated 
five  rings  behind  the  male  orifice,  or  between  the 
twenty-ninth  and  thirtieth  rings  of  the  Haemopis. 
The  Leeches  are  reproduced  by  reciprocal  fecunda- 
tion ; two  individuals  approach  each  other  by  their 
ventral  surfaces  and  in  opposite  directions,  each 
playing  at  once  the  part  of  male  and  female.  After 
fecundation — and  during  the  twenty-five  to  forty 
days  that  precede  ovulation — there  is  formed  around 
the  part  of  the  body  where  the  sexual  organs  are 
situated,  an  olivary  enlargement  that  has  received 
the  name  of  girdle.  At  the  moment  of  ovulation, 
the  Leeches  leave  the  water  and  bury  themselves  in  damp  ground.  The 
glands  in  the  girdle  secrete  a viscid  substance,  that  soon  becomes  a mem- 
braneous capsule  in  the  form  of  a funnel.  The  Leech  crawls  backwards  out 
■of  this  covering,  after  having  laid  an  average  of  ten  to  eighteen  eggs.  The 
two  openings  in  the  capsule  then  close,  and  this,  in  drying, 
becomes  brown,  and  assumes  the  appearance  of  a spongy 
cocoon.  Each  Leech  produces  one  or  two  cocoons,  rarely 
three  ; incubation  occupies  from  twenty-five  to  twenty- 
eight  days,  and  at  the  end  of  this  period  the  young 
filiform  leeches  traverse  the  cocoon,  leaving  it  at  different 
points,  though  taking  refuge  in  it  again  when  any  danger 
threatens  them. 

With  the  Hcemopis  sanguisuga,  ‘ the  back  appears  of  a 
greenish-brown  tint,  inclining  sometimes  towards  reddish 
or  Sienna  earth,  at  other  times  to  olive  or  green  ; and 
generally  there  are  longitudinal  rows  of  dark,  close-set, 
small  points,  more  or  less  effaced — the  rows  being  six  in 
number,  sometimes  four,  more  rarely  two.  In  some 
specimens  these  rows  are  replaced  by  one  or  two  bands 
of  a bright-red  colour,  darker  on  the  borders  ; and  in 
other  individuals — much  rarer — the  back  is  altogether 
unicoloured.  The  borders  are  slightly  prominent,  and 
have  a narrow  band — orange,  yellow,  or  reddish-brown 
in  colour,  rarely  that  of  the  back.  The  ventral  surface 
is  smooth,  of  a dark-slate  colour,  usually  deeper  than  the 
back,  sometimes  slightly  red  or  olive-tinted,  and  at  other 
times  dead-black  ; and  in  some  specimens  it  is  marked 
by  faint,  isolated,  irregularly-shaped  points  ’ (Moquin- 
Tandon). 

The  variations  of  colour  that  the  body  may  present, 
have  been  utilized  by  Moquin-Tandon  to  establish  twelve 
varieties  of  the  Leech. 


e 


Fig.  125. — Genital 
apparatus  of  the 
Leech. — Carlet. 

t,  testicle  ; c,  de- 
ferent canal ; e,  epi- 
didymis ; G,  pyri- 
form vesicle  ; o, 
ovaries ; g,  albumi- 
nigenous  glands  ; 
u,  uterus. 


The  Horse-]eech  has  often  been  mistaken  for 
the  medicinal  Leech  ( Hirudo  medicinalis  Linn.)  ; 
but  it  is  easy,  nevertheless,  to  distinguish  them 
from  each  other. 


While  the  medicinal  Leech  has  well-marked  rings,  somewhat  salient 
cutaneous  glands,  and  possesses  a certain  rigidity — especially  during  its 
contractions,  when  it  takes  the  shape  of  an  olive — the  Horse-leech  is  a little 
larger,  is  always  very]  soft,  and  especially  when  the  creature  is  elongated  ; its 


PARASITES  OF  THE  MOUTH  AND  PHARYNX 


283 


skin-rings  are  also  less  marked,  less  coriaceous,  and  during  contraction  form 
less  apparent  ridges  ; while  its  cutaneous  glands  are  smaller  and  less 
prominent.  Besides,  the  medicinal  Leech  has  the  dorsal  surface  darker  than 
the  ventral,  and  is  generally  marked  by  six  longitudinal,  reddish  bands, 
regularly  or  irregularly  speckled  with  dark-brown  spots  ; the  ventral  surface 
is  yellow  or  olive-green,  unicoloured  or  dark-spotted,  with  a wide  black  band 
on  each  side. 

A very  important  characteristic  is  deduced  from  the  form  of  the  jaws.  In 
the  ordinary  Leeches  they  are  large — 2 mm.  or  3 mm.  in  diameter — and  their 
denticules  are  very  sharp,  and  about  sixty  in  number.  Those  of  the  Haemopis 


Fig.  126. — Hcemopis  sanguisuga  ; 

natural  size. — Railliet. 

To  the  right  of  the  figure  is  shown  a 
young  Leech  found  on  the  conjunctiva 
of  a Horse. 


Fig.  127. — Medicinal  Leech. 

A,  seen  on  the  dorsal  surface  ; B,  seen 
on  the  ventral  surface. 


are  scarcely  1 mm.  in  diameter,  and  are  furnished  with  only  about  thirty  not 
very  sharp  teeth.  This  difference  in  the  jaws  and  teeth  explains  what 
Huzard  the  younger  had  already  remarked — why  the  Horse-leech  attacks 
only  the  mucous  membrane,  and  not  the  skin,  as  the  medicinal  Leech  does. 

The  Hcemopis  smguisuga  has  also  been  confounded  with  the 
black  Leech,  or  Aulas toma  vorax  (Aulastomx  gulo  Braun). 

The  latter — which  is  often  wrongly  designated  the  Horse-leech  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Paris — is  smaller  and  less  flattened  than  the  Haemopis.  It 
is  generally  of  a deep  olive  hue,  almost  black  above,  unicoloured,  velvety, 
very  rarely  marked  here  and  there  with  some  small,  irregular,  and  scarcely 
appreciable  points  ; and  sometimes  shows  on  the  margins  of  the  body  small 


284  TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

black,  close-set  points,  but  not  a yellow  or  orange  hem.  The  jaws  are  scarcely 
more  than  half  a millimetre  in  diameter,  and  have  only  about  fourteen  very 
blunt  teeth. 

The  Hsemopis  lives  in  ponds,  ditches,  and  small  springs,  and  the 
adult  usually  lies  at  the  bottom  in  mud.  The  young  seem  to  prefer 
running  water,  keeping  near  the  surface,  and  ready  to  throw  them- 
selves into  the  slightest  current. 

The  Hcemo'pis  sanguisuga  is  met  with  in  nearly  every  part  of 
Europe  ; it  has  been  found  in  Sweden,  but  more  especially  in  the 
South  of  Europe,  in  Portugal,  and  in  Turkey.  It  is  very  common 
in  North  Africa — principally  on  the  littoral,  from  Tunis  to  Syria.  In 
Algeria,  it  has  been  seen  by  the  French  troops  at  every  place  they 
have  reached — even  in  their  most  advanced  marches  into  the 
desert  ; and  is  observed  at  all  seasons,  though  it  abounds  most  in 
water  during  the  summer. 

In  consequence  of  the  feebleness  of  its  jaws,  the  Haemopis — not 
being  able  to  seize  the  skin — seeks  to  penetrate  the  natural  openings, 
and  fix  itself  on  the  mucous  membrane.  Man  and  the  domesticated 
animals  are  exposed  to  its  attacks. 

It  is  found  in  Mankind  in  the  mouth,  pharynx,  nasal  fossae, 
larynx,  trachea,  vagina,  and  on  the  conjunctive. 

The  domesticated  animals  it  most  frequently  attacks  are  the 
Horse,  Mule,  Ox,  and  Camel  ; but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  all 
warm-blooded  vertebrata  are  liable  to  its  visitations,  if  they  drink 
in  places  infested  by  it.  Blaise  has  seen  a Dog  die  from  the  action 
of  eight  Leeches,  which  fixed  themselves  in  its  pharynx  ; four  of 
them  belonged  to  the  Himdino  troctina.  Dr.  Guyon — cited  by 
A.  Moquin-Tandon — introduced  Leeches  into  the  oesophagus  and 
oviduct  of  several  Fowls,  and  into  the  nasal  fossae  and  rectum  of 
some  Rabbits.  The  Fowls  died  from  exhaustion  in  about  thirty 
days,  and  the  Rabbits  in  about  forty  days.  Moquin-Tandon  placed 
two  large  Horse-leeches  in  the  pharynx  of  two  young  Rabbits  ; 
they  entered  the  trachea,  and  caused  death  from  asphyxia — one  in 
three-quarters  of  an  hour,  the  other  in  an  hour  and  a half. 

If  the  Haemopis  occupies  a very  extensive  geographical  area,  the 
information  relative  to  its  action  on  the  domesticated  animals  has 
been  almost  exclusively  gathered  in  Spain  and  Algeria,  and  has 
been  furnished  by  Fernando,  Calvo,  Blavette,  Rodet,  Forthomme, 
Lemichel,  and  Blaise. 

The  Horse-Leeches  enter  the  mouth  along  with  the  drinking  water , 
and  they  are  usually  young  ones  which  are  so  taken  by  the  domesti- 
cated animals — being  filiform,  and  rarely  longer  than  2 mm.  to 
3 mm.  They  fix  themselves  inside  the  cheeks  and  lips,  on  the 
frsenum  of  the  tongue,  on  the  palate,  soft  palate,  and  pharynx,  and 
thence  may  reach  the  posterior  nares,  or  enter  the  nasal  cavities 
direct  by  the  nostrils  when  the  animals  are  drinking.  They  lacerate 
the  mucous  membrane  by  the  denticules  of  their  jaws,  holding 
firmly  to  it  by  means  of  their  oral  and  caudal  suckers,  become 
gorged  with  blood,  and  in  doing  so  acquire  a considerable  size. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  MOUTH  AND  PHARYNX 


285 


Their  presence  is  easily  recognised  when  once  experience  has 
shown  the  accidents  they  occasion  ; but  to  the  inexperienced, 
these  may  remain  for  some  time  unobserved. 

The  signs  of  the  action  of  the  Leeches  on  some  selected  point  of 
their  habitat , are  those  of  anaemia  and  slow  internal  haemorrhage. 
The  Horses  become  emaciated,  gradually  lose  their  appetite,  and 
are  soft,  weak,  and  incapable  of  working  ; their  hair  is  erect,  the 
visible  mucous  membranes  are  pale,  the  limbs  vacillate,  and,  not- 
withstanding every  care,  death  supervenes  if  the  cause  of  the 
trouble  is  not  recognised.  But  this  is  often  perceived  by  a more 
or  less  abundant  flow  of  blood  from  the  mouth  or  nostrils,  and  more 
especially  during  work.  The  Leeches,  in  fact,  disgorge  a portion 
of  the  blood  they  imbibe,  and  the  wound  they  have  produced  also 
bleeds  considerably  when  they  quit  it  to  fix  themselves  on  another 
spot.  When  the  Horse,  Mule,  or  Ox  is  at  rest  it  swallows  the  blood  ; 
but  when  at  work,  the  bit  in  the  mouth  of  the  Horse  hinders 
deglutition  and  often  keeps  that  aperture  open,  allowing  the  blood 
to  appear  at  the  commissures,  and  to  escape  in  a somewhat  abundant 
stream  at  times. 

The  mouth  is  then  explored,  and  the  Leeches,  if  fixed  in  that 
cavity,  can  be  seen.  They  are  sometimes  concealed  behind  the  soft 
palate.  If  they  are  in  the  nasal  cavities,  blood  will  be  noticed 
trickling  from  these,  and  the  animal  occasionally  snorts,  as  if  to 
expel  the  Leeches.  Exploring  the  cavities  by  sunlight  or  a lamp 
will  generally  discover  them.  But  as  such  accidents  are  rarely 
isolated,  diagnosis  is  rendered  easy  by  the  analogy  of  the  symptoms. 

When  the  Leeches  are  in  the  pharynx  or  at  the  entrance  of  the 
larynx,  they  induce  such  intense  dyspnoea  that  death  may  ensue 
from  asphyxia. 

The  number  of  Haemopis  that  may  be  found  in  one  animal — 
during  life  or  on  post-mortem  inspection — is  extremely  variable, 
and  to  it  their  obnoxious  action  is  subordinate.  Androvande  states 
that  nine  of  these  Leeches  are  sufficient  to  kill  a Horse  ; but  observa- 
tion proves  this  to  be  an  exaggeration.  Blaise  reports  that  when  he 
was  at  Constantine,  Algeria,  in  the  Bardo  quarter,  there  was  not 
a Horse  or  Mule  which  had  less  than  nine  adult  Leeches  hidden  away 
in  its  nostrils,  mouth,  or  pharynx,  and  he  mentions  two  instances 
in  which,  at  autopsies,  he  found  185  and  192  in  two  animals. 

They  are  extremely  tenacious,  for  Guyon  has  seen  27  still  attached 
to  the  mucous  membrane  twelve  hours  after  the  death  of  an  Ox 
which  they  had  made  their  host ; and  Megnin  found,  at  V incennes, 
some' in  an  Ox  from  Algeria,  which  consequently  must  have  har- 
boured them  for  about  eight  days. 

At  the  autopsy,  in  addition  to  the  Leeches,  there  are  usually 
remarked  all  the  evidences  of  profound  anaemia  or  asphyxia.  The 
mucous  membranes  are  oedematous,  and  more  or  less  congested,  as 
well  as  showing  ecchymoses,  which  are  traces  of  the  bites. 

It  will  be  seen,  then,  that  in  certain  countries — and  particularly 
in  Algeria — the  Haemopis  is  a veritable  scourge.  It  causes  serious 


286 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


loss  among  Cattle,  produces  much  debility  among  Dromedaries, 
and  by  its  multiplication  in  the  springs  that  supply  the  watering- 
places  of  several  garrisons,  it  causes  much  trouble  to  the  military 
authorities — rendering  inefficient  at  the  same  time  a number  of 
Horses  and  Mules,  and  probably  terminating  the  existence  of  some 
of  them. 

According  to  the  observations  of  Blaise,  the  Hczmofiis  sanguisuga 
is  not  the  only  species  that  is  to  be  dreaded  as  a parasite.  In 
Algeria  are  to  be  found,  under  the  same  conditions,  various  species 
of  Leeches  that  live  in  watering-places — such  as  the  grey  Leech 
( Himdo  medicinalis  Linn.),  the  green  Leech  ( H . officinalis  Sav.),  the 
trout  or  dragon  Leech  ( H . troctina  Johnson),  etc. 

In  addition  to  the  parasitic  Water-leeches  alluded  to,  there  are 
numerous  Land-leeches  which  attack  the  Horse,  Ox,  and  other 
animals,  besides  Man.  Among  these,  one  of  the  most  troublesome, 
perhaps,  is  the  Hcemadipsa  Ceylonica  ( Hirudu  tagalla),  which,  as 
its  name  implies,  is  found  in  the  island  of  Ceylon.  It  is  only  about 
an  inch  long,  and  is  as  thin  as  a knitting-needle  ; but  it  is  very 
active  and  bloodthirsty,  pursuing  its  victim  with  rapidity,  fastening 
itself  on  man  or  beast,  and  attaining  a large  size  when  satiated.  It 
is  entirely  terrestrial,  living  amongst  damp  leaves  and  in  the  jungles 
during  the  dry  season,  and  remaining  more  or  less  quiescent  ; in 
the  rainy  season,  however,  it  resumes  its  activity,  attacking  Men, 
Horses,  Dogs,  and  other  animals  when  they  are  passing  through 
the  woods  and  jungles,  and  even  venturing  out  into  the  open 
ground,  issuing  from  the  grass  and  the  dead  leaves  in  troops.  These 
cause  much  irritation  and  debility,  from  the  numerous  bites  they 
inflict  and  the  blood  they  extract,  as  well  as  the  subsequent 
hsemorrhage.  ‘ Horses  are  driven  wild  by  them,  and  stamp  the 
ground  in  fury  to  shake  them  from  their  fetlocks,  to  which  they 
hang  in  bloody  tassels.  The  bare  legs  of  the  palanquin-bearers 
and  coolies  are  a favourite  resort.  As  their  hands  are  too  much 
engaged  to  be  spared  to  pull  them  off,  the  Leeches  hang  like  bunches 
of  grapes  round  their  ankles  ; and  I have  seen  the  blood  literally 
flowing  over  the  edge  of  a European’s  shoe,  from  their  innumerable 
bites’  (Tennent). 

A similar  form,  and  with  like  propensities,  occurs  at  an  elevation 
of  4,000  feet  in  the  Philippine  Islands,  and  others  in  Java  and 
Sumatra  ; and  they  have  been  met  with  at  a height  of  n,ooo  feet 
in  the  Himalayas.  Land-leeches,  with  similar  attributes,  exist  in 
Australia,  Japan,  and  Chili  (Fleming). 

To  detach  Leeches  from  the  mucous  membranes,  several  measures 
are  employed.  When  the  creatures  are  accessible,  they  may  be 
removed  by  means  of  forceps,  or  with  the  hand  wrapped  in  a towel 
(Abou  Bekr)  to  prevent  them  slipping  through  the  fingers.  Some 
people  recommend  their  being  clipped  in  two  with  scissors.  Another 
way  is  to  make  repeated  applications  of  vinegar  or  salts — common 
salt,  sulphate  of  soda,  alum,  etc. — or  merely  to  give  fresh  water  to 
their  victims  ; but,  unfortunately,  it  is  not  always  easy  to  throw 


PARASITES  OF  THE  MOUTH  AND  PHARYNX 


23  7 


these  liquids  into  the  pharynx,  where  the  Leeches  so  often  domicile 
themselves.  Blaise  has  successfully  employed  fumigations  of  tar, 
tobacco,  or  juniper  berries — repeated  twice  a day  ; the  fits  of 
coughing  these  provoke  dislodge  the  Leeches,  which  are  only 
slightly  attached  to.  the  mucous  membrane.  Souvigny — cited  by 
Blaise — employed  an  indiarubber  sound,  having  on  one  end  a piece 
of  sponge  ; the  latter  was  impregnated  with  ether,  and  pushed  into 
the  pharynx.  Wine  or  brandy  will  suffice  ; but  a solution  of  salt 
is  the  readiest,  perhaps,  at  all  times,  and  may  be  used  for  the 
pharynx,  nasal  fossae,  or  any  other  parts  with  safety.  For  Land- 
leeches,  the  same  applications  may  be  employed  for  their  removal 
from  the  skin  ; while  their  attacks  on  the  limbs  may  be  prevented 
by  bandaging  these  with  cotton,  calico  or  any  other  cheap  and 
convenient  material. 

When  asphyxia  is  imminent,  tracheotomy  must  be  resorted  to. 

Animals  should  not  be  allowed  to  drink  at  places  infested  by 
Leeches  ; and  when  watered  at  a river  or  stream,  in  addition  to  being 
safe  from  their  attack,  if  already  invaded  by  them  they  are  soon 
relieved,  as  the  parasites  when  gorged  with  blood  relinquish  their 
hold  of  the  mucous  membrane  as  soon  as  they  can  resume  their 
aquatic  life.  The  Arab  hippiatrist,  Abou  Bekr,  recommends 
attaching  a bag  to  the  Horse’s  head,  through  which  the  water  will 
be  filtered  when  the  animal  is  drinking,  and  through  which  the 
Leeches  cannot  pass.  A piece  of  thick  muslin  or  fine  calico  made 
into  a nose-bag,  and  placed  over  the  nostrils  and  mouth  when  the 
horse  is  about  to  drink,  should  answer  the  purpose.  But  the  best 
course  is  to  clear  the  watering-places  of  these  pests,  and  to  prevent 
their  reintroduction. 

Lemichel  destroyed  all  the  Leeches  in  the  garrison  reservoirs  of 
Mustapha,  by  turning  eels  into  them.  Many  other  species  of  fish 
would  fulfil  the  same  office. 

Perforated  metal  filters  placed  where  the  water  enters,  can  only 
keep  away  the  larger  Leeches,  as  the  smaller  ones — owing  to  their 
tenuity — may  pass  through  the  openings.  Blaise  has  obtained 
encouraging  results  with  a filter  made  of  powdered  charcoal,  packed 
and  compressed,  which  arrested  the  Leeches  ; but  the  expense  of 
this  method  has  to  be  considered.  Cauvet  advises  the  use  of  a 
syphon- tube  filled  with  fine  sand,  through  which  the  water  should 
be  made  to  pass  before  it  enters  the  troughs.  This  appears  to  be 
the  most  practical  method  of  any. 


CHAPTER  II 


PARASITES  OF  THE  (ESOPHAGUS  AND  STOMACH 

In  the  stomach  of  the  different  domesticated  animals,  Worms  may 
be  found  which  come  into  it  from  the  intestine — their  ordinary 
habitat , and  where  they  are  agglomerated.  These  are  more  par- 
ticularly the  Ascarides  and  the  Taeniae. 

Various  Infusoria  are  more  especially  located  in  the  oesophagus 
and  stomach,  as  well  as  Trematodes. — Distomum,  Cephalogonimus, 
and  Amphistomum,  Nematodes,  and  the  larvae  of  the  (Estridae  ; the 
latter  are  special  to  the  Equidae.  The  Nematodes — the  majority  of 
which  are  lodged  in  sub-mucous  tumours  in  the  oesophagus,  stomach, 
or  intestine — belong  to  four  families  only  : Strongylidae,  Trichotra- 
chelidae,  Filariidae,  and  Gnathostomidae  (see  p.  279).  There  are 
1.  In  the  Strongylidae  various  species  of  Strongylus , Ollulanus , 
Hystrichis,  Physaloptera.  2.  In  the  Trichotrachelidae,  the  Tricho- 
somum.  3.  In  the  Filariidae,  the  Spiroptera , Dispharagus , and 
Tropisurus.  4.  In  the  Gnathostomidae,  the  Gnathostomum. 

Of  these  diverse  genera,  only  two — Strongylus  and  Spiroptera — 
have  representatives  in  the  oesophagus  of  a large  number  of  Mam- 
malia and  Birds  ; the  diagnosis  of  them  may  advantageously  be 
dealt  with  here.  The  others  being  found  in  limited  groups,  it  will 
be  preferable  to  examine  them  when  treating  of  the  hosts  in  which 
they  are  found. 

w The  Strongyles  ( Strongylus  Muller)  have  the  mouth  nude  or  encircled  by- 
papillae,  and  the  oesophagus  more  or  less  abruptly  dilated  in  its  posterior  part. 
The  males  have  a caudal  pouch  usually  bi-,  tri-,  or  multi-lobular,  and  sus- 
tained by  the  ribs  ; there  are  two  equal-sized  spicules,  The  vulva  is  situated 
in  the  posterior  moiety  of  the  body. 

The  Spiropteres  ( Spiroptera  Rud.)  have  an  elongated  body,  though  it  is 
much  less  so  than  that  of  the  Filariae,  from  which,  otherwise,  they  differ  but 
little  except  in  their  habitat  ; the  tail  of  the  males  is  rolled  up  in  a spiral 
manner,  and  furnished  with  membranous  wings  ; there  are  two  straight 
spicules  ; and  the  vulva  is  more  or  less  distant  from  the  mouth. 


Article  I. — Parasites  of  the  (Esophagus  and  Stomach  of  Equidae. 

The  only  parasites  which  belong  almost  exclusively  to  the  stomach 
of  the  Equidae  are  the  Nematodes  and  the  larvae  of  the  (Estridae. 

288 


PARASITES  OF  THE  (ESOPHAGUS  AND  STOMACH  289 


A.  Nematodes. — Four  have  been  described  : two  species  of 
Strongylus  and  two  of  Spiroptera. 

1.  Strongyle  of  Axe  ( Strongylus  Axei  Cobbold). — A small  filiform  worm, 
gradually  enlarging  posteriorly,  mouth  nude  ; the  male  is  furnished  with 
three  (?)  unequal  spicules,  and  is  6 mm.  long,  the  female  being  8 mm.  The 
tail  of  the  latter  is  abruptly  contracted  to  a narrow  point,  and  is  conical. 
This  Worm  was  found  at  the  Royal  Veterinary  College,  London,  in  tumours 
of  the  gastric  mucous  membrane  of  an  Ass.  Its  presence  does  not  give  rise 
to  any  appreciable  symptom.  It  is  evidently  the  same  species  as  that  which 
Mazzanti  found  at  Pisa  in  the  mucosa  of  the  right  sac  of  the  stomach 
of  an  old  horse,  and  which  he  described  under  the  name  of  Strongylus 
tenuissimus. 

2.  Spiroptera  megastoma  (Rud.). — Body  whitish,  and  equally  attenuated 
at  both  extremities.  The  cephalic  portion  is  separated  from  the  remainder 
of  the  body  by  a constriction,  and  is  provided  with  four  thick,  horny  lips,  the 


Fig.  128. — Spiroptera  Megastoma. — Railliet. 

A,  male^and  female,  natural  size  ; B,  cephalic  extremity,  lateral  view, 
magnified  100  diameters  ; C,  caudal  extremity  of  the  male,  lateral  view, 
ma[  nified  50  diameters. 


twc  lateral  of  which  are  small,  one  dorsal  and  another  ventral  being  broader, 
the  two  latter  bearing  a papilla  on  each  of  their  lateral  borders.  The  mouth 
is  continued  by  an  infundibuliform  pharynx.  Male  : 7 mm.  to  9 mm.  long  ; 
tail  obtuse,  rolled  in  a spiral  manner,  and  bearing  two  lateral  wings,  each 
sustained  by  four  pre-anal  and  one  post-anal  papillae  ; two  unequal  spicules. 
Female  : 1 1 mm.  or  1 2 mm.  long  ; tail  straight  and  obtuse  ; vulva  situated 
towards  the  anterior  third  of  the  body.  Ova  oblong,  almost  linear,  and 
hatched  in  the  body  of  the  female. 

The  Spiropteral  tumours  are  usually  found  in  the  right  sac  of 
the  stomach  of  the  Horse.  They  form  round  prominences,  the 
volume  of  which  varies  from  that  of  a small  nut  to  a fowl’s  egg. 
Their  colour  does  not  differ  from  that  of  the  adjacent  parts, 
and  they  are  firm  in  consistence.  They  have  on  their  summit 
one  or  more  perforations  that  communicate  with  the  irregular 
cavities  into  which  they  are  hollowed.  By  pressure  on  these 
tumours,  a greyish  matter,  as  well  as  the  worms  they  contain,  is 
extruded. 


19 


290 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


These  tumours  are  situated  between  the  mucous  and  muscular 
layers  of  the  stomach,  and  are  the  product  of  the  irritation  set  up  in 
the  submucous  connective  tissue  by  the  worms.  Andral  considered 
them  as  due  to  a pathological  dilatation  of  the  glands  of  the  stomach, 
the  orifices  of  which  correspond  to  their  perforations,  and  have 
served  for  the  entrance  of  the  Spiropteres  ; while  Ercolani  more 
correctly  imagined  that  these  perforate  the  mucous  membrane,  in 
order  to  introduce  themselves  beneath  it. 

When  the  tumours  are  old  their  contents  are  concrete,  their 
walls  have  become  fibrous,  and  they  have  the  consistence  of  carti- 


SP 


Fig.  129. — Spiropteres  and  larvae  of  the  CEstrus  in  the  Stomach  of  a Horse. — 

Railliet. 

Sp,  Tumours  of  the  Spiroptera  megastoma  developed  in  the  right  sac  ; O, 
orifices  of  these  tumours  ; L,  larvae  of  the  Gastrophilus  equi  fixed  on  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  left  sac  ; A,  alveoli  of  insertion  of  the  larvae  of  the 
Gastrophilus  hcemorrhoidalis,  which  have  left  the  stomach  (one-half  the 
natural  size).  fcV 

lage.  In  them  are  found  dead  worms  or  their  debris,  or  purulent 
matter  if  the  worms  have  evacuated  them  for  a long  time. 

Valenciennes  found  these  verminous  tumours  in  11  Horses  out 
of  25.  They  were  most  frequent  in  the  month  of  June  ; and 
Ercolani  made  the  same  remark.  The  mode  of  introduction  of 
these  Spiropteres  is  not  known,  nor  yet  whether  they  multiply  in 
the  tumours  or  submit  to  migrations. 

The  presence  of  these  tumours  does  not  seem  to  cause  any 
disturbance  in  the  functions  of  the  stomach,  but  they  might  hinder 
the  passage  of  the  alimentary  matters  if  they  were  in  large  numbers 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  pylorus  (Railliet). 


PARASITES  OF  THE  (ESOPHAGUS  AND  STOMACH 


291 


3.  Spiroptera  microstoma  (Schn.). — This  differs  from  the  preceding  species 
by  its  greater  size — male,  10  mm.  to  12  mm.  ; female,  12  mm.  to  17  mm. — 
by  the  absence  of  the  constriction  behind  the  cephalic  extremity  ; only  two 
lateral  lips  in  the  form  of  a hatchet ; two  unsymmetrical  post-anal  papillae 
on  each  side  of  the  male.  The  ova  are  hatched  in  the  uterus  of  the  female. 


C.  Baillet  has  often  B 

found  these  Worms,  in 
somewhat  large  numbers, 
in  the  stomach  of  the 
Equidae.  When  that 
organ  is  examined  im- 
mediately after  death, 
its  contents  appear  to  be 
affected  by  a very  pro- 
nounced undulatory 
movement,  due  to  the 
action  of  these  entozoa 
in  every  direction.  They 
sometimes  have  the  head 
engaged  in  the  glands  of 
the  mucous  membrane 
in  the  right  sac.  Railliet 
has  on  several  occasions, 
in  summer,  observed  ex- 
tensive ulcers  on  the 
gastric  mucous  mem- 
brane of  Asses  killed  at 
the  Alfort  Veterinary 
School,  which  were  the 
hosts  of  large  numbers 
of  these  parasites. 

Muller  has  found  in  an 
old  Horse  the  Gongy- 
lonema  scutatum  lodged  in  the  epithelium  of  the  oesophagus.  This 
parasite  will  be  noticed  when  dealing  with  those  of  the  oesophagus 
of  the  Ox  and  Pig. 

B.  Larvae  of  the  (Estrid.e. — The  most  common  parasites  of  the 
stomach  of  the  Horse 
are  the  larvae  of  the 
(Estridae.  By  reason  of 
their  habitat , they  consti- 
tute the  gastricolae,  and 
all  belong  to  the  genus 
Gastrophilus  (Leach),  the 
result  of  doubling  the 
genus  GEstrusoi  Latreille. 

Brauer  has  described 
eight  species  of  Gastrophilus,  the  majority  of  which  have  been 
found  in  the  larval  condition  in  the  stomach  of  the  Equidae. 

19 — 2 


Fig.  130. — Spiroptera  microstoma. — Neumann 
and  Railliet. 

A,  male  and  female,  natural  size  ; B,  cephalic 
extremity,  magnified  100  diameters  ; C,  caudal 
extremity  of  the  male,  lateral  view,  magnified 
50  diameters. 


Fig.  1 3 1. — Wing  of  the  Gastrophilus  equi, 
magnified  5 diameters. — Railliet  (inedited). 


292 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


1.  Gastrophilus  equi  Fabr.,  a common  species  in  Europe  and  North 
America. 

2.  G.  hcemorrhoidalis  Linn.,  spread  throughout  Europe  and 
North  America. 

3.  G.  pecorum  Fabr.,  common  to  Europe. 

4.  G.  nasalis  Linn.,  found  also  in  Europe  and  in  Nova  Scotia. 

5.  G.  flavipes  Oliv.,  the  larvae  of  which  inhabit  the  stomach  of 
the  Ass  in  Southern  Europe  and  North  Africa. 

6.  G.  inermis  Brauer,  an  Austrian  species,  the  larva  of  which  is 
unknown. 

7.  G.  lativentris  Low,  found  in  Russia  ; its  larval  life  has  not 
been  ascertained. 

8.  G.  nigricornis  Low,  inhabits  Bessarabia. 

We  have  only  to  consider  the  first  five  species. 

1.  Gastrophilus  of  the  Horse  (G.  equi  Fabr.,  Gastvus  or  (Estrus  equi,  the 
Breeze  or  Horse-bee  of  Britain). — A woolly  insect  with  a fawn-coloured  face, 
covered  with  a white  silky  down  ; forehead  fawn-coloured,  the  posterior  part 
having  black  hairs  ; antennae  rust-coloured  ; thorax  sometimes  entirely 
covered  with  reddish  hairs,  and  most  frequently  having  a black  transversal 


Fig.  132. — Gastrophilus  equi,  natural  size. 

A,  female,  dorsal  view  ; B,  the  same  in  profile  ; C,  male,  dorsal  view. 


band.  The  abdomen  is  of  a yellowish-brown  or  ferruginous  tint,  with  irregular 
denticulated,  brownish-grey,  and  more  or  less  dark  spots.  The  wings  are 
transparent,  and  have  in  their  middle  a transverse  smoky  band,  their  posterior 
extremities  having  two  points  of  the  same  tint.  The  posterior  extremity 
of  the  male  is  obtuse  ; but  the  abdomen  of  the  female  is,  on  the  contrary, 
extended  as  a long  oviscapt,  which  is  doubled  under  that  region  when  at  rest. 
Length — not  including  the  oviscapt  of  the  female — 12  mm.  to  14  mm. 

This  species  is  the  most  important  of  those  we  have  to  describe. 
It  is  found  throughout  Europe,  and  also  in  Africa — Egypt,  Nubia, 
Cape  of  Good  Hope — in  Asia,  and  in  North  America.  Macquart 
states  that  it  is  likewise  found  in  the  Canary  Islands.  It  is  less 
common  in  Britain  than  on  the  Continent  of  Europe. 

It  exists  in  the  perfect  state  from  June  until  October,  but  par- 
ticularly in  August.  During  the  warmest  hours  of  the  day,  the 
female  flies  buzzing  about  Hor.es,  Asses,  and  Mules,  balancing  itself 
with  the  oviscapt  directed  downwards  and  forwards  ; it  hovers  for 
a few  seconds  over  the  place  where  it  seeks  to  deposit  its  eggs, 
drops  an  egg  upon  it,  and  immediately  flies  away  ; but  it  soon 
returns,  lays  a second  egg,  and  repeats  the  operation  so  often  that 
hundreds  of  eggs  may  be  found  on  the  same  Horse,  which  does  not 
appear  to  be  disturbed  by  the  performance.  The  ova  are  observed 


PARASITES  OF  THE  (ESOPHAGUS  AND  STOMACH 


293 


on  various  regions,  but  the  insect  prefers  the  anterior  limbs — par- 
ticularly the  fore-arms — and  the  knees  and  shanks,  parts  most 
accessible  to  the  Horse’s  tongue. 

The  ova  of  the  Gastrophilus  of  the  Horse  are  yellowish-white  in 
colour  and  conical  in  shape,  being  1*25  mm.  long  ; they  are  trans- 
versely striated,  and  provided  at  the  larger  extremity  with  an 
operculum,  which  is  obliquely  truncated.  They  adhere  to  the  hairs 
by  their  narrow  end,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  ‘ nits  ’ of  the  Louse, 
by  means  of  a viscid  matter  that  is  deposited  with  them  ; their 
wide  end  remains  pendent.  They  are  hatched  in  a few  days — 4 or 
5 according  to  Bracy-Clark,  20  to  25  according  to  the  observations 
of  Joly  ; the  operculum  becomes  detached,  being  pushed  up  by  the 
larva,  which  is  very  vivacious,  and  begins  to  crawl  on  the  skin, 
causing  a slight  itching,  which  impels 
the  Horse  to  lick  the  place.  The  larvae 
in  this  way  are  introduced  into  the 
digestive  apparatus,  and  the  majority 
fix  themselves  on  the  mucous  membrane 
of  the  stomach  by  means  of  their  buccal 
hooks,  the  head  plunged  deeper  and 
deeper  into  an  alveolus  that  is  formed 
under  the  influence  of  the  irritation 
due  to  their  presence.  They  subsist 
on  the  inflammatory  products  resulting 
from  this  small  wound  in  the  mucous 
membrane. 

On  its  exit  from  the  egg,  the  larva  (or 
‘ bot  ’)  is  very  long  and  fusiform,  and  has 
thirteen  rings  or  segments,  the  first  of  which 
are  difficult  to  distinguish.  The  cephalic  Fig.  133. — Eggs  of  the  Gastro- 
segment  has  two  antennae,  two  buccal  hooks,  philus  equi,  fixed  on  hairs, 

a circle,  and  a fasciculus  of  movable  spines  On  the  hair  B is  seen  a lar- 

— directed  backwards  like  the  hooks — and  vule  which  has  just  been 

situated  immediately  in  front  of  the  second  hatched, 

ring.  Similar  spines  are  present  on  the 

posterior  border  of  the  nine  segments  succeeding  the  first  ; but  the  last  three 
segments  are  destitute  of  spines.  The  thirteenth  segment  has  at  its  free 
extremity  two  lips,  between  which  are  projected — from  time  to  time — two 
retractile  tracheae. 

After  the  second  moulting — the  third  stage — the  larvae  are  not  so  thick  at 
their  anterior  extremity  as  behind,  where  the  body  is  perpendicularly  trun- 
cated. The  integument  is  smooth  and  rigid,  and  does  not  readily  wrinkle. 
There  are  only  eleven  segments,  which  are  more  convex  on  the  dorsal  than 
the  ventral  surface.  The  cephalic  ring  has — behind  the  antennae  and  the 
buccal  organs — several  series  of  spinous  prominences  which  are  very  small  and 
curved.  From  the  second  to  the  eighth  inclusively,  each  ring  has — towards 
the  anterior  border — a double  row  of  spines,  also  directed  backwards,  those 
of  the  first  row  being  much  stronger  than  those  of  the  second.  The  ninth 
has  some  smaller  ones,  but  only  on  the  sides,  and  the  tenth  has  none  at  ali, 
or  only  one  or  two.  The  inferior  surface  of  each  ring,  from  the  second  to 
the  tenth  included,  presents  at  its  anterior  border  a double  row  of  spinescent 
tubercles.  A short  longitudinal  ridge  runs  along  each  side  of  the  body. 
The  eleventh  ring,  posteriorly,  has  the  respiratory  slit,  which  is  limited  by  two 
narrow  but  salient  lips,  the  bottom  being  formed  by  the  stigmatic  plates, 


294 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


which  are  united  into  one  by  a common  chitinous  frame.  Each  plate  is 
reniform,  and  constituted  by  three  concentric  arches,  each  having  a longi- 
tudinal groove  on  which  open  small  apertures  arranged  in  pairs,  which  are 
the  means  of  communication  between  the  respiratory  apparatus  and  the 
atmosphere.  When  the  larva  has  reached  maturity,  these  stigmatic  plates 
are  black  ; the  spines  are  brown  at  the  base  and  black  at  the  points  ; the 
colour  of  the  body — which  was  originally  red — passes  gradually  to  yellow  ; 
and  the  total  length  is  from  1 8 mm.  to  20  mm. 

Maturity  is  attained  after  a sojourn  of  about  ten  months  in  the 
stomach  of  the  Horse.  From  May  to  August  the  larvae  become 


Fig.  134. — Larva  and  pupa  of  the  Gastrophilus  equi. 

A,  larva  in  the  third  stage,  magnified  two  and  a half  diameters  ; B,  its 
buccal  apparatus  ; C,  its  posterior  stigmatas  ; D,  pupa,  with  its  operculum  ; 
magnified  3 diameters. — Delafond. 

detached  voluntarily,  and  pass  along  with  the  alimentary  matters 
to  be  finally  expelled  from  the  body  of  their  host  along  with  the 
faeces.  According  to  the  remark  of  Numan,  although  the  larvae 
are  expelled  at  all  hours  of  the  day,  yet  the  majority  are  evacuated 
during  the  night  or  towards  the  morning..  At  first  very  lively, 
they  penetrate  the  ground  or  remain  concealed  in  the  excrements  ; 
then  their  movements  cease,  and  they  soon  become  rigid  and 
motionless.  After  twenty-four  to  forty-eight  hours  they  assume 
a bright-brown  tint,  then  a dark-brown,  almost  black  colour  ; the 
skin  becomes  hardened,  and  forms  a shining  shell  (pupa-case)  in 


PARASITES  OF  THE  OESOPHAGUS  AND  STOMACH 


295 


which  the  nympha  is  enclosed.  This  case  or  shell  has  a slight 
curvature  from  before  to  behind,  the  concavity  of  which  is 
ventral. 

The  duration  of  the  nymphosis  is — as  for  the  other  (Estridae — 
from  about  thirty  to  forty  days,  and  the  perfect  insect  (or  imago) 
emerges  according  to  the  mode  already  indicated  for  all  the  forms 
of  the  family.  Copulation  takes  place,  and  the  females,  in  their 
turn,  deposit  their  ova  on  the  bodies  of  Horses. 

2.  Gastrophilus  haemorrhoidalis  (Linn.). — Dark-brown  colour  ; face  covered 
with  light-yellow  hairs,  forehead  with  fawn-tinted  hairs  ; antennae  ferruginous. 
Thorax  covered  with  olive-grey  hairs  in  front  of  the  suture,  and  showing  a 
transverse  black  band  behind  it.  Abdomen  woolly,  the  hairs  being  white 
in  front,  black  in  the  middle,  and  of  an  orange  hue  behind.  Wings  hyaline* 
without  spots.  Oviscapt  as  in  the  G.  equi.  Length,  9 mm.  to  11  mm., 
without  the  oviscapt. 


Fig.  135,  female,  natural  size.  Fig.  136,  ovum  ; magnified  10  diameters. 
Fig.  137,  larva  in  the  third  stage;  magnified  2 diameters.  Fig.  138,  pupa, 
with  its  operculum  ; magnified  2 diameters.  a 

This  species  is,  with  the  G.  equi , the  most  widespread  in  France. 
It  is  found  throughout  the  whole  of  Europe  and  in  North  America  ; 
its  habits  are  analogous  to  those  of  G.  equi,  though  the  female 
prefers  to  lay  its  eggs  on  the  lips  of  the  Horse,  and  the  long  hairs 
covering  them.  This  gives  rise  to  a kind  of  irritating  tickling, 
which  induces  the  Horse  to  rub  its  lips  against  the  ground,  the  fore- 
limbs, or  trees  ; or  it  seeks  to  evade  attack  by  galloping  away,  and 
even  plunging  into  water  to  escape  from  its  enemy  (Bracy-Clark). 

The  ova  of  the  G.  hcemorrhoidalis  differ  from  those  of  G.  equi , 
chiefly  by  their  dark  colour.  The  larvae,  at  their  exit,  cause  titilla- 
tions,  which  compel  the  Horse  to  pass  its  tongue  around  its  lips, 
and  so  the  parasite  is  carried  into  the  mouth,  and  thence  into  the 
digestive  canal. 

At  the  third  stage,  these  larvae,  known  in  Britain  as  the  red-tailed  Horse-bot 
—mixed  with  those  of  G.  equi — are  distinguished  by  their  slightly  smaller 
size,  their  deeper-red  colour,  the  spines  of  the  first  row  of  each  anterior  ring 
being  scarcely  so  strong  as  those  of  the  second,  the  presence  of  a denuded 
dorsal  spot  in  the  middle  of  the  ninth  ring,  and  the  entire  absence  of  dorsal 
spines  on  the  tenth,  as  also  on  the  eleventh  ring. 


Fig.  135.  Fig.  136.  Fig.  137.  Fig.  138. 

Figs.  135  to  138. — Gastrophilus  hcemorrhoidalis. 


296 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


They  are  also  distinguished  by  their  habitat,  the  sojourn  they  make 
in  the  rectum  before  returning  to  the  external  world,  the  greenish 
colour  they  assume,  and  certain  other  peculiarities  in  their  parasitic 
existence  which  will  be  alluded  to  hereafter. 

3.  Gastrophilus  pecorum  (Fabr.). — The  male  is  brown,  and  covered  with 
tufted  coppery-yellow  hair,  which  is  black  in  places.  The  segments  of  the 
body  are  short  and  spheroidal ; the  thorax  has,  behind,  a transverse  band  of 
black  hairs,  often  interrupted  in  the  middle  by  yellow  hairs.  The  wings  are 
small,  of  a fuliginous,  greyish-yellow  hue,  and  frequently  showing  a large 
smoky  band  in  the  middle,  and  a spot  at  the  point.  Length,  12-5  mm.  The 
female  is  black  or  dark-brown,  and  covered  with  black  or  dirty-yellow  hairs. 
The  wings  are  shorter  than  the  body,  and  are  similar  to  those  of  the  male  or 
entirely  fuliginous.  Length,  15  mm. 

The  eggs  differ  little  from  those  of  G.  hcemorrhoidalis . The  larva,  when 
mature,  is  13  mm.  or  14  mm.  long,  and  is  of  a dark-red,  blood  tint ; the  spines 
are  brown — bright  at  the  base,  and  dark  at  the  point.  Their  arrangement 
on  the  dorsal  surface  constitutes  a distinctive  character,  being  disposed  in  two 
rows  on  the  anterior  border  of  each  ring,  from  the  second  to  the  fifth  ; at  the 
sixth  there  is  an  interruption  in  the  middle,  which  is  still  more  marked  in 
the  seventh,  and  greater  in  the  eighth,  where  it  occupies  the  middle  third  of 
the  ring.  The  succeeding  rings  are  nearly  always  completely  unarmed. 

This  species  exists  throughout  Europe,  and  is  very  frequent — in 
the  larval  condition — among  Hungarian  Horses  ; it  is  very  rare 
in  Sweden,  according  to  Boheman.  Megnin  has  seen  perfect  insects 
hatched  from  larvae  procured  from  Russian  ponies  sent  to  Paris. 

Like  those  of  the  preceding  species,  the  larvae  are  fixed  for  some 
time  to  the  rectum  before  being  evacuated. 

4.  Gastrophilus  nasalis  (Linn.). — Insect  covered  with  fine  down.  Upper 
surface  of  the  thorax  covered  with  dark  hairs,  intermixed  with  others  of  a 
golden  hue.  Dorsal  scutellum  shining,  of  a dark-brown,  often  of  a fine, 
bright-brown,  or  golden  chestnut  colour.  The  abdomen  is  variable  in  colour, 
always  garnished  with  long,  fine,  and  close-set  hairs,  which  are  usually  white 
on  the  second  ring,  black  on  the  third,  and  orange  on  the  succeeding  ones  ; 
in  others  the  latter  are  greyish,  and  in  others,  again,  they  are  orange  from 
the  second  ring.  The  wings  are  somewhat  small,  broad,  and  hyaline.  Length, 
12  mm.  or  13  mm. 

The  ova  are  white,  elliptical,  truncated  in  front,  and  have  on  one  side  two 
longitudinal  lines.  An  altogether  distinctive  feature  of  the  larvae  is  their 
having  only  one  row  of  spines  at  the  anterior  border  of  their  rings.  On  the 
upper  surface  the  median  interruption  commences  at  the  eighth  ring  ; the 
tenth  is  unarmed.  In  a state  of  maturity,  these  larvae  are  13  mm.  to  15  mm. 
in  length,  and  are  of  a light-yellow  colour  ; the  spines  are  white  at  the  base, 
and  dark-brown  at  the  point. 

This  species  appears  to  be  spread  throughout  Europe,  but  is 
most  common  in  Austria  and  Prussia.  It  owes  its  name  to  the 
circumstance  that  the  female  deposits  its  eggs  on  the  alse  of  the 
nostrils  and  lips  of  the  Horse.  It  has  also  been  described  by  the 
name  of  G.  salutaris  Meig.,  G.  salutiferus  B.  Clark,  in  order  to 
signify  the  beneficial  influence  the  larvae  are  supposed  to  exert  on 
the  digestive  functions. 

They  exclusively  inhabit  the  pyloric  region  of  the  duodenum, 
and  do  not  fix  themselves  to  the  margin  of  the  anus  while  they  are 
being  evacuated. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  (ESOPHAGUS  AND  STOMACH  297 

5.  Gastrophilus  flavipes  (Oliv.).— This  is  11  mm.  long,  with  pale-yellow 
legs  and  hyaline  wings  ; the  dorsal  scutellum  is  black,  with  yellow  lateral 
patches  ; abdomen  of  a shining  brownish-yellow  colour,  with  a darker  longi- 
tudinal line  ; when  pubescent,  it  is  white.  The  larvae  are  more  especially 
parasitic  in  the  Ass.  The  species  is  wide-spread  in  Dalmatia, 

Spain,  Northern  Africa,  and  Asia  Minor  ; it  is  also  found  in  the 
Pyrenees.  Its  history  is  still  incomplete. 

The  larvae  of  the  Gastrophilus  elephantis  are  found  in  the 
stomach  of  both  the  African  and  Asiatic  Elephant,  and  are  stated 
to  be  specifically  different  from  those  of  the  Horse,  being  some- 
times one  inch  in  length.  Steel  found  that  when  these  bots 
were  removed  from  the  membrane  of  the  stomach  they  struggled 
violently,  and  several  grasped  his  finger  firmly  with  their  hooklets. 

Cobbold  thinks  it  not  improbable  that  these  larvae  are  derived 
from  the  ova  that  have  been  deposited  by  the  mature  Gastrophilus 
elephantis,  on  the  tusks  of  the  Elephant.  Another  ' bot  ’ — the 
Pharyngobolus  Africanus — has  been  found  in  the  pharynx  of  the 
African  Elephant.  No  clinical  importance  has  been  attached  to 
these  larvae. 

The  larvae  of  Gastrophilus  are  found  in  Horses  which 
frequent  pastures  or  live  much  in  the  open  air,  and 
which  do  not  receive  much  grooming.  The  age,  state 
of  health  or  disease,  and  mode  of  feeding,  have  no 
influence  upon  them.  According  to  the  observations  of 
Numan,  these  larvae  are  much  more  abundant  after  dry, 
hot  summers  than  after  rainy  seasons. 

When  taken  into  the  mouth  of  the  Horse  by  licking, 
the  young  larvae  do  not  all  pass  directly  into  the  stomach ; for  it  some- 
times happens  that  some  of  them  are  arrested  at  the  soft  palate,  on 
the  epiglottis,  and  in  the  pharynx.  This  more  especially,  if  not  exclu- 
sively, occurs  with  those  of  the  G.  hcemorrhoidalis.  Their  presence 
is  not  altogether  without  danger.  Vitry  reports  the  case  of  a Horse 
which  succumbed  in  two  months  to  an  affection  characterized  by  a 
violent  dry  cough,  and  increasing  dyspnoea  that  terminated  in 
asphyxia.  At  the  necropsy  nothing  could  be  discovered,  except 
five  larvae  of  the  Gastrophilus,  attached  to  the  margin  of  the 
epiglottis,  their  bodies  floating  in  the  larynx.  Crepin  has  seen  a 
Horse  that  presented  analogous  symptoms  to  the  preceding,  attended 
by  a farrier,  who,  thinking  a feather  had  got  fixed  about  the  larynx, 
introduced  a rod  with  a piece  of  cloth  at  the  end  into  the  oesophagus. 
On  withdrawing  it  he  found  several  larvae,  a~d  repeating  the 
manoeuvre  several  times,  the  Horse  was  cured.  Gunther  relates  a 
similar  case  to  the  first,  but  there  was  more  ‘ roaring  ’ ; and  Renner 
states  that  the  Russian  empirics  employ  a brush  with  which  to 
detach  the  larvae  that  are  fixed  in  the  ‘ gullet.’  Pigeaire  has  often 
witnessed  similar  instances  among  the  Camargue  Horses,  several 
dying  from  asphyxia.  The  treatment  adopted  also  consistedjpn 
introducing  into  the  pharynx  a stick  enveloped  in  a towel  impreg- 
nated with  olive-oil,  or,  better,  empyreumatic  oil. 

In  general,  the  larvae  of  the  Gastrophilus  equi  fix  themselves  on 
the  gastric  mucous  membrane,  and  almost  exclusively  in  the  left 
sac — occupying,  by  preference,  the  region  adjoining  the  velvety 


Fig.  139. — 
Larva  of 
the  Gas- 
trophilus 
nasalis, 
3rd  stage; 
magni- 
fied  2 dia- 
meters. 
— R a il- 
liet  (in- 
edited). 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


298 

mucous  membrane  in  the  right  sac— and  some  stop  in  the  oeso- 
phagus, above  the  cardiac  opening,  where  the  membrane  offers  the 
same  characters  as  in  the  left  sac  of  the  stomach.  When  the 
stomach  of  a Horse  is  opened,  the  larvae  are  found  in  variable 
numbers — 10,  15,  20,  or  more,  sometimes  even  hundreds  ; 

Daubenton  has  counted  more  than  600,  Vallisnieri  700,  and  Numan 
more  than  1,000,  in  one  stomach.  They  are  collected  in  one  or 
more  groups,  one  of  which  is  always  larger  than  the  other.  There 
may  be  a mixture  of  several  kinds  of  larvae,  though  in  our  country 
those  of  the  G.  equi  predominate  They  are  more  especially 
located  in  the  left  sac  of  the  stomach,  but  those  of  G.  hcemorrhoidalis 
— besides  their  possible  arrest  in  the  pharyngeal  region — may  also 
be  found  in  the  right  sac  and  in  the  duodenum.  They  remain  some 
time  in  the  latter  portions  of  the  rectum  before  leaving  the  body, 
and  there  they  assume  a characteristic  green  tint.  They  can  be 
seen  at  the  time  of  defecation,  when  the  rectum  is  everted  ; and  it 
is  this  which  gave  rise  to  the  error — pointed  out  by  Bracy-Clark — 
that  the  larvae  of  the  G.  hcemorrhoidalis  are  developed  in  this 
region  : the  eggs  having  been  deposited  there  in  the  springtime  by 
the  female,  which  took  advantage  of  the  protrusion  of  the  mucous 
membrane  when  the  faeces  were  being  expelled.  The  larvae  of  the 
G.  ftecorum  have  also  the  same  temporary  lodgment  in  the  rectum 
before  emerging  to  undergo  their  nymphosis  ; but  this  does  not  occur 
with  the  G.  equi  or  G.  nasalis , the  larvae  of  the  latter  having  the 
duodenum  for  the  principal  habitat. 

With  regard  to  the  effects  that  these  larvae  may  have  on  the  health, 
very  divergent  opinions  have  been  given.  Certain  authorities  have 
attributed  the  most  serious  consequences  to  them,  and  Numan 
cites  a number  who  have  asserted  that  the  larvae  erode  the  tissues 
of  the  stomach,  perforate  it,  and  in  this  way  cause  death ; or  they 
bring  on  emaciation,  or  induce  cough,  colic,  ce;ebral  symptoms; 
or  inflammation  of  different  viscera,  and  especially  the  lungs. 
Chabert  lays  the  most  varied  maladies  to  their  account ; while 
Vallisnie  i ascribes  an  epizooty,  which  killed  a great  number  of 
Horses  in  1713,  at  Verona  and  Mantua,  to  the  enormous  quantities 
of  larvae  generally  found  in  the  stomach  (Numan).  From  a careful 
examination  of  the  majority  of  the  cases  reported,  Numan  concludes 
that  the  perforations  observed  were  produced  after  death,  and  that 
they  were  easily  effected  because  of  the  ante-  and  post-mortem 
softening  of  the  tissues  of  the  stomach. 

It  is  true  that,  when  we  reflect  on  the  extreme  frequency  of  the 
gastric  larvae,  the  numbers  of  Horses  which  are  infested  with  them, 
and  the  impossibility  of  even  suspecting  their  presence  during  life, 
owing  to  the  absence  of  any  apparent  disturbance,  we  might  be 
led  to  consider  these  parasites  as  altogether  inoffensive.  Some 
authorities  have  ascribed  a stimulant  action  to  them,  which  is  of 
advantage  to  the  digestive  functions  ; but  in  this  there  is  manifest 
exaggeration.  We  cannot  admit  that  the  numerous  ulcers  produced 
on  the  surface  of  the  oesophageal  and  gastric  mucous  membrane 


PARASITES  OF  THE  (ESOPHAGUS  AND  STOMACH 


299 


are  a matter  of  absolute  indifference,  and,  indeed,  they  must  have 
some  effect  on  the  function  of  these  organs,  which  ought  to  be 
revealed  when  other  pathological  conditions  intervene.  In  any 
case,  a considerable  number  of  observations  are  recorded  of  fatal 
troubles  having  been  due  to  these  larvae  ; and  we  have  quoted 
some  of  a relatively  recent  date,  and  altogether  independent  of  any 
preconceived  ideas  which  Numan’s  observers  may  have  entertained. 

Numan  reports  having  once  found  the  duodenum  pierced  by  four  or  five 
holes,  evidently  due  to  the  larvae  of  the  CEstrus,  one  of  which  had  passed 
through  a hole  and  was  attached  to  the  peritoneum  ; another  was  firmly 
fixed  in  a second  perforation,  and  several  had  bored  through  the  mucous  and 
muscular  tunics,  leaving  the  serous  membrane  intact.  There  was  inflamma- 
tion and  manifest  softening  of  this  portion  of  the  intestine.  The  Horse  had 
suffered  for  a long  time  from  a disease  of  the  foot,  and  died  from  exhaustion. 
The  larvae  were  those  of  the  Gast/ophilus  nasalis.  Numan  also  states  that  the 
Royal  Veterinary  College  of  London  has  the  stomach  of  a two-year-old  colt, 
which  presents  at  its  larger  curvature  and  inferior  surface  a considerable 
thickening,  in  the  centre  of  which  are  six  perforations  through  all  the  gastric 
tunics,  and  in  which  are  many  larvae  of  the  CEstrus  ; while  three  or  four  per- 
forations have  no  larvae,  and  about  fifty  of  the  parasites  are  still  adherent  to 
the  internal  surface  of  the  stomach. 

At  the  autopsy  of  an  aged  Mule,  which  had  shown  all  the  symptoms  of 
chronic  gastro-enteritis,  Delamotte  discovered  four  perforations  of  the  stomach 
— which  were  attributed  to  these  larvae — that  led  to  a large  diverticulum 
formed  by  the  peritoneum,  which  was  separated  from  the  organ,  and  in  which 
alimentary  matters  had  accumulated. 

The  presence  of  larvae  of  the  G.  hcemorrhoidalis  and  G.  pecorum  in 
the  folds  of  the  rectal  mucous  membrane  has  sometimes  occasioned 
troubles  that  have  not  always  been  without  gravity. 

Hertwig  reports  having  observed  a Horse  which,  in  consequence 
of  the  presence  of  some  thirty  larvae  in  the  rectum  and  anus,  made 
such  violent  efforts  at  defecation  that  there  occurred  an  eversion 
of  the  rectum,  which  required  a surgical  operation  to  reduce  it. 

The  lesions  caused  by  the  larvae  of  the  Gastrophilus  equi — other 
than  the  perforations  just  discussed — are  those  of  a gastritis, 
ordinarily  very  slight,  and  even  inappreciable.  The  more  constant 
are  ulcerations  involving  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  left  sac,  and 
distributed  as  are  the  larvae  themselves,  of  which  they  in  reality 
indicate  the  points  of  fixation.  They  are  in  the  form  of  circular 
sores,  from  4 mm.  to  5 mm.  in  diameter,  rose-coloured  in  the  centre, 
borders  salient,  and  several  of  them  sometimes  running  into  each 
other.  In  a two-years-old  colt,  Lafosse  found  a larva  lodged  in  the 
connective  tissue  beneath  the  parietal  layer  of  the  peritoneum. 
We  need  not  now  speak  of  those  sometimes  observed  in  the  cranium, 
as  they  will  be  referred  to  when  treating  of  the  parasites  of  the 
brain. 

The  prophylaxis  consists  in  preventing  animals  being  reached  by 
the  winged  Insect,  by  adopting  the  measures  already  indicated, 
p.  34,  and  more  especially  having  them  frequently  and  attentively 
groomed. 

In  the  treatment , the  object  must  be  to  kill  the  larvae  in  the 


300 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


stomach,  without  injuring  the  health  of  the  host.  Lessona  says 
he  has  obtained  the  greatest  success  with  bryonia-root — 15  to 
25  grammes — powdered  and  given  in  half  a litre  of  water.  Cambron 
gives  the  preference  to  tar — in  doses  of  8 to  40  grammes — in  an 
aromatic  infusion  ; it  may  be  useful  to  repeat  it.  Iodine  tincture 
and  benzine  may  also  be  recommended. 

But  an  easy  cure  must  not  be  relied  upon,  as  the  majority  of 
authorities  confess  to  having  failed  in  the  employment  of  diverse 
agents.  From  all  the  serious  attempts  made  before  him  and  by  him, 
and  numerous  experiments — which  consisted  in  plunging  the  larvae 
in  toxic  fluids  or  in  irrespirable  gases — Numan  arrived  at  the 
conclusion  ‘ that  agents  endowed  with  great  energy,  which  arrive 
in  the  stomach  without  undergoing  any  modification,  act  upon  that 
viscus,  but  scarcely  produce  any  effect  on  the  larvae.  No  medication 
can  therefore  be  recommended  for  their  destruction  or  expulsion.’ 
It  is  fortunate  that  their  sojourn  is  only  temporary,  and  that  they 
are  eliminated  spontaneously  when  the  summer  returns.  Therefore, 
as  a cure  should  occur  spontaneously,  without  any  medication, 
there  is  no  necessity  to  intervene  unless  the  health  is  seriously 
compromised.  Should  this  happen,  then  mucilaginous  fluids  may 
be  given  to  allay  the  irritation  in  the  stomach  ; a substantial 
alimentation  ought  also  to  be  enjoined,  to  compensate  the  loss  of 
nutriment  incurred  by  the  presence  of  the  ‘ bots.’ 

It  is,  nevertheless,  advantageous  to  remove  by  the  hand  the  larvae 
of  the  G.  hcemorrhoidalis  and  G.  pecorum  which  appear  on  the  rectal 
mucous  membrane  and  at  the  margin  of  the  anus,  and  so  relieve  the 
Horse  from  an  annoyance  that  is  sometimes  dangerous.  It  may 
also  be  advisable,  in  certain  cases,  to  introduce  the  hand  and  arm 
into  the  rectum  in  order  to  ascertain  whether  any  have  arrived  there, 
or  to  administer  enemas  of  salt  or  soap  and  water,  a weak  emulsion 
of  petroleum  or  of  benzine,  or  a dilute  solution  of  creosote.  We 
have  seen  above  how  the  larvae  fixed  in  the  pharynx  and  larynx 
should  be  removed. 

Article  II. — Parasites  of  the  (Esophagus  and  Stomach  of 
Ruminants. 

There  may  be  found  in  the  oesophagus  and  stomach  of  Ruminants 
Infusoria,  Coccidia,  Trematodes,  and  Nematodes. 

Infusoria. — The  rumen  and  reticulum  of  Ruminants  contain — 
suspended,  and  swimming  in  the  midst  of  the  semi-fluid  mass  of 
food — inferior  vegetable  or  animal  organisms.  The  first  do  not 
offer  anything  particular  for  comment,  as  they  are  found  in  all 
liquids  in  which  vegetable  matter  is  macerating,  and  the  majority 
of  them  belong  to  the  great  group  of  Schizomycetes.  The  second 
are  the  Ciliate  Infusoria,  Holotricha  and  the  Peritricha. 

The  Infusoria  met  with  in  the  first  two  gastric  compartments  of 
Ruminants  only  live  a short  time  in  their  host,  because  of  the 
chilling  and  the  alterations  taking  place  in  their  liquid  medium. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  (ESOPHAGUS  AND  STOMACH 


301 


Fiorentini  says  they  only  appear  after  suckling,  when  the  Ruminants 
are  fed  exclusively  on  vegetable  matters.  They  are  digested,  and 
pass  into  the  true  stomach  and  intestines.  Their  number  is  so  great 
that  Gruby  and  Delafond  estimated  the  total  weight  of  those  found 
in  the  first  two  compartments  of  the  stomach  of  a Sheep  at  600  to 
1,000  grammes.  They  are  certainly  not  parasites,  but  only  com- 
mensals ; and  it  is  possible  that  they  have  a share  in  the  digestive 
process  of  Ruminants,  as  Certes  has  noticed  the  presence  of  glycogen 
in  the  protoplasm  of  these  animalcules. 

Coccidia. — In  70  per  cent,  of  the  Sheep  examined  at  the  Abbatoir 
of  Lubeck,  Maske  found  in  the  mucosa  of  the  abomasum  some  pro- 
minent grey  nodules  of  the  size  of  a pin's  head  situated  in  the 
depth  of  the  mucous  folds,  which  sometimes  were  strewn  with 
them,  and  sometimes  presented  only  a 
few.  Lodged  directly  under  the  epi- 
thelium between  the  gastric  glands  they 
were  limited  by  a vitreous  zone  formed 
by  the  mucosa.  The  internal  part 
of  the  nodules  was  constituted  by 
nucleated  coccidia  in  various  stages 
of  development. 

This  coccidium  very  probably  is  the 
same  ( Coccidium  Fauvei)  as  that  which 
has  been  found  several  times  in  the 
smal]  intestine  of  the  sheep. 


Fig.  140. — Fragment  of  the 
rumen  of  a Cow,  showing  the 
conical  x\mphistomum  fixed 
between  the  papillae  by  the 
large  posterior  sucker.  The 
insertion  tubercles  of  several 
which  have  been  removed 
can  be  seen.  Natural  size. 
— Railliet. 


Trematodes. — Two  species  of  Amphisto- 
mum  have  been  described  as  living  in  the 
rumen  of  the  domestic  Ruminants.  One  is 
the  Amphistomum  crumeniferum  (Creplin), 
found  in  the  Zebu  ( Bos  Indicus ) ; the  other 
is  the  Amphistomum  conicum  (Zeder),  which 
lives  in  the  Ox,  Sheep,  and  Goat,  and  possesses 
some  interest. 

Amphistomum  conicum  is  ovoid,  thin  in 
front,  gradually  thickening  to  the  posterior 

part,  which  is  obtuse  and  a little  curved  on  the  ventral  surface.  The  colour 
of  the  body  is  rosy,  irregular,  and  more  or  less  dark.  Length,  10  mm.  to 
1 3 mm.  ; breadth  posteriorly,  2 mm.  to  3 mm. 

Daubenton  was  the  first  to  find  this  worm  in  the  rumen  and  reticulum  of 
the  Ox.  It  has  since  been  met  with  in  the  Sheep  (Treutler),  Goat  (Creplin). 
and  a considerable  number  of  wild  Ruminants.  It  fixes  itself — by  means  of 
its  posterior  sucker — between  the  papillae  of  the  rumen,  and  more  especially 
to  the  borders  of  the  oesophageal  furrow.  It  appears  to  be  most  frequently 
present  in  the  month  of  April,  and  has  been  considered  inoffensive  ; but  Ziirn 
states  that  a deadly  disease  of  cattle  has  been  attributed  to  it  in  Australia, 
though  doubtless  tins  is  only  a coincidence. 

This  parasite  is  very  common  in  Egypt.  To  this  species  may  belong  the 
cercaria  of  the  Amphistome  found  at  Cairo,  by  Sonsino,  on  a Gasteropod 
(Physa  Alexandrina).  This  is  a cercaria  which  forms  cysts  and  fixes  itself 
everywhere — on  aquatic  plants,  stones,  shells  of  Molluscs,  etc. 

Nematodes. — Several  species  of  strongylus  and  one  of  Spiroptera  are,  in 
different  degrees,  parasites  of  the  stomach  or  oesophagus  of  Ruminants. 

Strongylus  cervicornis  (McFadyean). — This  nematode  was  found  by 
McFadyean  when  investigating  the  cause  of  an  alarming  number  of  deaths 


302 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


— 5 to  20  per  cent. — among  lambs  in  Lincolnshire  and  other  parts  of 
England  in  the  autumn  of  1896.  From  his  report  to  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Society  on  these  outbreaks  of  parasitic  gastro-enteritis  in  lambs  we  take  the 
following  : 

‘ As  is  the  rule  with  parasites  of  this  kind,  the  males  are  less  numerous  and 
smaller  than  the  females.  The  common  length  of  the  latter  is  about  two-fifths 
of  an  inch,  and  of  the  males  about  three-tenths  of  an  inch.  The  largest 
females  met  with  were  half  an  inch  long.  The  mouth  is  unarmed,  and  behind 
it  the  body  gradually  increases  in  thickness  as  far  as  the  vulva  in  the  female, 
and  to  the  posterior  extremity  in  the  male.  On  each  side  of  the  fore  part  of 
the  body  or  neck  there  is  a barb-like  papilla.  The  skin  has  fine  transverse 
rings,  and  it  is  also  provided  with  longitudinal  ridges,  of  which  there  are 
eight  to  ten  on  each  aspect  of  the  body  (upper  and  lower).  The  vulva  is 
distant  about  one-sixth  of  the  total  length  of  the  body  from  the  tail,  and  it 
is  covered  by  a cutaneous  flap-like  appendage.  The  degree  of  development 
of  this  appendage  varies  a good  deal  in  individuals  of  the  same  size,  and  it  is 
sometimes  rudimentary  or  absent.  The  tail  is  pointed  and  slightly  curved. 
The  alimentary  tube  takes  a nearly  straight  course  through  the  body,  and  is 
not  intertwined  with  the  uterus.  The  uteri,  which  are  directed  forwards  and 

backwards  from  the  vulva, 
contain  a large  number  of 
obliquely  placed  oval  eggs  of 
relatively  large  size.  Those 
nearest  the  vulva  are  in 
the  morula  stage  of  division 
or  already  show  the  form 
of  the  embryo.  The  eggs 
nearest  the  vulva  measure 
about  *09  mm.  in  their  long 
diameter,  and  their  greatest 
transverse  diameter  is  about 
•05  mm. 

‘ The  male  worms  have  a 
bursa  which  is  somewhat 
difficult  to  spread.  When 
expanded  it  has  the  outline 
shown  in  Fig.  141.  The 
posterior  rays  spring  from 
a long  common  median 
stem,  and  each  is  itself 
branched,  the  whole  bearing  some  resemblance  to  a stag’s  horn.  The  spicules 
are  about  0*24  mm.  long  in  a worm  8 mm.  in  length,  and  they  are  longitudinally 
divided  at  their  posterior  extremities.  On  the  assumption  that  the  worm 
belongs  to  a species  not  previously  described,  the  name  Strongylus  cervicornis 
(from  the  shape  of  the  posterior  rays  of  the  bursa  of  the  male)  is  suggested 
for  it. 

‘ With  the  adult  worms  numerous  eggs  were  sometimes  found  in  the  stomach 
contents,  but  neither  free  embryos  nor  larger  sexually  immature  worms  were 
found  in  the  stomach.  What  is  the  precise  stage  of  development  at  which  the 
worms  are  taken  in  is  therefore  unknown,  but  the  fact  that  intermediate 
forms  between  the  embryo  and  the  adult  were  not  met  with  would  seem  to 
indicate  that  adult  size  and  sexual  maturity  are  very  soon  attained  after  the 
parasite  has  entered  the  stomach.  The  eggs  or  liberated  embryos  are  doubt- 
less passed  out  with  the  faeces,  to  undergo  a phase  of  development  in  soil  or 
water. 

‘ These  worms  are  so  small  that  they  may  easily  be  overlooked  if  the  person 
making  the  post-mortem  examination  relies  upon  naked-eye  inspection  of 
the  fourth  stomach  and  its  contents.  Even  when  present  in  thousands  in 
the  muddy  contents  of  the  stomach  it  is  impossible  to  detect  them  with  the 
naked  eye  unless  a very  thin  stratum  of  liquid  is  examined,  but  they  may 
easily  be  made  out  when  a little  of  the  contents  or  a scraping  from  the  lining 


Fig.  1 41. — Caudal  extremity  of  male  Strongylus 
cervicornis  magnified. — McFadyean. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  (ESOPHAGUS  AND  STOMACH 


303 


membrane  of  the  stomach  is  suspended  in  water  and  examined  in  a flat- 
bottomed  glass  dish.  When  taken  from  the  stomach  of  an  animal  recently 
dead  they  display  active  movements,  but  when  putrefaction  of  the  carcass 
sets  in  they  soon  die  and  shrivel  up.  In  the  perfectly  fresh  stomach  they  are 
generally  most  numerous  on  the  lining  membrane,  but  even  then  they  may 
be  present  in  hundreds  in  the  liquid  contents.  If  some  time  has  elapsed  since 
the  animal’s  death  the  worms  are  generally  in  greatest  numbers  in  the  stomach 


contents. 

‘ A knowledge  of  the  symptoms  was  gathered  from  the  reports  furnished 
by  veterinary  surgeons  who  forwarded  animals  or  viscera  for  examination, 
and  from  personal  inspection  of  diseased  lambs  in  three  different  flocks.  The 
most  constant  symptom  was  scouring,  and  this  was  seldom  or  never  absent 
in  animals  in  which  the  illness  lasted  for  a few  days.  The  diarrhoea  was 
accompanied  by  rapid  wasting,  and  by  loss  of  appetite.  Abnormal  thirst 
was  frequently  noted,  and  in  some  cases  the  lambs  displayed  an  inclination 
to  lick  sand  or  earth.  This  morbid  propensity  appeared  to  have  been  present 
much  more  frequently  than  it  was  noticed  during  life,  for  the  presence  of 
sand  and  earth  in  the  stomachs  was  very  generally  found  at  the  post-mortem, 

although  in  most  cases  the 
lambs  had  been  on  grass. 

‘ The  temperature  was 
generally  above  the  normal, 
varying  from  io5°toio8°F. 
Cough,  as  a rule,  was  not  a 
symptom  that  had  attracted 
the  notice  of  owner  or  shep- 
herd. In  some  cases  the 
course  of  the  illness  was 
very  acute,  the  animals 
dying  within  twenty-four 
hours  ; but,  as  a rule,  the 
lambs  were  more  or  less  ill, 
with  the  symptoms  above 
described,  for  several  days 
or  weeks.’ 

Strongylus  contortus 

(Rud.). — Body  red  or  white 
— according  as  its  intestine 
is  or  is  not  full  of  blood 
sucked  from  the  mucous 
membrane  — filiform  or  at- 
tenuated at  the  extremities.  At  a short  distance  from  the  anterior  extremity 
are  two  small  lateral  papillae,  in  the  form  of  teeth  directed  backwards.  Integu- 
ment finely  striated  transversely,  and  showing,  besides,  from  40  to  50  longi- 
tudinal ridges.  Mouth  nude.  Male,  10  mm.  to  20  mm.  long  ; caudal  pouch 
bilobate,  each  lobe  being  sustained  by  four  ribs,  the  middle  and  anterior 
being  doubled  ; the  right  lobe  has  an  accessory  lobe  supported  by  the  two 
posterior  ribs,  which  are  short  and  slightly  divided  at  their  extremity.  Female, 
20  mm.  to  30  mm.  long,  the  body  terminating  in  a pointed  tail  ; vulva  situated 
towards  the  posterior  fifth  of  the  body,  at  the  bottom  of  a depression  sur- 
mounted by  a powerful  linguiform  appendage  directed  backwards.  Eggs 
ovoid,  from  70  fi  to  97  /*  long,  and  43  /x  to  54  n broad. 


Fig.  142. — Caudal  extremity  of  male  Strongylus 
contortus  magnified.  (After  McFadyean). 


The  Strongylus  contortus  lives  in  the  abomasum  of  the  Sheep, 
Goat,  Argali,  and  Chamois.  Railliet  and  Lucet  have  found  it  in 
the  abomasum  of  a heifer,  and  ourselves  in  that  of  a Cow.  It  subsists 
on  the  blood,  it  abstracts  from  the  mucous  membrane,  and  to  this 
it  owes  its  brown  colour.  Its  name  is  justified  by  the  arrangement 
of  its  ovarian  tubes,  which  are  rolled  around  the  intestine  to  form 


304 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


regular  loops,  the  white  colour  of  which  contrasts  with  the  dark 
tint  of  the  digestive  tube. 

According  to  the  investigations  of  C.  Baillet,  the  Strongylus  con- 
tortus  is  ovoviviparous,  and  the  rhabditiform  embryos  it  produces 
will  not  develop  in  pure  water,  but  die  in  the  course  of  a few  weeks. 
Leuckart  has  seen  them  grow  rapidly  in  muddy  water,  however, 
and  after  several  moultings  reach  a state  of  development  in  which 
they  were  capable  of  being  completely  perfected  in  Ruminants.  It 
is  therefore  probable,  that  Sheep  are  infested  by  drinking  water 
soiled  by  the  excrements  of  animals  which  are  bearers  of  the 
Strongyles. 

This  worm  has  only  once  been  reported  in  France  as  a dangerous 
parasite  ; but  in  Germany,  on  the  contrary,  it  has  been  considered 
by  Gurlt,  Gerlach,  Roll,  Ziirn,  etc.,  as  causing  an  epizootic  disease — 
Magenwurmseuche — that  often  attacks  more  especially  lambs  and 
year-old  Sheep,  is  often  complicated  with  verminous  bronchitis,  and 
generally  appears  during  the  spring  and  summer,  in  certain  countries 
with  sandy  soils  where  there  is  stagnant  water.  Similar  observa- 
tions have  been  made  in  England  and  Scotland.  In  the  United 
States  of  America  it  also  causes  serious  damage,  to  lambs  and 
yearling  sheep  more  especially.  Stiles  mentions  an  epizooty  in 
Pennsylvania,  in  which  the  parasites  were  so  numerous  that  they 
concealed  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  abomasum. 

It  is  a kind  of  pernicious  ancemia , the  symptoms  of  which  are  not 
very  characteristic,  and  scarcely  permit  a precise  diagnosis  to  be 
established  ; there  are  dulness,  languor,  inappetence,  pica,  intense 
thirst,  emaciation,  hydraemia,  sub-acute  colic,  and  black  diarrhoea. 
The  d’sease  usually  terminates  in  death  Wernicke  indicates — as 
an  ante  mortem  sign — a peculiar  alteration  in  the  blood  ( poikilot ■ 
cytosis),  which  shows,  mixed  with  the  red  corpuscles,  reddish- 
yellow,  isolated  cells,  larger  than  the  normal  globules,  of  which 
some  are  spherical,  and  others  foliaceous,  scutiform,  pyriform,  or 
claviform. 

At  the  autopsy  of  animals  which  have  been  killed  or  have  died, 
there  are  found  in  the  abomasum  hundreds,  even  thousands,  of  the 
Strongylus  contortus  lying  close  together  on  the  mucous  membrane, 
which  is  paler  than  usual,  and  may  be  also  somewhat  thickened  ; 
though  in  some  instances  it  may  be  sanguinolent,  and  show  numerous 
ulcerations  where  the  worms  are  yet  attached.  The  abomasum  is 
more  or  less  dilated,  and  contains  reddish  matters,  also  tinted  by 
effused  blood. 

This  strongylosis  of  the  abomasum  is  only  serious  because  of  its 
epizootic  form,  or  if  it  has  reached  an  advanced  stage,  or  the  animals 
have  not  been  submitted  to  suitable  treatment. 

Tonics  and  strengthening  food  are  recommended.  The  medicines 
employed  are  Chabert’s  empyreumatic  oil — a teaspoonful  per  head 
every  day  ; or  a mixture  of  equal  parts  of  empyreumatic  oil  and 
oil  of  turpentine,  diluted  with  treble  its  weight  of  brandy — the  dose 
being  two  teaspoonfuls  a day  ; or  even  kamala — 3 to  4 grammes  per 


PARASITES  OF  THE  (ESOPHAGUS  AND  STOMACH  305 

day.  Ziirn,  after  Rabe,  prefers,  as  less  irritant  and  as  active  for 
the  patients,  the  picrate  of  potash  given  daily  in  doses  of  *15  to 
•30  gramme  to  lambs,  and  1*25  grammes  to  adults  ; a cure  is  effected 
in  about  three  days. 

In  the  treatment  of  lambs  infested  with  S.  cervicornis,  McFadyean 
recommends  f pint  of  a 1 per  cent,  aqueous  solution  of  lysol,  and 
in  similar  cases  Law  has  had  abundant  success  with  a powder 
composed  of  arsenious  acid  1 drachm,  ferrous  sulphate  5 drachms, 
nux  vomica  2 drachms,  areca  nut  2 ounces,  common  salt  4 ounces, 
mixed  and  divided  into  thirty  parts,  of  which  one  is  given  daily. 

Prevention. — Referring  to  the  prevention  of  parasitic  gastro- 
enteritis in  lambs,  McFadyean  states  : ‘ The  strictly  contagious 
and  infectious  diseases  are  spread  by  the  transmission  of  their 
germs  from  the  diseased  to  the  healthy  animals,  and  strongylosis 
of  the  abomasum  is  spread  by  the  parasites  which  are  produced  in 
the  stomach  and  intestines  of  an  affected  lamb  being  passed  out 
with  the  faeces,  and  afterwards  taken  in  with  food  or  water  by  a 
healthy  lamb.  But  between  the  two  cases  there  is  a very  important 
difference,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  vegetable  parasites  or  bacteria, 
which  cause  the  contagious  or  infectious  diseases — have  unlimited 
powers  of  multiplication  within  the  animal  body,  from  which  it 
follows  that  a single  germ  may  suffice  to  infect  an  animal,  and  be 
the  starting-point  of  a fatal  attack.  On  the  other  hand,  a single 
nematode  worm,  or  even  several,  would  have  no  appreciable  effect 
on  the  general  health  of  a lamb,  because  indefinite  multiplication 
of  the  species  does  not  go  on  within  the  body.  A single  impregnated 
female  worm  may  produce  thousands  of  eggs  or  embryos,  but  these 
do  not  develop  into  mature  individuals  within  the  body,  or  serve 
there  as  the  starting-point  of  a new  generation.  They  are  passed 
out  with  the  excrement,  and  afterwards  at  an  unascertained  stage 
of  development  they  may  find  their  way  into  the  stomach  of 
another  lamb.  From  this  it  will  be  obvious  that  the  parasites 
might  be  present  in  a flock  for  years  without  causing  any  deaths, 
and  without  setting  up  any  symptoms  of  illness.  Such  might  be 
the  case  if  the  flock  had  a wide  range  of  pasture,  as  that  would  reduce 
the  chances  of  the  parasites  voided  by  the  infested  animals  finding 
their  way  in  large  numbers  into  the  alimentary  canal  of  animals 
then  or  at  a later  period  grazing  on  the  same  land.  But  in  pro- 
portion as  the  number  of  Sheep  kept  on  a given  area  increased  the 
chances  of  the  re-entrance  of  the  parasites  with  food  or  water  would 
be  multiplied,  and  a point  might  thus  be  reached  at  which  the 
majority  of  the  flock  would  come  to  harbour  what  may  be  called 
the  pathogenic  number  of  worms.  Overstocking  plays  a most 
important  part  in  causing  the  disease. 

‘ It  will  be  gathered,  from  what  has  been  said  regarding  the  life- 
history  of  the  parasite,  that  fields  on  which  a large  number  of  lambs 
affected  with  the  disease  have  been  grazed  are  certain  to  be  highly 
contaminated,  and  that  lambs  put  to  graze  on  such  fields  during 
the  following  season  run  great  risk  of  infection. 


20 


3o6  TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

‘ It  has  already  been  stated  that  the  power  of  multiplication  within 
the  body  is  limited,  as  the  eggs  or  young  worms  produced  there  are 
voided  with  the  excrement.  It  is  equally  important  to  know  that 
no  reproduction  at  all  takes  place  external  to  the  body.  The  stages 
of  development  of  this  particular  parasite  in  the  outer  world  have 
not  yet  been  followed,  but  from  what  is  known  of  the  life  history 
of  other  nearly  related  species  there  need  be  little  hesitation  in 
accepting  the  statement  just  made.  The  eggs  or  liberated  embryos 
become  dispersed  in  the  soil  or  find  their  way  into  water,  and 
although  they  no  doubt  undergo  a certain  stage  of  development, 
they  do  not  attain  adult  size  or  sexual  maturity  until  they  are  taken 
into  the  stomach.  Their  powers  of  resistance  must  be  sufficient 
to  enable  them  to  withstand  considerable  vicissitudes  in  respect  of 
weather,  but  it  is  highly  probable  that  they  have  a comparatively 
limited  duration  of  life  outside  the  body.  It  must  be  confessed 
that  on  this  point  we  have  no  certain  knowledge,  but  it  appears 
unlikely  that  these  sexually  immature  parasites  can  maintain  their 
existence  for  years  in  soil  or  water,  and  hence  even  badly  contami- 
nated soil  would  probably  become  safe  again  if  Sheep  were  kept  off 
it  for  two  or  three  years. 

‘ In  the  absence  of  direct  observations  on  the  point,  one  can  only 
speculate  regarding  the  efficacy  of  such  agents  as  lime  or  salt  when 
applied  to  the  land  with  the  object  of  killing  the  worms,  but  if  the 
parasites  are  anything  like  so  resistant  in  their  earlier  stages  of 
development  as  they  are  when  full  grown,  it  is  difficult  to  believe 
that  any  chemical  not  absolutely  destructive  to  the  herbage  could 
be  relied  upon  to  kill  the  worms  in  the  soil. 

* It  is  at  present  uncertain  to  what  extent  water  is  the  vehicle  by 
which  the  worms  are  taken  into  the  stomach,  but  it  would  appear 
to  be  a wise  precaution  to  keep  lambs  off  land  that  has  been  flooded, 
to  prevent  access  to  stagnant  ponds  or  ditches,  and  to  provide 
well-water  where  a clear  running  stream  is  not  available.’ 

Strongylus  filicollis  (Rud.). — This  Strongyle  may  be  found  in  the 
abomasum  of  the  Sheep  and  Goat,  alone  or  in  company  with  the 
preceding.  It  is  capable  of  causing  grave  damage  ; but  as  it 
usually  inhabits  more  particularly  the  small  intestine,  it  will  be 
noticed  when  speaking  of  the  parasites  of  that  organ. 

Strongylus  vicarius. — This  nematode  was  found  by  Stiles  in  the 
abomasum  of  Sheep  in  the  Gulf  States  (U.S.A.).  According  to 
Law,  this  worm  resembles  S.  convolutus  from  which  it  may  be 
distinguished  by  its  smaller  size,  and  by  the  absence  in  the  female 
of  the  bell-shaped  tegumental  fold  or  covering  of  the  vulva.  Its 
effects  on  the  Sheep  are  similar  to  those  produced  by  Ostertag’s 
strongylus  in  the  abomasum  of  cattle. 

Strongylus  convolutus  (Ostertag)  (St.  Ostertagi  Stiles). — Body  yellowish- 
brown — darker  in  the  female — filiform,  and  tapering  at  the  extremities. 
Mouth  nude  ; oesophagus  separated  from  the  intestine  by  a small  bulb.  The 
male  is  7 mm.  to  9 mm.  long,  and  has  the  caudal  pouch  bilobate,  each  lobe 
being  sustained  by  four  ribs,  the  middle  and  anterior  of  which  are  doubled 


PARASITES  OF  THE  (ESOPHAGUS  AND  STOMACH  307 


the  posterior  ribs  are  short,  a little  divided  at  their  extremity,  and  fused  at 
their  base,  and  join  the  two  lobes  of  the  pouch.  The  female  is  10  mm.  to 
13  mm.  long,  and  terminates  in  a short  tail  ; the  vulva  is  situated  towards 
the  posterior  tenth  of  the  body — that  is,  near  the  anus,  and  occupies  the 
bottom  of  a depression  above  which  is  a kind  of  membranous  bell. 

Os  ter  tag’s  description  of  this  parasite  may  be  given  : 

It  is  small,  cylindrical-shaped,  and  provided  with  a strong  chitinous 
envelope  which  is  regularly  transversely  ringed.  The  colour  is  yellowish - 
brown,  and  the  females  are  somewhat  darker  than  the  males.  The  colour  is 
due  to  small  pigment  granules  in  the  intestine. 

The  mouth  is  terminal,  very  small,  and  unarmed,  being  merely  provided 
with  a capsule-like  thickening  of  chitinous  envelope.  The  oesophagus  is 
short,  and  its  musculature  strong  ; at  the  end  of  the  oesophagus  there  is  a 
slightly  developed  bulb.  The  intestinal  canal  is  only  slightly  coiled.  On 
either  side  of  the  commencement  of  the  intestinal  tract  there  is  a peculiar 
glandular  structure. 

Length  of  the  male,  7 to  9 mm.  ; of  the  female,  10  to  13  mm.  Thickness, 
0*12  mm.  The  caudal  end  of  the  male  shows  a beautifully  formed  membranous 
bursa,  the  diameter  of  which  is  0*22  mm.,  while  from  the  end  of  the  body  to 
the  point  of  attachment  of  the  bursa  measures  o'i6  mm.  The  bursa  is 
supported  by  somewhat  slender  ribs  with  a facetted  structure.  Ribs  3 and  6 
reach  as  far  as  the  point  of  attachment  of  the  bursa,  while  1 and  2 and  4 and  5 
are  fused  superiorly.  The  posterior  ribs,  at  their  hinder  extremity,  run  out 
into  two  small  points,  and  are  provided  with  a lateral  process. 

The  spicules  are  double,  dark  yellow  in  colour,  and  have  a length  of  o'2  mm. 
and  a breadth  of  0*02  mm.  They  lie  in  a sheath,  and  show  at  their  anterior 
extremity  a small  knob-like  swelling,  while  towards  the  bursa  they  divide 
like  the  claws  of  a fowl.  At  the  latter  place  one  observes  also  short  spiny 
outgrowths. 

The  females  are  on  an  average  larger,  darker  in  colour,  and  more  numerously 
present  than  the  males.  The  ovarium  is  unpaired,  and  contains  a single  row 
of  eggs  or  rudiments  of  ova.  The  ripe  eggs  have  an  oval  shape  ; in  the  uterus 
they  lie  obliquely,  the  one  behind  the  other,  and  they  show  commencing 
division  of  their  protoplasm.  No  further  stage  of  development  than  this 
was  observed  within  the  body  of  the  worm.  From  the  vagina  a uterus 
branches  off  forwards  and  backwards  ; the  length  of  the  uterus  is  on  an  average 
o' 1 6 mm.  The  uterus  shows  repeated  sacculations,  and  is  provided  with  a 
funnel-shaped  termination  towards  the  ovary.  The  length  of  the  vagina  is 
0'04  mm.  ; the  vulva  has  a breadth  of  0*04  mm.,  and  opens  outwardly  with 
a funnel-shaped  mouth. 

The  vulva  is  covered  with  a bell-shaped  fold  of  integument  (and  this  is  re- 
garded as  one  of  the  most  characteristic  features  of  the  parasite).  This  fold 
has  a length  of  about  o'2  mm.,  and  its  transverse  measurement  is  the  same. 
The  anus  is  0*16  mm.  in  front  of  the  posterior  end  of  the  body.  The  tail  ends 
in  a slightly  curved  sharp  point. 

This  worm  was  found  in  1890  by  Ostertag  in  the  abomasum  of 
the  Ox,  in  variable  quantity,  in  90  per  cent,  of  the  cattle  slaughtered 
in  the  Berlin  abbatoirs.  It  was  only  in  limited  number  in  animals 
in  good  condition,  but  was  abundant  in  those  which  were  emaciated 
or  otherwise  in  a low  state.  The  mucous  membrane  of  the  abo- 
masum was  swollen  throughout,  and  closely  beset  with  small, 
circular,  flat  elevations  of  the  epithelium,  each  of  which  showed  a 
small  pinhole  opening  at  its  centre.  Microscopic  examination  of 
these  elevations  discovered  the  presence  in  each  of  a small  round 
worm.  Some  of  the  parasites  were  not  fully  developed,  but  the 
majority  were  sexually  mature,  and  both  sexes  were  represented 

20 — 2 


303 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Some  time  after  slaughter,  the  worms  left  these  nodules,  and 
many  were  found  on  the  surface  of  the  epithelium,  a large  number 
projecting  in  various  lengths  from  the  orifices  of  the  small  tumours. 
Stiles  has  found  this  worm  in  Cattle  and  Sheep,  in  the  United  States 
and  particularly  in  Texas,  where  every  bovine  animal — old  or 
young — submitted  to  his  examination  contained  representatives  of 
Oster tag’s  strongyle  in  the  mucosa  of  the  abomasum  (Law). 

This  parasite  appears  to  be  the  cause  of  a pernicious  anaemia, 
accompanied  by  catarrh  of  the  abomasum  and  profuse  diarrhoea, 
young  animals  being  more  particularly  its  victims.  Affected 
animals  rapidly  lose  flesh,  and  eventually  succumb — when  not 
slaughtered. 

There  is  no  satisfactory  curative  treatment,  though  in  cases 
still  in  the  incipient  stage  the  disease  may  be  checked  and  recovery 
promoted — if  only  for  a time — by  a varied  course  of  anthelmintics 
and  gastric  antiseptics,  conjoined  with  tonics,  free  access  to  salt, 
and  attention  to  the  condition  of  the  food  (or  pasture)  and  drinking 
water. 

The  Gongylonema  scutatum  (Muller)  is  yellow  ; the  mouth  is  round  and 
nude  ; the  cephalic  extremity  is  truncated,  and  surrounded  for  the  length  of 
a millimetre  by  chitinous  plates  of  various  thicknesses,  in  the  form  of  a shield. 
The  male  is  4 cm.  to  5 cm.  long,  has  the  tail  rolled  up,  and  is  furnished  with 
two  wings  and  two  spicules.  The  female  is  8 cm.  to  10  cm.  long,  and  has  the 
vulva  situated  in  front  of  the  anus  ; it  is  ovoviviparous. 

This  species  has  been  found  by  Muller,  of  Vienna,  in  the  epithelium 
of  the  oesophagus — and  more  especially  in  its  thoracic  portion — in 
five  Polish  and  Hungarian  Oxen  ; he  described  it  under  the  name  of 
Spiroptera  scutata  cesophagea  bovis.  There  were  only  a few  in  each 
Ox.  Harms  has  seen  the  same  worms  in  the  oesophagus  of  Sheep  ; 
they  were  parallel  to  the  longitudinal  axis  of  the  organ,  and  rolled 
up  in  a spiral  manner  like  the  wool-fibre  of  merino  Sheep.  Ziirn 
found  them  to  be  identical  with  the  Gongylonema  scutatum  of  the 
Ox.  Muller  has  also  observed  them  in  the  epithelium  of  the 
oesophagus  of  an  old  Horse.  Lastly,  Korzil  has  seen  them  in  the 
mouth  and  pharynx  of  Pigs,  as  will  be  mentioned  immediately. 
Stiles  has  found  them  in  abundance  in  American  Cattle  and  Sheep. 

Curtice  says  he  has  found  in  the  walls  of  the  oesophagus  of  the 
Ox,  larvae  which  he  considers  as  those  of  the  Hypoderma  bovis  in 
the  first  stage. 

Strongylus  Species?  (McFadyean). — This  strongyle  was  found  in 
1896  by  McFadyean  in  the  fourth  stomach  of  two  Cows,  and  sub- 
sequently in  other  Cattle,  which  were  slaughtered  in  consequence  of 
emaciation  and  persistent  diarrhoea.  On  post-mortem  examination 
the  internal  organs  were  found  to  be  healthy  save  the  fourth 
stomach  and  the  intestines.  The  main  seat  of  the  disease  was  the 
abomasum,  the  mucous  membrane  of  which  was  inflamed.  Micro- 
scopic examination  of  the  stomach  wall  and  contents  discovered 
the  presence  of  numerous  small  round  worms,  of  which  the 
following  is  a description  : 


PARASITES  OF  THE  (ESOPHAGUS  AND  STOMACH 


309 


‘ The  females  are  in  excess  of  the  males.  There  is  also  the  usual  disparity 
between  the  two  sexes,  the  males  being  considerably  smaller  than  the  females. 
To  the  naked  eye  the  colour  of  the  worms  is  a dull  white.  The  length  of  the 
females  varies,  but  the  average  adult  may  be  set  down  at  9 mm.  The  diameter 
of  the  body  measured  a little  in  front  of  the  vulva  is  from  o#o8  to  0*09  mm., 
and  from  the  region  of  the  vulva  the  body  gradually  tapers  to  the  anterior 
extremity,  while  from  the  vulva  backwards  to  near  the  tail  it  is  almost 
uniform  in  thickness.  The  tail  is  slightly  curved  and  terminated  by  a sharp 
point.  The  mouth  is  terminal,  unarmed,  and  surrounded  by  a narrow,  blunt 
collar.  The  wall  of  the  gullet  is  very  thick  in  its  posterior  part,  where  it 
terminates  in  an  intestine  that  runs  straight  through  the  body.  The  anus  is 
distant  about  0*14  mm.  from  the  point  of  the  tail.  Two  small  spine-like 
papillae  with  a backward  direction  are  present  on  opposite  sides  of  the  body  ; 
about  0’3  mm.  behind  the  anterior  extremtity. 

‘ The  orifice  of  the  vulva  is  covered  by  a flap-like  appendage  of  the  integu- 
ment. The  integument  is  crossed  by  fine  transverse  ridges,  and  it  also  shows 
on  either  side  (upper  or 
lower)  of  the  body  ten  to 
fourteen  equidistant  longi- 
tudinal ridges.  The  uteri 
are  directed  backwards  and 
forwards  from  the  vagina, 
and  contain  a large  number 
of  eggs  somewhat  obliquely 
placed,  the  one  behind  the 
other.  The  eggs  measure 
o-07  mm.  in  length  by  o'oq 
mm.  in  breadth.  Those  near 
the  vagina  show  the  morula 
state  of  division. 

‘ The  adult  male  worms  are 
about  7 mm.  long,  and  the 
body  is  thickest  at  its  pos- 
terior end,  and  gradually 
tapers  towards  the  head. 

The  spicules  are  dark  yellow 
in  colour,  and  o‘2  mm.  long. 

The  bursa,  which  is  difficult 
to  spread,  measures  about 
0’3  mm.  across  at  its  widest 
part.  The  accompanying 
figure  shows  its  appearance 
when  fully  expanded.  The 
posterior  ribs  spring  from 
a median  stem,  and  each 
divides  into  two  very  short, 

thin  branches.  At  its  attached  end  the  median  stem  of  the  posterior  ribs 
sometimes  appears  cleft  longitudinally,  and  it  is  flanked  on  either  side  by  a 
delicate  outward  curved  rod.  The  remaining  ribs  are  all  comparatively  stout, 
and  the  postero- external  and  the  anterior  are  double  on  each  side.  The 
bursal  membrane  shows  five  striae  running  at  right  angles  to  its  free  edge.’ 

This  worm  resembles  Ostertag’s  S.  convolutus ; the  most  notable  differences 
are  the  barb-like  hooks  on  the  neck  and  longitudinal  ridges  on  the  integu- 
ment of  McFadyean’s  nematode. 

Strongylus  gracilis  (McFadyean). — Colour  dull  white.  The  adult  female 
measures  from  3 to  4 mm.  long,  and  o’o6  mm.  broad  in  front  of  the  vulva. 
From  the  vulva  backwards  the  breadth  is  maintained  to  near  the  tail,  which 
runs  out  into  a sharp  point,  and  is  almost  straight.  In  front  of  the  vulva 
the  body  tapers  gradually  to  the  anterior  extremity,  which  has  no  collar  or 
expansion.  The  integument  shows  very  fine  transverse  but  no  longitudinal 
ridges.  No  neck  papillae  are  present.  The  anus  opens  0*07  mm.  from  the 


Fig.  143. — Caudal  extremity  of  male  worm 
from  the  fourth  stomach  of  a cow  ; Strongylus 
Species  ? magnified  (McFadyean). 


3io 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


tip  of  the  tail.  The  vulva  is  distant  075  mm.  from  the  posterior  extremity, 
and  it  is  unguarded.  The  uteri  pass  backwards  and  forwards  from  the 
vagina,  and  contain  eggs  of  relatively  large  size.  These  are  arranged  length- 


of  the  median,  and  the  anterior  is  represented  by  two  distinct  ribs,  the 
anterior  of  which  is  slender,  and  the  posterior  thick.  Thus,  omitting  the 
posterior  ribs,  the  bursa  is  supported  on  each  side  by  six  rays,  of  which  the 
central  four  are  nearly  equal  in  thickness,  while  the  outermost  ones  are  shorter 
and  more  slender  (McFadyean). 

This  strongyle  was  discovered  in  1894  by  McFadyean  in  cases 
of  verminous  gastro-enteritis  of  Cattle.  Since  then  McFadyean 
has  found  the  same  species  in  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  stomach 
of  Sheep,  Horses,  and  Pigs. 

Article  III. — Parasites  of  the  Stomach  of  the  Fig. 

The  parasites  met  with  in  the  stomach  of  the  Pig  are  Nematodes. 

1.  Spiroptera  strongylina  (Rud.). — Body  white,  thin,  and  often  curved  in 
a semicircle.  Head  not  distinct  from  the  rest  of  the  body.  Mouth  without 
lips  and  papillae,  and  continued  by  a pharynx.  A very  narrow  lateral  wing 
on  one  side.  Male  10  mm.  to  13  mm.  long  ; tail  furnished  with  two  broad, 
unequal  wings  ; six  papillae  on  each  side  asymmetrically  arranged,  two  of 
them  being  post-anal  ; spicules  long  and  thin.  Female  12  mm.  to  20  mm., 
vulva  situated  immediately  in  front  of  the  anus. 

The  Spiroptera  strongylina — which  appears  to  be  rare — has  been  found  in 
Germany  in  the  cavity  of  the  stomach.  No  trouble  has  been  ascribed  to  it. 
It  has  been  observed  most  frequently  in  the  wild  Boar. 

2.  Gongylonema  scutatum  (Muller). — This  worm  has  been  mentioned  (p.  308) 
as  being  found  in  the  Horse,  Ox,  and  Sheep.  Korzil  has  also  often  seen  it  in  the 


ways,  the  one  behind  the 
other,  and  measure  0*07  mm. 
long  by  0*04  mm.  broad. 


Fig.  144.  — Bursa  of  male  Strongylus  gracilis 
(McFadyean). 


The  largest  males  are  a 
little  over  3 mm.  long,  and 
at  their  posterior  extremity 
they  are  about  0*06  mm. 
broad.  The  bod}'  gradually 
tapers  from  the  posterior 
extremity  to  the  head.  The 
spicules  are  o’i  mm.  long, 
and  the  bursa  measures 
0*125  to  0*18  mm.  across  at 
its  widest  part.  The  pos- 
terior ribs  spring  from  a long 
(0*06  mm.)  tapering  median 
stem,  and  are  themselves 
extremely  short,  as  each 
almost  immediately  divides 
into  two  short  branches. 
The  median  stem  thus  ap- 
pears under  a low  magnifica- 
tion to  divide  into  four 
prong-like  branches  at  its 
free  end.  The  postero- 
external rib  is  short,  and 
the  median  is  represented  by 
two  large  branches  separate 
down  to  their  bases.  The 
antero-external  is  of  about 
the  same  size  as  the  branches 


PARASITES  OF  THE  (ESOPHAGUS  AND  STOMACH 


3i 


mouth  and  pharynx  of  the  Pig,  implanted  in  the  epithelium,  and  more  or  less 
free  on  the  surface  of  the  mucous  membrane.  It  does  not  seem  to  have  pro- 
duced any  appreciable  pathological  effect. 

3.  Gnathostomum  hispidum(Fedsch.). — ‘The  anterior  extremity  is  provided 
with  twelve  rows  of  chitinous  plates,  the  summits  of  which  are  garnished 
with  sharp  hooks  directed  backwards.  The  male  is  25  mm.  long  ; its  tail  forms 
a kind  of  rounded  pouch.  The  female  measures  31  mm. ; its  body  gradually 
tapers  towards  the  end,  where  it  terminates  in  a conical  point ' (Railliet).  \ 

This  Nematode  was  found  by  the  Russian  traveller,  Fedschenko,  in  the. 
walls  of  the  stomach  of  a Pig.  Csokor  has  seen  it  in  Vienna,  where  it  is  known 
to  the  pork-butchers  as  the 
tricoloured  worm.  It  fixes  itself 
in  the  mucous  membrane  by 
means  of  its  hooks,  and  lives 
on  the  blood  it  extracts.  The 
points  it  occupies  are  marked 
on  the  exterior  of  the  stomach 
by  distinct  injection,  involving 
the  peritoneal  serous  mem- 
brane, and  dark  spots  the  size 
of  a poppy-seed.  Internally, 
the  mucous  membrane  is 
inflamed,  particularly  at  the 
fundus  of  the  organ  ; while 
between  the  rugae  more  especi- 
ally, it  is  mammillated, 
reddened  and  thickened,  and 
there  the  worms  are  observed 
to  be  implanted  in  it  by 
their  cephalic  extremity.  The 
stomach  is  more  or  less  dis- 
tended and  disturbed  in  its 
functions,  and  there  is  often 
marked  cachexia. 

4.  Cobbold  has  described, 
as  the  type  of  a new  genus, 
a singular  parasite,  the 
Simondsia  paradoxa.  ‘ The 
genus  Simondsia  (Cobbold) 
is,  in  fact,  represented  by 
endo-parasitic  Nematodes,  the 
females  of  which  have  a very 
developed  external  uterus, 
from  which  spring  several 
branches  that  end  in  a cul- 
de-sac.  These  females  are  en- 
cysted ; the  males  are  free. 

‘ The  Simondsia  paradoxa  (Cobbold)  has  a cylindroid  body,  attenuated 
towards  the  anterior  extremity,  which  has  two  narrow  lateral  wings.  The 
mouth  has  two  prominent  papillae.  The  male  measures  12  mm.,  it  has  a 
spiral  tail,  and  two  long,  thin  spicules.  The  female  is  15  mm.  long,  and 
towards  the  posterior  part  of  the  body  has  a considerably-developed,  rosette- 
shaped organ,  formed  by  the  everted  uterus  ; the  tail  is  twice  as  thick  as  the 
body,  is  conical,  and  has  three  spinules,  with  a long  base,  immediately  above 
the  anus.  It  is  probable  that  the  vulva  opens  at  the  base  of  the  rosette. 

‘ This  remarkable  parasite  was  discovered  in  1852  by  Simonds,  in  the  walls 
of  the  stomach  of  a German  Pig  belonging  to  the  Zoological  Society  of  London. 
The  males  were  free,  and  the  females  were  enclosed  in  small  tumours  or  cysts, 
from  which  they  protruded  their  head  by  a narrow  opening  in  the  cavity  of 
the  stomach.  In  the  first  description  Cobbold  gave  of  this  worm,  he  mistook 
its  head  for  its  tail  ’ (Railliet). 


Fig.  145. — Simondsia  paradoxa,  after  Cobbold. 

A,  female  extracted  from  its  cyst,  magni- 
fied five  diameters  ; a,  cephalic  extremity  ; 
b b,  lateral  wings ; c,  posterior  end  of  the 
oesophagus  ; d d,  intestine  ; e e e,  caeca  of  the 
uterine  rosette  ; /,  tail.  B,  male,  magnified 
five  diameters ; a,  cephalic  extremity ; /,  caudal 
extremity.  C,  group  of  ova  extracted  from 
the  uterine  cornua  ; magnified  250  diameters. 


312 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Article  IV. — Parasites  of  the  (Esophagus  and  Stomach  of  the  Dog. 

Independently  of  the  Infusoria,  the  parasite  most  frequently 
found  in  the  stomach  of  the  Dog  is  the  Spiroptera  sanguinolenta. 
We  have  also  on  two  occasions  seen  the  larvae  of  the  Gastrophilus 
of  the  Horse  in  it,  and  also  wandering  Ascarides  from  the  intestine. 
Taeniae  may  likewise  find  their  way  into  the  stomach,  and  Wolpert 
has  even  found  them  in  the  oesophagus. 

Spiroptera  sanguinolenta  (Rud.). — This  Nematode  is  readily  recognised  by 
its  blood-red  colour.  The  male  is  from  3 cm.  to  5 cm.  long,  the  tail  spiral 
and  provided  with  two  lateral  wings,  each  of  these  being  sustained  by  six 
papillae,  of  which  two  are  post-anal  ; two  unequal  spicules.  The  female  is 
6 cm.  to  8 cm.  long  ; the  tail  is  slightly  curved,  and  the  vulva  is  4 mm.  or 
5 mm.  behind  the  mouth. 

This  worm  has  been  met  with  in  the  Wolf  and  Fox,  and  more 
particularly  in  the  Dog.  It  is  sometimes  found  in  the  aorta,  lungs, 


A * 


Fig.  146. — Spiroptera  sanguinolenta. 

A,  male  and  female,  natural  size  ; B,  cephalic  extremity,  showing  the 
interior  of  the  buccal  capsule,  magnified  fifty  diameters  ; C,  caudal  extremity 
of  the  male,  lateral  view  ; magnified  twenty-five  diameters. — Railliet. 

and  lymphatic  glands  ; but  it  is  lodged  almost  exclusively  in 
tumours  in  the  stomach  and  oesophagus.  These  tumours  are  never 
numerous  ; their  volume  varies  in  size  from  that  of  a hazel-nut  to 
a pigeon's  egg  ; their  shape  being  ovoid  and  their  consistence  hard. 
The  mucous  membrane  covering  them  offers  no  other  alteration 
than  a regular  circular  opening  on  their  summit,  but  which  may — 
in  very  exceptional  instances — be  absent.  They  are  limited, 
outwardly,  by  the  muscular  coat  of  the  oesophagus  and  stomach, 
and  are  composed  of  indurated  tissue  chambered  into  cavities,  in 


PARASITES  OF  THE  OESOPHAGUS  AND  STOMACH 


3 13 


which  the  rolled-up  worms  are  imbedded  in  a purulent  fluid  that 
under  pressure  issues  from  the  opening,  and  also  follows  extrusion 
of  the  parasites.  This  orifice  is  in  communication  with  all  the 
cavities  in  the  tumour.  The  number  of  worms  in  each  tumour  is 
very  variable,  generally  from  2 to  20. 

Silva  Aranjo  has  found  five  Spiroptera  sanguinolenta  free  in  the 
oesophageal  cavity  of  a Dog. 

Morgagni  and  Ercolani  have  imagined  that  these  parasites — 
being  introduced  into  the  stomach  in  the  larval  condition — perforate 
the  mucous  membrane 
and  develop  in  the  sub- 
mucous connective  tissue. 

Davaine  is  of  the  contrary 
opinion,  and  thinks  that 
— owing  to  their  tenuity 
in  the  first  stage — they 
find  their  way  into  the 
duct  of  an  oesophageal  or 
gastric  gland,  causing  its 
dilatation  and  inflamma- 
tion, and  ultimate  con- 
version into  a verminous 
tumour.  He  bases  his 
opinion  on  the  form  of  the 
opening,  which  does  not 
appear  to  be  eroded  or 
ulcerated.  In  the  larger 
proportion  of  cases,  the 
duct  of  the  gland  remains 
permeable ; but  in  others 
it  becomes  obliterated, 
perhaps  by  the  compres- 
sion of  the  tumour  itself 
upon  it,  even  when  it  is 
permeable  ; so  that  there  Fig.  14 7 
goes  on  a transformation 
analogous  to  that  so  fre- 
quently observed  in  the 


Tumours  of  the  Spiroptera  san- 
guinolenta in  the  stomach  of  the  Dog  ; 
natural  size. — Railliet. 

One  of  these  tumours  has  been  incised  to 


-1  r it  1 • show  the  internal  cavity  and  the  worms  con- 

sebaceous  follicles,  in  the  tained  therein. 

glands  of  the  lips,  etc. 

But  the  histological  study  of  these  tumours  can  alone  solve  this 
undecided  question. 

The  Spiroptera  sanguinolenta — which  is  common  in  China  and 
Brazil — appears  to  be  more  frequent  in  Italy  than  in  France,  where 
it  is  somewhat  exceptional.  We  need  only  refer  to  its  most 
characteristic  symptoms.  According  to  Manson,  its  presence  in 
the  oesophagus  is  manifested  by  repeated  vomitings,  which  may 
terminate  in  death  from  inanition  ; the  tumours  may  open  into 
the  peritoneum,  and — as  a consequence  of  their  rupture — occasion 


314 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


a fatal  pleurisy.  Littlewood  has  also  remarked  frequent  vomiting 
in  a Dog,  the  stomach  of  which  contained  numerous  nests  of 
Spiroptera.  The  Spiroptera  of  the  stomach  has  been  sometimes 
considered  as  the  cause  of  a voracious  appetite  with  which  several 
of  the  animals  attacked  appeared  to  be  affected.  A relatively  large 
proportion  of  the  observations  with  regard  to  this  parasite  have 
been  of  Dogs  dead  from  rabies  ; but  this  may  be  explained  by  the 
circumstance  that  the  autopsy  of  rabid  Dogs  demands  a careful 
examination  of  their  stomach.  And  it  may  also  be  the  case  that 
this  Nematode  at  times  induces  rabiform  symptoms,  which  have  led 
to  mistakes,  and  caused  Dogs  exhibiting  them  to  be  sacrificed  as 
rabid. 

Recent  investigations  by  Grassi  have  made  known  the  evolutive 
cycle  of  the  Spiroptera  sanguinolenta.  This  worm  has  for  its 
intermediate  host  the  Eastern  Cockroach  ( Periplaneta  orientalis 
Linn.),  one  of  the  insects  commonly  known  in  France  as  Cafard 
and  Cancrelat  (American  Cockroach).  In  the  abdominal  cavity  of 
this  creature,  Grassi,  at  Catania,  has  often  found  relatively  large 
cysts  containing  young  Nematodes,  the  colour  of  which  resembled 
that  of  the  Spiroptera  in  question  ; and  Dogs  to  which  he  had 
administered  a large  quantity  of  these  cysts  have — at  their  autopsies 
— shown  young  parasites  which,  at  the  end  of  fifteen  days,  had 
already  embedded  themselves  in  the  oesophageal  mucous  membrane. 
It  is  probable  that  this  Cockroach  finds  its  parasite  in  the  excrements 
of  Dogs  which  are  bearers  of  the  Spiroptera,  and  that  the  Dogs 
in  their  turn  are  infested  in  eating  these  Insects  ; for  Grassi  affirms 
that  many  Dogs  like  chasing  Cockroaches. 

Seeing  the  relative  rarity  of  the  helminthiasis  caused  by  the 
Spiroptera,  and  the  absence  of  precise  symptoms  indicative  of  its 
existence,  nothing  can  be  said  with  regard  to  the  treatment  of  the 
affection. 

Larvae  of  the  (Estridse. — Larvae  of  the  Gastrophilns  equi  have  been  found  in 
the  stomach  of  carnivorous  animals,  such  as  the  striped  Hyaena  and  the 
Badger.  G.  Colin  has  met  with  one  once  in  a four  or  five  months’  old  New- 
foundland Dog,  ‘ pupped  at  the  beginning  of  winter,  and  on  which  no  CEstrus 
could  have  deposited  its  eggs.  But  as  it  had  been  fed  upon  the  debris  of 
Horses,  a larva,  no  doubt,  had  been  swallowed  with  that  food,  and  had  been 
arrested  in  the  stomach,  where  it  had  hooked  itself  on  to  the  mucous  mem- 
brane, in  which  it  had  made  a depression  to  lodge  the  posterior  extremity 
(sic)  of  its  body.’  Schliepe,  at  the  autopsy  of  a rabid  Dog,  found  in  the  cardiac 
diverticulum  of  the  stomach  ‘ three  larvae  of  the  CEstrus  equi  firmly  implanted 
in  the  mucous  membrane,  and  as  well  developed  as  those  found  at  this  time, 
December,  in  the  stomach  of  the  Horse.’ 

Article  V. — Parasites  of  the  Stomach  of  the  Cat. 

Ascarides  and  Taeniae  may  be  found  in  the  stomach  of  the  Cat, 
and  particularly  the  Tcenia  crassicollis ; but  the  only  parasite 
proper  to  that  organ  is  a Nematode  of  the  family  of  Strongylidae — 
the  three-pointed  Ollulan  (Ollulanus  tricuspis  Leuckart).  To 
Leuckart  we  owe  its  discovery  and  description. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  (ESOPHAGUS  AND  STOMACH 


3i5 


The  genus  Ollulanus  is  characterized  by  the  presence  of  an  urn-shaped 
buccal  capsule,  a slightly  muscular  oesophagus,  and — with  the  males — a 
caudal  bilobate  pouch,  containing  two  short  spicules.  In  the  Ollulanus 
tricuspis,  the  adult  female  measures  at  most  1 mm.  long,  and  has  three  points 
at  the  caudal  extremity. 

In  the  adult  state,  the  worm  resides  in  the  substance  of  the  gastric  mucous 
membrane  of  the  Cat,  where  it  is  often  found  in  such  quantity  that  this 
membrane  is  softened,  reddened,  and  ecchymosed.  The  female  is  ovovivi- 
parous.  The  embryos  are  of  colossal  dimensions,  compared  with  those 
of  the  parent — measuring,  in  fact,  320  /*  long,  and  15  /i  broad  ; the  body  of 
the  female  can  scarcely  contain  more  than  three  of  them.  Nevertheless,  they 
are  found  in  large  numbers  not  only  in  the  stomach,  but  also  in  the  intestine 
as  far  as  the  large  colon,  whence  they  soon  wander — like  the  Trichinae — to 
various  parts  of  the  body  of  their  host — invading  more  particularly  the  pleurae, 
diaphragm,  liver  and  lungs,  where  they  form  cysts  measuring  *15  mm.  to 
•20  mm.,  in  each  of  which  are  found  one  or  several  embryos  rolled  up  on 
themselves.  The  wall  of  the  cysts  is  very  thick,  and  the  cavity  relatively 
restricted.  In  the  lung  they  simulate  miliary  tubercles,  each  being  sur- 
rounded by  a zone  of  hepatization  ; and  the  inflammatory  process  may  be  so 
extensive  as  to  cause  the  death  of  the  animal.  In  serious  cases,  the  embryos 
are  met  with  in  the  more  or  less  sanguinolent  bronchial  mucus. 

The  embryos  of  the  Ollulanus  tricuspis  cannot  continue  their  course  of 
development  in  the  Cat.  The  majority  of  them  are  expelled  along  with  the 
faeces,  or,  exceptionally,  with  the  bronchial  mucus.  They  may  then  be 
ingested  by  the  smaller  Rodents,  and — as  Leuckart  has  experimentally 
demonstrated — they  pass  from  the  intestine  of  these  into  the  muscles,  where 
they  become  encysted,  after  the  manner  of  the  Trichinae.  There  development 
becomes  more  advanced  than  it  can  be  in  the  pulmonary  or  other  cysts  in 
the  Cat ; but  it  is  probable  that  it  is  completed  in  the  digestive  canal  of  the 
Cat  that  feeds  upon  infested  Rodents.  Nevertheless,  Leuckart,  having  fed 
a Cat  with  mice  experimentally  infested,  on  killing  it  eight  days  afterwards, 
found  the  worms — not  in  the  stomach,  but  in  the  caecum  and  large  intestine, 
and  they  had  undergone  no  change.  So  that  uncertainty  still  prevails  with 
respect  to  the  evolution  of  the  Ollulan.  We  think  it  should  be  mentioned 
that  in  our  numerous  autopsies  of  Cats,  we  have  never  met  with  this  parasite. 

Lutz  says  that,  in  Brazil,  he  saw  in  the  stomach  of  a Cat  a great  number  of 
worms — male  and  female — which  he  believed  belonged  to  the  genus  Physa - 
loptera,  of  which  we  shall  speak  hereafter  when  dealing  with  the  Brazilian 
species  found  in  the  stomach  of  the  Fowl.  These  parasites  are  very  closely 
related  to  the  Ph.  digitata  Schneider,  that  lives  in  the  stomach  of  the  Cougar 
or  Puma  ( Felis  concolor). 

It  is  possible  that  these  worms  were  only  Physalopteres  of  the  Fowl,  and 
had  been  ingested  with  the  entrails  of  that  Bird.  We  have  found  in  the 
intestines  of  a Cat,  intact  Heterakis  papillosa,  which  had  evidently  been 
derived  from  this  source. 


Article  VI. — Parasites  of  the  Stomach  of  the  Rabbit. 

The  Striped  Strongyle  ( Strongylus  strigosus  Dujardin)  chiefly  infests  warren 
Rabbits,  being  found  in  the  caecum  and  colon.  Railliet  has  found  it  in 
thousands  in  the  stomach  of  these  animals,  in  which  it  gives  rise  to  a fatal 
anaemia,  by  abstracting  blood  from  the  gastric  mucous  membrane.  The 
same  worm  has  been  found  by  Railliet,  in  small  numbers,  in  the  stomach  of 
domesticated  Rabbits  at  Alfort  ; and  Perroncito  has  made  a similar  observa- 
tion at  Turin.  But  up  to  the  present  time,  a real  pathogenic  action  in 
domesticated  Rabbits  has  not  been  attributed  to  this  Strongyle. 

It  is  recognised  by  the  following  characters  : 

Body  blood-red,  filiform,  cuticle  striated  transversely,  and  having  about 
50  salient  longitudinal  lines.  Male,  8 mm.  to  16  mm.  in  length,  and  provided 
with  two  long  spicules  with  a brush-like  termination  ; a campaniliform  caudal 


3i6 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


pouch,  deeply  excised  in  front,  slightly  bilobate  behind,  its  posterior  ribs 
fused  into  one  for  the  greater  portion  of  their  length,  and  divided  into  two 
branches  at  their  posterior  extremity  ; the  posterior  and  anterior  external 

are  single ; the  middle  and  anterior  are  double. 
Female,  1 1 mm.  to  20  mm.  long  ; vulva  distant 
from  the  caudal  extremity  2 *14  mm.  to  3*28  mm. 

Moniez  has  found  beneath  the  gastric  mucous 
membrane  of  the  Rabbit  and  Hare,  a particular 
Spiroptera  which  he  has  named  the  Spiroptera 
leporum. 

Article  VII. — Parasites  of  the  (Eso- 
phagus and  Stomach  of  Birds. 

The  Fowl,  Goose,  Duck,  and  Swan 
are  the  only  ones  that  harbour  Helmin- 
thes  in  the  pre-intestinal  portion  of 
that  canal.  With  the  exception  of  one 
species  of  Trematode  found  in  the  Fowl, 
these  are  all  Nematodes  belonging  to  six 
different  genera.  Three  — Strongylus 
Muller,  Hystrichis  Duj .,  and  Physaloptera 
Rud. — belong  to  the  family  of  Strongy- 
lidae ; one — Trichosomum  Rud. — belongs 
to  the  Trichotrachelidse  ; and  the  two 
others  — Dispharagus  Duj.  and  Tropi- 
surus  Dies. — belong  to  the  Filariidae. 

Fowl. — In  the  oesophagus  of  a Fowl,  Von 
Linstow  found  five  specimens  of  a Trematode, 
which  he  named  Distomum  pellucidum,  and 
which — because  of  the  situation,  altogether  in 
front,  of  the  genital  openings — should  be  in- 
cluded in  the  genus  Mesogonimus  — Mes. 
pellucidus.  It  is  transparent,  reddish,  foli- 
aceous,  attenuated  in  front,  has  two  large  and 
equal-sized  suckers,  is  covered  with  spines  on 
its  posterior  moiety,  and  measures  9 mm. 
long,  5 mm.  broad. 

Zurn  indicates  as  having  been  found  by 
Mollin,  beneath  the  oesophageal  epithelium  of 
the  fowl,  the  Trichosomum  annulatum,  which 
will  be  described  with  the  parasites  of  the 
intestine. 

Another  parasite  of  the  oesophagus  is  the 
Dispharagus  spiralis  (Molin) — a name  given  to 
the  genus  by  Dujardin,  because  its  oesophagus 
is  formed  of  two  distinct  portions,  and,  besides, 
succeeds  a cylindrical  ventriculus.  The  spiral 
Dispharagus  has  three  papillae  around  the 
mouth ; and  the  anterior  part  of  the  body  has  a flexuous  cord  on  each  side. 
The  male  has  a spiral  tail  with  wings,  a single  spicule,  and  is  7 mm.  long. 
The  female  is  9 mm.  long. 

K-  They  are  probably  embryos  of  this  species  that  Rivolta  and  Delprato 
described  under  the  name  of  Trichina  papillosa.  They  found  them  in  the 
Fowl,  encysted  in  the  connective  tissue  around  the  oesophagus,  crop,  and 
proventriculus,  as  well  as  in  the  wall  of  the  intestine,  and  in  the  mesentery 


Fig.  148. — Strongylus  stri- 
gosus  : caudal  extremity  of 
the  male,  seen  on  the  ven- 
tral surface  ; magnified 
forty  diameters. — Railliet 
(inedited). 


PARASITES  OF  THE  (ESOPHAGUS  AND  STOMACH  317 

near  its  visceral  insertion.  To  the  same  species  may  also  belong  the  worms 
previously  found  in  nodules  in  the  wall  of  the  Fowl’s  gizzard,  which  were  con- 
sidered as  belonging  to  the  genus  Spiroptera. 

Another  species  of  Dispharagus — D.  nasutus  Rud.,  Filar ia  nasuta  Rud. — ■ 
has  been  found  in  the  wall  of  the  gizzard  of  the  Fowl  and  Sparrow.  The 
male  was  closely  rolled  up  in  a spiral  manner,  and  measured  5 mm.  long  ; the 
female  was  from  5 mm.  to  7 mm.  long.  It  received  the  name  of  nasutus,  from 
the  two  long  terminal  papillae  on  each  side  of  the  mouth,  from  which  start 
two  double,  flexuous  folds  of  integument  that  pass  to  a distance  of  *6  mm., 
then  curve  forward  without  joining. 

Legros  has  reported  an  epizooty  due  to  this  species,  among  the  poultry  in 
a yard  where  several  breeds  of  Fowls  were  kept,  and  of  which  the  Crevecoeur 
breed  suffered  most  severely.  The  Birds  became  emaciated,  were  dejected, 
and  died  exhausted  without  having  lost  their  appetite  ; on  the  contrary, 
during  their  last  few  days  they  were  unusually  voracious.  The  gizzard  was 
studded  with  the  Dispharagus  nasutus — some  being  entirely  hidden  in  the 
substance  of  the  mucous  membrane,  and  others  fixed  in  it  by  one  extremity, 
the  other  floating  freely  in  the  cavity  of  the  organ.  They  were  packed  so 
close  together  in  certain  places,  that  they  appeared  to  form  a kind  of  tissue. 

The  Dispharagus  hamulosus  Dies,  was  discovered  by  Natterer  in  small 
tumours  on  the  surface  of  the  gizzard  of  a Brazilian  Fowl.  The  male  is  10  mm. 
to  1 2 mm.  long  ; the  female,  24  mm.  to  26  mm. 

The  genus  Physaloptera  is  characterized  by  its  mouth,  which  has  two  greatly 
developed  lips,  each  provided  with  three  papillae  externally,  and  having  teeth 
internally  and  at  the  extremity.  The  caudal  pouch  of  the  male  is  closed,  and 
embraces  the  base  of  the  tail.  The  female  is  oviparous.  The  truncated 
Physaloptera  ( Phys . truncata  Schn.)  measures  : male,  25  mm.,  and  female 
33  mm.  long.  It  has  also  been  found  in  Brazil,  in  the  proventriculus  of  the 
Fowl. 

Bakody  believed  he  had  found  Trichinae  encysted  in  the  walls  of  the  ventri- 
culus  and  intestine  of  Fowls  which  had  succumbed  to  a small  outbreak  of 
disease.  But,  as  Leuckart  has  observed,  they  were  evidently  not  Trichinae, 
but  the  larvae  of  some  Filariae  capable  of  encystment,  which  is  not  rare  in 
various  animals. 

Duck. — Railliet  and  Lucet  have  attributed  to  a Nematode — the 
Trichosomum  contortum — a most  serious  disease  affecting  a lot  of 
young  Ducks  of  Pekin  breed. 

The  Trichosomes  ( Trichosomum  Rud.)  belong  to  the  family  of  Tricho- 
trachelidae.  The  body  is  filiform,  very  attenuated  in  its  anterior  part, 
moderately  and  progressively  expanded  in  its  posterior  part.  The  male  has 
the  caudal  extremity  rolled  up,  and  terminated  by  a small  caudal  copulatory 
pouch  that  forms  around  the  genital  orifice  a kind  of  ring  ; the  sheath  of  the 
spicule  is  transversely  striated  or  ridged.  This  genus  has  its  chief  repre- 
sentatives in  Birds. 

The  Trichosomum  contortum  (Creplin)  is  slightly  attenuated  near  the 
posterior  extremity.  The  anterior  has  a terminal  projection  like  a button. 
The  male  is  12  mm.  to  17  mm.  long,  and  7 n to  9 /x  broad  near  the  head,  and 
75  ft  to  80  n in  the  posterior  region  ; it  has  a very  slender  spicule,  the  sheath 
of  which  is  covered  with  very  small  spines  directed  forwards.  The  female  is 
31  mm.  to  38  mm.  long,  and  9 /x  or  10  /x  broad  at  the  head,  120  /x  to  150  ^ 
posteriorly  ; it  has  the  vulva  opening  about  the  anterior  sixth  of  the  body. 
Ova  from  48  /x  to  56  /x  long,  and  21  p to  24  fi  broad. 

This  Nematode  has  been  found  in  various  species  of  Passeres, 
Grallatores,  Palmipedes,  and  Raptores.  According  to  the  observa- 
tions of  Railliet  and  Lucet,  it  causes  in  Pekin  Ducks  an  engorge- 
ment— by  food  — of  the  cervical  dilatation  of  the  oesophagus, 
altogether  analogous  to  dilatation  of  the  crop  in  the  Gallinae  and 


3 1 8 TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

Pigeons.  This  ingluvial  indigestion — so  named  by  Dupont  of 
Plazac — has  been  attributed  to  various  causes — such  as  the  food 
being  too  dry,  too  abundant,  swallowed  too  hurriedly,  or  undigested. 
But  the  above  authorities  have  shown  that  perhaps  the  chief 
factor  is  parasitism  by  the  Trichosomum  contortum ; for  at  the 
autopsy  of  Birds  that  have  died  from  this  affection,  they  have  only 
found  alterations  in  the  oesophagus,  which  was  enormously  dis- 
tended in  its  cervical  portion,  and  full  of  food  ; while  its  walls  were 
extremely  thin  and  very  congested.  To  the  naked  eye,  or  through 
a hand-lens,  the  mucous  membrane  at  that  part  shows  white  or 
light-yellow  lines,  sometimes  slightly  in  relief.  The  microscope 
proves  that  these  streaks  are  submucous  galleries  partly  occupied 
by  the  parasites  and  their  ova,  and  have  been  formed  by  them  in 
their  movements  and  turnings  around  the  oesophageal  glands. 
One  oesophagus  may  contain  more  than  thirty  worms. 

These  Nematodes  act,  no  doubt,  mechanically  in  causing  obstruc- 
tion of  the  oesophagus  ; this  first  leads  to  inertia,  then  to  its 
engorgement  and  extreme  dilatation,  with  compression  of  the 
pneumogastric  nerve,  whence  result  the  phenomena  of  asphyxia. 

The  symptoms  of  this  affection  consist  at  first  in  an  arrest  of 
growth,  and  emaciation  and  weakness,  with  sometimes  epileptiform 
crises.  In  about  five  to  ten  days  engorgement  of  the  oesophagus 
commences,  and  it  rapidly  increases  until  death  ensues  in  one  or 
two  days. 

The  conditions  prevailing  at  the  appearance  of  this  affection  are 
not  known.  It  is  only  recognised  that  youth  and  breed  predispose 
to  it ; for  ordinary  young  Ducks  reared  in  the  same  conditions  as 
those  of  the  Pekin  breed,  pay  but  an  insignificant  tribute  to  this 
ingluvial  indigestion.  From  what  is  known  of  the  evolution  of  the 
Trichocephalus  and  hepatic  Trichosomum  of  the  Muridae  (Railliet), 
it  is  probable  that  the  Trichosomum  contortum  has  a direct  develop- 
ment. Otherwise,  its  sub-mucous  sojourn — notwithstanding  its 
frequency — is,  doubtless,  only  accidental ; for  in  the  other  Birds 
in  which  it  has  been  observed,  it  is  nearly  always  found  free  in  the 
oesophagus. 

With  regard  to  treatment,  all  that  can  be  advised  is  the  employ- 
ment of  anthelmintics  best  suited  for  destroying  entozoa  in  the 
intestinal  canal. 

The  hooked  Dispharagus  ( D . uncinatus  Rud.)  is  another  parasite  of  the 
Duck’s  oesophagus,  where  it  has  been  found  by  Ziirn.  The  mouth  is  furnished 
with  six  papillae  and  two  teeth  ; from  each  of  the  latter  arises  a flexuous 
cord  that  descends  to  2 mm.  from  the  anterior  extremity.  On  each  side  of  the 
body  is  a double  longitudinal  series  of  small  spines,  with  their  points  inclining 
backwards — a series  that  extends  nearly  to  the  caudal  extremity.  In  front, 
the  two  series  are  on  the  dorsal  surface,  between  the  two  cords,  and  approach 
the  mouth.  The  male  is  9 mm.  long,  has  eight  papillae  on  each  side — four  of 
which  are  post-anal — a salient  caudal  pouch  on  each  side,  and  a long  and  thin 
spicule.  The  female  measures  15  mm.  ; the  vulva  is  1 mm.  from  the  caudal 
point.  Ziirn  has  met  with  these  worms  in  large  numbers  in  the  oesophagus, 
the  crop,  and  the  small  intestine  of  Ducks  that  had  died  somewhat  suddenly. 
They  had  produced  severe  inflammation  of  these  parts.  The  precursory 


PARASITES  OF  THE  (ESOPHAGUS  AND  STOMACH 


3i9 


symptoms  of  death  had  nothing  characteristic — dulness,  upright  feathers, 
dysphagia,  and  a great  appetite  being  nearly  all  the  signs  that  were  observed. 

The  genus  Tropisurus  (Dies.)  is  represented  by  two  species  in  the  domesti- 
cated Duck.  It  is  remarkable  for  sexual  dimorphism.  The  female  has  a 
thick  ovoid  body  ; the  male  is  filiform,  and  15  to  18  times  longer  than  it  is 
broad,  with  its  tail  careened  downwards  ( rpoirig , keel).  The  species  found 
in  the  tame  Duck  are  the  Tropisurus  inflatus  Mehlis,  and  the  Tr.  fissispinus 
Dies.  They  inhabit  sub-mucous  cysts  in  the  proventriculus  and  the  oeso- 
phagus, and  sometimes  set  up  fatal  inflammation  of  these  parts  (Zurn). 

The  genus  Hystrichis  (Duj.)  is  composed  of  filiform  worms,  the  anterior 
portion  of  their  body  being  studded  with  prickles.  They  are  lodged  between 
the  mucous  and  the  muscular  coats  of  the  digestive  canal  of  Birds.  Two 
species  are  sometimes  found  in  the  tame  Duck  : 1.  Hystrichis  tricolor  Duj. — 
so  named  because  the  female,  which  is  27  mm.  long,  is  white  externally,  black 
in  the  centre  or  intestine,  and  bright-red  in  the  intermediate  layer  and  the 
whole  of  the  oesophageal  region.  It  has  been  found  in  the  proventriculus  of 
the  tame  Duck,  and  so  firmly  implanted  in  the  mucous  membrane  that  it 
has  been  found  very  difficult  to  remove  it  therefrom  without  breaking  it. 
2.  H.  elegans  (Olfers),  found  at  Geneva  by  Jurine,  in  nodules  from  the  oeso- 
phagus of  the  tame  Duck.  Body  white,  thick,  filiform,  and  9 cm.  long. 

Goose. — The  Dispharagus  uncinatus,  which  Zurn  found  in  the  Duck,  has 
been  met  with  several  times  in  the  domesticated  Goose,  in  nodules  in  the 
oesophageal  mucous  membrane. 

The  Strongylus  nodularis  (Rud.)  is  sometimes  found  in  the  tame  Goose,  in 
the  substance  of  the  mucous  and  muscular  coats  of  the  proventriculus  and 
duodenum.  It  is  tapering  in  front  ; the  mouth  has,  laterally,  two  vesiculous 
wings  in  the  form  of  nodules,  and  at  the  posterior  part  the  pharyngeal  bulb 
carries  three  teeth  which  can  be  projected  externally.  The  male  is  10  mm.  to 
12  mm.  long,  and  has  a well-developed  caudal  pouch  with  radiating  sides. 
The  female  is  10  mm.  to  18  mm.  long,  and  has  the  vulva  situated  1 *5  mm.  from 
the  caudal  point. 

Swan. — In  the  succentric  ventricle  of  the  Cygnus  olor — domesticated  or 
wild — there  has  been  found  on  several  occasions  a species  of  Hystrichis — the 
H.  cygni  Molin — implanted  in  nodules  in  the  mucous  membrane. 


CHAPTER  III 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 

Of  the  several  portions  of  the  digestive  canal,  the  intestine  is  that 
in  which  nearly  the  greatest  number  of  parasites  are  found.  Their 
rapid  passage  in  the  mouth,  pharynx,  and  oesophagus  scarcely 
allows  them  time  to  fix  themselves  there  ; besides,  they  do  not  find 
there  the  abundant  liquid  medium  the  intestine  affords,  and  they 
would  be  continually  disturbed  by  the  energetic  contractions  of 
these  organs.  The  stomach  is  scarcely  more  favourable  for  their 
lodgment,  as  the  acidity  of  the  gastric  juice  drives  them  out  of  it, 
those  which  remain  being  generally  refugees  beneath  the  mucous 
membrane.  By  its  alimentary  contents,  its  extent,  and  the 
slowness  and  smoothness  of  its  movements,  the  intestine  is  the 
place  most  suitable  for  the  development  and  sojourn  of  the  numerous 
parasites,  the  germs  of  which  are  carried  therein  by  the  food  and 
water.  The  majority  of  these  parasites  infest  the  small  intestine, 
others  the  caecum,  the  minority  the  colon  ; and  each  species  has 
generally  its  particular  sojourn,  and  its  exclusive  location  in  the 
same  compartment. 

With  the  exception  of  some  inferior  Fungi,  the  parasites  of  the 
intestine  belong  to  the  animal  kingdom.  They  are  the  Coccidia, 
Infusoria,  Cestoda,  Trematoda,  Acanthocephala,  and  Nematoda. 

CESTODES. — The  Cestoda,  or  Tape-worms,  are  Platyhelminthes,  the  body 
of  which  is  in  the  form  of  a narrow  band  divided  into  more  or  less  distinct 
segments.  One  of  the  extremities — termed  the  head,  and  generally  expanded 
— has  a fixation  apparatus  formed  of  suckers,  and  also  frequently  of  hooks. 
The  head  is  often  succeeded  by  a thin,  non-annulated  constriction,  named  the 
neck.  The  mass  of  the  body  is  constituted  by  a connective  network  of  cells, 
with  anastomosing  prolongations.  From  these  cells  all  the  organs  are  derived  ; 
they  may  be  covered  with  carbonate  of  lime,  and  form  calcareous  concretions, 
which  are  frequently  present  in  the  body  of  these  worms.  The  integument 
comprises — from  without  to  within — an  apparently  homogeneous  cuticle, 
lying  on  a sub-cuticular  layer  formed  of  large  contractile  cells,  beneath  which 
is  found  the  muscular  layer  ; this  layer  is  double,  the  superficial  portion  being 
composed  of  longitudinal,  and  the  deep  of  transverse,  fibres. 

The  nervous  system  consists  of  two  longitudinal  cords  united  by  a transverse 
commissure  at  the  head.  There  is  no  digestive  apparatus,  the  nutritive 
materials  in  the  intestinal  canal  of  the  host  of  the  Cestode  passing  into  its 
body  by  fine  canaliculi  that  traverse  the  cuticle.  There  is  neither  circulatory 
nor  respiratory  apparatus — the  integument  serving  for  the  exchange  of  gases. 

320 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


321 


The  excretory  apparatus  is  represented  by  what  are  termed  aquiferous  vessels — 
longitudinal  canals,  generally  four  in  number,  two  on  each  side — a dorsal  and 
a ventral — which  intercommunicate  by  transversal  anastomoses.  They  open 
on  the  posterior  surface  of  the  body  by  an  orifice — the  caudal  foramen — which 
is  formed  in  the  last  segment,  after  shedding  of  the  one  behind  it. 

Each  segment  is  hermaphrodite  ; but  the  male  organs  appear  before  the 
female  ones — the  younger  rings  or  segments,  situated  near  the  head,  being 
at  first  exclusively  masculine.  The  male  apparatus  is  formed  of  numerous 
testicular,  pyriform  vesicles  situated  at  the  extremity  of  the  deferent,  canals, 
which  open  into  a common  excretory  v 

canal  — the  spermiduct.  The  sinuous 
extremity  of  the  latter  ends  in  a 
muscular  pouch — the  cirrus-pouch,  that 
opens  at  the  summit  of  a more  or  less 
salient  mamelon,  situated  on  the  lateral 
border  or  the  ventral  surface  of  the 
segment,  and  is  named  the  genital  pore. 

The  extremity  of  the  spermiduct  may, 
on  becoming  everted,  protrude  beyond 
the  sexual  orifice  to  constitute  a copu- 
latory  organ — the  cirrus  or  penis. 

The  female  apparatus  comprises  one 
or  more  ovaries.  The  ova — gathered 
together  in  a pavilion — pass  into  the 
oviduct,  and  thence  into  the  uterus, 
which  is  an  irregular  tube  that  becomes 
distended  by  the  accumulation  of  ova, 
and  develops  into  numerous  lateral 
caecal  pouches  in  gradually  effacing  the 
other  organs  ; sometimes  the  distended 
walls  rupture,  and  the  ova  are  then 
dispersed  in  the  central  zone.  The 
integuments  of  the  segment  may  even 
give  way  under  the  internal  pressure, 
and  the  ova  escape  externally.  In 
Bothriocephalus,  the  uterus  has  a 
natural  opening  on  the  external  surface. 

The  vulva — situated  near  the  male 
orifice — is  continued  by  a vagina  that 
terminates  in  the  oviduct,  near  its 
origin,  to  convey  the  spermatozoa  that 
the  cirrus  throws  into  it.  In  one  part 
of  its  course,  the  vagina  has  often  a 
dilatation  that  serves  to  retain  the 
semen  ; this  is  the  seminal  receptacle. 

There  is  also,  besides,  a vitellogen  (; yolk- 
gland) — a mass  of  glands  that  secrete 
the  vitellus,  which  is  conveyed  into  the 
oviduct  by  a vitelloduct. 

When  the  ova  are  laid,  they  usually 
contain  an  embryo  provided  with  hooks, 
generally  six  in  number.  This  embryo 
does  not  become  an  adult  Cestode  until  after  a series  of  migrations.  It  exists 
in  a larval,  agamous  form,  in  the  tissues  of  a transitory  host ; then,  with  it,  it 
passes  into  the  intestine  of  a second  animal,  in  which  it  fixes  itself  and 
acquires — along  with  the  sexual  organs — its  adult  form. 


Fig.  149. — Diagram  of  the  structure 
of  a CestO' 

Beneden. 

it,  testicles  ; sp,  vas  deferens  or 
spermiduct ; pp,  sac  of  the  cirrus 
or  penial  pouch ; p,  cirrus  or 
penis  ; ov,  germigen  or  ovary  ; do, 
germiduct  or  oviduct ; vt,  vitel- 
logen ; dv,  vitelloduct ; mt,  uterus, 
showing  the  mode  of  formation  of 
the  lateral  caeca  ; rs,  seminal  reser- 
voirs ; vg,  vagina  ; vu,  vulva ; v, 
excretory  vessels  ; c,  integumentary 
envelope. 


Of  the  small  number  of  families  in  the  Cestodes,  only  two  furnish 
parasites  to  Mammalia  and  Birds.  These  are  the  Tczniadcz  and 
Bothriocephalidce. 


21 


MHWliiil 


322 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


1.  T^niad^e. — This  family  is  almost  reduced  to  the  genus  Tania  Linn., 
which  comprises  more  than  four  hundred  species. 


Fig.  150. — Tania  solium;  natural 
size. — Railliet. 


The  Taeniae — typical  of  the  Tape- 
worms — are  characterized  by  their 
head,  which  is  always  furnished  with 
four  suckers — the  structure  of  which  is 
analogous  to  that  of  the  suckers  of  the 
Trematoda  (p.  273) — between  which 
is  sometimes  found  a more  or  less 
marked  depression,  at  other  times  a 
prominence  named  the  proboscis  or 
rostellum,  which  may  or  may  not  be 
contractile,  nude,  or  armed  with  hooks.. 
Besides,  the  segments  or  joints  have 
nearly  always  their  genital  openings 
on  their  margin. 

The  phases  of  development  are 
known  for  only  a small  number  of 
species,  which  undergo  a series  of 
complex  metamorphoses.  At  its  exit 
from  the  ovum  into  a suitable 
medium,  the  embryo — always  pro- 
vided with  six  hooks  {hex acanthus) — 
receives  the  name  of  protoscolex  or  pro - 
scolex.  It  is  the  first  larval  form,  which 
penetrates  the  organism  of  a primary 
host — a vertebrate  or  invertebrate 
there  it  looses  its  hooks,  often  be- 
comes enveloped  in  a cyst  produced 
in  the  body  of  the  host,  and  is  trans- 
formed into  a vesicle — caudal  vesicle 
(or  bladder) — which  has  fluid  contents 
and  a contractile  wall  (cystic  form, 
finn  or  bladder  parasite).  This  Cystic 
or  bladder  worm  develops  by  budding, 
at  one  or  more  points,  a second  larval 
form — deutoscolex,  or  simply  scolex — 
which  has  the  same  conformation  as 
the  anterior  extremity  of  the  Taenia, 
except  that  the  head  is  invaginated. 


Fig.  15 1. — Head  of  the  Tania  soliumh 
seen  in  front,  with  its  salient  suckers. 
— Leuckart. 


The  tissues  which  contain  it  being  introduced  into  the  digestive  canal  of  a 
suitable  host — a Vertebrate — the  scolex  separates  from  the  vesicle,  the  head 
is  evaginated  andJ3ec0m.es  fixed  on  the  intestinal  mucous  membrane,  and  by 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


323 


proliferation  produces  a linear  series  of  rings  (segments  or  joints) — thus 
constituting  a Tape-worm.  In  the  adopted  nomenclature,  the  chain  takes  the 
name  of  strobila,  and  each  sexually  mature  segment  that  of  proglottis. 


The  numerous  species  of  Taeniae  are  distinguished  from  one  another 
by  their  dimensions,  the  form  of  their  segments,  the  arrangement  of 
the  genital  organs,  and  the  presence  or  absence  of  the  cephalic 
armature.  The  number,  size,  shape,  and  arrangement  of  the 
hooks  are  very  important  characters,  but  they  are,  nevertheless, 
liable  to  limited  variation  in  each  species.  A useful  distinction, 
from  a practical  point  of  view,  is  that  of  dividing  the  Taeniae  into 
armed  and  unarmed — according  as  the  head  has  hooks  or  no  hooks  ; 
though  this  distinction  is  not  really  scientific,  and  does  not  take 
into  account  the  true  affinities  indicated  by  the  mode  of  develop- 
ment, on  which  alone  the  classification  should  rest.  Unfortunately, 
only  a very  small  number  of  species  are  so  identified,  and  the 
classification  of  these  has  been  established  principally  by  the 
researches  of  Abilgaard,  Von  Siebold,  Van  Beneden,  Kiichenmeister, 
Haubner,  Baillet,  Redon,  Moniez,  Villot,  etc. 

We  shall  have  occasion  to  refer  to  several  in  detail,  in  dealing 
with  some  of  those  which  are  parasitic  in  the  domesticated  Mam- 
malia. For  the  present,  we  will  give  a summary  description  of  the 
classification  of  the  Taeniae  of  the  domesticated  animals,  such  as 
has  been  made  by  Railliet,  according  to  the  memoirs  of  Villot. 


The  Taeniae  referred  to  are  divided  into  three  groups  : Cystotcenice,  Cystoido- 
tcenice,  and  Anoplocephalince. 

A.  Cystotaenians  ( Cystotcenice ). — ‘ They  are  characterized  by  Cystic  larvae, 
which  have  the  caudal  vesicle  proceeding  from  the  proscolex  by  simple 
increase  and  modification  of  structure,  without  the 

production  — properly  speaking  — of  a new  part  ’ 

(Villot). 

The  head  is  nearly  always  armed  with  hooks  like 
small  daggers,  arranged  in  a double  crown,  and  the 
genital  pores  of  the  strobila — single  in  each  segment 
— are  irregularly  alternate.  The  Cystotcenice  form 
three  secondary  groups,  Cysticercus,  Ccenurus,  and 
Echinococcus,  which  are  found  in  the  tissues  or  closed 
cavities  of  the  Herbivora,  Omnivora,  and  exception- 
ally in  the  Carnivora  ; while  the  strobilae  live  in  the 
digestive  canal  of  the  latter.  The  larva,  finn  or 
bladder  - worm  is  always  enveloped  in  a cystic 
membrane,  furnished  by  the  organism  of  the  host. 

The  Cysticerci  ( Cysticercus  Zed.)  are  monosomatic 
and  monocephalic — that  is,  their  caudal  vesicle  gives 
rise  to  a single  body  having  only  one  head. 

The  Ccenuri  ( Ccenurus  Rud.)  are  polysomatic  and  monocephalic,  their 
caudal  vesicle  giving  origin  to  multiple  bodies,  each  of  which  only  possesses  a 
single  head  (Fig.  153). 

The  Echinococci  ( Echinococcus  Rud.)  are  polysomatic  and  polycephalic  ; 
their  highly  cuticularized  caudal  vesicle  produces  numerous  bodies  ( proligerous 
vesicles),  each  of  which  bears  several  heads. 

These  diverse  Cystic  forms  will  be  specially  studied  with  regard  to  the 
organs  in  which  they  are  found.  The  strobilae  derived  from  them  are  the 
jcause  of  intestinal  helminthiasis  in  the  domesticated  Carnivora. 

B.  Cystoidotaenians. — In  the  Cystoidotcenice  ‘ the  caudal  vesicle  is  formed  by 
budding  of  the  proscolex — that  is,  by  the  addition  of  a new  part  ’ (Villot). 

21 — 2 


Fig.  152.  — Diagram- 
matic section  of  the 
Cysticercus. 


324 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  Cystic  larvae  of  Taeniae  of  this  group  have — like  those  of  the  preceding 
group — a caudal  vesicle,  a body,  and  a head  ; but  they  also  have  a fourth 
part  which  Villot  named  the  blastogene.  The  head,  in  itself,  represents  the 
future  scolex.  The  body  and  caudal  vesicle  are  the  parts  proper  to  the  Cyst. 
With  regard  to  the  blastogene,  it  represents  the  proscolex,  which  here 
preserves  its  autonomy  and  all  its  embryonic  characteristics.  The  caudal 
vesicle  is  very  small,  and  contains  no  fluid  ; hence  the  name  of  Cysticercoids 
given  by  Leuckart  to  this  group  of  Cystic  larvae.  They  are  all  parasites  of 
Invertebrata,  and  are  lodged  in  the  tissues  or  cavities  in  the  body  of  their 
host ; they  are  not  surrounded  by  a cystic  membrane,  like  the  preceding 
group. 

Villot  divides  this  group  into  two  sections,  according  as  the  formation  of  the 
caudal  vesicle  takes  place  by  endogenous  or  exogenous  budding.  The  second 
section  alone  contains  a cystic  form  related  to  the  parasitic  Taeniae  of  Mam- 
malia. This  is  the  subgenus  Cryptocystis  (Villot),  which  differs  from  the  other 
Cysticercoids  by  its  relative  simplicity  of  organization,  by  its  separation  from 


Fig.  153. — Diagrammatic  section  of  the  Coenurus. — Railliet. 

a,  scolex  in  its  normal  arrangement  ; b,  c,  d,  e,  increasingly  diagrammatic,  in 
order  to  show  the  conformity  of  the  Coenuri  and  Cysticerci. 

the  blastogene  at  maturity,  and  by  the  fact  that  it  is  not  proliferous.  The 
only  representative  of  this  subgenus  is  the  cystic  form  of  an  armed  Taenia  of 
the  Dog,  Dipylidium  caninum  or  T.  cucumsrina. 

C.  Anoplocephaliens. — The  Anoplocephalinae  (A  noplot cenice)  are  true  un- 
armed Taeniae,  the  evolution  of  which  is  absolutely  unknown  ; their  head 
has  neither  rostellum  nor  hooks,  the  segments  are  much  wider  than  they  are 
long,  and  the  embryos  are  surrounded  by  a pyriform  apparatus  (Railliet). 

All  the  Taeniae  of  this  very  artificial  group  belong  to  the  Herbivora,  and 
their  history — still  very  incomplete — scarcely  embraces  more  than  generalities. 
The  majority  are  species  of  Dipylidium,  or  taeniae,  which  have  two  genital 
pores  on  each  border  of  each  segment.  The  pyriform  apparatus  surrounding 
the  embryo — which  is  given  as  a characteristic  of  the  group — has  not  been 
seen  in  all  the  forms  enumerated.  Nothing  is  known  as  to  their  migrations. 

Lastly,  an  unarmed  Taenia  is  found  in  the  Dog — T.  litterata — which,  in  all 
its  characters,  is  absolutely  outside  the  preceding  groups,  and  remains  isolated 
in  a crowd  of  numerous  species  of  Taeniae. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


325 


With  regard  to  the  Tseniae  of  Birds,  their  diversity,  and  the  absence  of 
information  as  to  their  migrations,  permits  their  being  assigned  to  a distinct 
group  to  which  the  preceding  taxonomic  considerations  do  not  apply. 

2.  Bothriocephalid^e. — This  family  has  for  its  type  the  genus  Bothrioce- 
phalus  (Brems).  They  are  Tape-worms,  the  head  of  which  is  destitute  of 
hooks,  and  provided  with  only  two  suckers  in  the  form  of  elongated  fossae. 
The  genital  orifices  are  situated  on  the  ventral  surface  of  the  segments.  The 
majority  of  the  numerous  species  of  Bothriocephalus  live  in  fishes,  though 
some  are  found  in  the  Carnivora  and  domesticated  Birds,  as  well  as  in  Man. 

ACANTHOCEPHALA. — The  Acanthocephales  ( Echinorhynchus  O.  F. 
Muller)  have  a proboscis  armed  with  curved  hooks,  by  which  they  fix  them- 
selves to  the  intestinal  wall  of  their  host.  This  proboscis  may  be  doubled  up 
in  a special  sheath,  fixed — by  its  posterior  extremity — to  the  side  of  the  body 
by  a ligament  and  retractor  muscles.  The  nervous  system  consists  of  a 
ganglion,  at  the  bottom  of  the  sheath,  which  sends  off  some  filaments.  There 
are  no  sensory  organs  ; neither  is  there  a digestive  apparatus,  the  absorption 
of  nutrient  fluids  being  effected  by  endosmosis  through  the  integuments. 


Fig.  156. 


Figs.  154  to  156. — Bothriocephalus  latus. 

Fig.  154,  head,  showing  the  two  longitudinal  fossae  or  suckers  ; Fig.  155, 
vertical  section  through  the  middle  of  the  head,  after  Moniez  : n,  nerve  cords  ; 
vs,  vessels  of  the  central  zone  ; vs',  sub-cuticular  vessels  ; ml,  longitudinal 
muscular  fibres.  Fig.  156,  three  ripe  segments,  magnified  and  seen  on  the 
ventral  surface,  after  Eschricht  : a,  male  orifice,  opening  of  the  vagina  ; c, 
orifice  of  the  uterus,  from  which  the  eggs  are  deposited.  The  cirrus  is  salient 
at  the  third  segment ; it  is  retracted  in  the  other  segments. 


The  sexes  are  separate.  The  males  have  two  ovoid  testicles,  the  excretory 
canals  of  which  unite  in  a common  vas  deferens,  which  is  often  furnished  with 
accessory  glandular  sacs.  At  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  body,  this 
common  canal  opens  into  a -conical  penis  situated  at  the  bottom  of  a campanu- 
liform  pouch,  which  can  become  everted  and  serve  as  a copulatory  organ. 
The  female  organs  comprise  an  ovary,  the  produce  of  which  falls  into  the 
visceral  cavity  ; the  ova  are  collected  in  a belt-shaped  uterus,  continued  by  a 
short  vagina  that  opens  at  the  posterior  end  of  the  body.  The  embryos 
developed  in  these  ova  have  to  undergo  somewhat  complex  metamorphoses 
and  migrations,  before  reaching  their  adult  state.  In  the  larval  condition, 
the  species  inhabit  the  visceral  cavity  of  various  Crustacea  or  Insects,  where 
they  become  encysted.  The  sexual  and  adult  condition  is  only  realized  when 
this  primary  host  is  introduced  into  the  digestive  tube  of  a Vertebrate — Fish, 
Bird,  or  Mammal. 


326 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


NEMATODES. — The  intestinal  Nematodes  belong  to  the  following 
families  and  genera  : 

1.  Ascaridse  : genera  Ascaris  and  Heterakis  ; 

2.  Oxyuridae  : genus  Oxyuris  ; 

3.  Strongylidae  : genera  Strongylus , QSscphagostomuni,  Globo- 
cephalus , Sclerostomum,  Anchylostomum,  and  Ollulanus  ; 

4.  Trichotrachelidae  : genera  Trichocephalus , Trichosomum,  Tri- 
china ( Trichinella ) ; 

5.  Filariidae  : genera  Filaria  and  Spiroptera  ; 

6.  Angiostomidae  : genus  Strongyloides. 

These  various  genera,  besides  the  characteristics  of  families  or 
tribes,  are  also  recognised  as  follows  : 


Ascaris  (Linn.). — The  borders  of  the  lips  are  generally  denticulated.  The 
males  have  two  equal  spicules,  and  about  the  anus  numerous  papillae,  which 
— according  to  Schneider — constitute  one  of  the  best  specific  characters. 
The  ova  are  globular  or  ellipsoid. 

This  genus  contains  numerous  species,  commonly — but  wrongly — named 
tumbrici,  which  inhabit  the  small  intestine.  Almost  every  species  of  the 

domesticated  Mammalia  has  a 
A B corresponding  species  of  Ascaris, 

subordinate  — with  regard  to 
dimensions — to  the  size  of  the 
host.  The  vitellus  does  not 
become  segmented  in  the  intes- 
tinal canal  of  the  host  in  which 
the  eggs  are  deposited,  but  after 
their  expulsion  from  its  body,  if 
they  find  the  necessary  condi- 
tions of  warmth  and  moisture. 
However,  if  their  development 
does  not  occur  in  a moist  situa- 
Fig.  157. — Anterior  extremity  of  Ascaris  tion,  the  ova  of  the  Ascarides— 
lumbricoides  of  Man.  according  to  the  observations  of 

Leuckart — may  resist  complete 
A,  front  view  ; B,  dorsal  view.  desiccation  for  weeks,  or  even 

months,  and  also  alternations  of 
damp  and  drought.  The  embryo,  when  once  formed,  is  set  at  liberty  in  the 
intestine  of  another  host  of  the  same  species  as  the  first,  on  its  shell  being 
dissolved  by  the  digestive  fluids  (Davaine,  Baillet).  It  may,  nevertheless,  be 
hatched  externally  on  grass  or  damp  soil,  but  not  in  water  (P.  Hallez). 

Leuckart  and  Von  Linstow  had  supposed  that  the  passage  of  the  ova  of  the 
Ascarides  through  an  intermediate  host — an  Invertebrate — was  necessary  ; 
but  the  experiments  of  Grassi  demonstrate  that  the  embryos  may  directly 
undergo  their  ulterior  development  in  the  definitive  host ; and  Laboulbene 
confirms  these  observations. 

Heterakis  (Duj.). — This  genus  is  distinguished  from  the  preceding  by  the 
presence,  in  the  male,  of  a pre-anal  sucker  and  of  two  unequal  spicules,  as 
well  as  by  at  least  three  pre-anal  papillae  on  each  side,  larger  than  the  others. 

Among  the  domesticated  animals,  Poultry  alone  harbour  species  of 
Heterakis. 

Oxyuris  (Rud.). — This  offers  the  characters  of  the  family  (see  p.  279). 

Strongylus  (Muller — see  p.  279).  The  more  interesting  species  of  this  genus 
infest  the  air-passages.  Some  are  found  in  the  intestines  of  Ruminants  and 
the  Rabbit.  All  have,  probably,  a direct  development. 

(Esophagostomum  (Mol.). — The  mouth  is  not  succeeded  by  a buccal  cavity 
or  capsule,  but  opens  directly  into  the  oesophagus.  The  species  are  parasitic 
in  the  intestine  of  Ruminants  and  the  Pig. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


3*7 


Globocephalus  (Mol.).  — Head  spher- 
oidal and  diaphanous  ; buccal  capsule 
sustained  by  two  horny  rings  parallel 
to  each  other — one  at  the  opening,  the 
other  at  its  depth — both  united  by 
four  horny  intermediate  cornua  ; buccal 
orifice  terminal  and  orbicular,  the  an- 
nular limb  being  entire  and  not  dentated 
(Railliet).  One  species  in  the  intestine 
of  the  Pig. 

Sclerostomum  (Blainv.). — Head  trun- 
cated and  straight,  or  slightly  curved 
towards  the  ventral  surface  ; mouth 
surrounded  by  sharp  teeth — which  are 
often  numerous — and  succeeded  by  a 
buccal  capsule  of  variable  shape.  Males 
provided  with  two  spicules,  and  a caudal 
pouch,  which  is  frequently  trilobate. 
Females  have  a double  ovary,  and  the 
vulva  is  situated  in  the  posterior  part  of 
the  body  (Railliet).  The  species  are 
parasitic  in  the  intestine  of  the  Horse, 
and  of  small  Ruminants. 

Anchylostomum  ( Anchylostomum 
Dubini,  Dochmius  Duj.,  Uncinaria 
Frolich).  — Head  curved  towards  the 
dorsal  surface.  Buccal  capsule  horny  ; 
the  dorsal  wall  being  shorter  than  the 
ventral,  is  sustained  by  a conical  line 
or  rib,  which  sometimes  projects  by  its 
point  into  the  interior  of  the  cavity.  At 
the  bottom  of  the  capsule — on  the  ventral 
wall  — are  two  sharp  teeth  or  lancets  ; 
and  towards  its  free  border,  on  each  side 
of  the  middle  line,  are  chitinous  plates  or 
teeth,  which  are  often  curved  in  a hook- 
like fashion  at  their  extremity ; the 
dorsal  border  may  be  also  dentated 
(Railliet).  Several  species  infest  the 
domesticated  Ruminants  and  Carnivora. 

Ollulanus  (Leuck.). — One  species  in 
the  Cat. 

Triehoeephalus  (Goeze).  — Anterior 
portion  of  the  body  capillary  and  very 
thin  ; posterior  portion  suddenly  ex- 
panded, and  somewhat  thick  and  cylin- 
drold.  In  the  males  the  caudal  extremity 
is  coiled  up.  There  are  no  lateral 
regions,  only  the  middle  lines ; and  there 
is  a longitudinal  papillary  band  on  the 
ventral  surface  of  the  anterior  region 
(Railliet).  There  are  several  species  found 
in  Ruminants,  the  Pig,  Dog,  and  Rabbit. 

Trichosomum  (Rud. — see  p.  279). — 
One  species  infests  the  intestine  of  the 
Sheep,  and  several  others  are  found  in 
domesticated  Birds. 

Trichina  (Owen  ; Trichinella  Railliet). 
—This  genus  only  offers  one  interesting 
species — the  Trichina  spiralis  Owen — 
which  will  be  studied  when  the  parasitic 
affections  of  the  muscles  are  considered 
(see  Trichinosis). 


Fig.  158.  — Lumbri-  Fig.  159.— Lumbricoid 
coid  Ascarid,  male,  Ascarid,  female,  ven- 

lateral  view  ; natu-  tral  surface  ; natural 
ral  size. — Railliet.  size. — Railliet. 


328 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Filaria  (Muller). — The  Filariae  are  more  particularly  parasites  of  the  serous 
membranes  and  the  subcutaneous  connective  tissue.  They  belong  to  the 
Worms  that  are  very  rarely  met  with  in  the  intestine  of  the  Horse  and  Dog. 

Spiroptera  (Rud.  — see  p.  279).  — The 


Fig.  160. — Cephalic  extremity  Fig.  16  i. — Caudal  pouch  of  the  duodenal 
of  a duodenal  Anchylostome,  Anchylostome  ; magnified  fifty  diameters, 
viewed  on  the  dorsal  surface ; (Semi-diagrammatic.) 
highly  magnified. — E.  Per- 
roncito. 

Angiostomidse. — Grassi  and  Leuckart  have  allotted  to  the  genus  Strongy- 
loides  (Grassi)  very  small  Nematodes  which  occur  in  the  intestine  of  Man,  the 
Sheep,  Pig,  and  Rabbit,  and  which  constitute  so  many  different  species. 
They  are  particularly  interesting  because  of  their  metamorphoses,  which  have 
been  more  particularly  studied  on  the  species  that  is  parasitic  in  Man. 

Bavay  has  described — by  the  name  of  Anguillula  intestinalis  and  A.  ster- 


the  free  state  of  the  first,  which  represents  the  veritable  parasitic  generation. 
Leuckart  expressed  the  same  opinion  about  the  same  time,  and  Golgi  and 
Monti  have  confirmed  it.  In  a recent  work,  Grassi  and  Calandruccio  have 
made  known  new  peculiarities  relative  to  these  Nematodes. 

The  intestine  of  the  living  Man  harbours  only  the  form  named  Anguillula 
intestinalis — a Worm  of  female  habits — and  its  embryos  come  from  it,  probably 
by  parthenogenesis.  It  is  oviparous  or  ovoviviparous,  the  ova  promptly 


Spiroptera  sanguinolenta — the  natural  habitat 
of  which  is  in  the  oesophagus  of  the  Dog, 
Fox,  and  Wolf — has  been  on  one  occasion 


coralis — two  forms  of  Nematoda, 
the  first  in  the  small  intestine,  the 
second  in  the  faeces  of  individuals 
affected  with  ‘ Cochin  China  diar- 
rhoea.’ Perroncito,  Grassi,  Parona, 
Leuckart,  etc.,  have  more  recently 
met  with  them  in  other  forms  of 
pernicious  diarrhoea.  The  intes- 
tinal Anguillula  (or  Thread-worm) 
is  2 ‘2  mm.  long  and  34  /j.  thick ; the 
female  alone  is  known.  The  faecal 
Anguillula  is  smaller,  the  male 
measuring  7 mm.  long  and  35  fi 
thick  ; and  the  female  1 mm.  long 
and  50  n thick. 


Fig.  162. — The  Trichocephalus  of  Man, 
male  ; natural  size,  and  posterior  part 
magnified. 


Grassi  was  one  of  the  first  to 
maintain  that  these  two  forms  were 
one  and  the  same  species  — the 
Strongyloides  intestinalis  (Bavay) 
— and  that  the  second  was  merely 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


329 


yielding  the  young  larvae,  which  are  expelled  from  the  intestine  of  man  along 
with  the  faeces.  These  larvae — which  are  non-sexual,  and  very  different 
from  their  mother  parent — may  have  two  widely  diverse  destinations  ; they 

assume  the  characters  of  the  intestinal 
Anguillula,  or  even  those  of  the  faecal 
Anguillula  — a more  advanced  stage. 
In  the  latter  case,  after  copulation,  the 
females  bring  forth  a new  generation 
of  larvae  which  are  free,  and  being 


Fig.  163. — Intestinal  Anguillula,  Fig.  164. — Faecal  Anguillula. 

adult  female. — Grassi  and  Parona.  cito. 


-Perron- 


produced  by  sexualized  parents,  external  to  the  human  intestine,  do  not 
attain  maturity.  They  exactly  resemble  those  mentioned  above,  comport 
themselves  in  the  same  manner,  and  after  being  ingested  by  Man  are  trans- 
formed into  Anguillula  intestinalis.  Grassi  has  demonstrated  that  the  larvae 
produced  by  the  latter  also  undergo  this  transformation,  which  brings  them 


330 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


into  the  condition  of  the  individuals  from  which  they  have  issued.  But  they 
only  acquire  maturity  when  they  are  placed  in  a favourable  temperature. 
This  is  what  has  been  observed  in  employing  a stove,  for  instance,  and  not 
relying  on  the  ordinary — even  the  summer — temperature. 

Etiology  of  Intestinal  Helminthiasis. — The  presence  of  Hel- 
minthes  in  the  intestine  of  various  domesticated  animals  is  of 
extreme  frequency,  and,  in  fact,  may  be  said  to  be  almost  a normal 
condition  in  the  Dog,  Cat,  Sheep,  Horse,  and  Pig.  The  Ass  and 
Mule  are  less  infested,  and  less  still  are  the  Ox  and  Goat.  Hel- 
minthes  are  very  often  found  in  Poultry. 

The  ancients,  who  did  not  suspect  the  origin  of  these  Worms, 
formed  the  strangest  hypotheses  as  to  their  formation.  An  exami- 
nation of  these  ideas  is  full  of  teaching  for  the  philosophy  of  science, 
but  we  do  not  propose  to  discuss  this,  and  refer  our  readers  to  the 
works  in  which  this  information  is  to  be  found.  It  is  now  well 
established,  by  observation  and  experiment,  that  the  Helminthes — 
or  intestinal  Worms — are  always  produced  from  ova,  embryos,  or 
larval  forms,  which  have  been  derived  by  the  host  from  without, 
and  especially  by  means  of  the  animal’s  food  and  water.  It  is 
entirely  a chance  meeting,  but  it  becomes  frequent  and  easy  from 
the  multitudes  of  germs  that  these  Worms  can  furnish.  The  eggs 
are,  in  fact,  often  produced  in  millions  by  only  one  of  these  parasites. 
Von  Siebold  estimated  at  a million,  at  least,  those  of  a single  Tania 
solium  ; Dujardin,  at  25  millions  those  of  a Tania  serrata ; 
Eschricht,  those  of  the  Ascaris  himbricoides  at  several  millions. 
This  is  a compensation  for  the  innumerable  chances  of  destruction 
that  threaten  these  germs.  Besides,  the  shell  of  the  eggs  ‘ is  so 
impermeable  and  resisting,  that  it  can  only  be  affected  by  very 
energetic  chemical  agents  ; and  in  the  majority  of  cases  this  shell 
is  sufficient  to  protect  the  contents  of  the  egg  against  everything 
that,  in  ordinary  circumstances,  might  alter  them  ’ (Baillet).  To 
this  may  be  added  the  remarkable  vitality  with  which  the  embryos 
are  endowed.  Verloren — cited  by  Baillet — kept,  for  more  than  a 
year,  ova  of  the  Ascaris  marginata , in  which  the  embryos — formed 
from  the  fifteenth  day — remained  alive,  although  they  had  been 
exposed  to  all  the  variations  of  temperature  during  summer  and 
winter.  Baillet  has  made  similar  observations  on  the  eggs  of  another 
species  of  Ascarides  ; and  he  has  also  remarked  that  in  these  species 
the  transformation  of  the  vitellus  into  an  embryo  has  sometimes 
not  been  perfected  until  after  six,  seven,  and  eleven  months.  He 
has  seen  embryos  of  the  Taenia  remain  full  of  life  in  the  eggs,  when 
the  segments  containing  them  had  been  twenty-four  hours  in  a thick 
layer  of  ice. 

Independently  of  the  conditions  essential  to  the  penetration  of 
the  germ  into  the  organism,  there  may  be  others  of  a secondary 
kind  which  predispose  individuals  to  intestinal  helminthiasis.  In 
general,  everything  that  causes  debility  contributes  to  facilitate 
the  installation  of  the  parasites  in  the  intestinal  canal  ; and  perhaps 
this  may  be  due  to  the  feebler  peristaltic  and  antiperistaltic  con- 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


331 


tractions  of  the  intestine.  In  any  case,  the  Helminthes  are  met 
with  much  more  frequently,  and  in  greater  numbers,  in  anaemic 
animals  than  in  those  which  are  vigorous,  in  young  or  very  aged 
subjects  than  in  those  of  middle  life,  and  in  those  which  are  turned 
out  to  pasture  rather  than  in  those  permanently  kept  in  their 
habitations.  Humidity  has  also,  at  all  times,  been  considered 
as  one  of  the  most  predisposing  causes  to  the  invasion  of  the 
economy  by  Worms.  Rainy  years  are  marked  by  the  extension 
of  various  forms  of  helminthiasis  in  animals  which  graze  ; and 
these  affections  are  also  more  marked  among  animals  that  frequent 
inundated  pastures  and  swampy  places,  and  the  borders  of  lakes 
and  ponds.  This  is  explained  by  the  ova  being  preserved  in  water, 
and  by  their  destruction  under  the  influence  of  prolonged  drought, 
as  well  as  by  the  necessity  for  a damp  medium  for  the  succession 
of  evolutive  phases  of  certain  species.  With  regard  to  heredity, 
to  which  the  ancients  attributed  so  important  a share  in  this 
etiology,  all  that  can  be  accepted  is  that  there  may  be  transmitted 
— along  with  the  lymphatic  temperament — a certain  predisposition 
to  helminthiasis. 

Contagion  is  rarely  evident.  It  often  takes  place  through  the 
medium  of  a host  specifically  different  from  that  in  which  the 
adult  parasitic  form  is  found.  At  other  times  it  is  masked  by  the 
more  or  less  unknown  phases  which  the  worm  must  pass  through 
externally,  in  order  to  pass  from  the  embryonic  condition  to  the 
definitive  form.  In  dealing  with  each  species,  we  shall  give  the 
details  that  are  known  with  regard  to  this  evolution. 

Symptoms. — The  intestinal  Worms  generally  are  nourished  by 
the  chymous  matters  contained  in  the  digestive  canal.  But  there 
are  also  those  that  attack  the  mucous  membrane  and  abstract  its 
blood,  while  others  are  lodged  in  its  substance  and  there  cause 
inflammation  with  exudation,  and  sometimes  the  formation  of 
pus.  Nevertheless,  accidents  attributable  to  these  Worms  are 
somewhat  rare  ; and  it  is  only  when  they  have  accumulated  in 
great  quantity  that  they  excite  morbid  phenomena  of  various 
kinds.  It  is  necessary,  also,  to  take  into  serious  consideration 
the  zoological  species  and  habits  of  the  parasite,  rather  than  its 
size. 

Sometimes  the  course  of  the  food  is  hindered  and  obstructed  ; at 
other  times  the  digestion  is  disturbed  and  the  appetite  altered  ; 
intestinal  catarrh  of  varied  gravity  may  supervene  ; in  some  cases 
there  is  a pernicious  anaemia  by  haemorrhagic  exhaustion,  mal- 
nutrition, or  there  may  be — though  rarely — perforation  of  the 
intestinal  membranes.  Certain  invaginations  found  at  the  autopsies 
of  animals  which  have  died,  apparently  from  colic,  may  be  attributed 
to  Worms. 

Chabert  gave  a singularly  exaggerated  picture  of  the  symptoms 
by  which  helminthiasis  of  the  intestine  is  manifested  ; but,  generally, 
they  have  no  precise  signification.  Those  which  seem  to  really 
pertain  to  it  are  an  irregular  appetite — sometimes  voracious,  some- 


332 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


times  indolent — depraved  taste,  dulness,  and  emaciation,  notwith- 
standing an  abundant  alimentation  ; the  skin  is  dry  and  adherent, 
and  the  hair  erect ; the  flanks  are  sometimes  tympanitic,  sometimes 
retracted,  or  the  abdomen  is  enlarged  though  there  is  general 
wasting ; there  may  be  constipation  or  diarrhoea  ; yawning, 
nausea,  or  vomiting  ; the  breath  foetid,  tongue  furred  and  foul  ; 
sub-acute  colic  ; spasmodic  movements  of  the  upper  lip  ; nasal 
pruritus  in  the  Dog,  and  anal  pruritus  in  this  animal  and  the  Pig, 
manifested  by  their  rubbing  that  part  against  hard  bodies,  or 
drawing  it  along  the  ground  ; sudden  cries  without  any  apparent 
motive,  convulsions,  rabiform  symptoms,  etc.  With  regard  to 
epilepsy  and  vertigo — sometimes  attributed  to  intestinal  helmin- 
thiasis— there  is  nothing  to  prove  that  they  are  other  than  mere 
coincidences  ; and  this  remark  applies  to  the  singular  theory  of 
Stanley,  who  ascribes  to  worms  the  existence  of  ‘ stringhalt  ’ 
among  Australian  Horses. 

The  numerous  symptoms  described  as  indicating  enterohelmin- 
thiasis  are  scarcely  ever  seen  altogether  in  one  individual,  and  the 
diagnosis  of  this  affection  is  generally  difficult.  But  the  presence 
of  parasites  in  the  excrements  often  renders  this  certain,  and  for 
several  species  of  Helminthes  a microscopical  examination  of  the 
evacuations  may  lead  to  the  recognition  of  the  somewhat  character- 
istic ova  and  embryos.  Finally,  there  are  symptomatic  manifesta- 
tions that  properly  belong  to  each  kind  of  domesticated  animal  and 
to  each  species  of  parasite  ; these  will  be  described  a prop  os  of  the 
particular  forms  of  helminthiases. 

Treatment. — The  prophylaxis  of  intestinal  helminthiasis  is 
necessarily  vague,  as  we  do  not  know  the  conditions  upon  which  the 
development  of  the  intestinal  entozoa  depend.  The  purity  of  food 
and  of  drink,  the  use  of  dry  pastures,  and  the  exhibition  of  a tonic 
nourishment,  are  almost  the  only  general  measures  that  can  be 
recommended  here. 

Treatment  consists  in  the  employment  of  those  medicaments 
named  vermifuges , vermicides , and  anthelmintics.  Their  action  may 
be  assisted  by  a special  regimen.  ‘ We  advise  giving  to  the  Herbi- 
vora  green  food — in  winter,  carrots — frequently  seasoned  with  salt  ; 
to  Horses,  roasted  oats  ; to  Dogs,  as  much  flesh  as  possible,  and  a 
decoction  of  milk  or  of  onions  ; to  Pigs,  clotted  milk,  skimmed  milk, 
green  fruit,  and  acorns  ’ (Roll). 

When  debility  is  pronounced,  it  is  well  to  add  a regimen  of  tonic 
substances,  such  as  bitters  and  common  salt. 

When  there  is  colic  or  convulsions,  we  commence  by  giving 
appropriate  medicines  to  allay  them — bland  oils,  ether,  opium, 
assafoetida,  and  extract  of  hyoscyamus. 

The  anthelmintic  treatment  should  be  preceded  by  half-diet  for 
some  days,  and  sometimes  by  slight  purgation.  A purgative  may 
be  added  to  the  vermifuge,  in  order  to  expel  the  Worms  which  are 
dead  or  stupefied  by  the  special  drug  ; but  it  is  preferable  not  to 
exhibit  an  evacuant  until  some  hours  after  the  administration  of 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


333 


the  anthelmintic.  Recourse  is  generally  had  to  drastics,  especially 
to  aloes,  and  sometimes  also  to  calomel  or  castor-oil. 

Very  many  substances  have  been  recommended  for  freeing  the 
intestinal  canal  from  its  parasites  ; but  some  of  them  have 
an  unwarrantable  reputation,  and  it  is  best  to  employ  those 
the  efficacy  of  which  has  been  well  established.  Those  most 
frequently  used  are  arsenious  acid,  tartar  emetic,  ferrous  sulphate, 
sodium  chloride,  thymol,  areca,  santonin,  the  root  of  male  fern — 
especially  in  the  form  of  ethereal  extract — tansy,  benzine,  empy- 
reumatic  oil,  oil  of  turpentine,  kousso,  kamala,  and  various 
antiseptics. 

Their  indications,  doses,  and  modes  of  employment  will  be  given 
in  the  following  articles,  in  which  intestinal  helminthiasis  is  studied 
successively  in  the  various  species  of  domesticated  animals. 

A.— DOMESTICATED  MAMMALIA. 

Article  I. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Equidse. 

Globidium  of  Leuckart. — In  the  wall  of  the  small  intestine  of  a Horse  killed 
for  dissection,  Max  Flesch  found,  in  considerable  number,  a microscopic 
parasite,  which  he  named  Globidium  Leucka/ti.  Its  presence  had  caused 


Fig.  165.  — Tania  perfo-  Fig.  166. — Cephalic  extremity  of  the 
liata  ; natural  size,  but  in-  Tania  perfoliata  ; magnified  twelve  dia- 
complete.  — Railliet:.  meters.  — Railliet. 


slight  and  irregular  inflammation  of  the  organ.  Its  special  location  was  the 
sustaining  connective  tissue  of  the  intestinal  villi,  generally  towards  their 
middle  portion,  and  immediately  beneath  the  epithelium.  A villus  some- 
times contained  two  or  three  of  them. 

The  Globidium  had  the  appearance  of  an  elliptical  or  spherical  capsule, 
with  a well-marked  outline,  and  80  /u.  long  and  70  u broad  In  it  were  very 
refrangent  spherical  globules,  averaging  13  /x  in  diameter;  sometimes  these 
were  numerous  and  occupied  the  whole  of  its  cavity,  at  other  times  they  were 
exclusively  parietal,  and  margined  a central  space  filled  with  a mass  of  proto- 
plasm. In  the  majority  of  the  organisms,  the  wall  was  thickest  at  this  point, 
and  had  a special  cavity — fusiform  or  semilunar — filled  with  granular  bodies. 


334 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


and  separated  from  the  shining  spheres  just  mentioned  by  a thin  septum. 
Sometimes  the  internal  cavity  of  the  Globidium  was  exclusively  occupied  by 
another  pyriform  capsule,  provided  at  its  thin  pole  with  a micropyle  opening 
into  the  general  enveloping  cavity. 

Max  Flesch  could  not  determine  the  course  followed  by  the  Globidium  in 
reaching  its  seat  of  election,  nor  yet  the  zoological  group  to  which  it  should 
be  allotted.  It  appeared,  nevertheless,  to  have  analogies  with  the  Sar- 
cosporidia.  Moniez  considers  the  bodies  found  by  Flesch  as  the  embryos  of  a 


Fig.  167. — Tania  mam- 
illana ; natural  size. 
— Rail  let. 


Fig.  168.  — Cephalic  ex- 
tremity of  the  Tania 
mamillana ; magnified 
twenty-five  diameters. — 
Railliet. 


Fig.  169. — Cephalic  extremity  of  Tania  Fig.  170. — Tania  pli- 

plicata ; magnified  ten  diameters.  — cata ; natural  size. — 

Railliet.  Railliet. 


Tsenia  of  the  Horse,  encysted  in  the  papillae,  like  those  of  the  Tania  murina  of 
the  brown  Rat.  This  is  the  only  analogy  in  support  of  the  hypothesis,  which 
would  require,  in  addition — in  order  to  be  acceptable — the  presence  of  hooks  on 
some  at  least  of  these  bodies,  and  several  other  peculiarities  of  organization. 

Cestodes. — Three  species  of  Taeniae  have  been  found  in  the 
digestive  canal  of  the  Equidae  ; all  three  are  unarmed,  and  belong 
to  the  group  of  Anoplocephalinae.  Nothing  whatever  is  known 
of  their  cystic  form.  The  three  species  have  in  common — besides 
the  absence  of  hooks  and  neck — a single  genital  pore  in  each  segment, 
situated  on  the  same  side  in  all  of  the  segments. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


335 

1.  Taenia  perfoliata  ( Anoplocephala  perfoliata  Goeze). — The  length  generally 
is  26  mm.  to  28  mm.  ; but  according  to  Rudolphi,  it  may  reach  80  mm.  ; 
breadth  3 mm.  to  15  mm.  Head  somewhat  large — 2 mm. — tetragonous  and 
rounded,  and  also  prolonged  behind  by  four  rounded  lobes  ; suckers  cupuli- 
form  and  directed  forwards.  Segments  thick,  but  very  short,  and  becoming 
wider  to  about  the  middle  of  the  length  of  the  body  ; they  succeed  each  other 
like  leaves,  one  overlapping  the  succeeding  one,  to  which  it  only  adheres  at 
a middle  transverse  line";  the  last  segments  are  always  sterile.  Ova  poly- 
hedral by  reciprocal  pressure  ; they  measure  about  80  /i  broad  ; the  embryo' 
— which  is  20  fx  in  diameter — has  its  shell  prolonged  by  an  elongated  blunt 
point,  that  represents  the  pyriform  apparatus  of  the  other  Anoplocephaliens. 

2.  Taenia  mamillana  ( Anoplocephala  mamillana  Mehlis). — Length  1 cm.  to 
3 cm.,  breadth  4 mm.  to  6 mm.  Head  tetragonous,  obtuse,  *5  mm.  long,  and 
*8  mm.  broad  ; suckers  lateral,  elongated,  opening  in  a longitudinal  slit.  The 
segments  are  30  to  40,  sometimes  50  in  number  ; the  first  are  curved  in  half- 
circles, and  embrace  the  base  of  the  head  ; those  which  succeed  these  widen 
rapidly,  and  soon  acquire  their  maximum  breadth  ; their  length  increases,  on 
the  contrary,  to  the  posterior  extremity,  where — in  the  last  segments — they 
may  exceed  the  half  of  their  breadth.  Ova  oblong,  and  88  \i  in  length,  50 
to  66  n in  breadth  ; the  embryo  has  the  same  dimensions  and  appearance  as 
that  of  the  preceding  species. 

3.  Taenia  plicata  (Anoplocephala  plicata  Rud.). — Length  ij  cm.  to  8 cm., 
breadth  8 mm.  to  18  mm.  Head  very  thick,  short  and  broad — 4 mm. — slightly 
depressed  from  one  face  to  the  other  of  the  Worm  ; suckers  cupuliform  and. 
directed  forward.  Segments  regularly  increasing  in  length  and  breadth  to 
the  last,  which  may  be  1 *5  mm.  long.  Ova  round  or  polyhedral. 

The  Tcenia  or  Anoplocephala  perfoliata  more  especially  infests 
the  caecum,  and  is  but  rarely  found  in  the  colon  or  small  intestine. 
The  T.  mamillana  is  met  with  in  the  small  intestine,  less 
often  in  the  duodenum  than  in  the  ileum  and  jejunum.  The 
T.  plicata  lives  in  the  small  intestine,  and  is  sometimes  seen  in 
the  stomach. 

None  of  these  three  species  is  common  in  France,  and  the  last 
two — and  particularly  the  Tcenia  plicata — are  altogether  rare. 
We  have  only  once  met  with  Taeniae  in  the  Horse.  They  belonged 
to  T.  perfoliata , and  were  found — to  the  number  of  104 — in  the  last 
portion  of  the  small  intestine  of  a Horse  that  came  from  the  moun- 
tainous parts  of  the  Hautes-Pyrenees.  The  Taeniae  of  the  Horse 
are  more  common  in  Germany,  and  still  more  in  Russia.  In  the 
latter  country,  according  to  Blumberg,  they  are  encountered — on 
the  average — in  one  of  every  ten  Horses.  Greve  says  he  has  seen 
thousands  of  Tcenice  in  the  small  intestine  of  the  Horse.  In  about 
100  Horses,  Krabbe,  of  Copenhagen,  has  f und  Tcenia  perfoliata  in 
28,  and  T.  mamillana  in  8 ; but  in  none  of  them  did  he  see  T.  plicata. 
The  T.  perfoliata  averaged  25  in  number  ; in  two  animals  they  were 
between  200  and  300,  and  in  one  400.  The  T.  mamillana  numbered, 
on  the  average,  25  ; 72  was  the  maximum.  The  observations  of 
Hering,  made  at  Stuttgart,  fairly  agree  with  those  of  Krabbe,  except 
that  the  Taeniae  in  the  Horse  are  much  less  frequent,  and  the 
T.  plicata  is  less  rare.  Sarciron  has  found  hundreds  of  T.  plicata  in 
an  Ass’s  foal  in  Senegal  ; Beugnot — quoted  by  Railliet — has  also 
met  with  them  in  a Mule  at  Gabes,  Tunis.  Krabbe,  in  his  descrip- 
tion of  the  Cestodes  collected  by  Fedschenko  during  his  travels  in 


336 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Central  Asia,  remarked  that  T.  mamillana  of  the  Horse  was  more 
rare  than  T.  perfoliata  (Zschokke). 

The  existence  of  Taeniae  in  the  Horse  generally  remains  unper- 
ceived during  life,  though  sometimes  it  coincides  with  the  general 
symptoms  of  intestinal  helminthiasis,  or  rather  with  anaemia.  At 
the  autopsy  of  a Mare  which  had  died  suddenly,  Poulton  found 
numerous  Taeniae  in  the  duodenum,  and  in  large  pouches  formed 
in  the  wall  of  other  parts  of  the  small  intestine.  Megnin  also 
reports  two  observations  relating  to  Horses  which  died  of  peritonitis 
caused  by  the  rupture  of  intestinal  dilatations,  in  the  interior  of 
which  were  found  T.  perfoliata.  Perroncito  gives  an  analogous 
instance.  At  the  autopsy  of  a Horse  that  was  killed  because  of 
anaemia  after  paralysis,  Hiirlimann  found  such  a quantity  of 
T.  perfoliata  (?)  that  they  filled  a large  basket. 

Trematodes. — Two  species  of  Trematoda — strangers  to  our  country — 
have  been  met  with  in  the  Equidae — the  Ampbistome  of  Collins,  and  the 
Egyptian  Gastrodiscus. 

Amphistome  of  Collins  ( Amphistomum  Collinsi,  Cobbold). — Worms  of  a 
brick-red  colour,  known  for  a long  time  to  the  natives  of  India  by  the  name 
of  Masuri,  which  live  in  thousands  in  the  large  intestine  of  the  Horse,  where 
they  are  capable  of  producing  serious  intestinal  irritation.  Besides  this  form, 
Cobbold  has  described  another — A.  Collinsi,  var.  Stanley 'i. — Railliet. 

Gastrodiscus  of  Egypt  ( Gastrodiscus  AEgyptiacus  Sonsino  and  Cobbold). — 
Body  flattened  into  an  elliptical  disc,  the  dorsal  surface  being  convex  and 
smooth,  and  the  ventral  surface  concave  and  covered 
with  about  200  papillary  suckers.  The  buccal  sucker 
• — smaller  than  the  posterior  sucker — is  situated  at 
the  end  of  a cylindro-conical  neck,  and  is  salient  on 
the  dorsal  surface,  with  which  it  forms  a wide  obtuse 
angle  behind.  This  neck  is  about  2 mm.  or  3 mm. 
long.  The  body  is  discoidal,  about  10  mm.  to  12  mm. 
in  transverse  diameter.  Most  frequently  the  antero- 
posterior diameter  is  about  1 mm.  more  than  the 
other.  The  colour  is  rosy  in  the  fresh  state,  and  pure 
white  after  immersion  in  alcohol.  Like  the  Amphis- 
tomes,  this  parasite  fixes  itself  on  the  mucous  mem- 
brane by  its  posterior  sucker. 

It  was  discovered  in  Egypt,  in  1876,  by  Sonsino, 
at  Zagazig,  near  Suez,  in  two  Horses  of  fifteen  which 
had  succumbed  to  an  enzootic  affection.  In  one  Horse 
he  found  six  specimens  in  the  small  intestine  ; in  the  other,  about  100 
in  the  large  intestine.  The  study  of  these  worms  was  made  by  Cobbold  and 
by  Lejtenyi — a pupil  of  Leuckart.  The  Gastrodiscus  has  since  been  found 
several  times  in  Egypt,  notably  by  Burlazzi  and  Zuchinetti ; and  in  Senegal 
by  Sarciron.  Another  country  afflicted  with  this  parasite  is  Guadeloupe, 
where  it  has  been  discovered  on  three  occasions  by  Guyot — at  Pointe-a-Pitre, 
in  1880  ; and  twice  by  Veterinary  Surgeon  Couzin,  who  has  sent  us  numerous 
specimens  from  Moule. 

Egypt,  Senegal,  and  Guadeloupe  are,  then,  the  only  countries  in  which  the 
Gastrodiscus  is  at  present  known.  In  Egypt  it  is  found  in  Horses  ; in  Senegal 
it  is  met  with  in  Ass  foals  ; and  at  Guadeloupe  it  is  observed  in  Mules.  In  the 
first  cases  the  autopsies  did  not  reveal  any  lesion  which  could  be  attributed 
to  it.  At  Guadeloupe,  death  occurred  suddenly  (Guyot),  or  after  a long 
period  of  anaemia  (Couzin).  A remarkable  feature  in  the  history  of  this 
parasite  is  that  its  habitat  is  not  particularly  localized.  In  the  Mules  at 
Guadeloupe  it  was  found  in  thousands,  from  the  pharynx  to  the  anus,  and 
even  in  the  nasal  fossae  (Guyot)  ; or  in  the  stomach,  caecum,  or  second  section 


B A 


Fig.  1 7 1.  — Castro 
discus  JEgyptiacus  ; 
natural  size. — Rail- 
liet. 

A,  ventral  surface  ; B, 
dorsal  surface 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


337 


of  the  large  colon  (Couzin).  The  Mules  had  been  fed  on  green  forage  and 
treacle,  and  it  is  probable  that  they  had  taken  the  larvae  of  the  Gastrodiscus 
along  with  this  aliment,  in  the  form  of  germinal  sacs  or  cercariae. 

Nematodes. — The  Ascaris  megalocephala  (Cloq.),  As.  equovum 
Go eze,  is  special  to  the  Equidse.  It  is  the  largest  species  in  the 
genus. 

Its  body  is  yellowish-white  and  rigid.  The  head  is  distinct,  and  has  three 
lips,  which  are  constricted  in  their  middle,  and  have  comparatively  large 
teeth  on  their  free  margin.  The  male  is  15  cm.  to  28  cm.  long  ; its  tail  is 
bordered  by  two  small  membraneous  wings,  and  has  on  each  side  79  to  105 
papillae,  7 of  which  are  post-anal  ; the  fourth  and  fifth  of  these,  as  well  as  the 
sixth  and  seventh,  are  joined  to  form  one  ; there  is  a single  papilla  in  front 
of  the  anus,  the  other  pre-anal  papillae  are  arranged  in  a single,  then  in  several 
rows.  The  female  is  18  cm.  to  37  cm.  long  ; the  vulva  is  situated  towards  the 
anterior  quarter  of  the  body.  The  ova  are  nearly  globular,  and  have  a dia- 
meter of  90  n to  IOO  fl. 

The  Ascaris  megalocephala  or  equovum  is  common  in  the  small 
intestine  of  the  Horse,  Ass,  and  Mule  ; but  its  presence  does  not 
usually  affect  the  health  of  the  host,  though  in  young  animals 
it  may  give  rise  to  various  troubles  in  digestion.  Beyond  the 
symptoms  common  to  the  various  intestinal  helminthiases,  there 
is  often  remarked  a chronic  catarrh  of  the  intestine — a slight  but 
obstinate  diarrhoea — the  expulsion  of  the  faeces  being  immediately 
preceded  by  a discharge  of  fluid  from  the  intestine.  In  France, 
Horses  so  affected  are  called  ‘ vidards,’  and  sometimes  they  pass 
these  worms  along  with  the  excrements.  Colic  is  often  a consequence 
of  an  obstruction  of  the  intestine,  which  may  persist  and  eventually 
cause  death.  Symptoms  of  vertigo  and  epilepsy  have  also  been 
observed.  Dieckerhoff  relates  the  case  of  a Horse  that  gave  indica- 
tions of  attacks  of  intermittent  tetanus,  which  were  repeated 
several  times  a day,  and  lasted  for  about  a minute  each  time.  It 
was  a kind  of  emprosthotonos,  involving  the  head — jaws,  lips, 
eyes — neck,  and  the  upper  parts  of  the  anterior  limbs,  while  the 
head  was  strongly  flexed  downwards.  These  symptoms  disappeared 
after  the  administration  of  a suitable  dose  of  tartar  emetic  and 
aloes,  and  the  consequent  evacuation  of  21  Ascarides.  Damitz 
had  observed  a kind  of  paraplegia  that  yielded  to  the  administration 
of  anthelmintics. 

Ascarides  are  found  in  the  small  intestine  of  Horses  which,  during 
life,  gave  no  indication  of  their  presence.  Krabbe,  of  Copenhagen, 
has  met  with  them  16  times  in  100  Horses  he  examined.  The 
number  of  individuals  living  in  the  same  host  is  very  variable — 
there  may  be  only  a few,  but  often  they  are  counted  by  hundreds. 
At  the  Brussels  Veterinary  School,  in  one  Horse  there  were  more 
than  1,800  ; and  Delamotte  has  found  1,215 — weighing  collectively 
3*250  kilogrammes — at  the  autopsy  of  a Mare  which  died  of  sclerosis 
of  the  heart.  They  are  often  massed  in  bundles,  and  rarely  rolled 
up  on  themselves.  They  infest  various  parts  of  the  small  intestine, 
and  particularly  the  duodenum  ; but  when  they  are  numerous 

22 


333 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


they  may  also  pass  into  the  stomach — Roll  has  even,  on  one  occasion, 
found  them  in  the  bi] e-duct.  In  a Horse  which  had  died  from 
pneumonia,  Generali  came  upon  an  Ascarid  that  had  found  its  way 
into  the  anterior  part  of  the  pancreatic  duct,  which  was  very  dilated 
and  its  walls  thickened — proving  that  the  worm  must  have  been 
there  a considerable  time  before  death. 

At  the  autopsy  of  animals  which  have  died  of  verminous  colic, 
there  are  often  observed  all  the  signs  of  anaemia,  and  always  those 
of  more  or  less  seve:e  intestinal  congestion  in  various  parts  of  the 
small  intestine  infested  by  the  Worms  ; it  is  not  even  rare  to  meet 
with  ruptures  of  the  intestine,  undoubtedly  due  to  obstruction  and 
softening  brought  about  by  its  congested  condition,  and  the  violent 
struggles  of  the  animal  when  suffering  from  the  colicky  pains. 
The  contents  of  the  viscus  escape  into  the  peritoneal  cavity,  and 
among  them  are  seen  floating  some  Ascarides  which  have  passed 
through  the  rent  ; peritonitis  has  precipitated  the  fatal  issue. 

Gavard  was  probably  mistaken  when  he  asserted  he  had  found 
numerous  Ascarides  in  the  peritoneal  cavity,  without  any  rupture 
of  the  intestine.  The  consequences  of  such  a rupture  are  sometimes 
delayed,  and  the  Ascarides  pass  through  it  to  between  the  two 
layers  of  the  mesentery,  where  they  form  a large  pouch  that  becomes 
inflamed,  and  finally  opens  into  the  peritoneal  sac.  Wira  has 
reported  an  instance  of  this  ; and  Zorn  has  described  two  analogous 
cases,  in  which  the  communication  of  the  intestine  with  the  mesen- 
teric pouch  took  place  through  small  openings  with  callous,  thickened 
borders.  But  it  cannot  be  affirmed  that  in  these  two  instances  the 
perforations  were  directly  produced  by  the  Ascarides.  Generally 
it  is  only  a question  of  old  or  recent  rupture  ; but  in  some  published 
observations  the  characters  of  the  accidental  opening — its  circular 
shape,  small  diameter,  and  an  Ascarid  sometimes  fixed  in  it — are 
so  many  circumstances  which  ought  to  lead  to  the  belief  that  it  is 
in  reality  a perforation.  It  is  possible  that  the  Ascarides  attack 
the  mucous  membrane  with  their  dentated  lips,  and  induce  a local 
inflammation  in  it,  which  ends  in  ulceration. 

The  conditions  under  which  animals  receive  the  germs  of  their 
Ascarides  are  not  known.  The  persistency  of  the  latent  vitality  of 
the  ova,  the  resistance  of  the  embryos  to  causes  of  destruction,  and 
the  influence  of  humidity  in  the  development  of  these  embryos, 
render  it  very  probable  that  the  Worms  are  introduced  in  the  form 
of  ova  or  embryos  into  the  digestive  canal  with  the  food  or  water. 
It  is  therefore  indicated,  as  a preventive  measure,  to  allow  only 
water  as  pure  as  possible  to  be  taken,  and  to  destroy  by  fire  the 
Worms  which  are  evacuated.  If  they  are  permitted  to  find  their 
way  to  the  manure-pit,  of  the  millions  of  eggs  they  contain  some 
may  meet  with  the  conditions  favourable  to  their  evolution,  and 
so  infest  other  Horses,  Asses,  or  Mules.  In  any  case,  helminthiasis 
by  Ascarides  ought  never  to  be  neglected,  but  should  always  be 
combated  by  an  appropriate  vermifuge. 

Arsenious  acid  answers  well.  It  is  given  in  the  food  in  increasing 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


339 


doses  of  i to  3 grammes  a day,  for  ten  days.  Tartar  emetic  has  also 
been  highly  recommended,  in  doses  of  15  to  20  grammes  per  day,  in 
four  doses  at  three  or  four  hours’  interval,  either  in  bolus  or  electuary 
along  with  gentian  powder,  or  mixed  with  assafcetida  and  empy- 
reumatic  oil.  On  the  following  day  an  aloetic  purge  is  given. 
Zundel  has  been  very  successful  with  juniper  berries  and  cream  of 
tartar — given  in  a little  damp  bran — for  fifteen  days,  after  which  a 
dose  of  aloes  is  administered.  Oil  of  turpentine  may  also  be 
employed — 80  to  150  grammes  made  into  an  emulsion  with  linseed 
oil  ; powdered  santonica  100  to  150  grammes,  empyreumatic  oil 
20  to  30  grammes  ; or  benzine  50  to  100  grammes.  Ferrous  sulphate 
and  sulphate  of  copper  are  often  successfully  employed. 

It  ought  to  be  stated  that,  in  many  cases,  all  these  remedies  are 
insufficient,  and  that  a specific  against  the  Ascarides  of  the  Horse 
has  yet  to  be  found. 


Curved  Oxyuris  ( Oxyuris  curvula  Rud.)  (0.  equi  Schrank.). — The  female  of 
this  Worm  (commonly  known  in  England  as  the  ‘ maw  worm  ’)  is  almost 
exclusively  met  with.  It  is  40  mm.  to  50  mm. 
long,  is  arched  in  its  anterior  portion,  more 
or  less  subulated  behind.  The  vulva  is  situ- 
ated about  10  mm.  from  the  mouth.  The  eggs 
are  ovoid,  from  88  n to  95  t u long,  and  41  n 
to  45  fi  broad,  asymmetrical,  and  carrying  at 
one  of  their  ends — which  is  truncated — a kind 
of  operculum.  In  this  species,  the  head  has 


Fig.  172. — Oxyuris  of  the  Horse. 

A,  anterior  extremity,  seen  in  front. 
B,  eggs  ; magnified  about  200  diameters. 


Fig.  173. — Oxyuris  of  the  Horse, 
female  ; natural  size. 

vu,  vulva  ; a,  anus. 


no  lateral  wings  ; the  mouth  presents  three  great  rounded  lips,  each  of  which 
envelops  two  mamelons  ; there  are  six  papillae  in  two  opposite  groups.  The 
male,  very  rare,  has  been  described  by  Railliet.  It  is  9 mm.  to  12  mm.  long  ; 
the  posterior  end  is  obtuse  and  has  several  papillae,  the  longest  of  which 
sustains  a kind  of  caudal  pouch,  which  is  well  developed  ; the  spicule  is 
straight,  thin,  and  very  sharp. 

The  curved  Oxyuris  is  met  with  throughout  the  length  of  the 
large  intestine  of  the  Equidae  ; but,  according  to  Colin,  its  usual 
habitat  is  the  diaphragmatic  flexure  of  the  large  colon.  It  is 

22 — 2 


340 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


sometimes  seen  partly  projecting 
from  the  anus,  to  the  margin  of 
which  it  is  fixed ; or  it  may  be 
observed  in  the  faeces.  Effects 
analogous  to  those  of  the  Oxyuris 
vermicularis  of  Man  have  been  attri- 
buted to  this  worm — burning  sensa- 
tion, anal  pruritus,  and  tenesmus  ; 
the  margin  of  the  anus  is  red  and 
swollen,  and  the  animal’s  tail  often 
agitated.  But,  on  the  whole,  the 
worm  appears  to  be  very  inoffensive'; 
though  we  have  mentioned  that 
Pflug  attributed  a very  pruriginous 
eruption  observed  on  a Horse  to  em- 
bryos of  the  curved  Oxyuris.  Nothing 
is  known  of  its  migrations,  nor  yet 
whether  it  has  to  undergo  any. 


Fig.  174. — Oxyuris  of  the  Horse, 
female. — Delafond. 


Fig. 


175. — Oxyuris  of  the 
male.  — Railliet. 


A,  anterior  extremity,  with  the  point  laid  open  A,  natural  size  ; B,  magnified  : ( 
longitudinally ; B,  caudal  extremity : b , mouth  bulb ; v,  posterior  bulb  or  ventricl 

with  the  lips  spread  out;  ce,  anterior  part  of  the  so-called  salivary  glands  ; z,  intestine  ; 

oesophagus  or  anterior  bulb  ; v,  ventricle  or  posterior  cd,  deferent  canal, 
bulb  ; i,  intestine ; a,  anus  ; u,  uterus  ; vu,  vulva. 


Horse 


anterior 
; ; £•..  the 
f,  testicle  ; 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


341 


Long-tailed  Oxyuris  ( O . mastigodes  Nitzsch). — This  form — which  had  been 
already  seen  by  Delafond — was  first  described  by  Nitzsch,  then  by  Fried- 
berger,  each  of  whom  found  it  in  the  faeces  of  a Horse.  Blaise  in  Algeria 
and  Condamine  in  France  have  also  observed  it  in  the  same  conditions.  The 
description  is  applicable  to  the  females,  which  are  distinguished  from  those 
of  the  Oxyuris  curvula  by  their  length — 13  cm.  to  15  cm.  The  tail  is  long, 
thin,  and  smooth,  and  from  three  to  four  times  longer  than  the  body.  The 
mouth  is  round  and  nude.  The  integument  is  finely  striated  transversely  ; 
the  colour  is  brownish,  due  to  the  ova  which  fill  the  dilated  anterior  part! 
The  vulva  is  situated  in  front  of  the  middle  of  this  part  of  the  body.  The 
eggs  are  ovoid  and  elongated,  and  sometimes  contain  embryos  already  de- 


B 


Fig.  176. — Caudal  extremity  of  the  male  Oxyuris  of  the  Horse. — Railliet. 

A,  ventral  surface  ; B,  left  side  : i,  intestine  ; g,  rectal  glands  ; cd,  deferent 
canal ; s,  spicule  ; pa,  anterior  papilla  ; pp,  posterior  papilla  ; pi,  intermediate 
or  cloacal  papillae. 

veloped.  According  to  Railliet,  the  long-tailed  Oxyuris  is  only  an  abnormal 
form  of  the  O.  curvula — a simple  case  of  dimorphism  of  the  females.  Inter- 
mediate forms  are  found  (Figs.  177,  178). 

In  Friedberger’s  case,  a mare  which,  for  two  years,  showed  obscure  symp- 
toms of  helminthiasis.  Every  morning  during  the  nine  days  of  treatment, 
it  passed  bundles  of  10  to  25  worms,  all  held  together  by  a very  viscid  sub- 
stance to  the  surface  of  the  pellets — never  in  their  interior — and  always 
empty  of  their  eggs. 

Viviparous  Oxyuris  [0.  vivipara  Probstm.). — This  worm  should  belong  to 
the  genus  Strongyloides. 

Selerostomes. — Two  species  of  Sclerostomum  inhabit  the  large 
intestine  of  the  Horse — the  Sclerostomum  equinum  and  the  Sclero- 
stomum tetracanthum. 


342 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Armed  Sclerostome  ( Sclerostomum  equinum  Muller,  Scl.  armata  Dujardin, 
Slrongylus  armatus  Rud.).— Body  grey,  or  brown  shaded  with  red  ; straight, 
rigid,  the  anterior  part  being  broader  than  that  which  immediately  follows. 
Mouth  orbicular,  widely  open,  and 
rendered  tense  by  several  chitinous 
concentric  rings,  the  innermost  of 
which  are  garnished  with  fine  teeth, 
while  the  outermost  carry  six  papillae 
symmetrically  divided.  The  buccal 
capsule  is  sustained  by  a dorsal 
longitudinal  line  or  rib,  and  has  at 
the  bottom  two  round  sharp  plates. 

The  caudal  pouch  of  the  male  is 
almost  trilobate,  the  posterior  ribs 
being  trifurcated,  the  middle  double, 
and  the  anterior  cleft.  The  tail  of 
the  female  is  obtuse,  and  the  vulva 
is  situated  in  the  posterior  moiety 
of  the  body.  Eggs  ovoid,  and  92  fx 
long,  54  n broad.  The  dimensions 
are  variable  ; sometimes  the  males 
are  18  mm.  to  20  mm.  long,  and  the 
females  20  mm.  to  26  mm. , and  at  other 
times  they  are  respectively  26  mm. 
to  35  mm.  and  35  mm.  to  55  mm. 


Fig.  177. — Oxyuridae  of  the  Horse  ; 
females  with  comparatively  short 
tails,  corresponding  to  the  curvula 
form  of  the  authorities  ; natural 
size. — Railliet  (inedited). 


Fig.  178. — Oxyuridae  of  the  Horse  ; 
females  with  gradually  longer 
tails,  corresponding  to  the  masii- 
godes  form  of  Nitzsch  ; natural 
size. — Railliet  (inedited). 


The  Sc.  equinum  — which  is  also  often  named  the  armed 
Strongyle  and  palisade  worm — infests  the  caecum  and  first  part  of 
the  large  colon,  and — with  the  A scans  megalocephala — is  the  worm 
most  commonly  found  in  the  Equidae.  1 They  are  easily  procured 
in  Paris/  says  Dujardin,  ‘ and  I have  seen  them  at  Toulouse  and 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


343 


at  Rennes  in  the  intestines  of  all  the  Horses  I examined  ; neverthe- 
less, at  the  Vienna  Museum  only  17  Horses  of  92  had  them. 
Rudolphi  found  them  very  plentifully  at  all  seasons.’  At  Copen- 
hagen, of  100  Horses  examined  by  Krabbe,  86  had  this  worm,  and 
in  some  of  these  the  large  intestine  was 
studded  with  them.  Chabert  counted 
more  than  1,000  on  a surface  of  two 
inches,  and  he  estimated  the  total  in 
one  Horse  at  more  than  a million. 

Blumberg,  at  Kazan  (Russia),  only  found 
them  four  times  in  93  Horses  ; and 
Duncan,  at  Toronto  (Canada),  met  with 
them  only  once  in  50  Horses. 

The  armed  Scleros tomes  hold  firmly 
by  their  buccal  armature  to  the  mucous 
membrane,  which  forms  at  the  point  of 
adherence  a small  dark  prominence.  They 


Fig.  179. — Anterior  ex-  Fig.  180.  — Dorsal  Fig.  181 


tremity  of  the  Sclero- 
stomum  equinum. — 
Delafond. 

c,  buccal  capsule  ; ce, 
oesophagus  ; g,  one  of 
the  so-called  salivary 
glands  ; i,  intestine. 


moiety  of  the  buc- 
cal capsule  of  the 
Sclerostomum  equi- 
num ; internal 
surface.  — Dela- 
fond. 


Sclerostomum 
equinum,  agamous  in- 
dividuals from  the  pan- 
creas ; magnified  three 
diameters. — Delafond. 

A,  male  ; B,  female  ; b, 
mouth  ; a,  anus  ; vu,  vulva  ; 
be,  caudal  pouch. 


are  frequently  met  with  coupled — the  two  individuals  forming  an 
almost  right  angle,  and  adhering  so  intimately  that  they  may  be 
preserved  in  this  condition  in  alcohol.  Notwithstanding  their 
considerable  numbers,  and  the  irritation  they  should  produce 


344 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


in  the  mucous  membrane,  their  presence  in  the  Horse  is  rarely 
betrayed  by  any  appreciable  symptom.  They  have  sometimes 
been  accused  of  causing  death  by  anaemia,  diarrhoea,  colic,  etc. 
(See  Parasites  of  the  Circulatory  Apparatus.) 

It  is  not  only  on  the  internal  surface  of  the  large  intestine  that 
they  are  met  with,  for  they  are  found  in  aneurism  of  the  mesenteric 
artery,  and  in  the  hepatic,  renal,  spermatic,  occipital,  and  other 
arteries  ; in  the  muscles,  pancreas  (Goubaux,  Montane),  ligaments 
of  the  liver,  and  in  submucous  cysts  of  the  caecum,  and  sometimes 
of  the  duodenum.  In  all  these  instances  they  are  in  an  agamous 
state,  and  represent  a phase  of  the  development  of  the  species.  In 

connection  with  the  para- 
sitism of  these  various 
organs,  and  especially  of 
the  circulatory  apparatus, 
this  feature  will  be  more 
particularly  examined ; so 
that  we  shall  only  refer 
here  to  what  is  necessary 
to  be  known  with  regard 
to  the  migrations  of  these 
Helminthes. 

With  regard  to  the 
intestinal  tumours,  their 
volume  varies  from  that 
of  the  head  of  a pin  to 
that  of  a hazel  or  small 
almond-nut,  according  to 
the  development  attained 
by  the  worm  inside  each 
tumour.  The  latter  also 
contains  altered  blood  or 
pus,  and  there  is  more  or 
Fig.  182. — Caudal  extremity  of  the  male  ^ess  hyperaemia  around 
Sclerostomum  equinum  ; magnified  thirty  the  circumference.  The 
diameters. — Radliet  (inedited).  worm  within  is  rolled 

upon  itself,  and  is,  of 
course,  of  variable  dimensions — sometimes  extremely  fine,  and 
never  so  large  as  in  the  adult  state  ; it  is  always  destitute  of 
reproductive  organs.  Occasionally  there  is  no  worm  in  the  tumour, 
and  then  there  is  seen  a small  opening  at  the  summit,  by  which 
it  has  escaped.  The  worms  found  in  the  organs  mentioned  above 
are  also  agamous  ; they  represent  the  primary  phase  of  develop- 
ment, as  they  do  not  become  sexualized  except  in  the  caecum 
and  colon. 


f Colin  states  that  the  armed  Sclerostomes  are  worms  which  migrate 
internally,  and  that  their  development  is  effected  almost  in  one 
place.  The  ova  are  deposited  in  the  substance  of  the  intestinal 
mucous  membrane — perhaps  in  the  punctures  produced  by  the 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


345 


mouth  of  the  female,  or  perhaps  merely  in  the  orifices  of  the  glands — 
and  they  are  hatched  there,  the  embryos  becoming  encysted  at  the 
points  where  they  are  hatched,  in  the  cysts  developed  by  their 
presence. 

After  being  developed  and  having  undergone  several  moultings, 
they  leave  their  cysts,  and  fix  themselves  on  the  surface  of  the 
mucous  membrane  ; though  a certain  number  continuing  in  their 
cysts,  grow  there,  have  the  genital  organs  partly  formed,  but 
nevertheless  always  remain  agamous.  Those  found  in  aneurisms 
and  in  the  peri-intestinal  organs  must,  on  leaving  their  cysts,  have 


Fig.  183. — Fragment  of  the  Caecum  of  a Horse,  showing  the  tumours  of 
different  sizes  due  to  the  Sclerostom.es,  as  well  as  the  parasites  fixed  on  the 
mucous  membrane.  To  the  right  are  the  two  varieties  of  the  Scl.  equinum, 
to  the  left  those  of  the  Scl.  tetvacanthum ; natural  size. — Railliet. 

entered  the  bloodvessels,  and  been  carried — by  a centrifugal 
migration — to  the  parts  where  they  are  found. 

Baillet  has  shown  that  this  is  not  the  ordinary  mode  of  repro- 
duction and  development  of  the  Scleros tomes.  The  ova  are 
expelled  along  with  the  faeces,  and  become  hatched  in  a few  days 
if  they  are  in  a damp  place.  The  embryos  that  issue  from  them 
are  cylindroid,  a third  to  a fourth  of  a millimetre  long,  somewhat 
obtuse  in  front,  and  have  a filiform  tail.  If  the  conditions  of 
humidity  continue  to  be  favourable,  they  gradually  grow,  their 
integument  becomes  folded  and  forms  a kind  of  sheath  in  which  the 
worm  moults  in  an  evident  manner.  Baillet  has  been  able  to  keep 


346 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


them  several  months  in  this  state,  or  after  complete  moulting.  It 
is  at  this  period  that  they  enter  the  body  of  the  Horse  in  the 
drinking  water,  or  perhaps  on  green  forage,  undergo  moulting  if 
they  have  not  already  done  so,  and  penetrate  the  substance  of  the 
mucous  membrane.  Leuckart  asserts  that  the  embryos  should 
pass  through  an  intermediate  host  before  entering  the  intestine  of 
the  Horse.  But  however  this  may  be,  it  is  possible  that  after  they 
have  lodged  themselves  in  the  mucous  membrane,  a small  number 
of  embryos  stay  to  fix  themselves  in  cysts  which  they  cause  to  be 
formed.  The  majority  reach  the  circulatory  system,  and  install 
themselves  in  the  abdominal  arteries — principally  at  the  origin  of 
the  great  mesenteric  ; there  they  form  aneurismal  dilatations, 
filled  with  a ragged  clot  that  adheres  to  the  inner  surface  of  the 
vessel,  and  in  this  the  Helminthes  are  located.  There  they  acquire 
a length  of  3 cm.  or  4 cm.,  and  commence  to  be  sexually  differenti- 
ated, but  remain  agamous.  These  verminous  aneurisms  play  an 
important  part  in  the  etiology  of  colic. 

After  a more  or  less  prolonged  sojourn  in  the  aneurism,  the  worms 
leave  it,  and  carried  by  the  blood,  in  the  course  of  time  reach  the 
caecum,  where  they  form  the  majority,  if  not  the  whole,  of  the 
submucous  cysts.  Their  last  migration  is,  therefore,  in  reality, 
centripetal. 

Finally,  after  having  rested  more  or  less  long  in  the  tumour,  and 
having  grown,  the  parasites  forsake  it,  attach  themselves  to  the 
mucous  membrane,  become  sexualized,  and  copulate. 

An  interesting  observation  of  Railliet  gives  support  to  this  theory 
of  the  development  of  the  Sclerostomes.  He  found  in  a Horse  a 
considerable  quantity  of  these  worms  in  the  caecum,  and  some 
verminous  cysts,  numerous  in  the  walls  of  that  viscus,  and  a smaller 
number  in  the  duodenum  and  other  parts  of  the  small  intestine. 

The  cysts  in  the  duodenum — which  are  rare — were  all  grouped 
on  the  small  curvature  of  the  intestine,  and  some  were  even  observed 
disseminated  in  the  mesentery.  All  the  latter  contained  Scleros- 
tomes still  agamous  ; but  several  of  those  in  the  small  intestine — 
like  those  of  the  caecum — had  an  opening  in  their  centre  and  were 
vacant,  the  Helminthes  having  left  them.  This  would  seem  to 
prove  that  the  worms  had  reached  the  intestine  by  way  of  the 
arteries. 

We  ought  at  least  to  mention  the  opinion  given  by  Willach,  on  the  phases 
of  development  of  the  Sclerostomes.  He  found  in  the  intestine  of  the  Horse — 
independently  of  armed  Sclerostomes  having  the  usual  dimensions — small 
worms  7 mm.  to  12  mm.  long,  which  he  believed  were  of  the  same  species,  by 
reason  of  the  shape  of  their  cephalic  extremity.  Some  were  manifestly 
females,  and  contained  numerous  eggs  having  a thin  shell,  and  measuring 
80  n long  and  40  fi  broad.  Others  had  a caudal  pouch  similar  to  that  of  the 
adult  armed  Sclerostcme,  and  had,  in  addition,  eggs  like  those  of  the  females 
just  described,  but  less  numerous.  Therefore  these  worms  were  hermaphro- 
dites ; one  even  showed,  alongside  the  mature  eggs,  embryos  *5  mm.  long. 
Willach  consequently  admits  that  the  armed  Sclerostome  has  an  intermediate 
phase  of  development — a rhabditiform  generation,  issuing  on  the  spot  in  the 
intestine  of  the  Horse,  from  the  well-known  normal  worms.  The  female 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


347 


rhabditiform  Sclerostomes  also  deposit  their  eggs  on  the  same  place  ; but 
with  the  hermaphrodites — which  have  no  vulva — the  embryos  are  hatched 
in  the  body  of  the  parent,  and  they  only  escape  therefrom  by  the  destruction 
of  the  internal  organs,  caused  by  their  movements.  These  embryos,  expelled 
outwards  or  continuing  their  development  in  their  first  host,  become  eventu- 
ally normal  Sclerostomes.  This  theory  of  Willach  requires  new  observations 
before  it  can  be  adopted. 

Sclerostomum  tetracanthum  (Dies.)  ( Strongylus  tetracanthns  Mehlis). — -This 
worm  is  distinguished  from  the  preceding  species  by  its  smaller  dimensions — - 
the  males  being  sometimes  8 mm.  to  io  mm.,  and  at  others  12  mm.  to  15  mm. 
long  ; while  the  females  are  10  mm.  to  12  mm.  or  14  mm.  to  17  mm.  in  length. 
Their  colour  is  whitish,  and  the  body  is  slightly  taper- 
ing anteriorly.  Mouth  circular,  with  a salient  rim  that 
has  a crown  of  triangular  teeth,  and  outwardly  six 
papillae — two  lateral,  small,  and  on  each  side  of  them 
two  others,  conical  and  very  prominent.  Buccal 
capsule  cylindrical  ; two  long  lateral  papillae  a little 
in  front  of  the  termination  of  the  oesophagus.  The 
caudal  pouch  of  the  male  is  simply  excised  on  the 
ventral  surface,  the  posterior  lines  or  ribs  are  trifur- 
cated, the  middle  doubled,  and  the  anterior  cleft.  The 
female  has  the  tail  terminating  in  a point,  and  the  vulva 
very  near  the  anus.  The  eggs  are  ovoid,  and  100  n long 
by  48  fi  broad. 


The  Sclerostomum  tetracanthum  also  inhabits 
the  caecum  and  colon  of  the  Equidae,  often  in 
company  with  the  preceding  species,  with  which 
it  is  often  confounded.  It  is  usually  free  among 
the  intestinal  contents,  and  is  frequently  found 
coupled.  The  ova — like  those  of  all  the  Scleros- 
tomes— are  segmented  in  the  uterus  ; they  are 
laid  in  the  intestine  of  the  host.  The  external 
phases  in  their  development  are,  according  to 
Baillet,  analogous  to  those  of  the  armed  Scleros- 
tome.  The  embryos  are  thicker,  the  tail  is 
longer,  and  their  movements  less  active.  They 
are  introduced  into  the  intestine  with  the  water 
the  host  drinks,  and  it  is  probable  that  they 
encyst  themselves  directly  in  the  mucous  mem- 
brane, without  penetrating  the  circulatory 
apparatus — at  least,  no  wandering  parasites  of 
this  species  have  ever  been  observed.  The 
tumours  they  form  beneath  the  mucous  mem- 
brane are  of  the  same  character  as  those  of  the  other  species. 
Probstmayer,  Leuckart,  and  Cobbold  have  exclusively  allotted  to 
the  Sclerostomum  tetracanthum  the  agamous  worms  found  beneath 
the  mucous  membrane  of  the  caecum.  They  are  generally  con- 
sidered inoffensive,  but  some  observations  show  that,  by  their  large 
number,  the  verminous  tumours  of  the  intestine  may  induce  a 
serious,  even  fatal,  anaemia  ; and  that  this  species  of  Sclerostomum 
when  free  and  numbering  several  thousands  in  the  intestine, 
may  be  capable  of  producing  a haemorrhagic  enteritis  and  fatal 
colic. 


Fig.  184.  — Anterior 
extremity  of  the 
Sclerostomum  te- 
tracanthum ; mag- 
nifi e d ninety- 
three  diameters. — 
Schneider. 

A,  dorsal  view  ; 
B,  front  view. 


348 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Other  Nematodes. — We  here  and  there  find  mention  made  of  other 
Nematodes  that  have  been  met  with  in  the  intestine  of  the  Equidae.  Thus, 
Rudolphi  speaks  of  having  seen  there,  in  the  Horse,  the  Filaria  papillosa 
Rud.,  which  is  almost  exclusively  a parasite  of  the  splanchnic  serous  cavities. 

Cobbold  mentions  a Trichonema  arcuata  as  being  found  in  the  large 
intestine  of  the  Horse  ; but  at  a later  period  he  recognised  it  as  the  larval 
form  of  the  Sclerostomum  tetracanthum,  and  considered  it  as  identical  with 
the  N ematoideum  equi  caballi  Diesing,  which  has  the  same  habitat. 

Probstmayer  and  Perroncito  have  described,  under  the  name  of  Oxyuris 
vivipara,  worms  found  in  abundance — by  millions,  Perroncito  says — in  the 
caecum  and  large  colon  of  the  Horse  ; but  according  to  Railliet,  these  are  only 
species  of  strongyloides.  They  are  small  female  worms,  much  resembling 
Oxyuris,  2*5  mm.  long,  and  *40  mm.  to  -8o  mm.  broad,  the  uterus  showing 
only  a few  ova  containing  embryos  in  various  stages  of  development. 

Lastly,  Schlotthauber  has  designated  by  the  name  of  Piguris  (?)  reticulata 
a worm  he  found  in  the  caecum  of  the  Horse  and  Mule. 

We  have  no  further  information  concerning  these  worms,  the  authenticity 
of  which  is  at  least  doubtful,  and  the  importance  of  which  is  surely  small. 

Larvae  of  the  Dipterje. — According  to  Cobbold,  on  several  occasions 
larvae  of  the  hanging  Helophilus  ( Helophilus  pendulinus  Meg.)  have  been 
discovered  in  the  digestive  canal  of  the  Horse.  They  are  harmless. 

The  larvae  of  the  Gastrophilus,  in  process  of  evacuation,  have  also  been 
observed  in  the  intestine  of  the  Equidae.  It  has  been  stated,  that  those 
of  the  haemorrhoidal  Gastrophilus  stay  in  the  last  portions  of  the  large 
intestine,  attaching  themselves  to  the  mucous  membrane  ; while  those  of  the 
nasal  Gastrophilus  prefer  to  develop  in  the  pyloric  region  of  the  duodenum, 
and  are,  therefore,  likely  to  hinder  the  passage  of  the  alimentary  matters  and 
give  rise  to  colic. 

Observation. — The  various  parasites  which  have  been  passed  in 
review  may  be  combined  in  more  or  less  large  numbers,  and  occasion 
a complex  helminthiasis.  The  most  remarkable  instance  of  this 
kind  is  that  which  Krause  has  reported.  In  a horse  were  found 
519  A scans  megalocephala  or  equorum,  191  Oxyuris  curvula , 214 
Sclerostomum  equinum,  several  thousands  of  Sclerostomum  tetra- 
canthum , 69  Tcenia  ( anoplocephala ) perfoliata , 287  Filaria  papillosa , 
and  6 Cysticercus  fistularis. 

Article  II. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Ox. 

Fungi. — The  Ox  is  one  of  the  number  of  Herbivora  in  which  Remak — and 
after  him  Purkinje,  Boehm,  and  Mitscherlich — found,  in  the  normal  intestinal 
mucus,  the  Saccharomyces  ( Cryptococcus ) guttulatus  Robin.  It  is  a very  simple 
fungus  in  the  form  of  ellipsoid  or  ovoid  elongated  cells,  from  15  /t  to  24  /1 
long,  and  5 jti  to  8 ju  broad,  dark  brown  and  opaque,  and  containing  two  to 
four  bright,  transparent  droplets.  These  cells  are  sometimes  united  in  a con- 
fused mass  by  mucus  ; but  they  are  usually  isolated,  arranged  in  twos — end 
to  end — or  one  of  the  largest  has  at  one  of  its  poles  two  or  three  smaller  cells 
which  have  been  derived  from  it  by  gemmation.  This  fungus  appears  to 
have  no  action  on  the  animals  in  which  it  is  found. 

The  Aspergillus  fumigatus — a mould  which  is  developed  more  frequently 
in  the  respiratory  passages  of  Birds — has  been  found  several  times  by  Franck 
in  the  wall  of  the  small  intestine,  and  in  the  mesenteric  glands  of  cattle  killed 
for  food.  It  had  caused  the  formation  of  caseous  or  calcified  centres,  which 
attained  the  volume  of  a pea,  and  were  filled  with  pus  containing  the  filaments 
of  a mycelium  that  inoculation  experiments  and  cultures  demonstrated  to 
belong  to  the  Aspergillus  fumigatus  Fresenius. 

Coccidia. — The  Ox  may  be  affected  with  an  intestinal  Coccidiosis  caused 
by  the  Coccidium  Zurni  (Rivolta).  Recognised  for  the  first  time  by  Zurn  in 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


349 


Calves,  it  has  been  described  by  Zschokke  and  by  Hess  in  Switzerland 
under  the  name  of  ‘ Dysenterie  rouge,'  and  since  studied  by  McFadyean  and 
by  Degoix. 

The  principal  symptoms  consist  in  more  or  less  high  fever,  inappetence, 
cessation  of  rumination,  emaciation,  diminished  secretion  of  milk,  weakness 
of  the  hind  quarters,  swelling  of  the  eyelids,  redness  of  the  conjunctivae,  and 
later  pallor  of  the  visible  mucous  membranes.  The  essential  sign  is  furnished 
by  diarrhoea,  which  is  sanguinolent  at  the  outset,  or  becomes  so  in  a few 
days.  There  is  often  straining,  with  sometimes  prolapse  of  the  rectum. 

This  disease  occurs  at  all  periods  of  the  year,  but  more  particularly  in  the 
warm  season  in  animals  at  pasture.  It  never  attacks  sucking  Calves,  and 
rarely  animals  less  than  a year  or  more  than  two  years  old. 

The  course  of  the  disease  is  usually  acute,  rarely  subacute.  Recovery  may 
take  place  in  about  eight  days,  but  more  often  not  before  two  or  three  weeks. 
Sometimes  the  attack  is  sudden  and  severe,  and  the  affected  animals  die  in 
twenty-four  hours  in  convulsions.  In  certain  districts  of  Switzerland  it 
attacks  5 per  cent,  of  bovines  and  kills  2 to  4 per  cent,  of  those  affected.  In 
Burgundy  the  mortality  has  reached  25  per  cent,  of  the  animals  attacked. 

The  inflammation  may  involve  the  whole  length  of  the  bowel,  and  even 
include  the  abomasum,  but  the  parasitic  lesions  are  localized  more  particularly 
in  the  large  intestine  from  the  caecum  to  the  anus. 

The  mucosa  is  brownish-red,  oedematous,  covered  by  a sanguinolent 
mucus,  and  studded  with  yellowish  or  greyish  resistant  patches,  which  may 
attain  several  centimetres  in  diameter.  These  lesions  become  more  numerous 
and  more  serious  as  they  approach  the  rectum.  The  patches  formed  by 
various  pathological  elements  always  enclose  abundant  coccidia,  which  may 
be  found  even  before  death  in  the  mucus  and  faecal  matters.  The  coccidia 
are  developed  exclusively  in  the  epithelial  cells  of  Lieberkuhn’s  glands,  where 
they  may  be  found  in  various  stages  more  or  less  advanced. 

Coccidium  Zurni  in  the  state  of  oocyst  is  ovoid,  measuring  18  to  25  fi  long 
by  13  to  18  n broad,  and  sometimes  more.  It  develops  according  to  the 
generic  type  ; and  no  doubt  multiplication  of  the  parasite  takes  place  in  the 
intestine  of  the  host  by  Schizogenesis. 

The  Prophylaxis  consists  in  the  exclusive  use  of  dry  fodder  and  of  pure 
drinking  water.  The  Treatment  is  chiefly  dietetic  : mashes,  gruels,  milk, 
and  a little  good  hay. 

Sodium  hyposulphite,  sublimed  sulphur,  cresyl  and  lysol  are  the  agents 
recommended  (Hess). 

Cestodes. — Like  the  Equidae,  Cattle  harbour  three  species  of 
unarmed  Taeniae.  These  are  typical  Anoplocephaliens,  the  genital 
pores  of  which  are  double  on  each  segment,  and  the  ova  are 
irregularly  polyhedral  or  cuboid,  showing  the  embryo  surrounded 
by  a pyriform  apparatus  (Fig.  185).  These  three  Taeniae  are  alto- 
gether unknown  in  their  cystic  form. 

1.  Taenia  expansa  ( Moniezia  expansa  Rud.). — Length  variable — from  some 
decimetres  to  4,  5,  and  6 metres,  and  even  more  than  100  feet,  according  to 
Rudolphi.  Head  generally  small — from  *5  mm.  to  ‘8  mm. — slightly  ex- 
panded ; suckers  a little  salient,  oval,  opening  elongated  and  turned  outwards. 
Neck  very  short  or  nul.  Anterior  part  of  the  strobila  filiform.  First  seg- 
ments very  short ; the  others,  longer,  are  always  broader  than  they  are  long, 
their  breadth  attaining  16  mm.  in  the  last  segments,  which  are  very  thick. 
The  ova,  cuboid  or  globular,  from  50  to  90  in  diameter. 

2.  Taenia  alba  ( Moniezia  alba  Perr.). — This  species  was  distinguished  from 
the  preceding  by  Perroncito.  It  is  -6o  metre  to  2 -50  metres  long.  Head  larger, 
measuring  1*15  mm.  to  1*40  mm.  broad  ; suckers  hemispherical,  and  opening 
obliquely  forwards  and  outwards.  Neck  short,  but  distinct.  Segments 
thicker,  longer,  and  narrower  than  in  T.  expansa,  and  sometimes  longer  than 


350 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


they  are  broad,  though  rarely  attaining  more  than  io  mm.  to  12  mm.  in 
breadth.  The  ova  are  48  n to  58  n broad. 

3.  Taenia  planissima  ( Moniezia  pianissimo,  Stiles  and  Hassall). — Length 
1 to  2 metres  ; tint  yellowish.  Head  nearly  square,  from  o'8  mm.  to  o'9  mm. 


Fig.  185. Ovum  of  the  Tcenia  ex- 

pansa,  completely  developed  ; mag- 
nified about  550  diameters. — 
Moniez. 

eb,  hexacanthus  embryo  ; ed" , pyri- 
form apparatus  formed  by  the  in- 
ternal delaminated  layer  ; cd,  ex- 
ternal delaminated  layer  ; ry,  granu- 
lar mass  arising  from  cd,  and  carried 
by  the  horns  of  the  apparatus  ; vt, 
vitelline  vesicles  ; mvt,  vitelline  mem- 
brane. 

in  which  T.  expansa  appears  to 
Sheep  are  reported  to  have  suffer 


broad  ; suckers  with  slightly  elongated 
openings.  Segments  always  broader 
than  long,  longer  than  thick ; the  ripe 
segments  measure  from  12  to  26  mm. 
broad  by  1 mm.  to  175  mm.  long, 
generally  very  thin  and  translucid. 
Eggs  63  n in  diameter. 

These  three  species  are  easily  dis- 
tinguished from  one  another  : M. 

planissima  by  the  thinness  of  its  ripe 
segments  ; M.  expansa  by  its  very 
short,  broad  and  thick  segments  ; and 
M.  alba  by  its  relatively  narrow  and 
long  segments.  These  taeniae  are  not 
confined  to  cattle.  M.  expansa  appears 
to  be  more  frequent  in  Sheep  than  in 
bovines,  and  it  is  also  found  in  the 
Goat  and  in  some  wild  ruminants. 
M.  alba  is  common  in  the  Ox  in  Italy, 
where  it  has  also  been  found  in  the 
Sheep  by  Perroncito  ; Moniez  has  ob- 
served it  at  Lille,  and  Railliet  at 
Alfort,  in  the  Ox  ; while  Blaize  has 
sent  us  several  specimens  from  an  Ox 
in  Algeria.  M.  planissima  is  a para- 
site of  Sheep  and  cattle. 

These  Taeniae  inhabit  the  small 
intestine,  and  no  trouble  in  the 
digestive  functions  of  cattle  has 
been  ascribed  to  them ; but  Villar 
has  mentioned  the  case  of  a Cow 
have  induced  serious  colic  ; and 
;d  from  the  presence  of  this  worm. 


Trematodes. — Only  a single  species  of  Trematode  has  been  found  in  the 
intestine  of  the  Ox.  This  is  the  Amphistomum  tuberculatum  Cobb.,  met  with 
in  cattle  in  India  along  with  the  Amphistomes  of  the  rumen.  There  is  no 
occasion  to  allude  to  the  Bilharzia,  the  ova  of  which  may  be  found  in  the  sub- 
stance of  the  more  or  less  altered  intestinal  mucous  membrane  (see  Hcema- 
tozoa). 


Nematodes. — The  Calf  Ascarid  (A  scans  vitulorum  Goeze)  is  of  a reddish- 
white  colour,  and  has  a transparent  integument  when  in  the  fresh  state.  The 
head  is  small  and  distinct,  and  has  the  lips  enlarged  at  the  base,  constricted 
in  their  anterior  two-thirds,  their  free  margin  being  markedly  denticulated. 
The  posterior  extremity  is  terminated  by  a kind  of  conical  point.  The  male 
is  1 5 cm.  to  20  cm.  long,  exceptionally  26  cm.  The  caudal  papillae  form  two 
irregular  rows — very  lateral — of  10  to  15  each,  all  pre-anal.  The  female 
is  22  cm.  to  30  cm.  long  ; the  vulva  is  situated  towards  the  anterior  sixth  of 
the  body.  The  ova  are  75  /jl  to  80  //.  in  diameter. 


The  Ascaris  vitulorum , rare  in  adult  animals,  is  somewhat  common 
in  the  calf — especially  in  the  South  of  France.  In  1712,  Vallisnieri 
ascribed  to  this  worm  an  epizooty  among  calves  in  the  neighbour- 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


35i 


hood  of  Padua,  to  which  animals  sometimes  succumbed  ; their 
flesh,  it  appears,  acquired  a very  bad  odour.  The  parasite  is  very 
frequently  seen  in  calves  killed  for  veal  in  Toulouse,  and  sometimes 

it  is  counted  by  hundreds  and 
even  thousands,  in  the  intes- 
tine, being  also  met  with 
occasionally  in  the  abomasum. 
Local  inflammations  of  the 
intestinal  mucous  membrane 
are  noted  in  these  cases,  and 
they  may  give  rise  during  life 
to  colic,  and  exceptionally 
to  rupture  of  the  organ. 
Descomps  has  reported  an 


Fig. 


186. — Tcenia  expansa 
size. — Railliet. 


[Fig.  187. — Cephalic  extremity  of 
L'>  Tania  expansa  ; magnified  forty 
diameters. 


natural 


Fig.  188. — Lateral  third  of  a seg- 
ment of  Moniezia  planissima, 
showing  the  arrangement  of  a 
genital  spot ; magnified  fifteen 
diameters. 


352 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


instance  of  this  accident,  in  which  the  intestine  contained  15  litres 
of  Ascarides. 

To  expel  the  Ascarides  of  the  calf,  Guittard  recommends  the 
administration  in  the  evening  after  feeding, 
of  8 to  12  grammes  of  rectified  empyreu- 
matic  oil  in  a mucilaginous  emulsion,  and 
next  morning  a purgative  of  sulphate  of 
soda.  The  worms  will  be  expelled  in  bundles 
in  the  course  of  the  day. 


Strongylus  ventricosus  (Rud.). — Body  filiform. 
Head  small  and  slightly  winged ; no  buccal  papillae. 
Integument  streaked  by  14  longitudinal  ridges, 
five  of  the  largest  being  on  each  of  the  surfaces 
dorsal  and  ventral,  and  two  smaller  on  each  side. 
Male  6 mm.  to  8 mm.  long  ; caudal  pouch  broad, 
and  obscurely  trilobate.  Female  11  mm.  to  12  mm. 
long  ; vulva  situated  behind  the  middle  of  the 
body,  and  surrounded  by  a cutaneous  enlargement, 
from  which  is  derived  the  specific  name.  This 
worm  inhabits  the  small  intestine  of  Cattle  and 
the  European  Deer.  No  morbid  influence  is  attri- 
buted to  it.  In  consequence  of  its  smallness,  it  often  escapes  notice. 

(Esophagostomum  inflatum  (Sch.). — Mouth  circular,  with  a prominent 
rim  having  six  papillae.  Anterior  extremity  provided  with  an  ample  trans- 


Fig.  189.  — Cephalic  ex- 
tremity of  T cenia  alba  ; 
magnified  twenty  dia- 
meters. 


B 


c 


Fig.  190. — Anterior  extremity  of 
the  Ascarid  of  the  Calf. 

A,  seen  in  front  ; magnified 
twenty  diameters.  B,  dorsal  view, 
and  C,  lateral  view  ; magnified  thir- 
teen diameters. 


Fig.  1 91. — Caudal  extremity  of 
the  male  Strongylus  ventricosus  ; 
magnified  150  diameters. — 
Railliet  (inedited). 


parent  cutaneous  enlargement,  immediately  followed  by  two  lateral  mem- 
braneous wings,  which  are  traversed  by  two  papillae.  Male,  14  mm.  to  15  mm. 
long,  with  caudal  pouch  faintly  trilobate.  Female,  16  mm.  to  20  mm.  long  ; 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


353 


vulva  situated  a little  in  front  of  the  anus,  and  surrounded  by  a ring  (Railliet) . 
This  species,  which  inhabits  the  large  intestine  of  the  Ox,  has  been  removed 
from  the  genus  Strongylus,  and  placed  in  the  genus  ( Esophagostomum  by  Railliet. 

Anchylostomum  radiatum  (Rud.). — Was  found  by  Rudolphi  in  the  duo- 
denum of  a calf.  The  male  measures  about  1 5 mm.,  and  the  female  25  mm. 

Trichocephalus  affinis  (Rud.). — So  called  by  reason  of  its  resemblance  to 
the  Trichocephalus  of  Man  (Tr.  dispar  Rud. — Fig.  162),  this  species  has  the 
head  sometimes  furnished  with  two  transparent  vesicular  enlargements  in 
the  form  of  wings.  The  marginal  papillae  of  the  longitudinal  band  are  larger 
than  the  others.  The  male  and  female  measure,  each,  6 cm.  to  8 cm.  long. 
The  spicule  of  the  male  is  very  long,  and  its  sheath,  which  is  very  long  also, 
is  studded  with  triangular  spines,  the  points  of  which  are  posterior  (Fig.  193). 


The  Trichocephalus  affinis  inhabits  the  large  intestine — and  par- 
ticularly the  caecum — of  bovines  ; but  it  is  more  rare  in  the  Ox 
than  in  the  Goat,  and  especially  the  Sheep.  In  general,  it  attaches 
itself  very  firmly  to  the  mucous  membrane  ; but  it  causes  no  trouble. 
Leuckart  has  remarked  that  the  ova  of  this  species,  when  kept  in 
a damp  place,  develop  their  embryos  in  a variable  period,  according 
to  the  season  ; but  it  may  be  several  months  in  cold  weather. 

23 


354 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


When  these  ova  are  swallowed  by  Sheep,  they  are  transformed 
into  young  parasites,  which  are  adults  in  about  sixteen  days.  The 
investigations  of  Grassi  have  placed  beyond  doubt  the  fact,  that 
this  development  does  not  require  an  intermediate  host. 


Fig.  193. — Trichocephalas  afjinis  ; largely  magnified  specimens. — Delafond. 

lb  A,  male ; B,  female : c,  cephalic  extremity ; i,  intestine ; a,  anus ; t,  testicle ; 
vs,  seminal  vesicle ; g,  sheath  of  the  spicule ; ov,  ovary ; v,  vulva ; C,  ovum ; 
magnified  200  diameters. 


Other  Nematodes. — Von  Linstow  again  mentions — no  doubt  following  Leidy 
— the  Filarici  papillosa  Rud.,  and  Trichina  spiralis  Owen,  as  being  found  in 
the  intestine  of  Bovines  ; but  there  is  certainly  an  error  with  regard  to  the 
first  parasite,  and  the  second  could  only  be  found  after  infestation  experiments 
on  cattle  with  trichinous  flesh. 

Dreschler  has  found  beneath  the  intact  mucous  membrane  of  the  intestine 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


355 


of  aa  Ox — the  other  organs  of  which  were  healthy — about  450  nodules  the 
size  of  a pin’s  head  to  that  of  a pea,  the  majority  of  which  had  undergone 
caseous  degeneration.  Spherical  in  shape  and  well  defined,  they  were  com- 
posed of  strong  fibrous  tissue,  and  each  contained  an  undetermined  Nematode 
or,  rather,  a larva — about  1 mm.  long,  which  had  two  conical  cephalic  papillae. 
These  were  probably  the  larvae  of  a Strongylus. 


Article  III. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Sheep. 

Fungi. — The  Sacchavomyces  guttulatus  Robin  has  been  found  by  Remak  in 
the  intestinal  mucus  of  the  Sheep,  as  in  the  Ox. 

Infusoria. — Grassi  has  discovered  in  the  intestine  of  the  Sheep  the  Lamblia 
intestinalis  (Blanchard)  which  has  been  very  often  seen  in  Man,  and  which  is 
very  common  in  the  Muridae — Rats,  Mice,  Meadow-Mice. 

Coccidia. — First  noted  by  Rivolta  (1874),  by  Leuckart,  then  by  C.  Curtice 
and  by  McFadyean,  intestinal  Coccidiosis  of  the  Sheep  has  been  well  studied 
by  Moussu  and  Marotel,  and  it  would  appear  that 
these  various  observations  refer  to  the  same  para- 
site Coccidium  Faurei  (Moussu  and  Marotel).  The 
lesions  are  variable.  Sometimes  they  take  the 
form  of  scarcely  prominent  whitish  spots  formed 
by  enlarged  villi  of  which  the  epithelial  cells  are 
hypertrophied,  and  contain  one  or  several  coccidia 
from  18  to  21  /x  long  by  15  to  16  fi  broad  (Curtice, 

Stiles). 

Sometimes  there  are  found  pear-shaped,  reddish, 
tumour-like  bodies,  two  or  three  times  larger  than 
an  oat  grain,  and  produced  by  an  irregular  hyper- 
plasia of  the  mucous  membrane  including  both 
the  villi  and  the  glandular  stratum  ; the  epi- 
thelial cells  enclose  coccidia  of  various  ages, 
which,  when  mature,  measure  20  /x  long  by  14  /x 
broad  (McFadyean). 

In  the  contents  of  the  inflamed  intestine 
Mazzanti  has  found  coccidia  from  30  to  50  /x  long 
by  14  to  28  n broad. 

In  the  observations  of  Moussu  and  Marotel  the 
largest  coccidia  of  the  intestinal  contents  were 
42  [x  long  by  30  fx  broad.  In  an  ovine  cocci-  Fig.  194. — Cephalic  ex- 
diosis.  Nocard  found  on  the  surface  of  the  tremity  of  Moniezia 

mucosa  of  the  small  intestine  some  nodules  from  Benedeni,  magnified 

the  size  of  a pea  to  that  of  a nut  due  to  an  forty-five  diameters, 
hypertrophy  of  the  mucosa  ; the  epithelial  cells 

of  the  villi  and  of  the  glandular  culs-de-sac  contained  coccidia  from  10  to  12  /x 
long  by  7 to  9 ju  broad,  probably  different  from  Coccidium  Faurei,  notwith- 
standing the  analogy  between  the  lesions  of  this  coccidiosis  and  that  which 
McFadyean  has  observed. 

Cestodes. — The  Sheep  is — after  the  Dog — the  domesticated  animal  which 
most  frequently  harbours  cestodes.  Twelve  distinct  species,  all  unknown 
in  their  cystic  form,  have  been  described.  Of  these  one,  Tcenia  Vogti  (Moniez), 
which  is  only  known  by  a headless  fragment,  need  not  be  further  mentioned. 
The  eleven  other  species  belong  to  the  anoplocephaliens  sub-family  of  the 
Tseniadae,  and  are  characterized  by  the  head  being  destitute  of  rostrum  and 
hooks,  segments  compact,  broader  than  long,  a transverse  uterus  and  an 
-embryo  furnished  with  a pyriform  apparatus.  The  anoplocephalinae  of  the 
Sheep  belong  to  three  genera  : Moniezia  R.  Bl.,  Thysanosomum  Dies.,  and 
Stilesia  Raill. 

A.  Moniezia. — Genital  pores  double,  uterus  double.  1.  M.  ( Tcenia ) ex- 
pansa.  2.  M.  ( Tcenia ) planissima,  and  3.  M.  ( Tcenia ) alba  are  the  same 
species  as  those  met  with  in  the  intestine  of  the  Ox.  4.  M.  trigonophora 

23—2 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


35<5 


(Stiles  and  Hassall)  is  allied  to  the  preceding  species.  5.  M.  Benedeni  (Moniez) 
is  difficult  to  distinguish  from  other  species  of  Moniezia.  6.  M.  Neumanni 
(Moniez)  does  not  exceed  50  to  70  cm.  ; the  anterior  extremity  of  the  chain 
is  very  slender,  filiform  ; the  broadest  segments  are  only  8 mm.  by  1*5  mm. 


Fig.  195. — Segments  of  the  anterior 
region  of  the  Thysanosomum  actini- 
oides ; magnified  ten  diameters. 
Railliet  (inedited). 


Fig.  196. — Lateral  portion  of  the  last 
segments  of  the  Th.  actinioides  ; 
magnified  ten  diameters. — Railliet 
(inedited). 


long.  7.  M.  Nullicollis  (Moniez)  is  about  40  cm.  long,  has  segments  immedi- 
ately behind  the  suckers  ; the  broadest  segments  are  8 mm.  by  1 mm.  long. 

B.  Thysanosomum. — Genital  pores  double  or  irregularly  alternate  ; uterus 
single,  transverse,  with  oviferous  sacs  in  the  form  of  asci. 

8.  Th.  actinioides  (Diesing)  genital  pores  double,  segments  cut  into  long 


Fig.  197. — Two  segments  of  Thysanosomum  Giardi  ; magni- 
fied twenty  diameters. — Rivolta. 

t,  testicles  ; pc,  pouch  of  the  cirrus  ; c,  cirrus  ; v,  vagina  ; 
rs,  seminal  reservoir  ; u,  trace  of  the  uterus ; vit,  vitel- 
logens. 


Fig.  198. — Trans- 
verse section  of^a 
segment  of  the  Th. 
Giardi,  showing 
the  arrangement  of 
the  ovigerous  cap- 
sules ; magnified 
forty  diameters. 


fringes  at  their  posterior  border.  9.  Th.  Giardi  (Moniez)  Genital  pores  irregu- 
larly alternate,  some  times  double  ; segments  not  fringed  ; length  2 metres 
and  more. 

C.  Stilesia. — Body  narrow  (2  to  4 mm.  broad)  ; genital  pores  irregularly 
alternate  ; transverse  uterus,  without  oviferous  sacs. 

10.  St.  globipunctata  (Rivolta). — A very  delicate  diaphanous  worm,  45  cm. 
to  60  cm.  long.  Head  '5  mm.  to  1 mm.  broad  ; suckers  directed  forward. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


357 


No  neck.  The  mature  segments  are  2 mm.  broad,  and  £ to  f millimetre 
long.  Testicles  lateral,  and  external  to  the  longitudinal  canals.  Genital 
pores  single  in  each  segment,  and  irregularly  alternated.  Each  segment  has 
a double  uterus,  which  appears  to  the  naked  eye  or  hand-lens  as  two  longi- 
tudinal series  of  opaque  points,  doubled  outwardly — an  the  anterior  part  of 
the  strobila — by  the  spermiducts,  the  middle  line  of  the  strobila  remaining 
transparent.  Ova  globular,  from  15  n to  21  //  in  diameter,  and  a pyriform 
apparatus  without  horns. 

11.  St.  centri punctata  (Rivolta). — Head  from  1*5  mm.  to  2 mm.  broad. 
Length  of  strobila  275  to  2-85  metres.  The  head  is  succeeded  by  a narrower 
portion,  in  which  the  segments  are  faintly  marked  by  fine  transverse  stria- 
tions.  At  a decimetre  from  the  head — where  their  width  varies  from  2 mm. 
to  4 mm. — the  segments  are  remarkable  for  their  relative  dimensions,  being 
the  more  narrow  and  thick  as  they  are  posterior — the  last  are  scarcely  more 
than  1 mm.  broad,  but  they  are  very  thick.  Their  length  is  always  incon- 
siderable, but  increases  from  before  to  behind — varying  from  to  £ of  a 
millimetre.  The  genital  pores  are  single  in  each  segment  and  irregularly 
alternated  ; they  are  little  apparent,  and  open  in  the  middle  of  one  of  the 
sides.  The  testicles  are  symmetrical,  and  situated  within  the  longitudinal 
canals.  In  the  centre  of  each  segment  in  the  posterior  moiety  of  the  strobila, 
the  naked  eye  can  detect  a slightly  prominent  white  spot  formed  by  the 
uterus.  Ova  few  in  number  in  each  segment,  globular,  from  21  n to  24  /x 
in  diameter,  and  a pyriform  apparatus  destitute  of  horns. 

The  twelve  species  of  tseniadae  of  the  Sheep  are  easily  distinguished 
by  referring  to  the  following  table  : 


M.  expansa. 


M.  planissima. 


M.  trigonophora. 


M.  alba. 


M.  Benedeni. 


M.  Neumanni. 
M.  nullicollis. 
T.  Vogti. 

Th.  Giardi. 


St.  globipunctata. 

St.  centripunctata. 
Th.  actinioides. 


<L> 

s 

QO, 

a ( 


Two 
genital 
pores  in 
each 
segment. 


Suckers 
in  the 
form  of 
a slit. 


('Last  segments  very 
thick,  all  broader 
than  long,  may 
attain  16  mm.  in 
breadth  - - - - 

Last  segments  short, 
^ thin,  translucent, 

from  16  to  22  mm. 
broad  - - - - 

Last  segments  very 
thick,  nearly  as 

A neck.  I long  as  broad  16 

mm.  in  breadth  - 
Neck  short,  segments 
thick,  10  to  12 
mm.  broad  - - - 

Suckers  Neck  nearly  as  broad 
globular  as  the  head,  last 

with  a -v  segments  12  mm. 

round  broad  - - - - 

opening.  Anterior  part  of  the 

chain  filiform,  ripe 
segments  16  mm. 
broad  - - - - 


No  neck 


One 
genital 
pore  in 
each 
segment. 


segments 

always 

broader 

than 

long. 


Ripe  segments  longer  than  broad 
'Ripe  segments  5 to  10  mm. 
broad  -------- 

^Transparent  in 


\ 

Posterior  border  of  segments  fringed 


Ripe  segments  J 
1 to  2 mm 
broad. 


the  middle 
line  - 

Opaque  in  the 
middle  line  - 


358  TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

These  various  Taeniae  are  far  from  having  the  same  importance. 
Thus,  Moniez  has  only  seen  one  T.  Vogti;  and  Rivolta  has  only 
once  met  with  his  T.  ovilla  ( Th . Giardi),  of  which  Perroncito  has 
received  two  examples  ( T . aculeata).  It  is  true  that,  according  to 
Moniez,  this  species  ( T . Giardi ) is  somewhat  common  at  Lille,  but 
it  is  not  believed  to  cause  any  harm  to  the  Sheep. 

Four  St.  centripunctata  were  found  by  Rivolta  in  the  small  intes- 
tine of  an  anaemic  Sheep.  At  the  point  they  occupied,  the  mucous 
membrane  was  partly  red  in  consequence  of  the  hyperaemia  of  the 
villi,  and  partly  pale  or  greyish,  because  of  their  pigmentary 
degeneration.  Matozzi  has  met  with  the  same  species,  but  he  only 
noted  catarrh  of  the  mucous  membrane.  Blaise,  who  has  sent  us 
several  examples  from  Algeria,  does  not  make  any  remark  as  to 
lesions. 

With  regard  to  the  St.  globipunctata , those  which  Rivolta  has 
described  under  the  name  of  T.  ovipunctata  had  their  head  deeply 
buried  in  the  intestinal  mucous  membrane. 
Their  presence  had  brought  about  degeneration  in 
a large  number  of  villi,  irritation  of  Lieberkuhn’s 
glands,  and  the  formation  of  isolated  or  confluent 
inflammatory  nodules,  from  the  size  of  a pea  to 
that  of  a lentil. 

The  other  species  are  broader  and  more 
voluminous,  and  have  a more  important  patho- 
logical role. 

The  Th.  actinioides — first  found  by  Natterer  in 
various  kinds  of  South  American  Deer — is  very 
abundant  in  sheep  in  the  western  plains  of  the 
United  States.  Its  presence  induces  a taeniasis 
little  characteristic — being  simply  a pernicious 
anaemia,  the  same  as  is  so  often  observed  in 
It  has  great  analogies  with  that  attributed,  in 
Europe,  to  M.  expansa,  and  in  the  etiology  of  which  other  species — 
at  least  M.  alba , and  doubtless  also  M.  Benedeni  (which  appears  to 
us  to  be  very  frequent) — may  have  a large  share. 

When  these  taeniae  ( expansa ) are  not  numerous,  they  do  not 
produce  any  appreciable  disorder  in  the  digestive  functions.  But 
it  is  otherwise  in  some  instances — rare  in  France,  but  more  frequent 
in  Germany — in  which,  by  their  number  and  by  their  length,  these 
worms  cause  a serious  epizootic  among  the  lambs  and  year-old  Sheep 
— the  disease  being  known  to  the  Germans  as  the  Bandwurmseuche. 

The  disease  at  first  is  obscure.  There  is  paleness  of  the  skin  and 
visible  mucous  membranes,  the  fleece  is  brittle  and  poor  in  fine 
wool  ; then  follow  emaciation  and  arrested  development,  although 
the  animals  eat  and  drink  more  than  usual.  Soon  various  dis- 
turbances in  the  digestive  functions  are  manifested,  rumination  is 
irregular,  breath  unpleasant  and  nauseous,  colic,  constipation,  and 
distension  of  the  abdomen — either  because  of  the  retention  of  the 
accumulated  faecal  matters,  which  can  be  felt  on  pressing  the 


Fig.  199. — Cephalic 
extremity  of  the 
Stilesia  centri- 
punctata ; mag- 
nified ten  dia- 
meters. 


flocks  of  Sheep. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


359 


abdominal  walls,  or  by  the  gas  that  inflates  the  intestine. 
When  the  defecatory  efforts  are  successful,  the  faeces  are  noticed 
to  be  soft,  mixed  with  a yellowish  mucus,  and  there  are  often  some 
segments  of  M.  expansa.  The  Sheep  become  more  and  more 
emaciated  and  feeble  ; they  can  scarcely  move,  and  follow  the  flock 
with  great  di  Acuity.  They  are  at  times  seized  with  convulsions, 
and  at  last  colliquative  diarrhoea  brings  them  to  the  final  stage  of 
debility  and  cachexia,  in  which — unable  to  rise — they  lie  stretched 
on  the  ground,  and  quickly  perish  from  exhaustion. 

Many  outbreaks  of  fatal  diarrhoea  due  to  M.  expansa  are  on 
record.  In  1855,  Cox  described  one  ; in  1877,  an  enzooty  occurred 
in  Central  Park,  New  York,  in  which  the  intestines  of  lambs  were 
filled  with  Taeniae  fifteen  feet  long,  which  would  fill  a twelve-ounce 
glass  measure.  The  animals  were  for  two  or  three  days  unwell  ; 
they  then  became  affected  with  convulsions,  would  turn  round 
in  a circle,  and  drop  dead.  Cross,  of  Shrewsbury,  in  18 77,  dealt 
with  ‘ scouring  ’ in  lambs,  in  the  semi-fluid  faeces  of  which  were 
innumerable  segments  with  double  sexual  organs  and  unarmed  heads. 
Cobbold  mentions  being  consulted  concerning  loss  from  worms  of 
1,200  out  of  8,000  Sheep,  on  a farm  to  the  north-west  of  Sydney, 
New  South  Wales.  Taeniae  several  fathoms  in  length  were  said  to 
have  been  discovered  in  the  intestines,  together  with  certain 
Nematodes.  And  Gamgee  mentions  that  in  Australia,  especially 
on  overstocked  land,  Taeniae  infest  lambs,  and  give  rise  to  an  enzooty 
that  kills  many.  The  tapeworm  segments  may  often  be  seen  on 
the  washed  soil,  after  a heavy  fall  of  rain.  The  parasites  cause 
pain  and  emaciation,  and  predispose  the  animals  to  other  disorders. 
They  cause  loss  not  only  by  fatalities,  but  by  reduction  in  value 
and  amount  of  fat.  Curtice  observed  young  and  adult  Tapeworms 
in  immense  numbers,  in  87  per  cent,  of  Western  Sheep  and  lambs 
examined  in  Colorado,  United  States  of  America,  in  1887.  The 
Sheep  were  diseased  in  direct  relation  to  the  prevalence  of  the 
parasites,  which  he  thought  were  new,  and  similar  in  species  to  that 
found  in  the  Brazilian  Deer  ; but  which  were  probably  M.  expansa. 
The  outbreak  prevailed  from  Oregon  and  Wyoming  to  Nebraska 
and  Kansas,  the  parasites  being  present  from  May  to  January 
chiefly  in  the  duodenum. 

The  diagnosis,  embarrassing  at  first,  is  decided  by  the  appearance, 
of  the  proglottides  thrown  out  along  with  the  faeces.  In  any  case, 
if  there  is  difficulty  in  deciding  as  to  the  nature  of  the  malady,  the 
doubt  can  be  dispelled  by  killing  a sick  lamb  and  examining  it,  when 
numerous  Taeniae  will  be  found  obstructing  the  intestine.  The  other 
animals  can  then  be  treated  with  certainty. 

Although  this  taeniasis  may  manifest  itself  among  Sheep  kept  in 
the  fold,  yet  it  is  most  prevalent  among  the  young  animals  grazing, 
and  it  is  quite  probable  that  they  take  up  the  M.  expansa  in  its 
cystic  or  larval  form,  with  the  grass  when  at  pasture.  The  disease, 
in  fact,  shows  itself  in  wet  years,  and  in  damp,  marshy  regions, 
conditions  favourable  to  the  preservation  of  the  germs  of  Taeniae. 


360 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Although  lambs  with  the  ewe  are  often  affected — and  in  those  of 
four  weeks  Spinola  has  found  worms  io  metres  long — yet  it  cannot 
be  admitted  that  the  germs  of  the  Tseniae  reach  them  during  foetal 
life,  or  through  the  milk  of  the  ewe,  as  has  been  suggested.  It  is 
more  likely  that  the  young  animals  infest  themselves  in  picking  up, 
here  and  there,  some  stalks  of  herbage  in  the  pastures,  or  directly 
in  some  other  way  not  yet  ascertained. 

It  is  obvious  that  flocks  should  be  kept  away  from  suspected 
pastures.  When  practicable,  infested  pastures  should  be  ploughed 
up,  or  top-dressed  with  sodium  chloride,  sodium  nitrate,  lime,  gas 
lime,  or  any  other  substance  likely  to  destroy  the  germs  at  a period 
when  these  are  on  the  ground,  and  the  faeces,  with  ova  and  worms, 
should  be  destroyed  by  burning  or  other  means. 

Treatment  is  only  likely  to  be  of  avail  before  cachexia  has  set  in. 
Each  animal  should  receive  a teaspoonful  of  Chabert’s  empy- 
reumatic  oil  (oil  i part,  oil  of  turpentine  3 parts),  with  25  to  35 
centigrammes  of  tartar  emetic  ; later,  every  day  there  should  be 
given  15  grammes  of  tansy-root  for  six  or  seven  days.  Ziirn 
recommends  picrate  of  potash  in  doses  of  *6  to  1*25  grammes  in  pill 
every  day,  a purgative  being  given  afterwards. 

The  comparative  experiments  of  Hartmann  show  that  kamala  is 
an  excellent  taenifuge  for  the  Sheep.  He  prescribes  a dose  of 
3*50  grammes,  suspended  in  water,  and  repeated  once  at  four  hours’ 
interval.  Philippi  has  made  trial  of  picrate  of  potash,  areca-nut, 
the  ethereal  extract  of  male  shield-fern,  and  kamala,  and  gives 
preference  to  the  two  latter  remedies.  He  administered  the  first 
(male  fern)  in  3 and  4 gramme  doses,  and  the  second  (kamala)  in 
5 and  6 gramme  doses,  giving  a dose  of  castor-oil  three  hours  after- 
wards. Mojkowski  considers  naphthalin  superior  to  kamala  as  a 
taenifuge  ; he  gives  it  in  1 gramme  doses  twice  a day  for  a week, 
terminating  the  treatment  with  a sulphate  of  soda  purge. 

Nematodes. — Ascarid  of  the  Sheep  {A scans  ovis  M.  C.  V.).*  This  is 
yellowish-white  in  colour,  and  somewhat  attenuated  at  both  extremities. 
The  head  is  small  ; each  lip  has  finely  denticulated  borders,  the  superior  lip 
having  two  papillae,  and  each  of  the  others  only  one.  The  male  measures 
7 cm.  to  10  cm.  long,  and  2 mm.  thick  ; its  caudal  extremity  has — on  the 
ventral  surface — two  rows  of  45  to  50  papillae  each,  three  of  which  are  post- 
anal,  and  one  single  at  the  very  end  of  the  body.  The  female  is  7 cm.  to 
12  cm.  long,  and  of  the  same  thickness  as  the  male  ; the  vulva  opens  towards 
the  anterior  third  of  the  body. 

This  species  was  only  known  by  one  female  specimen  seen  in  the  Vienna 
Museum  by  Diesing,  and  already  mentioned  by  Rudolphi  in  1819,  until  we 
gave  a description  of  it.  It  is  therefore  very  rare.  R.  von  Drasche  con- 
siders as  belonging  to  a different  species  two  females  found  in  a Sheep  by 
Kobl,  but  in  a bad  state  of  preservation. 

Strongylus  filicollis  (Rud.). — A white  or  rose-white  filiform  worm.  The 
integument  is  marked  by  eighteen  longitudinal  ridges.  Head  very  small, 
and  margined  by  two  little  membraneous  wings.  Male,  8 mm.  to  15  mm. 
long,  with  bilobate  caudal  pouch.  Female,  16  mm.  to  24  mm.  long,  with  the 
anterior  portion  very  thin,  and  its  posterior  part  short  and  somewhat  ex- 
panded (hence  the  specific  name)  ; vulva  situated  behind  the  middle  of  the 
body. 

* Museum  Caesareum  Vindebonense — Imperial  Museum  of  Vienna. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


361 


The  Strongylus  flicollis  inhabits  the  small  intestine,  particularly  the  duo- 
denum of  the  Sheep  and  Goat.  Railliet  has  found  it  in  the  abomasum  of  the 


Sheep,  in  company  with  the  Strongylus 
contortus,  with  which  it  appeared  to  play 
the  same  part.  The  small  intestine  may 
contain  myriads  of  this  parasite,  as 
Railliet,  and  probably  Chedhomme,  has 
remarked.  By  its  presence  it  may  set 
up  irritation  in  the  mucous  membrane, 
and  by  the  blood  it  abstracts  will  induce 
pernicious  anaemia.  Curtice  says  it  is 
frequent  in  autumn  and  winter  in  the 
United  States  of  America  ; but  it  does 
not  appear  to  be  blamed  for  any  serious 
damage. 

Wedl  has  described,  under  the  name 
of  Trichosomum  papillosum,  a Nematode 
that  he  has  found  in  considerable 
numbers  in  the  intestine  of  a Sheep  ; 
but  Curtice  remarks  that  it  was  prob- 
ably a young  Strongylus  plicollis. 

Strongylus  ventricosus  (Rud.). — This 
parasite  of  the  Ox’s  intestine  has  also 
been  found  in  that  of  the  Sheep  by 
Curtice. 


A 


Fig.  200. — Anterior  extremity  of 
the  Ascarid  of  the  Sheep  ; magni- 
fied thirty  diameters. 


A,  anterior  surface  ; B,  dorsal  sur- 
face ; C,  ventral  surface. 


(Esophagostomum  venulosum  (Rud.). 

— Mouth  circular,  and  surrounded  by  a raised  ring  that  has  six  papillae.  The 
neck  is  marked  by  an  ovoid  enlargement  ; and  a little  behind  this  are  two 
lateral  papillae,  and  behind  these,  again,  is  the  commencement  of  two  mem- 
braneous wings.  Male, 

± j ujxii.  lv  a w mm.  mug  , 

caudal  pouch  slightly  trilo- 
bate, and  broader  than  it  is 
long.  Female,  23  mm.  to 
24  mm.,  vulva  situated  a 
little  in  front  of  the  anus. 

This  Nematode  has  been 
more  especially  found  in  the 
Goat,  in  which  it  is  rare. 

Railliet  discovered  it  in  the 
Sheep,  Chabin  (long-woolled 
Sheep  of  Berry,  France), 
and  Roe-deer,  and  he  con- 
siders as  belonging  to  the 
same  species  two  female 
Nematodes  which  Carita 
found  in  the  intestine  of 
a Sheep,  along  with  Scler- 
ostomum  hypostomum  and 
Anchylostomum  cernuum. 

CEsophagosto  me  of 
Columbia  ( (Es . Columbianum 
Curtice).  — Body  a little 
attenuated  from  before  to 
behind.  Mouth  circular, 
sustained  by  a horny  ring, 
armed  with  two  crowns  of 
teeth — of  which  the  internal 

are  the  smallest — and  surrounded  by  a cutaneous  ring  on  which  are  six 
pointed  papillae.  This  ring  is  succeeded  by  a slight  elongated  constriction. 


Fig.  201. — Caudal  extremity  of  the  male  Stron- 
gylus filicollis  ; magnified  150  diameters. 


362 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


terminated  by  another  ring  at  the  ventral  transverse  slit.  Towards  the 
anterior  fourth  of  the  oesophagus  are  two  opposed  papillae,  and  at  the  anterior 
quarter  of  the  body  are  two  narrow  wings  on  each  side.  Male,  12  mm.  to 
15  mm.  long;  caudal  pouch  slightly  sinuous  and  shallow,  with  its  ribs 
arranged  as  in  (Esophagostomum  dentatum  (Fig.  210).  Female,  14  mm.  to 


Fig.  202. — Cephalic  extremity  of  Fig.  203. — Caudal  extremity  of  the 
the  Strongylus  contortus  ; mag-  male  (Esophagostomum  venulosum  ; 

nified  forty  diameters. — Railliet  magnified  one  hundred  diameters. — 

(inedited).  Railliet  (inedited). 

18  mm.  long  ; vulva  situated  a little  in  front  of  the  anus.  Eggs  ovoid,  and 
90  n long  by  50  fx  broad. 

■ This  species — which  is  closely  related  to  the  CEs.  dentatum  of  the  Pig — is, 
according  to  Curtice,  frequent  in  adult  Sheep  in  the  Southern  United  States, 
and  is  more  particularly  observed  in  the  autumn  and  winter  ; it  does  not  cause 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


363 


any  trouble  except  when  in  great  numbers.  The  symptoms  have  nothing 
characteristic,  and  are  those  of  insidious  anaemia  slowly  leading  to  marasmus. 
This  CEsophagostome  is  found  in  the  adult  state  in  the  caecum  and  first  portions 
of  the  large  colon.  But  it  appears  more  frequently  in  the  larval  condition — ■ 
3 mm.  to  4 mm.  long,  and  lodged  beneath  the  mucous  membrane  in  tumours 
varying  in  size  from  that  of  the  head  of  a pin  to  that  of  a hazel-nut,  each  of 
them  containing  only  one  worm.  The  mucous  membrane  is  sometimes  so 
studded  with  these  tumours  that  great  inconvenience  is  experienced  in  pre- 
paring the  intestine  for  sausage-making. 

Sclerostomum  hypostomum  (Duj.). — Body  white,  filiform,  cylindrical,  and 
rigid.  Head  globular,  slightly  curved  and  obliquely  truncated  towards  the 
ventral  surface  ; mouth  furnished  with  a double  row  of  narrow,  sharp^teeth, 
and  surrounded  by  six  papillae.  Male,  10  mm. 
to  20  mm.  long  ; caudal  pouch  short,  obliquely 
cut,  and  campanuliform.  Female,  13  mm.  to 
23  mm.  long  ; tail  often  encrusted  with  a dark 
yellow  substance,  and  terminating  in  a sharp 
point  curving  upwards  ; vulva  situated  a little 
in  front  of  the  anus.  This  worm  is  common 
in  the  large  intestine  of  the  Sheep  and  Goat. 

Carita  accuses  it — as  well  as  the  next  species 
— of  causing  fatal  anaemia  in  a Sheep,  the  intes- 
tinal mucous  membrane  of  which  was  covered 
with  red  punctures.  Friedberger  and  Frohner 
also  state  that  the  Sclerostomum  hypostomum 
may  induce  slight  colic,  and  that  at  the  autopsy 
they  have  seen  the  small  intestine  strewn  with 
minute  punctiform  haemorrhages,  the  intestinal 
contents  being  the  colour  of  chocolate.  Accord- 
ing to  the  observations  of  Railliet,  the  ova 
undergo,  externally,  modifications  very  similar 
to  those  which  have  been  indicated  for  the 
Sclerostomes  of  the  Equidae.  There  is,  there- 
fore, reason  to  believe  that  the  Scl.  hypostomum 
is  also  ingested  as  an  embryo,  in  the  water 
drunk  by  Sheep  and  Goats. 

Anchylostomum  cernuum  (Crep.).  — Body 
yellowish  or  reddish,  rigid,  and  attenuated  at 
the  extremities.  Head  thin  and  raised  behind. 

Mouth  circular  and  opening  into  an  ovoid  buccal 
capsule  armed  with  four  teeth — two  on  each 
side,  the  base  of  which  is  imbedded  in  the 
capsule,  and  the  free  extremity  is  curved  hook- 
like towards  the  interior  of  the  cavity  ; the  two 
ventral  teeth  are  strong,  the  dorsal  ones  narrow  ; 
the  dorsal  rib  also  buries  its  conical  point  in 
the  capsule ; lastly,  the  armature  is  completed 
by  the  two  deep  ventral  lancets.  Male,  15  mm. 
to  18  mm.  long;  caudal  pouch  deep  and  infundibuliform.  Female,  20  mm. 
to  28  mm.  long  ; vulva  placed  a little  in  front  of  the  middle  of  the  body 
(Railliet).  This  species  fives  in  the  small  intestine,  and  sometimes  in  the 
large  intestine,  of  the  Sheep  and  Goat. 

Trichocephalus  affinis. — This  parasite  has  been  already  described  (p.  353) 
among  the  entozoa  of  the  Ox,  in  which  it  is  more  rare  than  in  the  Sheep.  Its 
pathological  effects  are  unknown,  and  probably  they  are  insignificant ; though 
Simonds  states  that  when  a number  of  Sheep  suffer  at  the  same  time  from 
diarrhoea  with  much  mucus,  and  their  appetite  is  increased,  the  disease  is 
generally  due  to  this  worm. 

Strongyloides  longus  (Grassi  and  Segre). — Grassi  has  discovered  in  the 
intestine  of  a Sheep,  a species  of  Angiostome  nearly  identical  with  the  in- 


Fig.  204. — Sclerostomum 
hypostomum.  , 

A,  male  and  'female ; 
natural  size.  B,  ^cephalic 
extremity,  lateral  1 view  ; 
magnified  fifty  diameters. — 
Railliet. 


364 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


testinal  Angiostome  of  Man  (see  p.  328),  but  of  larger  size.  The  female  measures 
6 mm.  long.  The  body  is  a little  attenuated  in  front,  and  terminates  behind 
by  a round  conical  tail,  which  may  be  even  a little  dilated  at  its  extremity. 
The  triangular  mouth  has  three  small  lips,  and  opens  into  an  almost  cylindrical, 
long  oesophagus,  which  is  continued  by  the  intestine  without  marked  tran- 
sition. The  vulva  is  situated  in  the  posterior  third  of  the  body. 

This  species  may  have — like  that  of  Man — a free  generation,  if  the  larvae 
are  kept  at  a temperature  above  250  (Cent.).  But  while  among  the  worms 
which  have  reached  maturity  there  are — with  the  strongyloides  mtestinalis — 
about  one  male  to  eight  females,  nearly  all  here  are  females,  which  rarely 
show  ova  in  process  of  segmentation,  and  larvae  resulting  from  free  generation 
have  not  yet  been  seen.  In  addition,  the  mature  strongyloid  of  the  Sheep  is 
much  smaller  than  that  of  Man.  The  chief  difference  between  the  two  species 


Fig.  205. — Anterior  extremity  of 
Anchylostomum  cernuum,  lateral 
view;  magnified  150  diameters. — 
Railliet. 


Fig.  206. — Anterior  extremity  of 
A nchylostomum  cernuum,  dorsal 
view;  magnified  150  diameters. — 
Railliet. 


is  that,  in  the  strongyloides  intestinalis,  the  intestinal  form  is  derived  in- 
differently either  from  the  larvae  of  the  Angiostome  transformed  external  to 
the  human  body,  or  from  larvae  emanating  from  a free  generation  ; while  in 
the  Strongyloides  longus  this  second  mode  of  reproduction  is  doubtful,  or  at 
least  very  rare.  This  latter  species  causes  no  particular  trouble  in  Sheep. 


Article  IV. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Goat. 

Cestodes. — Rudolphi  gave  the  provisional  name  of  Tcenia  caprce  to  frag- 
ments of  tape-worms  without  a head  which  had  been  found  in  the  ileum  of  a 
Goat.  It  is  probably  one  of  the  species  of  Moniezia  which  live  in  the  intestine 
of  the  Sheep.  Apart  from  this  exceptional  instance,  all  the  Taeniae  met  with 
in  the  Goat  have  been  classed  with  M.  expansa,  which  has  already  been 
described  among  those  of  the  Ox  and  Sheep.  In  some  exceptional  cases,  this 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


3^5 


worm  may,  by  its  accumulation,  cause  accidents  similar  to  those  we  have 
seen  it  produce  in  the  Sheep.  The  same  remarks  and  treatment  will  therefore 
apply  to  it. 

Nematodes. — Five  species  of  Nematoda  have  been  noted  in  the  intestine 
of  the  Goat  ; they  have  also  been  seen  in  the  Sheep,  and  are  : Strongylus 
filicollis,  (Esophagostomum  venulosum,  Sclerostomum  hypostomum,  Anchylosto- 
mum  cernuum,  and  Trichocephalus  affinis.  There  is  nothing  to  add  to  what 
has  been  said  about  these  parasites  in  the  Sheep. 


Article  V. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Pig. 

The  Pig  affords  asylum  to  a large  number  of  intestinal  parasites — 
a circumstance  readily  explained  by  the  diversity  and  frequent 
impurity  of  its  food.  But  it  offers  the  remarkable  and  inexplicable 
peculiarity  that,  up  to  the  present  time,  no  adult  form  of  Cestode 
has  been  discovered  in  it. 

Tardieu  has,  however,  observed  in  a Pig  symptoms  of  epilepsy 
which  disappeared  on  the  adoption  of  anthelmintic  treatment. 
The  animal  passed  ‘ a considerable  quantity  of  worms,  which 
appeared  in  pellets  at  the  anus,  and  amongst  them/  says  that 
authority,  ‘ I recognised  portions  of  the  solitary  worm  (taenia), 
which  I suspected  to  be  the  principal  cause  of  the  disease.’ 

The  majority  of  the  intestinal  parasites  of  the  Pig  are  Nematodes, 
though  it  is  possible  there  may  also  be  present  Distomes — Distomum 
hepaticnm  and  D.  lanceolatum — which  have  escaped  from  the  bile 
ducts  into  the  digestive  canal. 

Protozoa. — Independently  of  a Trichomonas  that  Kunstler  has 
met  with  in  the  intestine  of  the  Pig,  there  is  very  often  found  in  the 
rectum  of  this  animal  a ciliated  Infusorian  of  the  order  of  Hetero- 
tricha — the  Balantidium  coli  (Stein). 

Coccidia. — Rivolta  attaches  to  Coccidium  Zurni  the  coccidia 
found  by  Zurn  in  the  intestine  of  a young  Pig  which  had  succumbed 
to  an  enteritis,  and  which  had  come  from  a farm  where  many  other 
pigs  had  died  at  short  intervals  (Rabbet). 

Acanthocephala. — The  Pig  and  wild  Boar  are  the  natural  hosts 
of  the  best  known  species  of  this  order — the  Echinorhynchus  gigas 
(Goeze) — which  is  also  found  in  the  collared  Pecari  ( Dicotyles 
torquatus  or  Tajayu)  and  striped  Hyaena. 

The  giant  Echinorhynchus  is  a cylindro'id  worm,  often  expanded  at  several 
points  in  its  length,  of  a milky-white  tint,  sometimes  shaded  with  green  or 
violet,  irregularly  wrinkled  transversely,  and  attenuated  behind.  The 
anterior  extremity  consists  of  an  almost  globular  proboscis,  garnished  with 
five  or  six  transverse  rows  of  hooks  curved  backwards,  and  irregularly  arranged 
in  quincunx  (like  a chess-board).  The  male  is  6 cm.  to  9 cm.  long,  and  3 mm. 
to  5 mm.  broad  ; it  has  a campanuliform  caudal  pouch.  The  female  is  20  cm. 
to  35  cm.  long,  and  the  posterior  part  of  the  body  is  obtuse.  The  ova  are 
oblong,  almost  cylindrical,  and  provided  with  three  envelopes,  in  which  the 
embryo  appears  several  days  after  the  eggs  have  been  -laid.  It  has  the  shape 
of  a truncated  cone,  and  being  longer  than  the  egg,  its  tapering  extremity  is 
folded  up  in  the  shell  ; the  anterior  part  has  four  hooks  similar  to  those  of 
the  armed  Taeniae,  and  several  other  smaller  ones. 


366 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


In  the  adult  state,  this  worm  infests  the  small  intestine,  and  par- 
ticularly the  duodenum — rarely  the  large  intestine.  It  is  found 
floating  in  the  fluid  contents  of  the  canal,  or  more  frequently  it  is 
fixed  to  the  mucous  membrane  by  its  proboscis,  the  anterior  part 
being  turned  towards  the  stomach. 

Its  presence  causes  a variable  degree  of  irritation  at  the  points 
where  it  attaches  itself.  It  may  bury  itself  more  or  less  deeply  in 
the  mucous  membrane,  penetrating  as  far  as  the  muscular,  and  even 
the  serous,  coat,  or  entirely  perforating  the  wall  of  the  intestine 
and  opening  the  peritoneal  sac,  thereby  setting  up  fatal  peritonitis. 
Most  frequently,  however,  the  lesions  are  limited  to  a number  of 
small  tumefied  wounds,  the  size  of  a pin’s  head  ; or  there  are  salient 
cicatrices,  which  would  indicate  that  the  worm  often  changes  its  hold. 

According  to  Kocoureck,  the  intestine  which  harbours  the 
Echinorhynchus  looks  pearly  white  externally,  but  its  walls  contain 


Fig.  20 7. — Cephalic  extremity  of  Fig.  208.  — Giant  Echinorhynchus, 
the  Giant  Echinorhynchus ; magni-  male,  fixed  to  the  intestine  of  the 
fied  ten  diameters. — Railliet.  Pig  ; natural  size. — Railliet. 

abscesses  the  size  of  a hempseed,  encircled  by  a red  areola,  in  the 
centre  of  which  is  the  proboscis  of  the  Worm.  At  other  points  the 
mucous  membrane  is  of  a slate-grey  colour,  thickened,  and  covered 
with  exudate.  The  more  or  less  complete  perforations  in  the  wall 
of  the  intestine  are  often  so  numerous  as  to  render  them  useless 
in  the  manufacture  of  sausages. 

When  the  worms  are  numerous  in  the  intestine,  they  cause 
marked  disturbance  in  nutrition.  Friedberger  and  Frohner  give 
the  following  symptoms  : ‘ Loss  of  appetite,  constipation,  restless- 
ness ; the  animals  paw  and  burrow,  and  apply  the  snout  or  teeth 
against  the  abdomen  ; emaciation  increases  ; there  are  convulsions 
and  epileptiform  spasms  ; with  young  Pigs  death  may  ensue  in 
three  or  four  days.  Frequently  the  malady  assumes  an  epizootic 
form.  A diagnostic  element  might  be  found  in  a microscopical 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE  367 

examination  of  the  faeces,  which  should  show  the  ova  of  the  worm, 
in  which  the  embryo  is  not  yet  present. 

The  giant  Echinorhynchus  is  common  in  France  and  Germany  ; 
according  to  Dujardin,  it  has  been  found  in  Vienna  in  about  one  of 
every  four  Pigs.  Cloquet  says  that  the  Limousin  Pigs  killed  in 
Paris  are  more  affected 
than  those  of  the  other 
provinces  Koehler  asserts 
that  these  worms  are  now 
much  more  rare  than 
formerly.  W yman  and 

Leidy  have  found  them 
in  Hogs  ii  the  United 
States  of  America.  Ac- 
cording to  Cloquet,  they 
are  more  fre  }uent  towards 
the  end  of  winter  than  at 
any  other  time.  We  have 
never  met  with  them  at 
Toulouse.  Cobbold  says 
that,  fortunately,  they  are 
not  of  frequent  occurrence 
in  England. 

Schneider  states  that 
the  development  of  the 
worm  requires  an  inter- 
mediate host,  and  that 
this  is  the  White  Worm — 
the  larva  of  the  ordinary 
May-bug  ( Melolontha  vul- 
garis). The  ova  of  the 
intestinal  Echinorhynchus 
are  eliminated  with  the 
faeces,  spread  over  the 
ground  or  carried  into  the 
dung  - pit,  and  in  these 
conditions  are  eaten  by 
the  White  Worms,  and 
hatched  in  their  intestines ; 
the  embryos  bore  through 
the  walls  of  these  by  means  pIGi  209. — Echinorhynchus  gigas,  female; 
of  their  hooked  proboscis,  natural  size.— Railliet. 

and  making  their  way  into 

the  abdominal  cavity,  become  encysted  there.  In  this  state  they 
remain  during  the  existence  of  the  larva,  and  even  after  its  meta- 
morphosis into  the  perfect  insect.  If  the  Pig  devours  these  White 
Worms,  or  the  May-beetles,  the  cyst-membrane  is  dissolved  in  its 
intestines,  the  young  Echinorhynchus  is  set  free,  attaches  itself  to 
the  mucous  membrane,  and  gradually  acquires  its  complete  develop- 


368 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


ment.  The  researches  of  Lespes  had  long  before  revealed  the 
necessity  of  an  intermediate  host  ; he  had  caused  the  ova  of  Ech. 
gigas  to  be  hatched  in  the  intestine  of  several  species  of  gasteropod 
molluscs — Helix  pomatia , H.  hortensis,  Limax  maximus,  Avion  rufus ; 
and  had  found  a larva  in  the  liver  of  a helix.  What  militates  against 
Schneider’s  opinion,  is  the  fact  that  the  larva  of  the  May-beetle  is 
essentially  phytophagous — it  lives  only  on  roots,  and  is  not  found  in 
manure-pits.  Perhaps  Kaiser  has  indicated  the  real  intermediate 
host  ; for,  according  to  him,  the  ovum  of  the  Ech.  gigas  thrown  out 
on  the  ground  with  the  excrement  of  the  Pig,  is  swallowed  by  the 
larva  of  the  common  rose-chafer  ( Cetonia  aurata) ; the  embryo  then 
bores  through  the  shell,  which  has  been  softened  by  the  gastric  juice, 
passes  through  the  cuticle,  and  stops  at  the  subjacent  muscular 
layer,  where  it  pursues  its  evolution  (Blanchard). 

As  there  is  little  information  with  regard  to  the  pathological 
effects  of  the  Echinorhynchus,  we  are  still  less  advanced  as  to  the 
medicaments  to  be  employed  against  it ; but  it  would  be  useful 
to  try  experiments  with  those  drugs  prescribed  for  the  other  entozoa. 

It  may  be  mentioned  that  Leuckart  states  that  Echinorhynchus 
gigas  only  appears  in  those  swine  which  have  been  fed  in  the  open 
air. 

Nematodes. — The  Ascarid  of  the  Pig  ( Ascaris  suis  Go eze — Figs. 
1 19,  122)  bears  such  a close  resemblance  to  the  Ascarid  of  Man 
(A.  lumbricoides  Linn. — Figs.  157  to  159)  that  several  authorities — 
Leuckart,  Schneider — consider  they  both  belong  to  the  same  species, 
the  first  being,  at  most,  only  a variety. 

Like  the  other,  this  has  a milky-white,  or  reddish,  firm,  elastic  body  ; the 
head  is  small  ; the  three  lips  denticulated,  the  upper  having  a papilla  at 
each  of  its  inferior  angles,  the  two  others  only  one  at  the  middle  of  their  base. 
The  male  is  15  cm.  to  17  cm.  long,  and  about  3 mm.  thick  ; the  caudal  end  has 
68  to  75  papillae,  7 of  which  are  post-anal.  The  female  is  20  cm.  to  25  cm.  long, 
and  about  5 mm.  in  diameter  ; the  vulva  is  situated  towards  the  anterior 
third,  in  the  middle  of  an  annular  constriction.  The  ova  are  66  /x  long,  with  a 
foveolated  shell.  According  to  Dujardin,  Walter,  and  Baillet,  this  species  is 
distinguished  from  A.  lumbricoides  by  being  thinner,  the  longitudinal  striae 
closer,  spicules  less  sharp  and  flatter,  longer  uterus  more  doubled,  and  smaller 
ova. 

This  worm  infests  the  small  intestine  of  the  Pig,  and  is  not  very 
common  ; though  it  is  sometimes  in  sufficiently  large  number  to 
cause  obstruction  and  colic. 

(Esophagostomum  dentatum  (Rud.,  (Es . subulatum  Molin). — Body  white  or 
greyish-brown,  straight,  and  attenuated  at  both  extremities.  Mouth  circular, 
placed  in  the  centre  of  a horny  ring  furnished  with  a crown  of  bristles,  and 
surrounded  by  a transparent  cutaneous  ridge  on  which  are  six  sharp  papillae. 
This  circular  ridge  is  succeeded  by  a constriction,  which  is  followed  by  an 
ovoid  cutaneous  enlargement — well  defined  posteriorly — at  a slit  that  occupies 
the  whole  breadth  of  the  ventral  surface.  Two  papillae  opposite  each  other 
are  seen  in  the  posterior  quarter  of  the  oesophagus.  Male,  8 mm.  to  12  mm. 
long  ; caudal  pouch  campaniform  and  rounded,  with  a small,  faintly  marked 
middle  lobe.  Female,  12  mm.  to  15  mm.  long  ; caudal  extremity  subulated  ; 
vulva  situated  a little  in  front  of  the  anus,  and  surrounded  by  a raised  ring. 
This  species  inhabits  the  intestine  of  the  Pig,  Wild  Boar,  and  white-lipped 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


369 


Pecari.  In  the  Pig  it  is  most  frequently  found  in  the  caecum  and  colon  ; 
Baillet  has  met  with  it  several  times  in  the  small  intestine.  Little  is  known 
of  its  pathogenic  action. 

Globoeephalus  longemucronatus  (Mol.). — ‘ Male,  7 mm.  long  ; caudal  pouch 
slightly  trilobate ; posterior  ribs  tridigitated,  middle  and  anterior  ones 
doubled.  Two  spicules.  Female,  8 mm.  long ; caudal  extremity  has  a 
conical  point  ending  in  an  elongated  mucrone.  Found  by  Wedl  in  the  small 
intestine  of  the  Pig  ’ (Railliet). 

Trichocephalus  crenatus  (Rud.). — This  species  has  often  been  confounded 
with  the  Trichocephalus  of  Man — Tv.  dispar  Rud.  But  it  is  more  especially 
distinguished  from  it  by  the  special  features  in  the  sheath  of  the  spicule,  which 
is  garnished  with  short  blunt  spines,  thinly  scattered,  especially  behind,  where 
they  disappear  ; the  point  of  the  spicule  is  rounded.  The  male  is  40  mm.,  and 
the  female  45  mm.  long.  This  worm  inhabits  the  large  intestine  of  the  Pig. 
An  experiment  made  by  Leuckart  shows  that — as  with  the  Tr.  affinis — if  the 
ova  of  the  Tr.  crenatus  containing  well-formed  embryos  are  introduced  into 
the  digestive  canal  of  the  Pig,  they  are  developed  directly,  and  become 
individuals  which  have  acquired  the 
adult  form  in  about  four  weeks.  It 
is  probable  that  infestation  usually 
takes  place  through  drinking  water. 

The  Tr.  crenatus  does  not  induce  any 
appreciable  derangement  in  digestion. 

Trichina  spiralis  (Owen). — To 
attain  the  adult  state,  this 
species  has  to  pass  through  the 
digestive  canal  of  warm-blooded 
animals,  and  of  these  the  Pig 
is  the  most  important.  This 
parasite  will  be  dealt  with  in 
detail  when  we  come  to  treat  of 
trichinosis,  in  studying  para- 
sitism of  the  muscles. 


Fig.  2 10. — Caudal  pouch  of  the  CEsopha- 
gostomum  dentatum ; magnified 
ninety-three  diameters.  — After 
Schneider. 

p,  posterior  ribs  ; pe,  external  ribs  ; 
m,  middle  ribs  ; ae,  antero-external 
ribs  ; a,  anterior  ribs. 


Strongyloid  of  the  Pig  ( Strongyloides 
suis  Lutz). — This  representative  of 
the  family  of  Angiostomidae — already 
observed  by  Leuckart  and  Grassi — 
has  been  more  recently  studied — 
though  still  in  a very  incomplete 

manner — by  Lutz.  According  to  him,  the  Strongyloid  of  the  Pig  is  a distinct 
species  to  that  of  Man  and  the  Sheep.  While  the  size  is  different,  the  ova  of  the 
intestinal  generation  of  the  Strongyloid  of  the  Pig  cannot  be  hatched  except 
outside — a considerable  difference,  which  should  be  verified.  Otherwise,  in 
localities  where  the  Strongyloid  of  Man  is  very  common — as  in  Brazil — Lutz 
has  remarked  that  this  of  the  Hog  is  very  rare,  notwithstanding  the  chances 
of  infestation  to  which  that  animal  is  exposed,  from  the  absence  of  latrines, 
its  free  life,  etc. 

Independently  of  the  few  details  given  above  with  regard  to  each 
of  the  species  of  intestinal  Nematodes  of  the  Pig,  it  may  here  be 
stated,  in  a general  manner,  that  they  have  been  accused  of  keeping 
their  host  in  a state  of  great  emaciation,  inducing  a violent  cough, 
and  a vague  restlessness,  that  betrays  itself  by  the  Pig  wandering 
here  and  there  without  any  apparent  motive,  as  well  as  by  cries, 
convulsions,  etc.,  symptoms  of  the  colicky  pains  it  experiences. 

24 


370 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  Ascarides  have  been  more  especially  blamed  for  provoking 
this  morbid  condition. 

Pigs  affected  with  intestinal  helminthiasis  are  treated  with  the 
various  medicaments  already  indicated  for  the  other  species,  and 
particularly  with  decorticated  castor-oil  seeds.  The  dose  of  this 
for  the  adult  Pig  is  8 grammes,  mixed  with  the  food,  and  is  most 
suitable  for  the  Ascarides.  Benzine,  io  to  20  grammes,  mixed  in 
the  food  or  in  pills  ; or  picrate  of  potash,  20  to  50  centigrammes, 
given  in  a mucilaginous  decoction  or  meal  and  water,  are  recom- 
mended by  Ziirn  against  the  (Esophagostomum  dentatum.  To  expel 
the  giant  Echinorhynchus,  Kocoureck  has  obtained  good  results 
from  the  administration  of  the  oil  of  turpentine — a teaspoonful  for 
a dose  ; then  a purgative  of  sulphate  of  magnesia  10  grammes, 
aloes  5 grammes 


B 


Article  VI. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Dog. 

Infusoria. — The  Lamblia  intestinalis  Blanch.,  a Flagellate  found  by  Grassi 
in  the  intestine  of  the  Sheep,  has  also  been  discovered  by  him  in  the  intestine 
of  the  Dog. 

Coccidia. — The  intestinal  Coccidium  of  the  Dog  ( Coccidium  bigeminum 
Stiles)  first  seen  by  Virchow  and  rediscovered  by  Railliet  and  Lucet  is  common 

in  the  Dogs  of  Europe,  but  it  appears  to 
have  only  an  insignificant  influence  on 
their  health  and  is  met  with  in  healthy 
dogs,  and  in  those  which  have  died  from 
various  diseases. 

The  C.  bigeminum  has  an  ellipsoid  shell, 
slightly  asymmetrical,  very  thin,  with  a 
double  contour  and  contents  varying 
according  to  the  phase  of  development. 
It  is  also  met  with  under  identical  condi- 
tions in  the  Cat  (C.  bigeminum  var.  cati) 
and  in  the  Polecat  (C.  bigeminum  var. 
putorii).  The  C.  bigeminum  var . canis 
measures  12  //  to  15  n long  by  7 /x  to  10  /x 
broad. 

It  lives  in  the  interior  of  the  intestinal 
villi,  and  not  in  the  epithelial  cells.  These 
coccidia  are  generally  arranged  two  by 
two,  indicating  a longitudinal  division 
(Stiles). 


Fig.  21 1. — Coccidium  bigeminum, 
from  the  intestinal  villi  of  the 
Dog  ; magnified  650  diameters. 
— Railliet. 

A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  the  coccidia,  show- 
ing progressive  division  of  the 
central  nucleus  ; F,  G,  H,  I,  iso- 
lated coccidia  ; G,  with  granular 
protoplasm  ; I,  seen  at  one  of  the 
poles  ; H,  with  four  fusiform 
spores ; J,  two  coccidia  in  the  same 
envelope. 

Helminthes  in  the  Dog.  He 


CE3TODE3. — Of  all  the  domesti- 
cated animals,  the  Dog  is  by  far 
the  most  frequently  infested  with 
intestinal  parasites.  Of  500  Dogs 
examined  by  Krabbe  at  Copenhagen, 
336 — or  67  per  cent. — had  intestinal 
entozoa.  Schone  has  also  published 
interesting  information  as  to  the 
frequency  and  the  distribution  of 
has  found  them  in  53  per  cent,  of 
sporting  Dogs  ; in  67  per  cent,  of  butchers’  Dogs  ; in  40  per  cent. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


3 7i 


of  watch  Dogs  ; in  72  per  cent,  of  harness  Dogs  ; in  57  per  cent, 
of  Sheep  Dogs  ; and  in  70  per  cent,  of  pet  Dogs.  The  number  of 
them  is  sometimes  considerable,  and  they  may  belong  to  extremely 
varied  species  ; but  the  most  frequent  are  the  Taeniae. 

The  Dog  is,  in  fact,  the  favourite  host  of  Tape-worms  ; for  in 
two-thirds  of  those  which  we  have  examined  after  death,  we  found 
these  parasites  in  more  or  less  considerable  numbers — sometimes, 
indeed,  in  such  quantities  as  to  excite  wonder  at  the  persistent  good 
health  of  the  animals.  Ziirn  relates  having  found  137  Tape- worms 
in  the  intestines  of  a Dog  ; they  belonged  to  three  distinct  species, 
and  weighed  altogether  375  grammes.  The  researches  of  Krabbe 
prove  how  frequent  these  entozoa  are  in  this  creature.  What  is  of 
most  interest,  is  the  fact  that  these 
Cestodes  require  an  intermediate  host 
in  order  to  effect  their  evolution,  and 
that  for  the  majority  of  them  this 
host  is  one  of  the  domesticated 
herbivora — Sheep,-  Ox,  Goat,  Horse, 


Fig.  212. — Head  of  Tcz.iia  serrata,  seen  Fig.  213. — Hooks  of  Tcenia  serrcita  ; 
three-quarters  face,  and  magnified.  magnified  250  diameters. — Railliet. 

A,  large  hook.  B,  small  hook. 

and  Rabbit,  or  the  Pig,  or  even  Man.  In  their  cystic  form,  and 
when  developing  in  organs,  they  sometimes  cause  very  grave 
maladies,  such  as  ‘ gid  ’ in  Sheep,  echinococcosis  in  the  other 
species  or  in  Man — only  to  mention  the  most  important.  It  is  this 
which  makes  the  Dog  an  obnoxious  animal,  and  one  that  yields  us 
troublesome  compensation  for  his  services.  Therefore  it  is  that  those 
administrative  measures  which  are  directed  towards  pleasure  Dogs, 
with  a view  to  limit  their  number,  should  be  favourably  received. 

Eight  species  of  Taeniae,  and  five  or  six  species  of  Bothriocephalus 
of  the  Dog,  have  been  described.  But  they  are  far  from  having 
the  same  frequency  and  importance,  and  they  may  all  be  found 
in  the  intestines  of  the  same  animal. 

Taeniae. — Of  the  eight  species  of  Taeniae,  six  belong  to  the  group  of 
Cystotaenians  (see  p.  323)  ; they  are  : Tcenia  serrata  Goeze,  T.  mar- 

2\ — 2 


372 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


ginata  Batsch,  T.  Krabbei  Moniez,  T.  ccenurus  Kiich.,  T.  serialis 
Baillet,  and  T.  echinococcus  Siebold.  One — Dipylidium  caninum 
(L.),  T.  cucumerina  Bloch — represents  the  Dipylidinae  ; and  another 
— the  Mescocestoides  lineatus  (Goeze) — is  separated  from  all  the  other 
species  of  the  genus  by  very  special  characters,  with  reference  to  the 
arrangement  of  its  sexual  organs. 

The  Cystotaenians  which  infest  the  Dog  always  have  the  head  provided  with 
a proboscis  or  rostellum,  which  is  itself  armed  with  hooks.  The  latter  comprise 


Fig.  214. — Tcenia  serrata  ; natural 
size. 


Fig.  215. — A mature  segment  or  joint  of 
Tcenia  serrata  ; magnified ^three  dia- 
meters. — Railliet. 

c,  vas  deferens  or  coiled  spermiduct ; 
v,  vagina  ; m,  body  of  the  uterusj  bm, 
branches  of  the  uterus. 


Fig.  216. — Ova  of  Tcenia  serrata. — 
Railliet.* 


* A,  ovum  surrounded  by  the  vitelline'  membrane,  and  still  containing  the 
vitelline  masses  ; B,  ovum  freed  from  its  accessory  parts. 

a free  portion  or  blade  in  the  form  of  a sickle,  the  convexity  being  antero- 
external  and  the  point  turned  outwards  and  backwards  ; so  that  when  im- 
planted in  the  intestinal  mucous  membrane  it  concurs  in  fixing  the  Taenia. 
This  blade  is  prolonged  by  a handle  directed  forwards  and  inwards,  and  to 
which  are  attached  the  contractile  fibres  of  the  rostellum.  The  point  of  union 
of  blade  and  handle  is  marked  on  the  concave  side  by  an  apophysis — guard, 
tooth,  heel  or  hypomochlion — that  also  serves  for  the  insertion  of  muscular 
fibres.  These  hooks  are  arranged  in  two  crowns  or  concentric  rows,  the 
central  area  of  which  is  occupied  by  the  summit  of  the  rostellum.  They  are 
unequal  in  size,  and  are  distinguished  as  large  and  small  ; these  are  alternate. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


373 


and  in  this  manner  form  two  rows,  disposed  in  such  a fashion  that  the  small 
hooks  stand  slightly  higher  than  the  large  ones — the  points  of  both  being 
pretty  well  on  the  same  circular  level.  The  cephalic  expansion  is  always  suc- 
ceeded by  a constricted  portion  or  neck,  the  first  rings — joints  or  segments — 
of  which  only  appear  at  some  millimetres  from  the  head. 

1.  Taenia  serrata  (Goeze). — From  "50  m.  to  2 m.,  but  generally  1 metre  long. 
Head  a little  broader  than  the  neck  ; 34  to  38  hooks,  the  largest  of  which  are 
from  230  /x  to  260  n,  with  the  handle  cylindrical,  thick,  and  longer  than  the 
blade — which  is  short  and  wide — while  the  small  hooks  are  125  ft  to  160  ft, 
and  have  a short  handle  with  bifid  guard.  Segments  at  first  narrow  and  much 
shorter  than  they  are  broad,  becoming  square  or  somewhat  longer  than 
broad,  and  showing  their  genital  organs  well  developed  about  the  175th 
segment,  or  25  cm.  to  30  cm.  from  the  head.  Genital  pore  very  prominent, 
causing  the  border  in  which  it  is  placed  to  be  convex,  and  the  proglottis  to 
be  wider  in  its  middle  than  at  its  ends  ; posterior  border  straight  and  angles 
salient,  which  gives  the  strobila  its  saw-like  appearance  ; mature  segments 
from  10  mm.  to  17  mm.  long,  and  4 mm.  to  6 mm.  broad  ; uterus  formed  by  a 
longitudinal,  median,  lengthy  trunk,  having  on  each  side  eight  to  ten  branches, 
each  furnished  with  numerous  irregular  ramifications.  Eggs  ovoid,  36  /x  to 
40  ft  long,  and  31  ft  to  36  ft  broad. 

The  cystic  form  of  this  worm  is  the  Cysticercus  pisiformis  Zeder, 
which  is  frequent  in  the  peritoneal  cavity  of  Hares  and  domesticated 
or  wild  Rabbits.  It  was  with  it  that  Kiichenmeister  made  his  first 
experiments,  in  which  he  demonstrated  the  migrations  and  metamor- 
phoses of  the  Taeniae.  The  Dog  becomes  infested  with  Tcenia 
serrata  in  eating  the  viscera  of  Rabbits  or  Hares  containing  these 
Cysticerci.  When  these  have  reached  the  intestine  of  the  Dog, 
their  caudal  vesicle  contracts  and  becomes  detached  ; the  same 
occurs  with  the  body.  The  scolex  fixes  itself  on  the  mucous  mem- 
brane, and  its  posterior  part  produces — by  incessant  germination — 
new  segments.  Twelve  days  after  their  introduction  into  the 
digestive  canal  of  the  Dog,  the  Taeniae  are  one  to  three  centimetres 
long,  and  in  about  two  months  their  development  is  so  advanced 
that  the  last  segments  are  mature  and  commence  to  be  detached. 
The  ripe  ova  given  to  Rabbits  become  Cysticerci.  It  is,  therefore, 
by  the  proglottides  that  are  expelled  with  the  faeces,  and  the  ova 
which  escape  from  them  and  are  scattered  over  the  grass  or  carried 
by  water,  that  the  Dog  is  the  cause  of  the  introduction  of  this 
parasite  into  the  organism  of  the  Leporidae. 

The  Cysticercus  pisiformis , which  becomes  the  Tcenia  serrata , 
maintains  its  vitality  for  a long  time.  In  the  omentum  and 
mesentery  of  the  Rabbit,  which  have  been  exposed  to  the  open  air — 
along  with  the  intestine — for  more  than  eight  days,  there  are  found 
Cysticerci  that  a e apparently  dead  and  withered,  but  which  will 
promptly  become  reanimated  if  plunged  for  a few  minutes  into 
water  at  a temperature  of  40°  or  50°  C.  (Baillet). 

2.  Taenia  marginata  (Batsch.,  T.  cysticerci  tenuicollis  Leuck.). — This  is  the 
largest  Taenia  found  in  the  Dog.  It  is  1*50  m.  to  2 m.  long.  The  head  is 
scarcely  wider  than  the  neck.  There  are  30  to  44  hooks,  the  larger  of  which 
are  180  /x  to  220  /x,  the  handle  having  undulated,  thin  borders,  and  being 
longer  than  the  blade,  which  is  narrow  ; the  smaller  are  1 10  /x  to  160  /x,  with 
an  elongated  handle  curved  in  the  contrary  direction  to  the  blade,  and  have 
the  guard  entire.  The  segments  are  broader,  and  relatively  shorter,  than  in 


3/4 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


the  preceding  species,  becoming  nearly  square,  and  having  the  genital  organs 
well  developed  at  the  275  th  to  the  300th,  or  about  50  cm.  from  the  head  ; 
genital  pore  slightly  salient ; posterior  border  wavy,  or  a little  crenellated, 
and  received  into  the  succeeding  segment.  Mature  segments  14  mm.  to 
1 6 mm.  long,  and  5 mm.  to  7 mm.  broad  ; uterus  formed  by  a short  median 
trunk,  having  on  each  side  five  or  six — sometimes  eight — branches  deeply 
divided  and  ramified.  Ova  almost  spherical,  and  from  31  /x  to  36  /x  in  diameter. 


Fig.  217. — Tcenia  marginata  ; natural 
size. 


This  worm  — which  is  less 
common  than  Tcenia  serrata, 
comes  from  the  Cysticercus  tenui- 
collis  Rud.,  which  is  found  in  the 
peritoneal,  more  rarely  in  the 
pleural  sac,  and  even  in  the 
pericardium  of  various  animals, 
and  especially  in  the  domesticated 
Ruminants.  The  experiments  of 
Baillet  show  that  the  develop- 
ment of  this  Taenia  is  slower 
than  that  of  T.  serrata.  Two 
months  after  the  ingestion  of 


Fig.  218. — Hooks  of  the  Tcenia  mar- 
ginata ; magnified  250  diameters. 


Cysticercus  ienuicollis  by  a Dog,  the  parasite  is  no  more  than  55  cm. 
to  85  cm.  long,  and  does  not  yet  show  well-formed  genital  organs  ; 
it  is  only  towards  the  fourth  or  fifth  month  that  the  last  segments 
contain  mature  ova,  and  begin  to  be  detached.  Ingested  by  Lambs, 
they  develop  into  the  Cysticercus  ienuicollis,  which,  again,  may 
become  transformed  into  the  Tape-worm  in  the  intestine  of  the  Dog 
more  than  twenty-four  hours  after  the  death  of  its  host  (Baillet). 

3.  Krabbe’s  Taenia  (T.  Krabbei  Moniez).-r-This  species  does  not  belong  to 
our  country.  It  was  obtained  experimentally  by  Moniez,  in  Dogs  which  had 
received  Cysticerci  found  abundantly  in  the  muscles  of  several  Reindeer  that 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


375 


had  died  in  the  Lille  Zoological  Gardens.  The  head  is  larger  than  that  of 
T.  marginata ; it  has  26  to  34  hooks.  Neck  thin  and  short  ; segments 
broader  than  those  of  T.  marginata,  and  all — except  the  last — much  wider 
than  long.  Genital  pore  very  developed,  and  occupying  the  entire  length  of 
the  border  of  the  segment ; the  latter  is  short,  and  is  sometimes  1 mm.  in 
diameter. 

4.  Taeniae  coenurus  (Kiich.). — This  is  a worm  attaining,  and  sometimes 
exceeding — though  rarely — 1 m.  in  length.  Head  small,  and  sensibly  broader 
than  the  neck ; 22  to  32  hooks,  the  largest  of  which  are  1 50  fi  to  170  [z  long,  with 
the  handle  a little  wavy  on  its  borders  and  slender,  and  as  long  as  the  blade, 

which  is  short  and  wide,  and  the 
guard  cordiform  ; the  small  hooks 
are  90  n to  130  /x,  with  the  handle 
attenuated  behind  and  the  guard 
entire.  Segments  narrower  than 
in  the  preceding  species,  becoming 
square,  or  a little  longer  than  they 
are  wide,  with  the  genital  organs 
well  developed  towards  the  125th, 
or  from  1 5 cm.  to  20  cm.  from  the 
head  ; posterior  border  straight, 
angles  salient.  Mature  segments 
10  mm.  to  12  mm.  long,  and 
3 mm.  to  4 mm.  broad  ; uterus 
formed  by  a median  trunk  of 
average  length,  having  18  to  26 
slightly  ramifying  branches.  Ova 
nearly  spherical,  and  31  /x  to  36  /i 
in  diameter. 


Fig.  220. — Hooks  of  the  Tania 
coenurus  ; magnified  250  dia- 
meters. 


The  cystic  form  of  this  Taenia  is  the  Coenurus  cerebralis  Rud.,  which 
is  developed  in  the  cerebro-spinal  cavity  of  the  Sheep — more  rarely 
in  other  domesticated  herbivora — and  causes  the  disease  popularly 
known  as  * gid,’  * turnsick/  etc.  (Fr.  tournis).  The  experiments  of 
Kiichenmeister  first,  and  those  of  Haubner,  Leuckhart,  Bailie t,  etc., 
afterwards,  demonstrated  this  relationship.  ‘ Gid  ’ appears  in 
Lambs  which  have  ingested  the  ripe  segments  of  the  Tcznia  coenurus . 
Inversely,  the  Taeniae  are  Lund  in  Dogs  which  have  swallowed  the 
Coenurus  cerebralis , and  they  are  always  numerous,  the  cystic 


376  TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


being  provided  with  multiple  heads.  The  ‘ gid  ’ has,  there- 
fore, for  its  immediate  cause,  the  ova 
disseminated  by  the  proglottides  expelled 
along  with  the  excrement  on  pasture  on 
which  Sheep  are  grazed.  The  Dog  becomes 
infested  with  the  Taenia  in  eating  the  heads 
of  Sheep  affected  with  ( gid.’  The  scolex 
appears  to  require  two  or  two  and  a half 
months’  sojourn  in  the  intestine  of  the 
Dog,  before  the  posterior  segments  of  the 
taenia  have  attained  complete  maturity. 


5.  Taenia  serialis  (Baillet). — A worm  45  cm.  to 
75  cm.  long.  Head  a little  wider  than  the  neck, 
and  having  26  to  32  hooks,  the  larger  of  which 
are  135/4  to  157  ju  long,  with  the  handle  wavy  on 
its  borders,  and  of  the  same  length — or  a little 
longer — than  the  blade  ; the  smaller  hooks  are 
85  fito  112  n long,  with  the  handle  short  and 
the  guard  bilobate.  Segments  similar  to  those 
of  the  T.  ccenurus,  as  well  in  their  form  as  in 
that  of  the  uterus  ; the  last  of  them  are  8 mm. 
to  16  mm.  long,  and  3 mm.  to  4 mm.  broad,  the  posterior  border  being 
straight.  Eggs  ovoid,  and  34/4  long,  by  27  n wide. 


Fig.  221. — Hooks  of  the 
Tcenici  serialis  ; magnified 
250  diameters. 

A,  large  hook ; B,  small 
hook. 


This  Taenia — which  is  closely  related 
to  T.  ccenurus , has  been  obtained  by 
Baillet,  who  caused  Dogs  to  ingest  the 
Ccenurus  serialis , which  he  found  in 
the  connective  tissue  of  various  parts 
of  the  bodies  of  some  Rodents,  and 
especially  of  warren  Rabbits.  The 
same  authority  and  ourselves  have 
met  with  it  several  times  in  Dogs 
which  had  not  been  experimented 
upon.  The  Ccenurus  is  developed  into 
a Taenia  in  eighteen  to  twenty-four 
hours  after  the  death  of  his  host. 

6.  Taenia  echinococcus  (Sieb.).  — This 
species  is  distinctly  separated  from  all  the 
others,  more  particularly  by  its  small  size. 
The  entire  chain  does  not  exceed  4 mm.  or 


Fig.  222. — Tcenia  echinococcus  ; Fig.  223. — Hooks  of  the  Tcenia  echino- 
magnified. — Perroncito.  coccus ; magnified  500  diameters. 

A,  large  hook.  B,  small  hook. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


377 


5 mm.  in  length,  and  only  comprises  3 or  4 segments,  the  last  of  which 
contains  the  mature  ova.  The  head  has  a double  crown  of  28  to  50  hooks, 
which  differ  but  little  in  size  in  the  two  rows,  and  are  all  remarkable 
for  the  great  development  of  the  guard  ; the  larger  hooks  are  22  fi  to  30  \i 
long,  according  to  Leuckart  they  are  40  /x  to  45  /x  ; while  the  small  ones  are — 
after  the  same  authority — 30  n to  38  /x,  though  they  are  given  by  others  as 
18  /x  to  2 2 fi.  Eggs  ovoid,  32  /x  to  36  ft  long,  by  25  /x  to  26  ft  broad. 


This  worm  often  escapes  observation,  in  consequence  of  its  small 
dimensions  ; but  by  close  attention  it  can  be  distinguished  in  the 

form  of  small  yellowish  filaments  ex- 
panded at  one  end,  floating  in  the  fluid 
contents  of  the  intestines,  and  readily 
made  visible  by  opening  the  viscus  and 
immersing  it  in  water.  Its  hydatid 
form  is  the  Echinococcus  veterinorum , 
which  is  found  in  most  of  the  organs  of 
Herbivora,  and  even  of  Man  ; but  it  is 


Fig.  224. — D.  caninum  of  the 
Dog,  small  specimen  ; natural 
size. — Railliet. 


Fig.  225. — D.  caninum. — Railliet. 

A,  head  magnified,  with  the  proboscis 
partially  protruded.  B,  one  of  the  hooks 
of  the  proboscis  ; highly  magnified. 


more  particularly  met  with  in  the  liver  and  lungs  of  Ruminants  and 
the  Pig.  The  experiments  of  Von  Siebold,  Leuckart,  Kiichenmeister, 
and  others,  have  proved  that  the  mature  protoglottides,  ingested 
by  a herbivorous  animal,  cause  it  to  become  infested  with  Echino- 
cocci in  various  organs,  and  that  numbers  of  T . echinococcus  are 
found  in  the  intestines  of  Dogs  that  have  eaten  viscera  infested 
with  the  hydatid.  In  two  or  three  weeks  these  Taeniae  have  already 
two  segments  ; in  about  a month  the  Taeniae  are  fully  formed — the 
last  segment  containing  ripe  ova  ; though  Baillet  has  not  been  able 
to  find  mature  eggs  in  worms  54  days  old. 


378 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


7.  Dipylidium  caninum  (Linn.),  T.  cucumerina  Bloch. — A worm  10  cm.  to 
40  cm.  long,  and  3 mm.  at  its  greatest  breadth.  The  head  is  provided  with  a 
club-shaped,  very  protractile  rostellum,  which  may  be  retracted  into  a pouch 
in  the  centre  of  the  head,  between  four  suckers,  and  is  furnished  with  four 
rows  of  very  small  hooks  in  the  form  of  thorns  of  a rose-bush.  Neck  long  and 
narrow.  The  first  segments  are  narrow  and  trapezoidal  in  shape,  the  others 
longer  than  they  are  wide,  and  like  melon-seeds  in  form  ( cucumis ).  Genital 
orifices  double,  and  opening  towards  the  middle  of  each  side  of  the  segments 
on  a slight  prominence.  Ova  globular,  from  37  fi  to  46  ft  in  diameter,  and 
massed  in  small  groups,  in  round,  special,  and  contiguous  capsules. 

For  a long  time  the  host  of  the  D.  caninum  in  the  larval  state  was 
unknown,  until  one  of  Leuckart’s  pupils — Melnikow,  in  1869, 
discovered  this  larva — Crypto cystis  trichodectis  Villot — in  a cavity 
in  the  body  of  the  Trichodect — Trichodectes  canis — of  the  Dog.  It 
appears  as  a pyriform  body,  *3  mm.  long,  dark-grey  colour,  en- 
veloped in  a thin  membrane,  and  almost  entirely  destitute  of  a caudal 


Fig.  226. — Completely  developed  ovum  of  Fig.  227. — Cysticercoid  ( Crypto - 
the  D.  caninum. — Moniez.  cystis  trichodectis ) of  the  D. 

mvt,  vitelline  membrane  ; cd,  delaminated  caninum.  Leuckart. 
layer  ; eb,  embryo. 

vesicle.  In  its  middle  is  seen  the  retracted  rostellum,  and  on  each 
side  the  invaginated  suckers.  Melnikow  has  succeeded  in  infesting 
the  Trichodectes  by  sprinkling  on  the  skin  of  a Dog — at  a part 
invaded  by  these  insects — the  paste  obtained  by  crushing  ripe 
proglottides.  In  hunting  for  these  parasites  the  Dog  swallows  the 
Cryptocysts  which  the  trichodectes  harbour,  and?  which  are  trans- 
formed into  Taeniae  in  its  intestine,  They  are  rapidly  developed 
there  ; for  in  puppies  ten  days  old  they  are  found  already  measuring 
25  mm.  long,  and  in  those  four  or  five  weeks  old  the  last  segments  of 
the  worm  are  filled  with  ripe  ova.  The  Trichodectes  are  infested  by 
gnawing  the  debris  of  the  Taeniae  attached  to  the  hair  of  the  Dog. 

But  the  Trichodect  is  certainly  not  the  ordinary  intermediate 
host  of  the  D.  caninum , which  is  infinitely  more  frequent  in  the 
Dog  than  the  skin  parasite  ; and  this  fact  has  led  Grassi  to  the  dis- 
covery of  the  first  normal  host  of  this  Cestode.  It  is  the  Dog  Flea 
(Pulex  scrraticeps)  which  plays  this  part  ; for  the  Cryptocysts  are 
found  in  a free  state  in  the  abdominal  cavity  of  this  insect,  which 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


379 


may  contain  fifty  of  them.  In  giving  Dogs  infested  Fleas,  the 
development  of  the  D.  caninum  constantly  follows,  its  dimensions 
being  related  to  the  time  that  has  elapsed  since  ingestion  of  the 
Fleas.  The  experimental  precautions  adopted  by  Grassi  give  every 
guarantee  for  the  soundness  of  his  conclusions.  The  number  of 


infested  Fleas  is  not  always  proportionate  to  that  of  the  D.  caninum 
in  the  Dog,  as  the  insects  pass  very  readily  from  one  host  to  another, 
and  in  this  way  contagion  comes  into  operation. 
/57^v  The  Flea  that  lives  on  Man  ( Pulex  irritans)  may 
\ / also  serve  as  the  intermediary  of  the  same  Taenia. 

It  may  be  mentioned  that  the  discovery  of  Grassi 
has  been  confirmed  by  Sonsino. 


( 


Mesocestoides  lineatus,  Goeze  ( Tcenia  litterata  Batsch). — 
This  Cestode  has  a certain  resemblance  to  D.  caninum  by 
the  form  of  its  segments,  which  are  wider  in  the  middle 
than  at  the  ends.  It  is  slightly  more  transparent,  and  has 
a faint  reddish  tint  along  the  middle  line.  But  it  is  entirely 
different  in  its  organization  from  the  D.  caninum.  Its 
average  length  is  *30  m.  to  '50  m.,  though  it  may  exceed 
2-50  m.  The  head  is  -9  mm.  broad,  and  is  destitute  of 
rostellum  and  hooks  ; its  four  suckers  are  large,  with  a very 
open  longitudinal  slit.  The  genital  pores  are  not  lateral, 
and  are  represented  by  two  small  openings,  situated  nearly 
at  the  middle  of  the  ventral  surface,  and  the  vulva  is  a 


Fig.  228. — Cephalic  ex- 
tremity and  series  of 
segments  of  M.  line- 
atus ; magnified  six 
diameters.  — Krabbe. 


Fig.  229. — Cephalic  ex- 
tremity of  M.  lineatus, 
anterior  aspect ; magni- 
fied fifty-five  diameters. 


Fig.  23Q. — M.  lineatus. 

— Railliet. 

A,  mature  segment, 
magnified  six  diame- 
ters. B,  ova  ; magni- 
fied 300  diameters. 


little  in  front  of  the  male  orifice.  The  genital  organs  appear  on  the  middle 
line  as  a small  opaque  spot,  very  visible  to  the  naked  eye,  and — in  the  mature 
segments,  measuring  3 mm.  long,  and  2 mm.  broad — is  constituted  by  a pyri- 
form vesicle,  situated  near  the  posterior  border  ; this  is  the  uterus,  filled  with 
ovoid  eggs  having  a very  thin  double  envelope,  and  40  fi  to  60  /x  long,  by 
35  fi  to  43  fi  broad. 

Rudolph!  gave  the  designation  of  T.  canis  lagopodis  to  a closely  allied  form, 
found  by  Abilgaard  in  the  Isatis — Canis  lagopus.  Krabbe  has  attributed  to 
this  Arctic  Fox  the  Taeniae  found  in  Dogs  in  Iceland.  Baillet — who  was  the 
first  to  report  this  Tape-worm  in  the  Dog — named  it  T.  pseudo-cucumerina, 


380 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


because  of  its  resemblance  to  T.  cucumerina.  Hamann  classes  with  T.  lineata 
Goeze,  of  the  Wild  Cat,  a very  closely  related  species  expelled  by  a domesti- 
cated Dog.  The  presence  of  four  suckers  brings  these  worms  towards  the 
Taeniae  ; but  the  situation  of  the  genital  openings  allies  them,  on  the 
contrary,  to  Bothriocephalus.  It  is  quite  natural  to  associate  them  in  one 
special  group,  and  Batsch  has  done  so,  naming  them  Tcenice  margaritiferi,  in 
consequence  of  the  uterus  being  flask-  or  pearl- shaped.  They  constitute, 
however,  the  subfamily  of  Mesocestoidince.  All  are  unknown  in  their  cystic 
form. 

The  eight  species  of  Taeniae,  a summary  description  of  which  has 
just  been  given,  are  sometimes  difficult  to  distinguish  from  one 
another — the  first  five  especially.  If  T.  Krabbei  be  excepted — 
because  it  is  not  likely  to  be  observed  in  our  country,  as  it  has  its 
origin  in  the  Reindeer — an  exact  distinction  may  easily  be  arrived 
at  by  referring  to  the  following  table  : 


/ 


'single  < 


Numerous 

proglottides. 

Strobila 

several 

centimetres 

long. 

Small 

hooks 

with 

guard 


Head 
armed. 
Genital  - 
pore 

marginal, 


bifid  ; 
hooks. 


'230  /a  to  260  fl 
long  ; genital 
pore  very  sa- 
lient - - - 

136  /A  tO  I57  /A 

long  ; genital 
pore  not  very 
w salient  - - 


entire  ; 
large 
hooks. 


T80  j u to  220  ju, ; 
length  of  the 
mature  seg- 
ments double 
that  of  their 
width  - - 

150  ju  to  170  /*  ; 
length  of  the 
mature  seg- 
ments treble 
k their  width  - 


T.  serrata. 


T.  serialis. 


T.  marginata. 


T.  ccenurus. 


3 or  4 segments  ; some  millimetres  long  T.  echinococcus. 


^double  and  bilateral 


D.  caninum. 


Head  unarmed;  sexual  orifices  on  the  ventral  surface  - - M.  lineatus. 


The  Taeniae  are  extremely  frequent  in  Dogs,  and  autopsies  which 
do  not  furnish  some  are  almost  rare.  Of  84  Dogs  examined  by 
Bertholus  and  Chauveau,  with  the  object  of  ascertaining  this  fre- 
quency, only  two  had  no  traces  of  Tape-worm. 

But  the  various  species  are  far  from  being  equally  distributed, 
and  the  variation  seems  to  pertain  to  countries. 

At  Lyons,  of  84  Dogs  examined  by  the  two  authorities  we  have 
cited,  23  furnished  Tania  serrata , 11  T.  marginata , only  one  the 
T.  ccenurus , 6 T.  echinococcus,  75  D.  caninum,  and  7 M,  lineatus. 

Zschokke,  at  Zurich,  examined  the  bodies  of  177  Dogs,  and  he 
found  61  of  them — or  34  per  cent. — bearers  of  Taeniae  ; of  these, 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE  381 

38  had  D.  caninum,  9 T.  marginata,  7 T.  echinococcus , 4 T.  serrata, 
and  3 T.  ccenurus . 

In  Schone’s  examination  of  an  average  of  100  Dogs,  he  noted  that 
43  harboured  T.  marginata  ; 40  D.  caninum  ; 24,  T.  serrata  ; 1,  6, 
T.  ccenurus.  Tcenia  serrata  was  most  frequent  in  sporting  Dogs  ; 
T.  marginata  in  butchers’  and  harness  Dogs  ; D.  caninum  in  watch 
Dogs  ; and  Sheep  Dogs  were  the  hosts  of  T.  ccenurus — 7 per  cent. — 
T.  marginata , T.  serrata , and  D.  caninum  ; while  36  per  cent,  of 
pleasure  Dogs  had  T.  marginata  and  D.  caninum,  and  16  per  cent. 
T.  serrata. 

At  Copenhagen,  of  500  Dogs  of  all  sizes  and  ages  which  were 
killed  or  had  died  of  disease,  Krabbe  found  T.  serrata  in  only  1, 
T.  marginata  in  71,  T.  ccenurus  in  5,  T.  echinococcus  in  2,  and 
D.  caninum  in  240. 

These  figures  show  the  generally  greater  frequency  of  D.  caninum, 
which  we  have  also  found  to  be  the  case  at  Toulouse  ; then  comes — 
as  at  Lyons — T.  serrata  ; T.  marginata  is  more  rare  there,  and 
T.  ccenurus  is  still  rarer.  The  rarity  of  T.  serrata  is  also  remarked 
at  Copenhagen,  which  may  be  explained  by  the  fact  that  few 
Rabbits  are  bred  there. 

The  frequency  of  Taeniae  is  also  related  to  that  of  the  Cystic  or 
bladder  worms  infesting  Ruminants  and  Rabbits.  According  to 
Bertholus  and  Chauveau,  the  ‘ gid  ’ of  Sheep  is  altogether  excep- 
tional at  Lyons.  The  M.  lineatus  is  common  at  Toulouse,  and  in 
certain  years  one-third  of  the  Dogs  examined  post-mortem  have  it. 

In  Iceland,  in  93  Dogs,  Krabbe  met  with  T.  marginata  in  75, 
T.  ccenurus  in  18,  T.  echinococcus  in  28,  D.  caninum  in  57,  and 
M.  lineatus  in  21.  The  abundance  of  the  first  three  species  in  that 
island  is  owing  to  the  large  number  of  Sheep  owned  by  the  inhabi- 
tants. The  frequency  of  M.  lineatus  should  also  be  remarked  ; but 
that  of  T.  echinococcus  is  the  most  important  circumstance  in  con- 
nection with  this  question.  The  number  of  Dogs  in  Iceland  is  very 
considerable, *and  as  they  live  in  the  most  promiscuous  manner  with 
Man,  he  is  also  frequently  affected  with  echinococcosis.  It  is 
estimated  that  one-fortieth  to  one-fiftieth  of  the  human  population 
is  the  proportion  of  those  who  pay  tribute  to  the  disease  ; and 
certainly  this  proportion  must  be  much  greater  for  live  stock. 

Thomas  has  also  remarked  on  the  frequency  of  T.  echinococcus  in 
Australia,  he  having  found  it  in  nearly  one  moiety  of  forty  Dogs  he 
examined  ; these  animals  had  been  fed  on  offal  from  slaughter- 
houses, or  on  refuse  flesh.  This  prevalence  of  Tape-worm  in  Dogs 
is  related  to  the  great  frequency  of  Echinococci  in  Man  and  the 
domesticated  animals  in  that  country. 

Several  species  of  Taeniae  may  be  found  together  in  the  intestine 
of  the  same  Dog  ; for  it  is  sufficient  that  the  animal  should  have 
eaten  flesh  containing  the  various  Cystic  forms  from  which  these 
Tape- worms  are  derived. 

The  number  of  individuals  by  which  each  of  these  Taeniae  may 
be  represented  in  the  same  Dog  is  extremely  variable.  Bertholus 


382 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


and  Chauveau  have  found  i to  64  for  T.  serrata , 1 to  7 for  T.  margi- 
nata,  1 for  T.  ccenurus,  1 to  several  thousands  for  T.  echinococcus , 
1 to  more  than  360  for  D.  caninum,  and  1 to  more  than  300  for 
M.  lineatus.  Krabbe  has  also  often  met  with  T.  marginata  alone, 
or  rarely  more  than  2 or  3 specimens  of  it,  or  as  many  as  20,  and 
in  one  instance  24  ; the  number  of  T.  ccenurus  was  usually  below 
10,  often  above  it,  and  as  high  as  30 — in  two  instances  it  was  from 
150  to  180  ; that  of  T.  echinococcus  was  always  considerable — some- 
times enormous  ; while  D.  caninum  was  often  under  10,  but  in  the 
majority  of  instances  it  was  much  more— as  high  as  100,  sometimes 
several  hundreds,  and  once  2,000  ; and  there  were  also,  ordinarily, 
fewer  than  10  of  M.  lineatus , though  in  some  cases  there  were  more — 
sometimes  300  to  400. 

These  numbers,  in  general,  quite  agree  with  the  conditions  per- 
tianing  to  the  origin  of  these  Taeniae  ; for  T.  serrata  is  in  variable, 
and  usually  in  small  number,  as  is  also  the  Cysticercus  pisiformis 
of  the  Rabbit’s  peritoneum,  and  somewhat  in  the  same  proportions  ; 
while  T.  marginata  can  scarcely  be  otherwise  than  in  small  number, 
as  but  few  examples  of  Cysticercus  tenuicollis  are  found  in  the 
peritoneum  of  one  Ruminant.  The  Ccenurus  cerebralis  having 
numerous  scolices  on  the  inner  surface  of  its  vesicle,  T.  ccenurus 
should  therefore  always  be  found  in  troops  ; and  the  divergence 
between  the  induction  and  the  reality  may  be  explained  by  the 
circumstance,  that  the  majority  of  the  scolices  are  already  dead 
when  the  heads  of  the  Sheep  which  had  been  affected  with  * gid  ’ 
are  given  to  Dogs  to  eat.  The  large  number  of  T.  echinococcus  is 
accounted  for  by  the  multitude  of  scolices  that  contain  the  Echino- 
cocci. With  regard  to  D.  caninum , its  numbers  should  be  as  large 
as  the  intestinal  colonies  are  old  ; because  then  the  chances  of 
infestation  of  the  fur  by  the  parasites  are  increased,  and,  conse- 
quently, that  of  the  Dog  itself.  Lastly,  nothing  can  be  said  as  to 
the  M . lineatus,  for  nothing  is  known  as  to  its  larval  condition. 

Notwithstanding  their  extreme  frequency,  the  Taeniae  most 
frequently  have  no  influence  on  the  health  of  the  Dog.  Sometimes, 
nevertheless,  by  their  accumulation,  and  by  the  intestinal  obstruc- 
tion or  invagination  they  cause,  colic  ensues,  or  symptoms  of  chronic 
intestinal  catarrh  are  manifested.  The  appetite  is  very  capricious, 
and  passes  from  extreme  voraciousness  to  absolute  inappetence. 
Growth  is  checked  and  emaciation  becomes  marked  ; young  Dogs 
are  often  uneasy,  the  tail  is  agitated,  they  change  their  resting- 
place  very  frequently,  and  appear  to  be  desirous  of  biting  the  skin 
of  the  abdomen.  Sometimes  they  drag  the  abdomen  along  the 
ground,  cry  or  howl,  are  restless,  run  here  and  there,  and  even  have 
epileptiform  seizures.  After  these  attacks,  they  remain  dull  and 
taciturn,  or  they  resume  their  liveliness  and  normal  state  until  the 
appearance  of  another  crisis  ; and  when  these  attacks  are  very 
frequent,  convulsions  set  in,  with  cataleptic  symptoms,  followed  by 
gradual  sinking  and  death. 

The  existence  of  Tape- worm  is  readily  recognised,  in  nearly  every 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


383 


case,  by  the  presence  of  segments  or  joints  on  the  surface  of  the 
faeces  ; and  often  the  only  symptom  accompanying  this  indication 
is  pruritus,  due  to  the  presence  of  fragments  of  strobila  arrested 
near  the  anus,  which  compels  the  animal  to  rub  this  region  against 
the  ground  in  moving  along  in  an  attitude  altogether  peculiar  and 
characteristic. 

The  nervous  symptoms  that  a Dog  affected  with  t^eniasis  may 
exhibit  have  sometimes  a certain  resemblance  to  those  of  rabies. 
In  1862,  Pillwax  considered  the  T.  echinococcus  as  capable  of 
inducing  rabiform  fits,  by  the  intestinal  pain  it  caused.  He  had 
only  met  with  that  parasite  on  three  occasions,  and  then  in  Dogs 
which  had  been  killed  as  rabid,  and  which,  at  their  autopsy,  showed 
the  same  lesions  as  those  observed  in  Dogs  really  rabid.  In  the 
same  Dog  he  found  millions  of  these  worms  entirely  covering  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  small  intestine,  into  which  they  were 
implanted  by  their  hooks,  and  so  firmly  that  in  attempting  to  pull 
them  off  the  strobila  was  usually  removed,  but  the  head  remained. 
Bollinger  has  published  a similar  observation  ; and  one  of  Leisering’s 
experiments  appears  to  confirm  Pill  wax’s  opinion.  He  gave  a Dog 
a large  quantity  of  Echinococci  taken  from  the  liver  of  an  Ox. 
Six  weeks  afterwards  this  animal  exhibited  symptoms  of  rabies, 
tendency  to  bite,  harsh  and  husky  voice,  refusal  of  food  and  water, 
dulness,  debility,  and  wasting  ; death  occurred  on  the  fifth  day. 
At  the  autopsy,  the  small  intestine  was  observed  to  be  much 
congested,  and  every  part  of  the  mucous  membrane  was  covered 
with  an  immense  number  of  Tape-worms.  But  this  experiment  is 
not  reliable,  as  nothing  is  said  with  regard  to  the  antecedents  of 
the  Dog,  and  proof-tests  by  inoculation  were  not  made — no  more 
than  in  Pillwax’ s cases — in  order  to  ascertain  whether  there  was 
merely  a coincidence  between  the  worms  and  true  rabies  ; because 
similar  symptoms  were  not  noted  in  the  numerous  and  varied 
experiments  made  on  the  development  of  T.  echinococcus  by  the 
ingestion  of  the  hydatids. 

The  facts  collected  by  Cagny  and  Benjamin  are  more  conclusive, 
and  do  not  concern  T.  echinococcus , but  the  large  Tape- worms 
without  distinction  of  species.  The  physiognomy,  and  the  agitated 
condition  of  the  Dogs,  certainly  resembled  rabies,  as  well  as  the 
desire  to  bite  either  people,  straw,  or  other  matters  ; but  one  was 
cured  by  the  administration  of  a vermifuge,  and  at  the  autopsies  of 
two  others  the  intestines  were  obstructed  by  bundles  of  Tape- 
worms. Besides  it  is  well  known  in  human  medicine,  as  well  as 
that  of  animals,  that  lesions  of  the  stomach  or  intestine  may  be 
betrayed  by  different  kinds  of  vertigo  ; but  investigations  are 
required  in  this  direction  to  establish  the  reality  of  the  relations 
between  rabies  and  tseniasis.  An  observation  by  Cadeac — men- 
tioned below — is  very  demonstrative  in  this  respect. 

Waldteufel  has  also  published  an  interesting  case  of  a Dog 
affected  with  a serious  helminthiasic  cachexia — due  to  Ascarides 
and  T tenia  ccenurus — the  animal  also  showing  a circling  movement 


3«4 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


(mouvement  de  manege)  and  rabiform  vertigo.  The  disappearance 
of  these  symptoms  coincided  with  the  evacuation  of  a mass  of 
intestinal  parasites. 

The  autopsies  of  Dogs  attacked  with  taeniasis,  generally  only 
show  the  parasites  lodged  in  the  small  intestine.  According  to  the 
time  that  has  elapsed  since  death,  they  may  have  wandered  more 
or  less  beyond  this,  and  in  small  numbers,  into  the  stomach  or  large 
intestine.  Krabbe  has  always  met  with  the  T . ccenurus , caninum, 
and  lineatus  in  the  posterior  moiety  of  the  small  intestine,  and 
T.  echinococcus  in  the  anterior  moiety.  We  have  made  the  same 
observation. 

Inflammation  of  the  mucous  membrane,  croupal  enteritis 
(Eberth),  invagination,  and  obstruction  by  coils  of  Tape-worms, 
may  be  discovered  ; but  it  is  altogether  exceptional  to  find  perfora- 
tion of  the  intestinal  wall,  though  cases  reported  by  Schieffer decker, 
Cadeac,  and  Lahogue  demonstrate  the  possibility  of  this  lesion 
taking  place. 

The  first  of  these  authorities  found  a prodigious  quantity  of  D.  caninum 
in  the  small  intestine  of  a Dog.  There  was  considerable  hypertrophy  of  the 
papillae  of  the  small  intestine — which  was  very  hyperaemic — and  more  than 
four  or  five  times  the  size  of  normal  papillae.  In  the  layer  of  Lieberkiihn’s 
glands  were  excavations  or  tunnels  running  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  intestine, 
which  contained  segments  of  Taeniae  3 mm.  to  6 mm.  long,  and  2 mm.  to  3 mm. 
broad  ; each  gallery  held  two  or  three  parasites,  but  most  frequently  only  one. 
The  walls  of  these  tunnels  were  formed  by  the  normal  glands  of  Lieberkiihn, 
their  floor  by  widened  and  curved  glands,  and  their  roof  by  hypertrophied 
papillae  fused  together  as  a consequence  of  shedding  of  their  epithelium. 

At  the  autopsy  of  a Dog  which  had  been  killed  after  exhibiting  the  physi- 
ognomy of  rabies,  Cadeac  found  two  Taeniae  ( serrata ) placed,  one  in  the  non- 
inflamed  peritoneum,  the  other  fixed  in  a perforation  of  the  small  intestine, 
its  anterior  extremity  floating  in  the  abdominal  cavity — the  worm  being 
retained  in  the  intestine  by  the  proglottis,  which  could  not  pass  through  the 
opening.  The  fistulous  perforation  was  infundibuliform  at  its  intestinal 
orifice,  and  salient  at  its  peritoneal  opening,  its  walls  being  formed  of  embry- 
onic tissue  at  least  some  days  old.  Inoculation  of  a Rabbit  with  the  medulla 
oblongata  of  the  Dog  had  no  result,  showing  that  it  had  not  been  a case  of  true 
rabies. 

An  anaemic  Dog  having  been  killed  under  suspicion  of  rabies,  Lahogue 
found  in  its  small  intestine  a considerable  quantity  of  T.  serrata,  and  in  the 
duodenum  three  small  perforations  surrounded  by  an  inflammatory  ring,  in 
each  of  which  was  fixed  a Tape-worm,  floating  by  its  free  portion  in  the  peri- 
toneal cavity. 

Caparini  attributed  to  the  presence  of  numerous  D.  caninum,  a violent 
attack  of  enteritis  in  a Dog  which  had  previously  ingested  cystic  Echino- 
cocci ; but  there  is  nothing  here  to  prove  the  noxious  influence  of  the  Taeniae. 

The  Tape-worms  are  not,  therefore,  absolutely  free  from  incon- 
venience to  the  Dog,  and  it  is  advisable  to  free  that  animal  from 
them,  in  order  to  prevent  accidents  which  they  might  occasion  ; 
and  this  is  the  more  to  be  urged  in  view  of  the  possible  infestation 
of  Man  and  the  domesticated  herbivora  by  the  Cystic  or  bladder 
worms  resulting  from  these  Taeniae.  This  recommendation  is 
particularly  applicable  to  Sheep  Dogs  that  go  among  grazing  flocks, 
and  to  those  which — -rare  in  our  country— live  in  such  close  com- 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE  385 

panionship  with  Man,  that  the  proglottides  expelled  along  with 
their  excrements  may  contaminate  the  water  he  consumes. 

The  administration  of  a tseniafuge  should  be  preceded  by  a fast 
for  twenty- four  hours  ; enemas  may  also  be  useful. 

Many  taeniafuges  have  been  proposed  and  employed. 

The  ethereal  extract  of  male  fern  is  certainly  one  of  the  best, 
and  2 to  8 grammes  in  capsule  or  pill  produce  a prompt  result. 
Trasbot  states  that  remarkable  effects  are  obtained  by  mixing  the 
extract  and  the  tincture — 2 to  8 grammes  and  18  to  40  grammes. 
But  this  preparation  has  the  inconvenience  of  being  very  irritating 
to  the  intestine,  and  to  require  the  addition  of  a large  proportion 
of  some  excipient.  An  excellent  mode  of  administration  is  that 
practised  at  the  Toulouse  clinic  ; the  dose  varies  according  to  the 
weight  of  the  animal — about  15  grammes  for  a Setter — and  is  mixed 
with  a dose  of  castor-oil,  which  is  also  proportionate  to  the  weight 
of  the  Dog.  The  evacuation  of  the  Tape- worms  is  almost  certain, 
and  often  takes  place  within  an  hour  after  the  remedy  has  been 
administered. 

Trasbot  also  recommends  birch-seeds  ( graine  de  bouleau ),  given 
in  milk  for  four  or  five  days,  in  doses  of  10  to  50  grammes,  as  an 
excellent  and  perfectly  safe  agent.  Delabere-Blaine  recommends 
oil  of  turpentine,  2 to  4 grammes,  given  in  yolk  of  egg  for  some  days. 

Kousso  is  particularly  serviceable.  It  is  given  in  doses  of  10  to 
30  grammes,  the  flowers  being  pulverized,  and  mixed  with 
35  grammes  of  sugar  in  some  spoonsful  of  infusion  of  t lleul  ; or 
the  flowers  are  infused  for  a quarter  of  an  hour  in  one-fourth  of  a 
litre  of  warm  water,  and  the  whole  is  administered  when  the  animal 
is  fasting.  An  effect  is  produced  in  about  two  or  three  hours. 

Pomegranate-root  bark  is  also  efficacious,  employed  in  doses  of 
. 50  to  150  grammes  in  decoction  with  750  grammes  of  water,  reduced 
to  500  grammes.  Three  doses  of  this  are  given  at  intervals  of  an 
hour.  The  fresh  bark  is  to  be  preferred,  as  being  more  certain. 
Treatment  is  completed  by  the  administration  of  a purgative — 
30  grammes  of  castor-oil — three  hours  after  the  last  dose. 

For  twenty  years  kamala  has  held  an  important  place  among 
taeniafuges,  and  it  is  also  a purgative.  It  is  given  in  3 to  10  grammes 
in  pill,  and  it  may  be  useful  to  repeat  the  dose  two  or  three  days  later. 
Areca-nut  in  powder  is  a good  taeniafuge  for  the  Dog.  The  nut 
should  not  be  more  than  a year  old.  The  powder  is  given  in  doses 
of  2 to  10  grammes,  mixed  with  butter  in  the  form  of  pills.  The 
Taeniae  are  ejected  in  a few  hours  afterwards — rarely  longer  than 
18  hours  ; but  if  no  effect  is  produced  in  about  2 hours,  the  action 
of  the  drug  may  be  expedited  by  a dose  of  castor-oil.  Areca-nut  has 
the  inconvenience  of  being  often  vomited  by  the  Dog. 

Delamotte  has  constantly  obtained  expulsion  of  Tape- worms  by 
the  employment  of  sulphuret  of  calcium,  in  doses  of  1 to  5 grammes 
for  young  Dogs,  3 to  5 for  adults.  A purge  of  castor-oil  is  given  an 
hour  afterwards. 

Powdered  areca-nut  or  ‘ taenaline  ’ is  perhaps  the  most  employed, 

25 


386 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


in  doses  of  15  grains  to  2 drachms — about  2 grains  for  every  pound 
of  the  Dog’s  weight — mixed  in  linseed  oil,  soup,  mucilage,  the 
ordinary  food,  or,  best  of  all,  milk.  Previous  to  the  administration, 
the  bowels  should  be  emptied  by  giving  a simple  laxative,  and  then 
the  animal  should  be  kept  without  food  for  several  hours.  Some- 
times the  areca-nut  powder 
is  combined  with  10  to  15 
minims  of  male  fern  extract, 
and  this  mixture  is  said  to 
be  the  most  effectual  remedy 
for  Tape-worm  in  Dogs.  If 
the  parasites  are  not  removed, 
a second  dose  is  advisable 
several  days  later,  when, 
should  the  results  be  still  un- 
satisfactory, and  the  bowels 
not  much  relaxed,  a moderate 
dose  of  castor-oil  and  buck- 
thorn will  sometimes  bring 
away  worms  that  were  pre- 
viously immovable. 

Bothriocephalus.  — The  best- 
known  species  is  the  Bothrio- 
cephalus latus  (Bremser  — Figs. 
154  to  156,  231  to  235).  It  is  a 
worm  usually  2 m.  to  7 m.  long, 
but  it  may  reach  20  m.  It  is  of  a 
greyish  tint.  The  head  is  oblong, 
lanceolated,  and  unarmed,  and  is 
furrowed  for  nearly  its  entire 
length  by  two  lateral  slits — or 
fossae  — that  play  the  part  of 
suckers.  The  neck  is  scarcely 
marked,  and  the  first  segments 
are  barely  visible,  but  those  that 
follow  are  soon  distinguished  by 
their  length,  which  goes  on  in- 
creasing— though  it  is  always  less 
than  their  breadth,  which  gradu- 
ally attains  2 cm.,  while  the  length 
never  exceeds  4 mm.  to  5 mm. 

When  they  have  reached  com- 
plete maturity,  they  lose  their 
breadth,  and  the  strobila  with 
them  ; at  the  same  time,  they 
diminish  in  length — a modifica- 
tion which  is  due  to  atrophy  of 
the  genital  organs,  and  their  depletion  by  ovulation.  In  fact,  the  segments 
of  the  Bothriocephalus  do  not  separate  from  the  chain  like  those  of  the 
Taeniae,  to  throw  off  their  eggs  by  rupture  of  the  tissues.  There  is  a real 
ovulation  through  an  opening  situated  near  the  middle  of  the  ventral  surface.. 
In  front  of  this  is  seen  a small  tubercle,  on  the  summit  of  which  is  pierced  the 
male  opening,  and,  immediately  behind  it,  the  female  opening.  The  eggs  are 
ovc'id,  operculated,  and  68  n to  71  /j.  long,  by  44  /jl  to  45  fi  broad.  The 
embryo  is  only  developed  after  the  egg  is  laid  ; it  is  hatched  in  water  during 


Fig.  231. — Portion  of  a Bothriocephalus 
latus. After  Leuckart. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


3 87 


several  months.  It  is  globular,  covered  with  a ciliated  envelope,  from  which 
it  issues  by  a rupture  it  makes,  and  then  appears  with  all  the  characters  of  a 
six-hooked  embryo  of  the  Taeniae. 

During  its  intestinal  existence,  the  Bothriocephalus  throws  off,  from  time 


Fig.  232. — Diagram  of  a segment  of  the  Bothriocephalus  latus,  seen  on  the 

ventral  surface. 

v,  vessel  ; n,  nerve  ; tt,  testicles  ; sp,  spermiduct  or  vas  deferens  ; op,  orifice 
of  the  penis  ; vo,  ovary  ; pv,  pavilion  ; mt,  uterus  ; om,  opening  of  the  uterus  ; 
vt,  vitellogenous  follicles ; do,  vitelloduct ; vg,  vagina ; ovg,  opening  of  the  vagina. 


to  time,  fragments  of  various  lengths,  which  are  nearly  empty  of  eggs,  and 
are  more  or  less  shrivelled  and  twisted. 

This  species  more  particularly  infests  Man,  chiefly  in  the  lake  districts  of 
French  Switzerland,  in  the  North  of  Italy  ; on  the  shores  of  the  Baltic,  Finland, 


and  Sweden ; in  a small  portion  of 
Poland  ; in  Denmark ; and  in  Green- 
land ; and  it  has  also  been  observed 
here  and  there  in  every  European 
country.  Switzerland  and  the  Baltic 
provinces  of  Russia  appear  to  be  the 
countries  in  which  this  worm  is  most 
frequently  observed  in  Man  ; and  in  these 
much  fish,  caught  in  the  great  freshwater 
lakes,  is  eaten.  It  seems  to  be  extremely 


A B 


Fig.  233. — Ova  of  the  Bothrioce-  Fig.  234. — Ciliated  embryo  of  the 
phalus  latus. — Laboulbene.*  Bothriocephalus  latus. — Leuckart. 

* A,  seen  in  glycerin  ; B,  seen  after  being  acted  upon  by  sulphuric  acid, 
which  renders  the  operculum  apparent. 


rare  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and  in  countries  beyond  Europe  where  there  are 
similar  lakes — as  on  the  American  continent.  Dr.  Drivon,  of  Lyons,  who 
has  recently  written  on  intestinal  worms,  observes  that  the  spread  of  the 

25—2 


388 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


parasite  beyond  its  two  favourite  localities  has  been  noted  by  several  recent 
authorities.  In  1883  and  in  1890,  Dr.  Drivon  himself  observed  a case  in 
Lyons.  In  the  first  case,  the  patient  had  never  been  to  Switzerland,  and  had 
not  gone  further  from  Lyons  than  Macon  for  years.  A specimen  of  Tania 
saginata  was  passed  by  the  same  patient.  In  Dr.  Drivon’s  second  case, 
the  patient  had  never  been  further  than  Vienne  on  the  Rhone.  The  Bothrio- 
cephalus  has  been  observed  within  the  last  twenty  years  in  Paris,  Vincennes, 
St.  Malo,  Utrecht,  Piedmont,  Milan,  and  Bavaria.  The  Lake  of  Starnberg, 
which  supplies  fish  to  Munich,  seems  to  have  become  infected  about  1879,  by 
tourists  who  had  resided  for  some  time  near  the  Lake  of  Geneva.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  parasite  is  becoming  rarer  in  Switzerland.  Not  many  years 
ago  it  used  to  be  said,  that  no  good  citizen  of  Geneva  was  without  his  Tape- 
worm ; and  a distinguished  authority  was  the  ‘ host  ’ of  several  samples  of 
the  Bothriocephalus,  very  shortly  after  he  became  the  guest  of  that  city. 
The  same  authority,  revisiting  Geneva  a few  years  ago,  had  great  difficulty 
in  procuring  a single  specimen  of  the  Bothriocephalus  for  purposes  of  experi- 
ment. The  explanation  of  the  welcome  disappearance  of  the  parasite  from 
Geneva  is  by  no  means  clear.  The  larva  appears  to  choose  by  preference  the 
Pike,  Turbot,  and  Perch,  but  it  has  been  found  in  Tench,  Grayling,  and  other 
fishes. 

The  history  of  its  development  is  still  incomplete.  For  a long  time,  the 
opinion  most  general  was  that  the  Bothriocephalus  must  pass  through  an 
intermediate  host,  which  was  a fish.  The  persevering 
researches  of  Braun  confirmed  this  opinion  ; for  he 
found  the  Pike  and  Burbot  to  have  their  intestines, 
muscles,  and  different  tissues  infested  with  the  agamous 
Worms — Plerocercdides — always  destitute  of  an  adven- 
titious capsule,  with  an  invaginated  head,  and  without 
a posterior  appendage.  In  feeding  Dogs  and  Cats 
with  these  larvae,  and  keeping  them  away  entirely 
from  any  other  cause  of  infection,  Braun  has  always 
found  the  Bothriocephalus  latus  in  these  animals. 
Parona  and  Zschokke  have,  in  their  turn,  remarked 
the  presence  of  these  larvae  in  the  Pike,  Burbot,  Char, 
Grayling,  common  Trout,  and  the  Fera.  Parona, 
Ferrara,  Grassi  and  Rovalli  have  experimentally 
demonstrated  the  transformation  of  these  larvae  into 
Bothriocephalus  species,  in  the  intestine  of  the  Dog 
and  Man. 

The  Bothriocephalus  latus  has  also  been  found  in  the  Dog,  exclusive  of 
experimental  conditions.  Linne  and  Pallas  had  already  noted  this,  and  their 
observation  was  confirmed  by  Von  Siebold,  Krabbe,  Perroncito,  Braun  and 
others. 

Bothriocephalus  cordatus  (Leuck.). — The  maximum  length  of  this  worm 
is  1*15  m.  ; but  it  usually  has  not  more  than  about  400  segments.  The  head 
is  short,  broad,  flattened  laterally,  and  has  a deep  pit  on  each  surface,  dorsal 
and  ventral.  No  neck.  Segments  rapidly  widening,  the  mature  ones  being 
3 cm.  from  the  head,  and  3 cm.  beyond  this  they  attain  their  greatest  width, 
which  is  from  7 mm.  to  8 mm.  The  calcareous  corpuscles  are  very  numerous. 

This  species  is  special  to  Greenland,  and  has  been  only  once  found  in  Man  ; 
but  in  that  country  it  is  frequent  in  the  Dog,  one  animal  sometimes  being  the 
host  of  several  specimens.  Olrik  has  collected  twenty  from  six  Dogs,  and 
Pfaff  twenty-four  in  three  others.  Pfaff  has  also  found  the  worm  in  a Seal 
( Phoca  barhata),  and  Zimmer  has  met  with  it  in  a Walrus.  The  presence  of 
this  Cestode  in  Mammalia  which  are  essentially  ichthyophagous,  demon- 
strates that  its  larval  stage  is  passed  in  a fish. 

Bothriocephalus  fuscus  (Krabbe). — A worm  measuring  1 cm.  to  80  cm. 
long.  Head  compressed  and  lanceolated.  First  segments  scarcely  visible, 
and  appearing  at  some  distance  from  the  head  or  immediately  behind  it. 
Their  breadth  increases  regularly  from  *5  mm.  to  5 mm.,  then  it  diminishes, 
the  segments  becoming  longer — often  longer  than  broad.  The  uterus  appears 


Fig.  235. — Head  of 
the  Bothriocephalus 
cordatus,  seen  in 
front  and  in  profile. 
— Leuckart. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE  389 

in  their  centre  as  a dark-blue  spot,  the  colour  being  due  to  the  eggs  it  contains. 
There  are  no  calcareous  corpuscles. 

Krabbe  has  found  this  worm  in  the  intestine  of  two  Dogs  in  Iceland.  In 
one  Dog  there  were  22  worms  of  different  sizes. 

The  same  authority  has  given  the  names  of  Bothr.  reticulatus  and  Bothr. 
dubius  to  two  forms  that  he  discovered  also  in  Dogs,  and  as  both  appeared  to 
be  closely  related  to  B.  fuscus,  he  hesitated  to  separate  them  from  it. 

Trematodes. — Two  species  of  Trematodes — a Hemistomum  and  an 
Echinostomum,  both  very  rare — have  been  found  in  the  intestine  of  the  Dog. 

Hemistomum  alatum  (Goeze). — The  length  of  this  worm  is  3 mm.  to  6 mm., 
the  colour  is  dirty- white  ; the  anterior  part  is  dilated  in  a heart-shaped  manner, 
and  formed  as  if  it  had  a kind  of  horn  on  each  side.  It  is  common  in  the  Fox 
and  Wolf,  and  has  been  found  in  the  Dog  by  Creplin  and  Schone.  The  latter 
has  only  met  with  it  in  draught  Dogs — 5*5  per  cent. 

Echinostomum  echinatum  (Zeder). — Body  red  or  rosy  in  colour,  4 mm.  to 
15  mm.  long,  and  seven  times  less  broad,  lanceolated,  flat,  prolonged  in  front 
by  a narrow  and  very  short  neck,  terminated  by  a head  or  reniform  dilatation, 
notched  below,  and  surrounded  by  straight  spines  over  all  the  remainder 
of  its  contour.  Integument  studded  by  small  spines  or  sharp  lamellae  on  the 
anterior  part,  and  by  obtuse  lamellae  on  the  posterior 
part.  Ventral  sucker  three  or  four  times  larger  than  the 
oral  one.  Ova  of  a brownish-yellow  hue,  94  /x  to  no  /x 
long,  and  7 5 broad  (Dujardin). 

This  species,  which  is  somewhat  common  in  the  intestine 
of  domestic  Ducks  and  other  aquatic  Birds,  has  been 
found  by  Generali  in  the  duodenum  of  a Dog  ; the  intes- 
tine was  very  inflamed,  and  dotted  by  a great  number  of 
yellowish-grey  spots.  This  species  is  interesting,  because 
of  the  complete  researches  of  which  it  has  been  the 
object  on  the  part  of  several  experimentalists,  especially 
Pagenstecher,  and  more  especially  Ercolani.  Railliet  has 
given  a r&sumi  of  these  investigations,  from  which  we 
learn  the  following  history  : 

The  larval  forms  of  the  Ech.  echinatum  are  those  most 
commonly  observed  in  aquatic  molluscs,  and  especially 
in  the  Limnaea,  planorbis,  and  paludina.  They  are  met 
with  in  very  diverse  organs,  and  in  these  conditions  their 
characters  are  so  variable  as  to  lead  to  the  belief  that 
there  are  several  specifically  distinct  forms.  Such  is  the 
origin  of  the  Cercaria  echinatoides  Fil.  — identical  with 
C.  echinifera  La  Val — and  of  C.  spinifera  La  Val.  The 
germinal  sacs  of  this  species  are  the  rediae  (Fig.  237,  No.  1),  which  develop  by 
gemmation  in  their  interior  from  other  rediae  or  cercariae,  and  are  even  some- 
times reproduced  by  external  budding  or  by  fission  (No.  2).  Leuckart,  however, 
rather  suspects  the  correctness  of  this  observation  of  Ercolani  relative  to  the 
multiplication  of  the  redia  by  budding  or  by  division.  The  rediae  vary  much 
in  their  shape,  as  do  also  the  cercariae  that  they  have  formed — at  least,  those 
that  are  free,  though  they  resemble  them  as  soon  as  they  are  encysted.  In 
certain  cases  these  cercariae  quit  the  body  of  the  Mollusc  which  harboured  the 
redia,  to  become  encysted  in  the  skin  or  around  the  heart  of  paludines,  while 
in  other  instances  they  encyst  themselves  as  soon  as  they  leave  the  redia,  or 
even  in  its  interior  (No.  1).  In  administering  these  encysted  cercariae  to 
cold-blooded  animals — Frogs,  Toads,  or  Snakes — no  result  is  obtained  ; on 
the  contrary,  they  are  transformed  into  Distomes  when  they  are  ingested  by 
warm-blooded  animals.  The  experiments  of  Ercolani  were  more  particularly 
made  on  Ducks,  and  in  these  creatures  the  later  forms  of  the  cercariae  above 
indicated  all  yielded  the  Ech.  echinatum.  With  Sparrows,  Mice,  Rats,  Moles 
and  Dogs,  the  same  species  has  been  obtained  ; but  with  very  remarkable 
morphological  variations  (Nos.  7,  8).  Van  Beneden  was  probably  in  error  in 
classing  Cercaria  Brunnea  Dies,  with  the  cercariae  by  which  he  had  obtained 
the  transformation  into  Ech.  echinatum  in  the  intestine  of  the  Duck. 


Fig.  236. — Hemi- 
stomum alatum  ; 
natural  size  and 
magnified. — 
Gurlt. 


390 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Fig.  237. — Phases  of  evolution  of  the  Echinostomum  echinatum  in  the  intestine 

of  the  Duck. 

1,  redia  containing  free  and  encysted  cercariae  ; 2,  multiplication  of  the 
redia’by  fission;  3,  Cercaria  echinata  encysted,  from  the  heart  of  the  vivi- 
parous Paludine  ; 4,  the  same  liberated  from  its  cyst ; 5,  one  of  the  small- 
tailed forms  of  the  same  cercaria  ; 6,  one  of  its  large  forms  ; 7,  Ech.  echinatum, 
developed  in  the  intestine  of  the  brown  Rat ; 8,  the  same  developed  in  the 
intestine  of  the  Duck. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


391 


Nematodes. — Ascaris  mystax  (Zeder),  A.  marginata  (Rud.). — 
This  species  is  considered  at  present,  by  the  majority  of  helmin- 
thologists, as  a mere  variety  of  the  ascarid  of  the  Cat,  var.  canis , 
from  which  it  is  scarcely  different  except  in  being  a little  larger. 

The  body  is  white  or  reddish  ; head  usually  curved,  and  provided  with  two 
membranous  lateral  wings,  broader  behind  than  in  front,  which  cause  it  to 
look  like  an  arrow-head.  Each  of  the  three  lips  has  a salient  papilla.  Male, 
5 cm.  to  10  cm.  long  ; tail  curved,  having  two  small  membranous  lateral 
wings,  and  26  papillae  on  each  side,  five  of  which  are  post-anal.  Female, 
9 cm.  to  12  cm.  long  ; obtuse  tail,  vulva  situated  towards  the  anterior  quarter 
of  the  body.  Ova  almost  globular,  and  7 5 /a  to  80  /j.  in  diameter. 

These  worms  are  more  especially  frequent  in  young  Dogs,  which 
may  be  infested  with  them  at  three  or-  four  weeks  old,  and  even 


Fig.  238. — Ascaris  mystax  of  the  Cat. — Railliet. 

A,  male,  and  B,  female  ; natural  size,  lateral  view.  C,  anterior  extremity, 
magnified,  and  seen  in  front,  to  show  the  lateral  wings  ; D,  seen  in  profile. 


earlier,  according  to  Hering  ; but  it  is  towards  two  or  three  months 
that  they  are  most  abundant.  In  500  Dogs  examined  by  Krabbe 
at  Copenhagen,  122 — or  24  per  cent. — had  them  ; Schone  carried 
this  proportion  to  37  per  cent.  They  inhabit  the  small  intestine, 
and  frequently  the  stomach,  causing  the  vomition  of  glairy  matter, 
in  which  they  are  found.  Their  presence  is  indicated  by  the  same 
signs  as  those  of  the  Taeniae — emaciation,  unthrifty  coat,  enlarged 
abdomen,  irregular  appetite,  sometimes  symptoms  of  epilepsy  or 
rabiform  trouble,  colics,  and  constipation  or  diarrhoea.  In  collect- 
ing in  masses  in  the  intestine,  they  may  cause  complete  obstruction, 
arrest  the  course  of  the  alimentary  matters,  and  induce  invagination 
and  fatal  coiic. 

At  the  autopsy  of  Dogs  which  have  succumbed  to  the  disorders 
caused  by  the  Ascarides,  the  intestinal  mucous  membrane  is 
tumefied  and  catarrhal,  and  shows  numerous  small,  round,  bl^ick 


392 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


points,  in  the  centre  of  which  is  an  ulcerous  depression  surrounded 
by  a salient  zone  ; and  an  intense  haemorrhagic  enteritis,  with 
fissures  and  excavations  having  ulcerated  borders — the  process 
involving  all  the  coats  of  the  intestine — has  also  been  observed 
(Friedberger  and  Frohner). 

The  observations  and  experiments  of  Hering  and  Megnin  lead  to 
the  belief  that — contrary  to  the  hypothesis  of  Linstow — the 
Ascarides,  and  particularly  those  of  the  Dog  and  Cat,  have  no 
intermediate  host,  and  are  directly  developed.  This  conclusion  is 
strongly  fortified  by  the  experiments  of  Grassi. 

Against  the  Ascarides  of  the  Dog,  the  various  remedies  recom- 
mended for  Taeniae  may  be  employed.  Areca-nut  is  particularly 
useful,  though  santonin  is  most  frequently  employed  in  2 to  3 
centigramme  doses,  given  in  milk.  Z\ irn  also  recommends  benzine 
— I to  7 grammes — in  pills  or  in  oil.  Santonin,  conjoined  with 
extract  of  male  fern,  repeated  twice  a week,  and  followed  by  a 
laxative,  is  the  treatment  generally  advised  in  England. 

Oxyuris  vermicularis  (L.). — Ziirn  states  that  this  parasite  of  the  human 
intestine  may  be  exceptionally  found  in  the  Dog.  The  male  is  2 mm.  to  3 mm. 
long,  the  female  9 mm.  to  10  mm.,  the  colour  being  white,  and  the  body 
expanded  anteriorly.  Ziirn’s  affirmation  is  not  corroborated,  and  Railliet  thinks 
that  perhaps  he  refers  to  the  Oxyuris  compar,  which  is  a parasite  of  the  Cat. 

Anchylostomum  trigonocephalum  Rud.  ( Dochmius  trigonocephalus  Rud.). — 
Body  white  ; buccal  capsule  slightly  expanded,  the  ventral  wall  having  on 
each  side  of  the  middle  line  a complex  chitinous  layer  or  ‘ jaw,’  the  free 
extremity  of  which  terminates  in  three  hook-shaped  teeth  in  the  interior  of 
the  mouth,  which  decreases  in  size  from  the  dorsal  to  the  ventral  surface. 
On  the  dorsal  border  there  are,  in  addition,  two  small  straight  teeth,  separated 
by  a median  rounded  depression.  Two  opposite  lateral  papillae  at  the  posterior 
third  of  the  oesophagus.  Male,  9 mm.  to  12  mm.  long  ; caudal  pouch  trilo- 
bate, the  middle  lobe  being  slight.  Female,  9 mm.  to  21  mm.,  most  frequently 
1 5 mm.  to  20  mm.  long  ; tail  obtuse,  and  prolonged  by  an  acute  mucron  ; 
vulva  towards  the  posterior  third  of  the  body.  Eggs  ovoid,  and  74  /a  to  84  /a 
long,  by  48  ^ to  54  /a  broad. 

This  species  inhabits  the  small  intestine  of  the  Dog  and  Fox,  in 
company  with  the  worm  next  to  be  described.  They  fix  themselves 
on  the  mucous  membrane,  and  live  on  the  blood  they  extract.  In 
certain  cases  they  are  very  numerous,  and  induce  an  affection 
analogous  to  that  produced  in  Man  by  the  ‘ Ankylostomum  duode- 
nale  ’ (Dubini),  and  designated — according  to  the  countries  in  which 
it  appears — as  Egyptian  chlorosis , intertropical  ancemia  (America), 
and  miner's  ancemia — a condition  which  has  been  particularly  well 
studied  by  Perroncito,  whose  writings  so  inspired  Railliet  and 
Trasbot  that,  from  1879,  they  attributed  to  the  presence  of  the 
Anch.  trigonocephalum  that  form  of  anaemia  with  which  packs  of 
hounds  are  often  attacked.  Megnin  has  especially  drawn  attention 
to  this  Pernicious  Ancemia  of  Hounds , Uncinariosis,  or  Ankylo- 
stomiasis, which  has  also  been  designated — because  of  one  of  its 
most  ordinary  symptoms — Bleeding  at  the  nose  of  packs  of  Dogs. 

Symptoms. — The  symptoms  are  those  of  grave  anaemia.  In  the 
first  period  there  are  only  debility  and  wasting,  always  increasing, 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


393 


although  the  appetite  remains  unimpaired.  The  Dogs  are  less 
ardent  in  hunting,  and  are  even  dull  and  indifferent ; the  coat  is 
staring,  the  skin  scaly  or  reddened  with  erythematous  patches — 
especially  at  the  stifles  and  nose  ; the  latter  is  tumefied,  cracked, 
rough,  and  excoriated,  with  a muco-purulent  or  sanguinolent 
discharge  from  the  nostrils.  Later,  veritable  epistaxis  supervenes— 
the  blood  being  foamy  and  bright  red,  or  merely  rosy — the  Dog  at 
each  bleeding  losing  perhaps  two  or  three  ounces.  These  attacks  of 
nasal  haemorrhage  are  separated  by  intervals  of  some  days  to  several 
weeks,  during  which  the  discharge  is  again  muco-purulent  or 


Fig.  240.  — Cephalic  extremity  Fig.  241. — Caudal  pouch  of  the  Anchy- 
of  the  Anchylostomum  trigono-  lostomumtrigonocephalum  ; magnified 

cephalum,  dorsal  surface  ; magni-  fifty  diameters  ; semi-diagrammatic, 

fied  150  diameters. — Railliet. 

sanguinolent.  There  is  a diminution  of  the  red  corpuscles,  and 
leucocytosis  is  marked.  When  the  anaemia  is  rapidly  developed,  it 
is  sometimes  accompanied  by  convulsions. 

Another  important  symptom  is  the  oedematous  and  indolent 
engorgement  of  the  limbs  ; this  is  at  first  intermittent,  then  it  becomes 
permanent  and  increases  in  extent.  In  the  last  stage  there  are 
ulcerations,  sweatings,  and  gangrenous  patches.  A diarrhoea — 
which  has  perhaps  already  become  confirmed — gradually  grows 
persistent,  and  gives  place  to  dysentery  ; the  appetite,  after  having 
been  capricious,  disappears.  The  animals — feeble,  emaciated,  and 
miserable,  covered  with  red  patches  and  excoriations — remain 


394 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


constantly  lying,  and  finish  by  dying  in  a comatose  condition  or  in 
convulsions.  Death  takes  place  in  a few  months,  or  even  in  a year. 
The  malady  is  perpetuated  in  kennels  which  have  once  been  invaded, 
if  energetic  measures  are  not  adopted. 

Lesions. — At  the  autopsy  of  Dogs  which  have  died  from  Anchylo- 
stomiasis,  or  have  been  sacrificed  in  the  last  stage,  all  the  alterations 
of  cachexia  are  observed,  and  particularly  hypertrophy  of  the 
mesenteric  glands.  There  are,  besides,  the  lesions  special  to  the 
malady,  localized  in  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  small  intestine 
and  caecum.  This  membrane  is  very  much  thickened,  and  marbled 
by  large  reddish  patches  ; its  villi,  quintuple  their  normal  size  and 
highly  injected,  are  closely  packed  together.  These  alterations 
begin  in  the  duodenum,  and  thence  extend  to  the  other  portions 
of  the  small  intestine.  In  the  relatively  healthy  parts  are  seen  a 
multitude  of  small  haemorrhagic  points,  and  in  their  vicinity  or 
centre  are  noticed  one  or  more  of  the  parasites — often  coupled  ; 
their  number  is  all  the  greater  the  larger  the  extent  of  healthy 
membrane,  and  it  is  consequently  larger  in  Dogs  which  have  been 
ill  for  only  a short  time,  than  in  those  in  which  the  malady  is  chronic. 
In  the  latter  there  may  be  merely  a few  parasites  in  the  ileum — a 
circumstance  which  may  raise  a doubt  as  to  the  anaemia  being  due 
to  helminthes. 

The  Anchylostomum  stenocephalum  is  mixed  with  the  Anch. 
trigonocephalum  ; and  the  caecum  often  contains,  in  addition,  a 
great  number  of  species  of  Trichocephalus. 

Diagnosis. — This  affection  is  easily  mistaken  for  essential,  non- 
parasitic  anaemia,  which  also  attacks  packs  of  Dogs  ; so  that  the 
diagnosis  really  depends  upon  the  discovery  of  ova  of  the  Anchylo- 
stomes — which  should  be  abundant  in  Anchylostomiasis  after  the 
exhibition  of  anthelmintics.  These  drugs,  of  course,  would  be 
inefficacious  in  ordinary  anaemia  ; but  in  that  due  to  parasitism 
they  should  cause  numerous  worms  to  be  expelled,  and  these  are 
readily  seen  in  the  faeces,  while  a beneficial  change  will  be  observed 
in  the  affected  Dogs.  The  autopsy  of  one  of  these  will  often 
remove  all  doubt  as  to  the  nature  of  the  malady.  The  Linguatula 
in  the  nasal  cavities  may — although  rarely — cause  epistaxis  ; but 
then  the  blood  is  bright-red,  there  are  frequent  fits  of  sneezing,  and 
the  general  health  is  scarcely  disturbed. 

Etiology. — Pernicious  anaemia  scarcely  ever  attacks  any  but 
sporting  Dogs,  and  more  especially  those  which  live  in  packs.  It 
does  not  appear  to  affect  any  one  breed  more  than  another,  but 
seems  to  attack,  almost  exclusively,  it  is  said,  cross-bred  Dogs — 
French  and  English  crosses.  Dampness  is  one  of  the  conditions 
that  favour  the  extension  of  the  disease,  and  causes  it  to  assume 
an  epizootic  form,  when  it  often  destroys  or  gravely  compromises 
the  welfare  of  valuable  packs.  Leuckart  has  studied  the  evolution 
of  the  Anch.  trigonocephalum , and  it  appears  that  this  parasite  is 
analogous  in  its  general  characters  to  the  Anchylostome  of  Man,  as 
established  by  the  researches  of  Perroncito. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


395 


The  vitellus  of  the  ova  of  Anch.  trigcnocephalum  segments  in  the 
oviduct  of  the  female  until  it  reaches  the  morula  stage  ; their 
evolution  is  not  continued  in  the  intestine  of  the  Dog,  but  after  their 
expulsion  with  the  faeces.  But  on  incubating  in  water  at  a suitable 
temperature,  an  embryo  soon  becomes  visible  in  their  interior,  and 
hatching  is  completed  in  two  or  three  days.  The  rhabditiform 
larvae  that  issue  from  the  ova  are  300  p long  and  95  p broad  ; their 
posterior  extremity  is  elongated  into  a tapering  tail  ; in  growing 
they  moult  two  or  three  times,  and  they  attain  the  adult  condition 
in  passing — with  the  water — into  the  intestine  of  the  Dog,  without 
requiring  an  intermediate  host.  Eight  days  after  this  passive 
migration  they  are  -5  mm.  to  1 mm.  long,  and  in  certain  details  of 

organization  they  resemble  the 
definitive  form,  but  in  all  proba- 
bility without  having  undergone 
another  moulting.  On  the  ninth 
or  tenth  day,  the  old  chitinous 
integument  is  shed,  the  buccal 


Fig.  242.— -Cephalic  extremity  of  the 
Anch.  stenocephalum,  viewed  on  the 
dorsal  surface  ; magnified  1 50  dia- 
meters.— Railliet. 


Fig.  243. — Caudal  pouch  of  the  Anch. 
stenocephalum ; magnified  fifty 
diameters  ; semi  diagrammatic  — 
Railliet. 


capsule  appears,  and  it  is  only  now  that  the  group  to  which  the 
parasite  belongs  can  be  recognised.  It  retains  this  form  for  three 
or  four  days,  during  which  it  acquires  its  final  dimensions,  and  a 
second  moulting  results  in  the  parasite  acquiring  its  sexual  indi- 
viduality. These  details,  and  particularly  the  part  water  plays  in 
the  evolution  of  the  Anch.  trigonocephalum , show  that  infestation 
probably  takes  place  through  the  medium  of  the  drinking  water, 
and  that  Dogs  contaminate  each  other  by  scattering  the  ova  of 
their  parasites  in  the  water-troughs  of  their  kennels. 

Treatment. — When  pernicious  anaemia  appears  in  a pack,  extreme 
care  should  be  exercised  with  regard  to  cleanliness  of  the  kennel — 
flushing  it  out  thoroughly  with  water  to  wash  away  the  ova,  and 
watching  the  animals  so  that  they  only  drink  pure  water,  and  that 
which  has  not  been  soiled  by  the  diseased  Dogs,  feeding  them  in 
buckets  or  troughs  washed  after  each  meal,  and  isolating  the  sick 
as  much  as  possible. 

Medical  treatment  consists  in  the  employment  of  anthelmintics. 
Megnin  recommends  kamala  in  doses  of  3 to  4 grammes,  with  the 


396 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


addition  of  *5  gramme  of  calomel,  and  arsenic  5 to  6 milligrammes. 
Perroncito  has  obtained  remarkable  success  in  the  parasitic  anaemia 
of  miners,  with  the  ethereal  extract  of  male  fern  in  doses  of  15  to 
30  grammes — which  also  answers  perfectly  well  in  Anchylostomiasis 
of  the  Dog,  in  doses  and  conditions  as  indicated  for  taeniasis.  The 
strength  of  the  animals  should  be  most  sedulously  maintained  by 
good  and  easily-digested  food;  such  as  milk,  and  especially  raw 
horse-flesh,  with  cod-liver  oil,  tonics — iron,  gentian,  etc. 


Anchylostomum  stenocephalum  (Raill.). — ‘ Body  thinner  than  that  of  the  pre- 
ceding species.  Head  narrow  ; buccal  capsule  having  on  each  side  of  its 
ventral  wall  a chitinous  layer  with  a sharp  border,  beneath  which  is  a hook- 
shaped tooth.  The  dorsal  border  has  a middle  depression,  but  no  salient 
teeth.  Male,  6 mm.  to  8 mm.  long,  caudal  pouch  trilobate,  the  middle  lobe 

being  slight.  Female,  8 mm.  to  10  mm.  long  ; 
tail  prolonged  by  an  acute  mucron ; vulva 
placed  towards  the  posterior  third  of  the  body. 
Eggs  ovoid,  and  63  jm  to  67  /x  long,  by  32  /x.  to 
38/4  broad.’ — Railliet. 

This  species  has  been  found  by  Railliet, 
in  company  with  the  Anch.  trigonoce- 
phalum ; and  it  appears  to  play  as  active 
a part  as  its  congener  in  the  development 
of  anaemia  in  packs  of  sporting  Dogs,  so 
that  it  has  its  share  in  the  preceding- 
considerations. 

Trichocephalus  depressiusculus  (Rud.).— This 
species  has  a great  resemblance  to  the  Tr. 
ajjinis  of  Ruminants  and  the  Tr.  dispar  of  Man. 
The  male  and  female  are  each  45  mm.  to  75  mm. 
long.  The  spicule  of  the  male  is  longer  than 
in  Tr.  affinis,  and  its  tubular  sheath  has  blunt 
spines  only  in  the  moiety  nearest  the  cloaca, 
the  remainder  being  smooth.  The  ova  are 
70  /x.  to  80  /x  long,  and  32  /x  to  35  fx  broad. 


Fig.  244. — Fragment  of  the 
caecum  of  a Dog  in  which 
are  fixed  a number  of 
Trichocephalus  depressius- 
culus ; natural  size.  — 
Railliet. 


The  Trichocephalus  depressiusculus 
lives  in  the  caecum  of  the  Dog,  in  which 
it  is  not  rare.  It  is  often  found  in  animals  affected  with  the 


pernicious  anaemia  just  described,  but  it  does  not  appear  to  have 
any  other  than  a secondary  part  in  the  development  of  the  disease. 
We  have  always  found  it  in  essential  anaemia.  Megnin  states  that, 
when  in  considerable  number  on  the  surface  of  the  mucous  membrane 
of  the  caecum,  it  causes  an  inflammatory  tumefaction  of  that  organ- 
a veritable  typhlitis  or  appendicitis — sometimes  accompanied  by  its 
invagination. 

Railliet  has  succeeded  in  obtaining  experimental  development  of 
the  Trichocephalus  of  the  Dog.  The  ova  of  this  species,  when 
collected  in  February  and  placed  in  water,  took  five  months  to 
produce  complete  embryos  ; and  when  ingested  by  a Dog,  these 
became  species  of  Trichocephalus,  and  attained  complete  develop- 
ment in  about  three  months.  This  experiment  confirms  those  of 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


397 


Leuckart  on  the  Trichocephalus  affinis  of  Ruminants,  and  the 
TV.  crenatus  of  the  Pig  ; and  it  shows  that  the  Trichocephalus 
species  are  directly  developed  without  any  intermediate  host,  that 
their  embryonic  development  takes  place  entirely  outside  the 
body  of  an  animal,  and  that  they  must  pass  into  the  digestive  tube 
of  their  host  while  still  enveloped  in  their  shell.  It  also  establishes 
the  fact  that  embryonic  evolution  is  altogether  suspended  by 
desiccation,  and  explains  the  facility  with  which  spontaneous 
infestation  can  occur.  Railliet  has  found  in  the  jejunum  of  a Ferret 
a female  Trichocephalus  that  appeared  to  belong  to  the  same  species 
as  that  of  the  Dog. 

‘ Filaria  hepatica  (Cobbold). — Cobbold  gave  this  name  to  worms  found  by- 
Mather,  encysted  in  the  intestinal  wall  and  biliary  ducts  of  a Dog,  which  had 
died  in  consequence  of  gastritis  and  duodenal  invagination.  It  was  probably 
only  a larval  form.’ — Railliet. 


Article  VII. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Cat. 

Coccidia. — C.  bigeminum  var.  cati,  like  the  C.  bigeminum  of  the  Dog, 
lives  in  the  interior  of  the  intestinal  villi ; it  is  much  smaller  (8  n to  io  n long 
by  7 ix.  to  9 ix  broad)  than  the  Coccidium  of  the  Dog,  and  appears  to  have  no 
greater  influence  on  the  health  of  its  host.  It  was  first  seen  by  Finck,  who 
attributed  to  it  a role  in  the  absorption  of  fatty  matters.  Labbe  doubtfully 
attached  to  this  species  the  C.  Rivoltcs  (Grassi),  which  differs  from  it  inasmuch 
as  it  develops  in  the  epithelial  cells,  measures  27  /jl  to  30  n long  by  22  /j.  to  24  /x. 
broad,  and  falls  into  the  intestine  after  the  rupture  of  the  invaded  cell. 

Infusoria. — There  is  found  in  the  Cat — though  rarely — a flagellated 
Infusorian — the  Lamblia  intestinalis  R.  Bl.,  which  has  been  already  mentioned 
among  the  intestinal  parasites  of  the  Sheep  and  Dog.  It  prefers  the  duo- 
denum and  jejunum,  and  often  attaches  itself  by  its  sucker  to  the  intestinal 
epithelial  cells.  It  does  net  appear  to  cause  any  inconvenience  to  its  host. 

Cestodes. — Three  species  of  Taeniadae  and  a Bothriocephalus 
live  in  the  intestine  of  the  Cat.  Of  the  three  Taeniadae,  one  is  a 
true  taenia,  the  second  is  a Dipylidian,  and  the  third  is  a species  of 
mesocestoides. 

1.  Taenia  crassicollis  (Rud.). — This  is  a worm  15  cm.  to  60  cm.  long,  and 
offering  the  general  characters  of  the  Cystotsenians  of  the  Dog.  The  head  is 
hemispherical,  1*7  mm.  broad,  with  a powerful  rostellum  ; the  neck  is  as  wide 
as,  or  wider  than,  the  head,  and  ther  e is  no  constriction  between  them.  There 
is  a double  crown  of  29  to  52  hooks — most  frequently  34 — the  larger  of  which 
are  380  /t  to  420  n long,  and  the  smaller  from  250  n to  270  The  last  segments 
are  8 mm.  to  10  mm.  long,  and  5 mm.  to  6 mm.  wide.  Ova  globular,  and 
31  n to  37  fi  in  diameter. 

This  Taenia  is  represented  in  the  vesicular  or  bladder  form  by  the 
Cysticercus  fasciolaris  Rud.,  which  inhabits  the  liver  of  Rats,  Mice, 
Norway  Rats,  Voles,  and  Water-Rats.  This  Cysticercus — which  is 
always  coiled  up  in  a cyst  it  has  itself  produced — is  remarkable  for 
its  elongated  form  and  the  smallness  of  its  vesicle.  Its  length  varies 
between  3 cm.  to  20  cm.,  and  even  more.  The  vesicle  or  bladder 
is  globular  or  ovoid,  and  is  frequently  no  larger  than  a pea  ; it 


398 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


terminates  a distinctly- formed  chain  of  segments,  which  are  short 
and  wide,  and  have  not  a trace  of  genital  organs.  At  the  anterior 
extremity — which  is  4 mm.  to  5 mm.  broad — is  a slit,  at  the  bottom 
of  which  the  head  is  invaginated.  In  1844,  Von  Siebold  saw  this 
Cysticercus  become  transformed  into  Tcenia  crassicollis  in  the 
intestine  of  the  Cat.  According  to  Leuckart,  all  the  segments 
disappear  during  this  process,  and  the  scolex  is  formed  anew  ; 
while  Baillet  has  demonstrated  that  Rats  will  become  the  hosts  of 
Cyst,  fasciolaris,  by  feeding  them  with  the  mature  segments  of 
T.  crassicollis. 

This  Taenia  is  common  in  the  small  intestine  of  the  Cat,  and  it 
may,  when  numerous,  occasion  serious  disease.  Romano  has  pub- 
lished the  account  of 
an  epizooty  among  Cats 
caused  by  this  Tape- 
worm. The  animals 
died  after  showing  the 
following  symptoms  : 
gradual  diminution, 
then  complete  loss  of 
appetite ; abdomen  re- 


Fig.  245. — Head  of  the  Fig.  246. — Hooks  of  the  Fig.  247. — Cysticer- 
Tcema  crassicollis ; mag-  T cenia  crassicollis  ; mag-  cus  fasciolaris.  — 

fied  fifteen  diameters.  nified  12s  diameters.  Leuckart. 


tracted  ; slight  diarrhoea  at  the  commencement,  then  constipa- 
tion ; abundant  salivation  ; sometimes  spasmodic  contraction  of 
the  muscles  of  the  upper  lip  ; great  prostration,  and  loss  of  sight. 
Some  of  the  animals  could  not  hear,  or  appeared  not  to  hear,  the 
voice  of  a person  to  which  they  were  accustomed  ; certain  of  them 
vomited,  and  this  seemed  to  give  them  slight  but  temporary  relief. 
Nervous  phenomena,  epileptiform  convulsions,  and  more  frequently 
attacks  of  colic,  were  also  remarked.  A similar  epizooty  prevailed 
among  Cats  in  the  Black  Forest  in  1874. 

At  the  autopsy  of  the  animals  which  had  succumbed,  there  were 
found — along  with  Taeniae  extending  from  the  stomach  to  the 
middle  of  the  small  intestine — evidence  of  chronic  enteritis  and  a 
violent  gastric  catarrh.  The  hooks  of  the  worm  were  deeply 
implanted  in  the  mucous  membrane. 

Perroncito  was  inclined  to  attribute  a rupture  of  the  intestinal  wall 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


399 


he  found  in  a Cat,  to  the  action  of  T.  crassicollis  ; and  Grassi  and 
Parona  have  witnessed  an  analogous  case  ; while  Zschokke  also 
considered  this  taenia  as  a frequent  cause  of  death  among  Cats. 

The  Cat  contracts  the  T.  crassicollis  in  eating  Rats  or  Mice 
which  harbour  the  Cysticercus  fasciolaris  in  their  liver.  In  Romano’s 
observation,  the  Cats  he  alludes  to  had  to  encounter  swarms  of 
Rats,  which  were  unusually  numerous  that  year ; and  it  was 
those  which  were  the  best  ‘ ratters  ’ that  succumbed  to  the 
epizooty. 

Baird  has  described  a Tania  semiteres  from  the  intestine  of  the 
Cat,  but  it  appears  to  be  only  a monstrous  form  of  T . crassicollis. 

2.  Dip.ylidium  caninura  (L.),  Tania  elliptica  (Batsch). — This  is  a variety 
{var.  cati)  of  the  species  of  the  Dog.  It  is  usually  smaller — io  cm.  to  32  cm. 
long,  and  3 mm.  at  its  greatest  breadth.  The  ova,  larger  than  those  of  the 
vay.  cams,  are  49  ix  to  54  /i  in  breadth. 

Krabbe  states  that,  in  Iceland,  he  has  never  found  D.  caninum 
in  Cats,  although  it  is  very  common  in  Dogs.  On  the  other 
hand,  in  Copenhagen,  Krabbe  discovered  D.  caninum  in  a moiety 
of  the  Cats  he  examined,  the  parasite  being  lodged  in  the 
posterior  two-thirds  of  the  small  intestine.  In  general,  there  were 
not  more  than  50,  though  it  was  not  rare  to  count  them  by  hun- 
dreds ; on  one  occasion  there  were  500,  and  on  another  600. 

3.  Mesocestoides  lineatus  (Goeze). — Baillet,  who  was  the  first  to 
observe  this  Tape-worm  in  the  Cat,  gave  it  the  name  of  T.  pseudo- 
elliptica , just  as  he  had  designated  that  which  he  met  with  in  the 
Dog  as  T.  pseudo-cucumerina.  These  two  have  usually  been 
regarded  as  identical,  although,  according  to  Baillet,  the  ova  are 
smaller  in  this  worm — 31  /x  to  36  /x.  It  is  not  rare  at  Toulouse  ; 
and  Krabbe  has  seen  it  in  more  than  a third  of  the  Cats  he  examined 
in  Iceland,  but  he  never  saw  it  in  Dogs  or  Cats  in  Copenhagen.  In 
the  Cat,  it  sometimes  measures  65  cm.,  and  there  are  always  several, 
though  never  more  than  20. 

Of  these  three  species  of  Taeniae,  the  only  one  possessing  much 
interest — from  a pathological  point  of  view — is  the  T.  crassicollis . 

Bothriocephalus  Felis  ( Creplm ). — In  1825  Creplin  found  two  young  species 
of  Bothriocephalus  in  the  intestine  of  a Cat  at  Griefswald.  One  measured 
4 mm.,  the  other  7 mm.  long.  He  named  them  Bothriocephalus  Felis  ; but 
Diesing — without  sufficient  reason — classed  them  with  B.  decipiens,  which 
lives  in  the  intestine  of  several  wild  Felidae.  Ercolani  described  a Bothrio- 
cephalus that  measured  65  mm.,  and  Krabbe  collected  at  Copenhagen,  from 
the  small  intestine  of  two  Cats,  five  specimens  which  measured  from  1 5 cm. 
to  22  cm.,  and  which  he  looked  on  as  different  from  the  Bothriocephalus 
latus  of  Man.  Bruckmiiller,  Alessandrini,  Zschokke,  and  Perroncito,  have 
also  collected  Bothriocephalus  species  from  the  Cat  ; but  the  last  of  these 
authorities  recognised  a great  analogy  between  his  specimens  and  those  found 
in  Man.  These  various  worms,  which — for  lack  of  sufficient  studying — have 
all  been  grouped  under  the  name  of  B.  Felis,  much  resemble  the  B.  latus 
in  their  general  features,  if  not  in  their  dimensions.  Their  ova  are  smaller, 
being  no  more  than  50  n to  60  u long.  No  disturbance  to  the  Cat  has  been 
ascribed  to  the  presence  of  B.  Felis. 


400 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Nematodes. — Ascaris  mystax  (Zeder — Fig.  238). — This  species 
presents  all  the  characters  of  the  Ascarid  of  the  Dog,  which  is  only 
a larger  variety.  This  of  the  Cat  measures  4 cm.  to  6 cm.  long 
(male),  or  4 cm.  to  10  cm.  (female). 

The  A scans  mystax  is  more  especially  found  in  young  Cats,  and 
is  present  in  the  small  intestine,  sometimes  also  in  the  stomach, 
when  it  may  cause  vomiting,  though  it  rarely  disturbs  the  health 
of  its  host.  Krabbe  has  met  with  it  in  more  than  50  per  cent.,  of 
the  Cats  he  examined  ; in  those  under  three  years  o]d,  17  of  19  were 
affected,  above  that  age  8 of  24  ; the  number  of  worms  was  usually 
under  10,  sometimes  20  to  30,  and  once  it  was  80. 

Oxyuris  compar  (Leidy). — The  female  only  of  this  is  known ; it  is  8 mm.  to 
15  mm.  long.  It  was  found  in  1856  at  Philadelphia,  by  Leidy,  in  the  small 
intestine  of  a Cat,  along  with  Tania  crassicollis. 

Anchylostomum  trigonocephalum  (Rud.). — Parona  and  Grassi 
have  made  known  a pernicious  anaemia  which  prevails  among  Cats 
in  Italy,  and  which  they  attributed  to  a Worm  they  have  named 
Dochmius  Balsami.  It  plays  the  same  part  in  this  affection  that  the 
‘ Ankylostomum  duodenale  ’ does  in  miners’  anaemia,  and  that  which 
is  ascribed  to  the  Anchy.  trigonocephalum  in  the  pernicious  anaemia 
of  packs  of  sporting  Dogs.  But  Railliet  has  been  able  to  assure 
himself  de  visu,  thanks  to  Professor  Parona,  that  the  Dochmius 
Balsami  does  not  sensibly  differ  from  the  Anch.  trigonocephalum. 
It  is  also  probably  confounded  with  the  Strongylus  tubceformis  Zeder. 
It  is,  therefore,  under  the  name  of  Anchylostomum  trigonocephalum 
that  the  parasite  which  causes  the  pernicious  anaemia  of  Cats  should 
be  described. 

This  disease  is  marked  by  slowly  progressive  debility  ; the  Cat  is 
often  ill  for  four  months  before  emaciation  is  very  noticeable.  A 
dark-coloured  diarrhoea  sets  in  with  intensity  at  first,  then  gradually 
diminishes  ; the  animal’s  tail  is  constantly  soiled  in  consequence. 
Inappetence  is  manifested,  with  retching  or  vomiting,  and  death  is 
brought  about  by  exhaustion.  In  very  serious  cases,  a fatal 
termination  occurs  after  a month  of  diarrhoea.  In  others,  there  are 
alternations  of  aggravation  and  amelioration  ; and  frequentlv  the 
existence  of  the  malady  is  only  recognised  some  months  after  its 
commencement.  At  times,  recovery  takes  place  after  grave 
exacerbations. 

The  diagnosis  is  based  on  recognition  of  the  preceding  symptoms, 
and  the  presence  in  the  diarrhoeic  products  of  the  ova  of  the  Anch. 
trigonocephalum  ; the  adult  worms  may  also  be  found  in  these, 
especially  if  an  anthelminitic  has  been  previously  administered. 

With  regard  to  prognosis,  this  will  greatly  depend  on  the  relative 
quantity  of  ova  and  worms  observed  in  the  faeces. 

The  autopsy  shows  all  the  lesions  of  anaemia,  and  the  Helminthes 
localized  in  the  small  intestine  for  a distance  of  20  cm.  to  60  cm. 
from  the  stomach  ; they  may  be  grouped  in  four  or  five  zones,  or, 
if  they  are  numerous,  be  spread  over  one-half  the  length  of  the 
intestine.  Sometimes  as  many  as  200  or  more  are  found.  They 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


401 


are  floating  in  the  intestinal  fluid,  or  adhering  to  the  mucous 
membrane,  often  very  tenaciously.  They  are  white,  black  or  red, 
according  as  they  are  empty  or  full  of  blood  ; the  mucous  membrane 
is  speckled  with  haemorrhagic  points,  and  the  food  in  the  colon  is 
impregnated  with  blood. 

The  treatment  should  be  the  same  as  for  the  pernicious  anaemia 
of  Dogs,  the  doses  of  medicine  being  reduced  to  one-fourth. 

Other  Nematodes. — Leidy  has  described  a Trichosomum  lineare,  seven 
specimens  of  which  he  met  with  in  the  small  intestine  of  a Cat.  Body  filiform, 
and  almost  equally  attenuated  at  both  ends.  Caudal  extremity  of  the  female 
coiled  up  in  a spiral  manner  ; tail  curved,  obtuse,  and  having  two  conical 
points  on  the  ventral  surface.  Caudal  extremity  of  the  male  spiral ; tail 
long,  conical,  and  acute  ; genital  opening  at  a great  distance  from  the  end 
of  the  tail.  Length  of  the  female  7*6  mm.,  and  male  3-8  mm.  ; the  breadth 
of  the  female  is  *3 5 mm.,  and  the  male  *21  mm. 

Railliet  states  that  the  museum  of  the  Alfort  Veterinary  School  contains 
specimens  of  the  Spiroptera  sanguinolenta,  labelled  as  from  the  intestine  of 
the  Cat. 

In  the  intestine  of  this  animal  may  also  be  found  embryos  of  Oil  planus 
tricuspis,  when  the  adults  occupy  the  substance  of  the  gastric  mucous  mem- 
brane. 


Article  VIII. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Rabbit. 

Coccidia. — First  noticed  by  Remak,  the  intestinal  coccidium  of 
the  Rabbit  has  been  refound  and  studied  by  numerous  observers 
(Kolliker,  Lieberkiihn,  Klebs,  Vulpian,  E.  Neumann,  Stieda, 
Reincke,  Rivolta,  Riecks,  etc.).  Until  recently  it  has  been  regarded 
as  a distinct  species,  Coccidium  perforans  (Leuckart)  ; but  the 
careful  researches  of  Metzner  have  demonstrated  its  identity  with 
Coccidium  cunicxli  (Rivolta),  which  is  found  in  the  Rabbit’s 
liver. 

Coccidium  cuniculi,  in  the  state  of  oocyst,  is  usually  a little 
smaller  (25  p to  35  u,  long  by  15  p to  20  p broad)  in  its  intesti- 
nal habitat  than  in  the  biliary  canals.  It  infests  the  epithelial 
cells  of  the  villi  and  of  Lieberkuhn’s  glands.  One  cell  may  be 
invaded  by  one,  two,  or  even  six  coccidia,  in  various  stages  of 
development,  from  the  naked  protoplasmic  form  to  that  of  a mass 
surrounded  by  a thick  shell  (oocyst).  These  different  stages  of 
the  coccidia  indicate  successive  auto-infestation  rather  than  fresh 
invasion  by  germs  introduced  from  without.  After  a certain  time 
the  coccidia  perforate  the  epithelial  cells  and  fall  into  the  cavity  of 
the  intestine,  where,  according  to  Stieda,  some  of  the  parasites 
undergo  certain  modifications.  But  ulterior  development  takes 
place  normally  outside  the  intestine,  in  a liquid  medium  or  in 
damp  soil. 

Intestinal  coccidiosis  is  usually  shown  by  chronic  anaemia, 
wasting,  and  more  or  less  diarrhoea.  In  grave  cases  with 
extensive  infestation  there  is  inappetence,  rapid  emaciation,  profuse 
diarrhoea,  and  death  from  cachexia.  The  coccidia  are  more 
abundant  in  the  intestinal  than  in  the  hepatic  form,  and  diagnosis 

26 


402  TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

can  be  assured  by  microscopical  examination  of  the  feces,  in  which 
the  coccidia  are  very  numerous. 

At  the  autopsy  there  is  found  catarrhal  inflammation  of  a portion 
or  the  whole  of  the  intestinal  canal.  In  the  large  intestine,  the 
mucous  membrane  is  covered  by  a thick  croupous  layer,  and  shows 


Fig.  248. — Recently  hatched  larva  of 
the  Strongylus  strigosus  ; magnified 
200  diameters. — Railliet. 


some  greyish,  necrosed  spots  sur- 
rounded by  a dark-red  inflam- 
matory zone.  In  the  products  of 
necrosis,  and  in  the  croupous 
layer — in  the  midst  of  particles  of 
food,  epithelial  cells  and  pus 
globules  — are  seen  numerous 
coccidia.  Sometimes,  in  benign 
cases,  there  are  whitish  spots, 
punctiform  or  from  2 mm.  to 
6 mm.  in  diameter,  which  corre- 
spond to  masses  of  coccidia.  The 
glands  of  Lieberkiihn  are  some- 
times stuffed  with  them.  Klebs  and 
Vinogradoff  have  found  coccidia  in 
the  submucous  connective  tissue, 
and  Riencke  some  young  forms  in 
the  mesenteric  glands.  Treatment 
to  be  successful  must  be  preven- 


Fig.  249. — Caudal  extremity  of  the 
male  Strongylus  retortceformis  ; mag- 
nified 150  diameters. — Railliet. 


tive.  Diagnosis  being  established,  it  is  advisable  to  sacrifice 
without  delay  the  affected  animals,  and  to  carefully  disinfect  the 
hutches  which  they  have  occupied.  The  healthy  Rabbits  should 
be  placed  in  clean  hutches,  and  supplied  with  dry  food  and  pure 
water. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


403 


Infusoria. — Davaine  has  described  an  infusorian — Lamblia  intestinalis 
(R.  Bl.) — which  he  found  in  abundance  in  mucus  from  the  duodenum  of  a 
rabbit  recently  killed  and  still  quite  warm. 

Cestodes. — Cestodes  in  the  small  intestine  of  the  domesticated 
Rabbit  are  rare.  Those  which  are  sometimes  found  appear  to  belong 
to  the  same  species — Cittotania  denoides  (Raill.).  The  Cittotaeniae 
are  anoplocephalines  which  live  in  rodents,  and  have,  like  the 
Moniezia  of  ruminants,  two  genital  pores  in  each  segment. 

Cittotcenia  denoides  may  attain  80  cm.  in  length.  Its  head  is  small  (500  ^ 
broad),  with  flat  suckers  ; the  neck,  as  broad  as  the  head,  becomes  con- 
stricted where  it  continues  the  chain.  The  segments — always  broader  than 
long — may  attain  1 cm.  in  breadth.  The  genital  pores  are  in  the  posterior 
fourth  of  the  border  of  the  segment. 

At  present  nothing  is  known  as  to  the  origin  or  the  possible  pathological 
effects  of  this  cestode. 

Acanthocephala. — Bellingham  has  noticed  an  Echinorhynchus  ( Echinor - 
hynchus  cuniculis,  Bell.) — but  without  giving  a description  of  it — which  he 
found  in  the  small  intestine  of  the  domesticated  Rabbit. 

Nematodes. — Oxyuris  ambigua  (Rud.,  Passalurus  ambiguus  Duj.). — A 
white  fusiform  worm,  the  male  of  which  is  3 mm.  to  5 mm.  long,  and  the 
female  8 mm.  to  1 1 mm.  ; the  body  in  both  sexes  terminates  in  a subulated 
or  suddenly  tapering  tail  *20  mm.  in  length.  It  infests  the  large  intestine 
and  caecum  of  the  Rabbit  and  Hare.  At  Vienne,  according  to  Dujardin,  it  is 
found  in  12  of  every  125  animals. 

Strongylus  strigosus  (Duj.). — This  strongyle  has  only  been  noted  as  inhabiting 
the  caecum  and  colon  of  the  wild  Rabbit.  Railliet  has  found  it  at  Alfort  in 
the  stomach  of  the  domesticated  Rabbit,  and  Perroncito  has  observed  the 
same  at  Turin.  It  must  not  be  mistaken  for  Sir.  retortceformis  Zeder,  which 
has  thick,  short  and  twisted  spicules,  and  infests  the  small  intestine  of  the 
Hare  and  wild  Rabbit.  Railliet  has,  however,  also  found  this  species  in  the 
small  intestine  of  the  domesticated  Rabbit. 

Trichocephalus  unguiculatus  (Rud.). — This  species  is  particularly  charac- 
terized by  the  tenuity  of  the  spicule  and  its  sheath,  which  is  smooth.  The 
male  and  female  are  3 cm.  to  4 cm.  long.  It  is  met  with  in  the  large  intestine, 
and  more  especially  in  the  caecum,  of  both  the  wild  and  domesticated  Rabbit, 
and  the  Hare  (Schneider). 

Long  Strongyloid  of  the  Rabbit  ( Strongyloides  longus,  Grassi  and  Segri). — 
This  is  a species  observed  by  Grassi  and  Perroncito,  in  the  posterior  moiety 
of  the  duedonum,  in  the  jejunum,  and  sometimes  in  the  first  portion  of  the 
ileum.  The  female  only  appears  to  be  known.  It  is  *37  mm.  long  on  the 
average,  the  oesophagus  occupying  nearly  one-fifth.  This  oesophagus  is 
triquetrous,  and  gradually  expands  posteriorly ; it  has  no  chitinous  armature. 
Ovary  double  ; vulva  situated  towards  the  posterior  third  of  the  body,  and 
surrounded  by  papillae.  Eggs  ovoid,  40  /n  long,  and  20  wide. 

The  four  species  of  Nematodes  we  have  mentioned  have  not,  up  to  the 
present  time,  been  considered  as  playing  any  pathogenic  part  in  the  domes- 
ticated Rabbit. 


Article  IX.  — Parasites  of  the  Stomach  and  Intestines  of  the 

Elephant. 

Steel  mentions  that  ' round  worms  ’ are  found  burrowing  in  the  coats  of 
the  stomach  of  the  Elephant,  and  there  form  for  themselves  ‘ abodes,’  which 
occur  as  tumours,  having  burrowing  channels  in  the  mucous  membrane,  the 
larger  and  smaller  of  these  being  formed  by  different  species.  No  practical 

26 — 2 


404 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


importance  can  yet  be  attributed  to  these  parasites.  One  round  worm  occurs 
in  both  stomach  and  intestine,  and  three  others  have  been  found  in  the  latter  ; 
they  vary  in  length  from  9 lines  to  3 inches,  and  an  even  larger  form  is  said 
to  be  found  occasionally  in  the  bile-ducts.  There  is  no  evidence  that  they 
cause  inconvenience. 

Three  species  of  Amphistomum  are  found  in  the  intestines,  but  only  one 
— Amphistomum  Hawkesii  Cobbold — is  of  any  importance.  They  give  rise 
to  a diarrhoea,  known  in  India  as  1 Lungen,’  which  is  the  most  frequent 
disease  of  Government  Elephants — proving  fatal  in  some  cases,  as  when  the 
animals  are  young,  or  are  improperly  fed  and  tended.  Death  results  from 
exhaustion,  which  is  caused  by  the  drain  on  the  system  effected  by  these 
animal  parasites  in  two  ways  ; firstly,  by  irritation  causing  profuse  diarrhoea  ; 
and  secondly,  in  all  probability,  by  direct  removal  of  blood  from  the  mucous 
membrane  of  the  intestine,  to  which  they  adhere  with  the  greatest  tenacity, 
by  means  of  their  suckers.  Of  course,  they  must  be  present  in  very  large 
numbers  to  produce  such  serious  effects,  which  are  all  the  more  easily  and 
quickly  induced  if  the  Elephant  they  invade  is  already  weakened.  Almost 
every  Government  Elephant  in  India  is  infested  with  some  of  these  Amphis- 
tomes,  which  in  some  instances  become  so  numerous,  and  cause  so  much 
irritation,  that  purging  sets  in,  and  they  are  got  rid  of  if  the  animal  is  suffi- 
ciently strong  to  withstand  their  attacks.  As  parasites  of  a closely  allied 
species  occasionally  cause  the  death  of  Horses  in  India,  Cobbold  was  inclined 
to  believe  that  the  Elephant  Amphistome  is  derived  from  the  Horse.  The 
symptoms  are  those  of  ordinary  diarrhoea  of  a severe  and  persistent  char- 
acter, preceded  by  a depraved  appetite  and  a tendency  to  eat  earth,  which 
renders  the  faeces  muddy  ; while  the  dejections  contain — generally  in  enormous 
numbers — small  translucent  bodies  of  a pink  colour,  resembling  soaked  barley- 
grains,  measuring  three-eighths  of  an  inch  long,  by  one-fourth  of  an  inch 
broad.  Careful  examination  of  these  will  lead  to  their  being  identified  as 
Amphistomes — and  especially  the  presence  of  a circular  sucker  at  each 
extremity  of  their  elongated  bodies.  After  a time,  oedematous  swellings 
appear  about  the  head  and  shoulders,  and  the  animal  dies  from  exhaustion. 

If  an  autopsy  is  made  immediately  after  death,  the  Amphistomes  are  often 
found  in  myriads,  adhering  by  means  of  their  suckers  to  the  mucous  membrane 
of  the  large  intestine,  some  being  also  free  in  the  intestinal  canal.  The  intes- 
tine exhibits  indications  of  irritation,  especially  in  the  form  of  gelatinous 
effusion  between  the  tunics  ; and  there  are  generally  other  parasites  associated 
with  these.  The  other  organs  of  the  body  are  anaemic,  and  more  or  less 
dropsical,  while  the  blood  is  very  deficient  in  colour.  Infestation  probably 
takes  place  by  means  of  green  forage. 

An  outbreak  of  this  parasitism  occurred  among  the  Elephants  of  a London 
circus  in  1878,  and  caused  much  loss  (G.  Fleming). 


B.— DOMESTICATED  BIRDS. 

Article  I. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  Poultry. 

Infusoria. — Eberth  has  remarked  in  the  intestines  *cf  several  Birds,  and 
notably  in  the  Fowl,  an  Infusorian  in  the  glands  of  Lieberkiihn  that  Kunstler 
places  in  the  genus  Trichomonas — Tr.  Eberthi  Sav.  Kent.  It  is  remarkable 
for  the  presence  of  a very  salient,  plicated,  undulating  membrane  placed  along 
the  body. 

Coccidia. — The  intestinal  coccidium  of  the  Fowl,  Coccidium 
avium  (Silvestrini  and  Rivolta),  C.  tenellum  (Raill.  and  Lucet),  first 
seen  by  Silvestrini  and  Rivolta,  then  by  Perroncito,  and  connected 
provisionally  with  C.  perforans , represents  a distinct  species  which 
Railliet  and  Lucet  have  carefully  studied. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


405 


In  very  young  subjects 


This  coccidium  is  usually  ellipsoidal  (the  two  poles  having  the 
same  breadth),  with  a thin  shell,  and,  in  the  state  of  oocyst,  measures 
from  24  [x  to  36  fx  long  by  12  [x  to  22  [x  broad.  It  develops 
after  the  manner  of  Coccidium  cuniculi. 

Intestinal  coccidiosis  of  the  Fowl  often  occurs  as  an  epizootic, 
and  attacks  nearly  as  many  adults  as  young  chickens.  The  affected 
birds  are  unthrifty,  lose  appetite,  and  become  emaciated.  Consti- 
pation is  followed  by  profuse  diarrhoea,  which  is  sometimes  sanguino- 
lent  or  brick-red,  more  often  whitish,  then  greenish.  Those  attacked 
become  apathetic  and  isolate  themselves,  the  comb  assumes  a bluish 
tint,  and  there  is  free  salivation.  Death  takes  place  in  two  or 
three  days,  though  sometimes,  particularly  in  adults,  the  disease 
may  continue  for  a fortnight,  and  it  may  even  pass  to  the  chronic 
state  ; the  birds  are  then  transformed  into  veritable  skeletons, 
and  eventually  succumb  to  marasmus, 
the  course  of  the  malady  is 
very  rapid.  The  mortality  a 
reaches  60  to  70  per  cent,  of 
the  affected.  Diagnosis  can 
be  assured  by  the  discovery 
of  coccidia  in  the  faecal 
matters. 

The  lesions  are  usually 
localized  in  the  small  intes- 
tine, and  particularly  in  the 
duodenum ; the  mucosa  is 

dark  red,  swollen,  and  Strewn  a>  bi  Coccidia  extracted  from  the  epi- 
With  spots  or  irregular  whitish  thelial  cells  of  the  intestine,  and  repre- 
streaks  formed  by  masses  of  senting  the  first  phases  of  development  ; 
coccidia.  The  alimentary  " 
matters,  not  very  abundant, 
contain  a large  quantity  of  cell, 
encysted  coccidia,  free  or 

still  enclosed  in  the  epithelial  cells  ; the  jvdlli  are  injected,  and 
more  or  less  denuded  of  their  epithelium. 

In  certain  cases  the  lesions  are  exclusively  limited  to  the  caeca. 
The  contents  of  the  caeca,  very  fluid,  offensive,  and  brick-red, 
include  a few  coccidia,  some  altered  epithelial  cells,  blood  corpuscles, 
and  many  globules  of  fat. 

In  the  state  of  oocyst  more  or  less  advanced,  the  coccidia  of  the 
Fowl  may  exist  from  one  year  to  another  in  the  damp  soil  of  the 
poultry- yard.  They  are  ingested  by  the  birds  with  their  food  and 
water.  The  most  severe  epizootics  occur  in  summer  in  artificial 
yards,  and  particularly  where  air  and  light  are  insufficient.  It  is 
possible  that  the  disease  may  be  introduced  by  eggs  used  in  breeding, 
for  Eckhardt  has  found  coccidia  on  the  shell  and  in  the  white  of  the 
eggs  from  Fowls  attacked  with  coccidiosis. 

Cestodes.— Nine  species  of  Cestodes — eight  Taeniae  and  one 
Bothriocephalus — are  found  in  the  intestine  of  the  Fowl.  But  the 


F-g.  250. — Coccidium  avium  of  the  Fowl’s 
intestine. — After  Perroncito. 


c,  encysted  adult  coccidium,  found  free  in 
the  intestine  ; d,  adult  coccidium  encysted 
in  an  enlarged  and  deformed  epithelial 


406 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


numerous  forms  of  Tape- worms  mentioned  as  infesting  this  Bird 
are  difficult  to  distinguish  from  one  another,  while  the  majority 
have  been  incompletely  described  ; besides,  the  hooks  with  which 
the  head  is  armed  are  usually  very  temporary,  and  after  they  are 
shed  the  physiognomy  of  the  scolex  is  so  modified  that  the  species 
can  scarcely  be  distinguished  ; and,  finally,  many  Taeniae  are  so 
seldom  met  with,  that  there  is  little  opportunity  for  establishing 
their  natural  history  on  a solid  basis.  In  certain  cases  the  intestine 
contains  them  in  such  numbers,  and  so  many  Fowls  are  infested, 
that  there  prevails  a kind  of  epizootic  taeniasis. 

1.  Choantcenia  infundibuliformis  Goeze. — Length  20  mm.  to  130  mm., 
exceptionally  230  mm. ; breadth  1 mm.  to  2 mm.  Head  oval,  slightly 
flattened,  and  *50  mm.  long  ; long  rostellum,  retractile  or  protractile, 
cylindrical  or  hemispherical,  and  bearing  a single  crown  of  16  to  20  hooks, 
according  to  Krabbe — 30  according  to  other  authorities,  which  are  20  /x  to 
27  ix  long  ; suckers  small  and  neck  very  short.  First  segments  very  short, 
and  the  succeeding  ones  infundibuliform,  the  anterior  border  being  narrower 
than  the  posterior.  Genital  pores  single,  and  irregularly  alternated.  These 
worms  are  often  present  in  hundreds  in  the  intestine  of  the  Fowl.  Grassi  and 
Rovelli  state  that  the  Cysticercus  of  this  Taenia  has,  for  its  intermediate  host, 
the  house-fly. 

2.  Dicranotcenia  sphenoides  (Raill. ). — Length  2 mm.,  breadth  1 mm.  Ros- 
tellum provided  with  12  hooks,  32  ix  long.  Suckers  oval  and  elongated. 
Strobila  cuneiform,  comprising  12  segments,  which  increase  in  breadth  from 
the  first  to  the  last.  Grassi  and  Rovelli  assert  that  this  Taenia  has  for  its  inter- 
mediate host  an  Earthworm,  the  Alloboph  ro  fcetida  (Eisen). 

3.  Davainea  proglottina  (Dav.). — Length  *5  mm.  to  1*55  mm.,  breadth 
from  *2  mm.  to  *5  mm.  Head  quadrangular,  slightly  rounded  in  front, 
from  *15  mm.  to  *20  mm.,  furnished  with  a convex  rostrum,  retractile, 
carrying  at  its  base  a crown  of  about  eighty  hooks  7 /x  long ; suckers  small, 
armed  with  spines  6 /x  long.  The  chain,  composed  of  2 to  5 segments,  gradually 
increases  in  length  and  breadth  ; genital  pores  alternate,  situated  at  one  of 
the  anterior  angles  of  the  segments.  Ova  very  large — 50  \x — and  each  con- 
tains a very  active  embryo.  The  segments  separate  as  soon  as  they  are  formed  ; 
they  live  and  are  developed  when  free,  acquiring  double  the  total  length  of 
the  Taenia.  When  fully  extended  they  are  i*8  mm.  long,  and  only  one-half 
this  measurement  in  the  state  of  retraction.  They  move  about  in  a very 
lively  manner.  Davaine  found  these  proglottides — which  had  been  already 
seen  by  Dujardin — in  considerable  numbers  in  the  duodenum  of  all  the 
Fowls  he  examined  at  Saint- Amand,  Nord,  in  1885.  He  obtained  a very 
small  number  of  heads  by  scraping  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  duodenum. 
According  to  Grassi  and  Rovelli,  this  Taenia  lives  as  a Cysticercus  in  several 
species  of  Limax — L.  cinerus,  L.  agrestis,  L.  variegatus.  In  less  than  twenty 
days,  the  ova  are  transformed  into  cystic  larvae  in  the  organs  of  these  molluscs. 
Fowls  readily  eat  the  molluscs,  and  become  infested  with  this  tapeworm, 
which  attains  the  adult  stage  in  about  eight  days. 

4.  Davainea  cesticillus  Molin  (T.  infundibuliformis  Duj.). — Length  9 mm. 
to  45  mm.  (Molin),  or  no  mm.  (Krabbe)  ; breadth  1 mm.  to  2 mm.  Head 
pyriform  ; rostrum  scarcely  salient,  depressed,  discoid,  and  surrounded  at 
its  base  by  a ring  (which  is  unarmed  according  to  Molin),  provided  with  a 
double  crown  of  208  hooks,  7 ix  to  9 //  long  and  very  temporary.  Neck  null. 
First  segments  very  short,  and  broader  than  the  head ; the  last  are  nearly 
as  long  as  they  are  broad.  Genital  pores  single,  and  irregularly  alternate. 
A common  species. 

5.  Davainea  echinobothrida  Megnin. — Length  50  mm.  to  100  mm.,  breadth 
2 mm.  Rostrum  replaced  by  an  infundibulum  armed  with  a double  crown  of 
about  100  hooks.  Suckers  armed  with  crowns  of  rose-like  thorns,  those  of  the 
middle  rows  being  the  largest.  No  neck.  Genital  orifices  irregularly  alternate. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


407 


6.  Davainea  tetragona  (Molin). — Length  12  mm.  to  90  mm.  (Molin),  200  mm. 
(Piana),  250  mm.  (Krabbe) ; breadth  i*6  mm.  to  3 mm.  Head  small,  tetragonal ; 
rostrum  armed  with  a double  crown  of  about  200  hooks  6 u long  ; suckers 
furnished  with  seven  to  eight  rows  of  unequal  hooks.  Neck  long,  first  seg- 
ments very  short,  the  following  segments  subquadrangular  and  imbricated, 
genital  pores  unilateral  on  the  middle  of  the  border  of  each  segment. 

7.  T.  (?)  exilis  Duj. — Length  100  mm., 
breadth  1 mm.  to  2 mm.  Head  tetrago 
nous  and  ’6o  mm.  broad.  Rostellum 
short,  depressed,  and  armed  with  a single 
crown  of  60  hooks,  8 \x  long.  Suckers 
orbicular  ; neck  distinct  and  5 mm.  long. 

Segments  wider  than  they  are  long,  and 
the  anterior  border  narrower  than  the  pos- 
terior, giving  the  strobila  a saw-like  appear 
ance.  Genital  pores  unilateral. 

8.  T.  (?)  malleus  Goeze. — Length  40  mm. 
to  200  mm.,  breadth  4 mm.  to  5 mm. 

Head  very  small  and  ‘12  mm.  broad. 

Rostellum  short,  slender,  and  armed  with 
12  hooks,  17  fj.  long.  Suckers  *05  broad. 

Neck  short,  80  fx  broad,  followed  by  a 
transverse  dilatation,  formed  of  very 
numerous  but  little  distinct  articles.  Ova 
collected  in  files  or  series  (Dujardin). 

Found  by  Creplin  in  the  Cock  ; more 
frequent  in  the  Duck. 

9.  Bothnotcenia  longicollis  Molin.  — 

Length  18  mm.  to  27  mm.,  breadth  4 mm. 

Head  small  and  claviform.  Suckers  in 
the  form  of  oval,  lateral  slits.  Neck  long 
and  slender  ; body  taenioid,  and  furrowed 
by  two  longitudinal  grooves.  First  seg- 
ments very  short,  the  succeeding  ones 
being  almost  quadrangular,  and  the  last 
elliptical,  transversely  elongated,  and 
having  rounded  borders.  Genital  pores 
unilateral,  situated  at  the  middle  of  the 
border  of  each  segment. 

This  species  was  found  in  Paris  by 
Molin,  in  the  small  intestine  of  a Fowl. 

According  to  Ness!  and  Lucet,  the 
young  F owls  which  harbour  numerous 
Taeniae  lose  their  appetite,  become 
emaciated,  dull  and  feeble,  isolate 
themselves,  and  hold  their  head  F.g. 
under  the  wing.  Other  authorities 
have  observed  diarrhoea,  sometimes 
epileptiform  attacks,  stiffness  in 
movement,  and  the  legs  straddling. 

The  only  indubitable  sign  is  the  presence  of  proglottides  in  the  faeces. 
With  regard  to  the  treatment  of  taeniasis  in  Fowls,  the  best 
method  is  to  mix  powder  of  the  bark  of  pomegranate-root — a 
teaspoonful  for  every  fifty  head — in  their  food. 

Trematodes. — 1.  Notocotyle  verrucosum  Frolich. — Body  white  or  reddish, 
2 mm.  to  6 mm.  long,  and  7 mm.  to  1*5  mm.  broad  ; oblong-oval,  very 


1. — A,  Notocotyle  verruco- 
sum,  young  specimen;  magnified 
forty  diameters.  B,  three  ova 
from  the  same  ; magnified  215 
diameters. — Duj  ardin. 


408 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


depressed,  narrow  in  front,  rounded  behind  ; 36  to  47  round,  reddish  papillae, 
arranged  in  three  rows  on  the  ventral  surface — sometimes  absent,  according 
to  Dujardin — and  constituted,  as  stated  by  Wedl,  by  the  groups  of  the  ter- 
minal vesicles  of  the  vitelline  sacs,  which  become  prominent.  Penis  studded 
with  small  spines.  Vulva  situated  behind,  and  at  the  base  of  the  receptacle 
for  the  penis.  Ova  of  special  form,  somewhat  reddish,  elliptical,  23  /4  long 
and  11  n broad,  and  furnished  at  each  end  with  a filiform  appendage  160  n 
long.  Found  by  Von  Siebold  in  the  caecal  intestine  of  the  Fowl  ; though 
it  is  more  frequent  in  the  Duck. 

2.  Distomum  oxycephalum  Rud. — Body  oval  and  depressed,  6 mm.  to 
8 mm.  long,  and  *3  mm.  to  2 mm.  broad.  Oral  sucker  unarmed  ; ventral 
sucker  very  large.  Anterior  part  attenuated,  and  provided  with  small  spines. 
Dujardin  and  Von  Linstow  consider  this  species  as  a mere  variety  of  the 
D.  echinatum,  of  which  the  hooks  are  little  visible  or  are  detached.  Rare 
in  the  Fowl ; more  frequent  in  the  Duck. 

3.  Distomum  dilatatum  Fischer  de  Waldheim. — Body  elongated,  flattened, 
rounded  behind,  from  4 mm.  to  8 mm.  long,  and  2 mm.  broad.  The  anterior 
part  is  attenuated  into  a kind  of  neck,  which  presents  in  its  middle  a dilata* 
tion  1*2  mm.  long.  Found  in  the  intestine.  Rare.  It  is  probably  the 
D.  echinatum  (Zeder). 

4.  Distomum  lineare  Rud. — Body  reddish,  linear,  flat,  obtuse  behind, 
10  mm.  to  15  mm.  long,  and  1*5  mm.  broad.  Oral  sucker  surrounded  by 
six  small  papilhe.  Found  in  the  rectum.  Rare. 

5.  Distomum  armatum  Molin. — Body  linear,  flat,  rounded  behind,  inferior 
surface  a little  concave,  and  covered  with  small,  closely-set  spines  which  are 
absent  behind  ; prolonged  in  front  by  a conical  neck  carrying  semi-lunar 
head  furnished  with  two  rows  of  spines  ; oral  sucker  oval ; the  ventral 
sucker  much  larger,  and  situated  at  the  base  of  the  neck.  Total  length 
8 mm.,  width  1 mm.  Found  by  Molin  in  Italy,  in  the  caeca  and  rectum  of 
a Fowl.  Probably  it  is  the  D.  echinatum. 

6.  Cephalogonimus  ovatus  Rud. — Body  flattened,  oval,  narrower  in  front, 
whitish,  speckled  with  black,  4 mm.  to  7 mm.  long,  and  from  2*25  mm.  to 
4 mm.  broad  behind.  Oral  sucker  terminal,  orbicular,  prominent,  and  from 
•4  mm.  to  '6  mm.  wide  ; the  ventral  sucker  is  double  this  in  size.  The 
integument  is  studded  with  hooks  pointing  backwards,  very  close  together 
in  the  anterior  region,  deciduous,  and  only  visible  in  very  young  specimens. 

It  is  found  in  the  sac  of  Fabricius  of  numerous  Birds,  among  which  is  the 
Fowl,  but  only  when  it  is  young,  as  this  bursa  disappears  with  age  and  the 
advent  of  the  generative  functions  (Retterer). 

7.  Mesogonimus  dimorphus  Wagener. — Body  flat,  about  7*5  mm.  long, 
and  1 -5  mm.  broad  in  front,  2 mm.  behind  ; white  except  on  the  middle 
third,  at  the  posterior  sucker,  where  it  has  a dark  tint  from  the  presence  of 
eggs  in  the  oviduct.  Orbicular  suckers  larger,  the  anterior  a little  more  so 
than  the  posterior.  Testicles  rounded,  and  situated  in  the  posterior  part 
of  the  body,  one  behind  the  other.  The  genital  openings  are  situated  on 
the  ventral  surface,  behind  the  posterior  sucker  and  in  front  of  the  anterior 
testicle.  The  vitellogenes  are  lateral,  occupying  the  anterior  two-thirds. 
Ovary  a little  to  the  right,  between  the  two  testicles.  Eggs  ovoid,  27 
long,  and  14  //.  broad.  Found  for  the  first  time  by  Wagener,  then  by  Sonsino, 
who  has  given  a good  description  of  it.  It  inhabits  the  caeca  of  the  Fowl. 

All  these  species  of  Trematodes  are  without  importance  from  a pathological 
point  of  view. 

Nematodes.  — 1.  Heterakis  papillosa  Bloch. — Mouth  surrounded  by 
three  lips.  Pharyngeal  bulb  not  distinct.  Male  8 mm.  to  9 mm.  long  ; 
two  unequal  spicules  ; pre-anal  sucker  encircled  by  a salient  vesicular  ring  ; 
posterior  part  fine  and  subulated.  Female  11  mm.  to  15  mm.,  and  gradually 
attenuated  towards  the  posterior  part.  A common  species  : of  190  Fowls 
or  pullets,  Dujardin  at  Rennes  found  it  in  107,  and  exclusively  in  the  caeca 
— sometimes  in  prodigious  quantity  during  various  seasons.  At  Vienne  it 
has  been  met  with  in  41  of  127  Fowls. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


409 


2.  Heterakis  differens  Sonsino. — A slightly  larger  species  than  the  pre- 
ceding. The  mouth  has  no  apparent  lips.  Pharyngeal  bulb  distinct.  Two 
equal  spicules,  accompanied  by  an  accessory  piece ; sucker  neither  salient  nor 
winged.  Posterior  extremity  of  the  female  sharply  acuminated.  Found 
by  Sonsino  in  the  posterior  portions  of  the  Fowl’s 
intestine. 

3.  Heterakis  perspicillum  Rud. — Body  of  a dirty- 
yellow  colour,  3 cm.  to  8 cm.  long  in  the  male,  and 
7 cm.  to  12  cm.  in  the  female.  The  tail  ends  in  a 
sharp  mucron.  Infests  the  small  intestine.  At  Rennes, 

Dujardin  found  it  in  only  thirty  of  195  Fowls  and 
pullets.  It  was  not  met  with  at  Vienne  in' 127  Fowls 
examined. 

4.  Heterakis  compressa  Schn. — Male  5 cm.  long; 
female  9 cm.  long.  A species  found  by  Schomburg  in 
the  intestine  of  the  Fowl  in  Scuth  Australia.  Finally, 
we  have  already  mentioned  the  larval  Nematodes 
found  by  Badoky,  encysted  in  the  walls  of  the  stomach 
and  intestine. 

Baronio  has  described  an  epizootic  malady 
which  prevailed  among  Fowls  and  other  domesti- 
cated Birds  in  Lombardy,  during  the  summer 
of  1789,  and  which  he  attributed  to  worms  in 
the  intestines.  From  the  dimensions  he  gives, 
these  worms  might  be  the  Heterakis  'perspi- 
cillum ; but  notwithstanding  their  considerable 
numbers  in  the  intestines  and  the  some- 
times salutary  effects  of  vermifuges,  judging 
from  the  symptoms  and  the  lesions  it  might 
be  affirmed  that  the  helminthiasis  was  acces- 
sory, and  that  the  cause  of  the  mortality  was 
probably  nothing  else  than  Fowl-cholera. 

This  is  not  the  case,  however,  with  the 
observations  of  Blavette  and  Rossignol.  Death 
here  appeared  to  be  due  to  the  accumulation 
of  the  Heterakis  perspicillum  in  the  intestine. 

In  the  first  case,  there  were  about  thirty  in 
each  Fowl  that  had  died  ; and  in  the  second 
they  formed  one  or  two  pellets  the  size  of  a 
pigeon’s  egg,  situated  in  the  duodenum,  which 
they  obstructed.  Some  of  the  worms  were  Fig.  252. — Caudal 
isolated,  and  extended  throughout  the  length  extremity  of  the 

of  the  small  intestine.  But  what  still  leaves  ^pillosa  oFthl 

doubts — especially  in  Rossignol’ s case — is  the  Fowl, 
sudden  appearance  of  the  disease,  its  rapid  , Left  short 
progress,  and  the  mortality  attending  the  spicule ; s',  right  long 
epizooty,  which  had  neither  the  physiognomy  spicule ; v,  sucker ; 
nor  the  symptoms  of  a verminous  affection.  PP>  papillae. 

Megnin  asserts  that  helminthiasis  due  to  the 
Heterakis  perspicillum  is  manifested  by  diminution  of  appetite, 
emaciation,  indifference,  somnolency,  with  sudden  starts  of  wake- 
fulness, and  diarrhoea.  He  recommends  mixing  santonica  with  the 


4io 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


food  given  to  the  Fowls,  or  incorporating  it  in  powder  in  a cake,  the 
dose  being  4 to  5 grammes  for  ten  Birds. 

In  Blavette’s  observation,  the  good  effects  of  anthelmintic  treat- 
ment are  demonstrative.  Following  Baronio’s  example,  he 
employed  a mixture  of  equal  parts  of  the  root  of  male  fern,  tansy 
and  savory,  of  which  he  made  a decoction — about  300  grammes  to 
ij  litres  of  water  ; the  resulting  fluid  was  mixed  with  flour,  and  of 
this  pills  were  made,  which  were  forcibly  administered  to  the  diseased 
Birds. 

5.  Trichosomum  retusum  Raill. — Male,  13  mm.,  female,  19  mm.  long.  Pos- 
terior extremity  of  the  body  rounded,  and  blunt  in  the  female.  The  sheath 
of  the  spicule  in  the  male  is  smooth. 

6.  Trichosomum  annulatum  Molin. — Length  of  the  male,  15  mm.,  of  the 
female  80  mm.  Body  white,  capillary,  very  attenuated  at  its  anterior  ex- 
tremity, and  elegantly  marked  with  close  annular  stripes. 

7.  Trichosomum  collare  Linstow. — Length  of  the  male,  8 mm.  to  10  mm., 
of  the  female,  9 mm.  to  12  mm.  Cephalic  extremity  in  the  form  of  a trun- 
cated cone.  The  sheath  of  the  spicule  of  the  male  is  covered  with  fine  bristles. 
Found  by  Von  Linstow  in  great  quantities  in  the  intestine  of  a Fowl. 

The  Trichosomes  are  not  frequent  in  the  Fowls’  intestine.  In  more  than 
180  Birds,  Dujardin  only  found  them  in  eight.  So  far  as  pathology  is  con- 
cerned, these  parasites  possess  no  interest.  They  occupy  various  portions 
of  the  intestines,  but  more  especially  the  caeca  and  colon  ; though  Ziirn 
indicates  the  Tr.  annulatum  as  having  been  found  by  Molin  beneath  the 
oesophageal  epithelium  of  the  Fowl. 

8.  Dispharagus  spiralis  Mclin. — Ihis  has  been  already  noted  as  parasitic 
in  the  oesophagus  of  the  Fowl.  It  has  been  met  with  in  the  intestine  of  this 
bird  by  Fedschenko,  in  Turkestan  (Von  Linstow). 

Lucet  has  observed  a verminous  enteritis  in  poultry-yards,  due 
to  the  association  of  various  species  of  Helminthes.  The  affection 
made  slow  progress,  and  the  Fowls  attacked  preserved  their  appetite, 
but  lost  condition,  and  became  dull  and  indifferent  ; later,  the 
feathers  lost  their  lustre  and  became  erect  ; while  the  wings  were 
drooping  and  the  movements  languid.  A foetid  diarrhoea  set  in, 
wasting  became  more  marked,  and  the  appetite  was  diminished  ; 
soon  the  creatures  remained  immovable  and  huddled  up,  with  their 
eyes  half  closed  ; the  comb  and  mucous  membrane  lost  their  colour, 
the  temperature  was  below  normal,  the  appetite  disappeared,  and 
the  feet  were  swollen.  These  Fowls  often  yawned,  and  their  torpor 
and  ansemia  were  extreme  ; death  ensued  in  a tranquil  manner  in 
about  one  or  two  months.  At  the  autopsy,  in  addition  to  the 
emaciation,  there  were  observed  the  lesions  of  a chronic  diarrhoeic 
enteritis,  and  the  following  Helminthes  — Davainea  proglottina, 
Ch.  infundibuliformis,  D.  cesticillus,  Heterakis  papillosa , H.  inflexd , 
and  Trichosomum  collare.  The  D.  proglottina  was  the  principal 
cause  of  the  malady,  and  in  each  case  was  found  in  thousands. 
The  Heterakis  species  were  less  constant,  though  they  had  taken  a 
good  share  in  the  development  of  the  affection.  The  successful 
treatment  consisted  in  the  intermittent  employment  of  calomel  in 
doses  of  1 to  2 centigrammes,  and  the  heads  of  santonica,  artemisia 
vulgaris,  and  wormwood,  mixed  with  the  ordinary  grain  on  which 
they  were  fed.  The  hen-rocsts  were  scrupulously  cleansed. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


411 

Article  II. — Parasites  of  the  Intestines  of  the  Turkey,  Guinea 
fowl,  Peacock,  and  Pheasant. 

Turkey. — The  intestinal  parasites  of  the  Turkey  are  Protozoa 
and  Worms. 

Protozoa. — The  Coccidium  avium , which  determines  the  epizootic 
Coccidiosis  of  Fowls  has  been  observed  by  Eckhardt  in  similar 
conditions  in  Turkeys.  The  disease  almost  exclusively  attacks 
young  Turkeys,  and  its  symptoms  and  effects  are  very  little  different 
from  those  seen  in  Coccidiosis  of  Poultry.  It  is  perhaps  the  same 
affection  of  young  Turkeys  as  that  studied  and  described,  in  the 
United  States,  under  the  name  of  ‘ Infectious  entero-hepatitis,’  by 
H.  Smith,  who  attributed  the  malady  to  an  amoeba  ( A . meleagridis). 

Lucet,  who  studied  the  same  disease  in  France,  named  it  ‘ Peri- 
typhlo-hepatitis.’  He  states  that  it  affects  nearly  exclusively 
Turkeys  of  two  to  three  months  old.  It  pursues  a rapid  course, 
and  proves  fatal  in  from  80  to  90  per  cent,  of  the  cases. 

Helminthes. — Intestinal  worms  are  not  common  in  the  Turkey.  They  are 
a Taenia,  a Mesogonimus,  and  two  species  of  Heterakis. 

The  Tape-worm  (T.  cantaniana  Pol.)  was  found  by  Poloni.  It  is  14  mm. 
long.  Its  globular  head,  furnished  with  very  large  suckers,  is  described  as 
unarmed,  perhaps  because  of  the  deciduousness  of  the  hooks.  There  is  no 
neck,  and  the  first  segments  are  campaniform,  the  succeeding  ones  being 
trapezoid. 

Mesogonimus  dimorphus  Wagener. — This  parasite  of  the  Fowl  has  been 
found  once  in  a young  Turkey  by  Sonsino.  The  two  species  of  Heterakis 
(H.  papillosa  and  H.  perspicillum)  are  also  found  in  the  Fowl.  They  are 
seldom  met  with. 

The  only  intestinal  parasite  of  the  Guinea-fowl  is  the  Heterakis  papillosa, 
found  in  the  Vienne  Museum  in  6 of  12  Birds. 

It  is  the  same  with  regard  to  the  Peacock,  in  which  this  parasite  has  been 
found  in  9 of  17  Birds  at  the  Vienne  Museum. 

Common  Pheasant. — The  intestinal  parasitism  of  the  Pheasant 
comprises  a Coccidiosis  and  Helminthiases. 

Coccidiosis. — McFadyean  in  England  and  Sjobring  in  Sweden  nave  each 
observed  in  young  Pheasants  an  epizootic  of  intestinal  Coccidiosis  which 
appears  to  be  connected  with  Coccidium  avium.  The  symptoms  are 
analogous  to  these  of  intestinal  Coccidiosis  of  the  Fowl  ; yet  the  enteritis 
is  not  haemorrhagic.  The  coccidia  mostly  are  in  the  swarming  stage  (Mero- 
zoites)  ; the  oocysts  measure  28  /jl  by  16  /*.  The  parasites  are  found  in  the 
epithelial  cells,  and  more  particularly  in  those  of  Lieberkiihn’s  glands.  Re- 
ferring to  an  outbreak  of  intestinal  coccidiosis  in  young  Pheasants  in  1893, 
McFadyean  states  : 

In  all  the  cases  the  coccidia  had  penetrated  in  great  numbers  into  the 
secretory  glands  of  the  intestine,  and  had  in  large  measure  destroyed  the 
epithelial  cells  which  line  these  glands  and  the  inner  surface  of  the  bowel. 
The  chief  symptom  of  the  disease  is-  diarrhoea,  and  since  the  parasites  are 
passed  out  with  the  faeces,  the  ground  soon  becomes  most  seriously  con- 
taminated, and  the  disease  increases  at  an  alarming  rate.  Apart  from  the 
inherent  difficulty  of  applying  medicinal  treatment  to  young  pheasants, 
there  is  but  small  hope  of  effecting  a cure  in  this  condition,  because  the 
bowel  is  already  largely  invaded  by  the  parasites  before  any  symptoms  are 
exhibited.  More  trust  must  be  placed  in  preventive  measures,  which  should 
be  based  on  the  fact  that  the  disease  is  spread  by  the  faeces  of  affected  birds. 
The  providing  of  fresh  clean  ground  is,  therefore,  essential. 


412 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Helminthiases. — The  common  Pheasant  harbours  in  its  intestine  the 
Heterakis  papillosa,  the  Trichosomum  retusum,  the  Choantcenia  infundi- 
buliformis,  and  the  T.  cantaniana.  Of  these,  the  first  three  have  been 
already  met  with  in  the  Fowl,  the  last  in  the  Turkey.  In  addition  to  these. 
Von  Linstow  has  described  another  species  ( Davainea  Friedbergeri),  probably 
the  same  that  Megnin  has  named  T.  cesticillus — var.  Phasianorum.  The 
genital  pores  are  unilateral. 

The  Taeniadae  are  sometimes  so  numerous  in  the  intestine  of  the 
Pheasant,  that  they  cause  a real  verminous  enteritis,  which  is  often 
fatal.  Friedberger  and  Megnin  have  drawn  attention  to  this 
malady,  which  may  prevail  in  an  epizootic  form,  more  especially 
attacking  young  Birds.  There  is  nothing  particular  in  the 
symptoms,  which  are  chiefly  those  of  digestive  or  reflex  disturbance 
common  to  all  the  intestinal  Helminthiases.  In  several  Pheasants, 
Megnin  has  found  portions  of  the  intestine  literally  crammed  with 
masses  of  Taeniae,  each  usually  composed  of  15  to  20  complete 
individuals. 

This  authority  has  recommended  treating  the  diseased  Pheasants 
with  kamala,  mixed  into  a paste  with  hard-boiled  eggs  and  bread, 
which  should  be  given  concurrently  with  ants’  eggs.  Ziirn  advises 
the  employment  of  freshly  powdered  areca-nut,  in  doses  of  2 to 
3 grammes,  and  pumpkin-seeds. 

Megnin  relates  that  he  has  witnessed  an  outbreak  of  verminous 
enteritis  caused  by  the  Heterakis  vesicularis.  It  manifested  itself 
by  the  same  symptoms  as  that  of  Fowls — due  to  the  Heterakis 
per  spirillum,  and  should  be  submitted  to  the  same  treatment. 

Article  III. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Pigeon. 

Infusoria. — At  the  autopsy  of  four  Pigeons,  Rivolta  found  in  the  small 
intestine  a considerable  number  of  very  mobile  Infusoria — the  Trichomonas 
columbce  Rail!.  They  were  6 n to  y /j.  long,  and  nearly  3 ^ broad  ; were 
pale,  oval,  semilunar  or  constricted  in  their  middle,  more  obtuse  at  one  end 
than  the  other,  and  furnished  with  four  flagella,  one  or  two  of  the  longest 
of  these  being  situated  at  one  end  of  the  body.  There  were,  besides,  numerous 
yellow  Psorospermiae.  The  mucous  membrane  was  inflamed.  Rivolta 
attributed  the  death  of  the  Pigeons  to  the  action  of  these  parasites. 

Coccidia. — Intestinal  Coccidiosis  of  the  Pigeon  has  been  observed 
in  Italy  by  Rivolta  and  Delprato,  and  at  Weimar  by  L.  Pfeiffer. 
It  attacks  more  particularly  young  Pigeons,  which  contract  the 
disease  in  the  nest  from  their  parents.  The  coccidium  of  the 
Pigeon  measures  18  /x  long  by  15  /x  broad.  Labbe  has  named 
it  Coccidium  Pfeifjeri  ; probably  it  is  only  a variety  of  Coccidium 
avium. 

Cestodes. — Davainea  crassula  Rud.  Length  300  mm.  to  400  mm., 
breadth  4 mm.  Head  oval  ; rostellum  obtuse,  rounded  at  the  summit,  and 
armed  with  a double  crown  of  about  60  hooks  from  10  /x  to  11  fx  long.  Neck 
long  and  slender.  First  segments  very  short,  the  succeeding  ones  being 
always  short,  but  with  expanded  borders  ; the  last  nearly  infundibuliform. 
Genital  pores  unilateral.  Ova  very  large,  ovoid,  28  /x  long,  and  arranged 
in  groups.  A rare  species,  found  first  in  Brazil  by  Olfers,  in  a Pigeon  brought 
from  the  coast  of  Africa  ; seen  at  Rouen  by  Clouet. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


413 


Trematodes. — At  the  autopsy  of  a six  weeks’  old  Pigeon,  Mazzanti 
found  in  its  small  intestine  a certain  number  of  Distomes  in  the  midst  of  a 
sanguinolent  fluid,  and  at  this  spot  the  mucous  membrane  was  congested 
and  of  a dark-red  tint.  He  named  this  parasite  Distomum  columbce.  From 
the  description  of  it,  it  appears  to  be  identical  with  Mesogonimus  dimorphus 
of  the  Fowl’s  intestine. 


Nematodes. — Heterakis  maculosa  Rud.  ( H . columbce  Gmelin). — Body 
white,  somewhat  translucid,  cylindrical,  and  attenuated  at  both  ends.  Head 
with  three  almost  equal-sized  lips.  Male  16  mm.  to  25  mm.  long  ; tail 
straight,  conical,  somewhat  acute  and  mucronated  ; sucker  round  ; ten 
papillae  on  each  side  ; two  long  spicules.  Female  20  mm.  to  35  mm.  long  ; 
straight,  conical  or  conoid  mucronated  tail ; vulva  placed  in  the  middle  of 
the  length  of  the  body,  which  is  often  distended  by  eggs.  Internal  vesicles, 
the  nature  of  which  is  not  well  understood,  are  seen  through  the  transparent 
walls  like  so  many  spots.  Ova  80  ^ to  90  fj.  long,  and  40  /jl  to  50  /a  broad. 


This  worm  is  often  met  with  in  enormous  quantities  in  the 
intestine  of  Pigeons,  sometimes  to  such  a degree  as  to  prevent  their 
being  reared.  It  is  not  rare  to  find  400  to 
500  in  the  intestine  of  one  Bird  ; so  that  it  is 
easy  to  understand  the  amount  of  digestive 
derangement  that  may  result.  Unterberger 
was  one  of  the  first  to  direct  attention  to  the 
noxiousness  of  this  parasite.  Independently 
of  the  ova  of  the  Heterakis — which  the  micro- 
scope reveals  in  innumerable  masses  in  the 
faeces — the  malady  is  characterized  by  a group 
of  symptoms,  of  which  the  principal  are  tor- 
pidity, loss  of  appetite,  periodic  diarrhoea,  and 
at  last  marked  wasting,  particularly  of  the 
pectoral  muscles.  Death  usually  occurs  at  this 
period,  after  general  exhaustion  and  convulsions. 

At  the  autopsy,  the  worms  are  found  closely 
packed  together,  and  lying  in  the  long  axis  of 
the  intestine  ; the  mucous  membrane  is  dis- 
tended in  patches  more  or  less  large  and  numerous,  gorged  with 
blood,  softened  or  ulcerated,  and  covered  with  thick  mucus. 

In  about  7 grammes  of  faeces  passed  in  twenty-four  hours  by  a 
diseased  Pigeon,  there  were  on  the  average — according  to  Unter- 
berger— 12,000  eggs  of  the  Heterakis.  This  authority  placed  some 
of  these  eggs  on  damp  blotting-paper  in  a flask,  and  watched  their 
evolution  ; the  embryos  were  well  formed  in  about  17  days.  These 
ova  were  then  given  to  perfectly  healthy  Pigeons,  and  in  about  three 
weeks  the  ova  were  transformed  into  adult  species  of  H.  maculosa , 
the  eggs  of  which  were  discovered  in  the  faeces.  When,  on  the 
other  hand,  healthy  Pigeons  were  given  the  ova  immediately  after 
their  expulsion  with  the  faeces,  or  their  discharge  from  the  oviducts, 
they  did  not  develop,  and  were  passed  with  the  excrements  intact 
or  slightly  digested.  The  evolution  of  the  parasite,  therefore,  can 
only  take  place  beyond  the  intestine,  without  the  necessity,  however, 
of  an  intermediate  host.  Infestation  takes  place  from  Pigeon  to 


F*g.  253. — Heterakis 
maculosa  of  the 
Pigeon ; natural 
size. 

A,  Male  ; B,  female. 


414 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Pigeon,  through  the  medium  of  the  food  soiled  by  the  excrements 
of  the  diseased. 

In  order  to  prevent  the  extension  of  this  helminthiasis,  the 
healthy  should  be  rigorously  separated  from  the  diseased  Pigeons  ; 
the  faeces  should  be  frequently  examined  by  means  of  the  microscope, 
so  as  to  ascertain  the  condition  of  the  Birds  with  regard  to  infesta- 
tion ; the  places  occupied  by  them  ought  to  be  kept  scrupulously 
clean,  the  walls,  floors,  ceilings,  perches,  nests,  etc.,  being  frequently 
disinfected.  The  grain  upon  which  they  are  fed  should  not  be 
scattered  over  the  ground,  but  placed  in  proper  receptacles  into 
which  the  faeces  are  not  likely  to  be  dropped.  It  is  well  to  mix 
aniseed,  salt,  and  other  substances  appetizing  for  Pigeons,  and 
also  coarsely  powdered  areca-nut,  with  this  grain. 

With  regard  to  treatment,  in  benignant  cases  each  diseased 
Pigeon  should  receive  6 centigrammes  of  calomel  worked  up  with 
soft  bread,  or  made  into  pills  with  butter.  In  more  serious  cases, 
recourse  may  be  had  to  powdered  areca-nut  in  i gramme  doses, 
administered  in  the  same  manner  (Ziirn).  Pelletan  recommends 
the  vermifuge  biscuits  given  to  children,  the  Birds  being  very  fond 
of  them  ; two  days  of  this  treatment  are  said  to  kill  the  worms. 
A more  practical  course  which  he  advises,  is  to  distribute  among 
them  peas  which  have  been  macerated  for  some  hours  in  a cold 
decoction  of  wormwood.  The  treatment  employed  by  Blavette 
for  the  helminthiasis  of  Fowls  may  also  be  adopted,  the  dose  being 
reduced  to  one-half. 

Strongylus  quadriradiatus  (Stevenson). — Body  filiform,  red  (from  the 
blood  which  fills  the  intestine),  male  9 mm.  to  12  mm.  long,  female  18  mm. 
to  24  mm.  long.  Cephalic  extremity  enveloped  by  a vesicular  swelling  of 
the  cuticle.  The  male  has  a bilobate  caudal  pouch  ; spicules  terminate  by 
three  branches  accompanied  by  a single  piece  in  the  form  of  a four-rayed 
star,  which  furnishes  a ring  of  support. 

Found  by  Stevenson  at  Washington.  This  strongyle,  when  present  in 
large  numbers  in  the  intestine  of  the  Pigeon,  produces  grave  disorders  : 
bacterial  infection,  catarrh,  and  profuse  diarrhoea. 

Trichosomum  tenuissimum  Dies.  (Tr.  columbce  Rud.,  Calodium  tenue  Duj.). 
— Male  10  mm.  long,  the  slender  part  being  47  mm.  ; tail  obliquely  truncated  ; 
sheath  of  the  spicule  regularly  ridged  transversely.  Female  1 8 mm.  long,  the 
anterior  portion  being  7 mm.  ; vulva  provided  with  a salient  membranous 
appendix.  A frequent  and  abundant  species  in  the  small  intestine.  Pauly 
and  Ziirn  state  that  it  often  determines  an  intense  intestinal  catarrh,  which 
leads  to  anaemia  and  consumption. 

Filaria  clava  Weld. — This  is  stated  by  Von  Linstow  to  inhabit  the  intestine 
of  the  Pigeon.  We  only  know  it  as  a parasite  of  the  connective  tissue. 


Article  IV. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Duck. 

Infusoria. — Davaine  has  found  in  the  caecum  of  a Duck  examined  im- 
mediately after  death,  flagellated  Infusoria  which  he  named  Monas  (Mono- 
cermonas)  anatis.  The  body  is  oval,  oblong,  transparent,  8 /a  long,  and  4 n 
broad,  and  has  an  anterior  flagellum  which  is  flexible  throughout  its  length, 
and  is  longer  than  the  body.  This  is  perhaps  only  the  Trichomonas  Eberthi, 
found  by  Eberth  in  the  Fowl,  and  also  in  the  glands  of  Lieberkiihn  of  the 
Duck. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


4i5 


Cocci di a. — Ziirn  has  described  a Coccidian  enteritis  of  Ducks. 
It  is  characterized  by  marked  feebleness  and  wasting,  followed  by 
profuse  diarrhoea  which  soon  causes  death.  Railliet  and  Lucet 
have  found  in  Ducks,  which  during  life  had  never  shown  any 
symptoms  of  disease,  intestinal  nodules  containing  coccidia  identical 
in  appearance  with  those  of  the  Fowl  (C.  avium). 

CE5TODE3. — The  domestic  Duck  harbours  in  its  intestine  eight 
species  of  Taeniadae.  They  are  much  more  frequent  in  it  than  in 
the  Fowl,  and  their  larval  phase  is  probably  passed  in  aquatic 
Invertebrata — no  doubt  Molluscs,  the  Duck  being  more  than  any 
of  the  other  domesticated  Birds  exposed  to  infestation. 

1.  Choantcsnia  infundibuliformis  Goeze. — Rudolphi  and  Bellingham  found 
this  parasite  in  the  domestic  Duck  in  December.  This  was  probably  an  error 
of  identification. 

2.  Tcenia  malleus  Goeze. — This  is  more  frequent  in  the  Duck  than  the 
Fowl. 

3.  Drepanidotcenia  anatina  Krabbe. — This  is  300  mm.  long,  and  3 mm. 
broad.  The  rostellum  has  a single  crown  of  10  hooks,  65  /x  to  72  /a  long,  the 
handle  of  which  is  long.  Genital  pores  unilateral.  Eggs  ovoid,  and  con- 
taining a very  long  embryo. 

4.  Drepanidotcenia  sinuosa  Zeder. — Length  50  mm.  to  160  mm. — to  330  mm. 
according  to  Rudolphi.  Capillary  anteriorly,  and  1 mm.  to  2*25  mm.  broad 
behind.  Head  nearly  globular  ; rostellum  carrying,  like  the  preceding  worm, 
a single  crown  of  10  hooks  from  40  /a  to  60  /a  in  length,  the  handle  being  long. 
Genital  pores  unilateral.  Scolex  marked  by  a line  of  black  points — one  on 
each  segment  ; it  is  the  pouch  of  the  cirrus  (?),  which  is  globular.  Dujardin 
found  this  to  be  a rather  common  species  in  the  Duck. 

5.  Drepanidotcenia  gracilis  Zeder. — Length  27  cm.,  breadth  1 *5  mm.  to  2 mm. 
Head  globular.  Rostellum  slender,  armed  with  a simple  crown  of  8 hooks  67  /a 
to  80  /a  long,  and  having  a long  handle  like  the  two  preceding  species.  Neck 
very  short.  Anterior  part  of  the  body  very  slender  for  most  of  its  length  ; 
first  segments  infundibuliform,  the  succeeding  ones  being  nearly  square. 
Genital  pores  unilateral.  Th.  Scott  has  found  in  an  ostracode  crustacean 
— Candona  rostrata — a cysticercoid  200  /a  long  and  180  /a  broad,  which  Blan- 
chard has  remarked  to  have  a crown  of  hooks  the  same  in  number,  shape, 
and  dimensions  as  those  of  the  D.  gracilis  ; and  he  considers  it  to  be  the 
larval  condition  of  this  Cestode.  It  is  the  same  as  Von  Linstow  has  seen 
in  the  intestine  of  a Perch  which  had,  no  doubt,  swallowed  an  ostracode  that 
harboured  the  cysticercold.  It  remains  to  demonstrate,  experimentally,  the 
reciprocal  filiation  of  the  larval  and  the  tape  forms. 

6.  Dicranotcenia  coronula  Duj. — Length  40  mm.  to  190  mm.,  breadth  2 mm. 
to  4 mm.  Head  nearly  rhomboidal.  Rostellum  thick,  and  armed  with 
a simple  crown  of  18  to  26  hooks  14  n to  15  n long,  their  guard  being  larger 
than  the  handle.  Genital  pores  unilateral.  Found  by  Dujardin  at  Rennes, 
and  by  Krabbe  in  Denmark. 

7.  T.  megalops  Nitzsch. — Length  5 cm.,  breadth  1 mm.  to  2 mm.  Head 
large  and  nearly  quadrangular,  with  large  suckers  ; no  hooks  (?).  First 
segments  very  short  ; the  succeeding  ones  short  and  cuneiform  in  shape, 
with  acute  angles.  Rare. 

8.  Mesocestoides  imbutiformis  Polonio. — Length  10  mm.  to  12  mm.  Scolex 
very  small,  unarmed,  sucker  discoid.  No  neck.  First  segments  linear,  the 
middle  ones  campaniform,  and  the  last  ones  quadrangular.  Genital  pores 
elliptical.  Found  in  Italy  by  Polonio. 

Trematodes. — Though  the  species  of  Trematodes  found  in  the 
intestine  of  the  domesticated  Duck  are  less  numerous  than  those  of 
the  Fowl,  yet  they  are  more  frequent — a circumstance  connected 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


416 


with  the  habits  of  the  Palmipedes,  which 
cause  them  to  frequent  so  much  those 
damp  places  where  the  Trematodes  find 
the  host  necessary  to  the  first  phases  of 
their  development. 

f 1.  Notocotyle  verrucosum  Frolich. — This  has 
been  already  described  among  the  intestinal 
parasites  of  the  Fowl  (Fig.  251),  in  which  it  is 
rare ; it  is  more  frequent  in  the  Duck,  but  yet 
not  common. 

2.  Monostomum  caryophyllinum  Rud. — Body 
40  mm.  long,  1*12  mm.  broad,  and  depressed, 
the  borders  being  slightly  crenellated  in  front, 
a little  narrow  behind,  and  obtuse  at  the  pos- 
terior extremity,  widened  in  front  like  a head, 
with  a great  rhomboidal  mouth  placed  beneath 
(Rudolphi).  Inhabits  the  intestine  of  the 
Stickleback,  and  has  been  found  by  Gurlt,  at 
Berlin,  in  the  intestine  of  a domesticated 
Duck,  into  which  it  had  doubtless  been  intro- 
duced with  the  Fish  upon  which  the  bird  fed. 

3.  Distomum  echinatum  Zeder. — This  is  the 
species  we  have  described  amongst  the  intes- 
tinal Trematodes  of  the  Dog.  It  is  much  more 
frequent  in  the  domesticated  Duck,  Dujardin 
having  met  with  it  in  3 of  2 5 he  examined  ; and 
at  the  Vienne  Museum  it  was  found  in  4 of  1 1 
Ducks. 

4.  Distomum  oxycephalum  Rud.  — Already 
described  in  alluding  to  intestinal  helminthiasis 
of  the  Fowl.  It  is  more  frequent  in  the  Duck. 

Acanthocephala. — Three  species  of  Echi- 
norhynchus  live  in  the  intestine  of  the  Duck, 
without  causing  any  perceptible  disturbance  in 
its  health. 

1.  Echinorhynchus  polymorphus  Bremser. — 
So  named  because  of  the  shapes  it  assumes, 
according  to  its  age.  Its  length  varies  between 
4-12  mm.  and  25  mm.  The  body  is  orange- 
red  in  colour,  cylindrical,  and  in  early  age 
studded  with  thorns  which  are  gradually  shed 
as  the  worm  grows  ; but  they  persist  longer  on 
the  anterior  than  the  posterior  part,  and  are 
altogether  absent  on  the  adult.  It  has  a con- 
striction like  a neck  in  front  supporting  an 
ovoid  proboscis  capable  of  being  retracted  into 
a sheath  that  contains  it  ; it  is  armed  on  its 
surface  with  8 — sometimes  9 — rows  of  8 hooks 
each.  Ova  fusiform,  10  /x.  long  and  20  /x.  broad, 
covered  by  a triple  envelope. 

We  owe  to  Greeff  precise  information  as  to 
the  development  of  this  species.  When  mature, 
the  ova  contain  an  orange-red  embryo,  61  n long 
and  14  ix.  broad.  The  whole  of  its  surface  is  covered  with  thorns,  which  are 
strongest  on  the  anterior  part,  at  the  end  of  which  is  a depression  or  cephalic 
pore.  At  each  of  the  two  poles  of  the  body  is  a pair  of  large  hooks.  The  anterior 
extremity  is  indicated  by  the  constriction  in  the  form  of  an  unarmed  neck, 
by  which  it  is  followed.  Greeff  has  recognised  the  larval  form  of  this  para- 


Fig.  254. — Male  Echinorhyn- 
chus  polymorphus ; mag- 
nified 20  diameters.  — 
Railliet. 

i,  proboscis  ; gt,  nerve 
ganglion  ; l,  lemnisca  ; r,  re- 
tractor or  retinacular  muscles ; 
Is,  suspensory  ligament ; te, 
te'y  testicles ; cd,  cd' , deferent 
canals  ; gl,  prostate  glands  ; 
rs,  seminal  reservoir ; p,  penis ; 
b,  caudal  pouch. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE 


4i  7 


site  in  the  fresh- water  Shrimp — Gammarus  pulex ; in  which  it  has  been 
named  Echinorhynchus  miliaris  Zenker.  Von  Siebold  has  also  seen  it  very 
often  encysted  in  the  intestinal  walls  of  the  Crayfish — Astacus  fliiviatilis. 
After  giving  Ducks  fresh-water  Shrimps  containing  these  larval  Echinorhynchi , 
Greeff  found  the  Echinorhynchus  polymorphus  in  their  intestine. 

2.  Ech.  filicollis  Rud. — The  female  measures  13  mm.  to  30  mm.  long,  the 
male  7 mm.  to  8 mm.  The  female  is  yellowish-white,  the  male  white.  Ros- 
tellum  provided  with  216  hooks  arranged  in  18  radiating  series  of  12  hooks 
each.  The  body  is  similar  to  that  of  Ech.  polymorphus.  Ova  elliptical, 
rounded  at  their  poles,  and  62  /x  to  70  ix  long  by  19  fx  to  23  broad. 

3.  Ech.  sphcerocephalus  Bremser. — From  6 mm.  to  17  mm.  long,  and  1 mm. 
to  3 mm.  broad.  Proboscis  globular,  and  entirely  studded  or  only  partially 
armed  with  hooks,  or  quite  smooth,  and  supported  by  a neck  1*5  mm.  to 
4*5  mm.,  which  is  nude  and  filiform. 

Nematodes. — 1.  Ascaris  crassa  Desl. — Body  a dirty  reddish- white  colour, 
and  attenuated  at  the  extremities.  Male,  12  mm.  long,  and  0’5  mm.  broad  ; 
tail  thin,  conical,  and  acute  ; two  long,  cylindrical  spicules,  expanded  at 
their  base,  and  provided  with  two  accessory  layers  or  sheaths.  Female, 
49  mm.  long,  and  2*2  mm.  broad;  tail  thin,  conical,  acute,  and  straight; 
vulva  a little  behind  the  middle.  Often  found  at  Caen  by  Deslongchamps, 
in  the  domesticated  Duck,  and  in  3 of  27  by  Dujardin  at  Rennes. 

2.  Heterahis  papillosa  Bloch. — This  parasite  of  the  Fowl  has  been  recog- 
nised in  the  domesticated  Duck  of  Turkestan  by  Von  Linstow. 

3.  Heterahis  lineata  Schneider. — Body  yellow,  and  6 cm.  to  7 cm.  long  in 
the  male,  9 cm.  to  10  cm.  in  the  female.  Pre-anal  sucker  little  developed, 
with  1 1 papillae  on  each  side.  This  species,  which  was  observed  in  a Brazilian 
Cock  by  Schneider,  has  been  seen  in  the  Turkestan  Duck  by  Von  Linstow. 


Article  V. — Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Goose* 

Infusoria. — The  Trichomonas  Eberthi  lives  in  the  intestine  of  the 
domesticated.  Goose,  as  in  that  of  the  Fowl  and  Duck. 

Coccidia. — Ziirn  has  described,  as  occurring  in  Geese,  a coccidian 
enteritis  very  similar  to  that  of  Ducks.  Biernacki  has  observed 
an  intestinal  coccidiosis  which  in  four  days  killed  100  in  a flock 
of  320  Geese.  The  symptoms  were  languor,  inappetence,  great 
thirst,  and  profuse  diarrhoea,  the  faecal  matters  sometimes  con- 
taining blood.  The  intestinal  contents  were  fluid,  offensive,  of  a 
dirty  greyish- white,  and  held  in  suspension  dry  greyish  nodules 
of  the  size  of  a hemp-seed.  The  mucosa  was  studded  with  similar 
nodules,  and  was  ulcerated  in  places.  In  the  intestinal  contents 
and  mucous  membrane  were  numerous  coccidia  which  have  been 
connected  with  Coccidium  avium.  The  addition  of  ferrous  sulphate 
and  glycerin  to  the  drinking  water  gave  good  results. 

Cestodes. — All  the  Taeniadae  of  the  domesticated  Goose  belong 
to  the  genus  Drepanidotccnia  Raill.,  and  have  a single  crown  of 
eight  to  ten  hooks  with  long  shafts.  Genital  pores  unilateral. 

1.  Drep.  sinuosa  Zeder. — Already  described  among  the  Taeniae  of  the  Duck. 
Dujardin,  according  to  Rudolphi,  is  said  to  have  found  it  commonly  in  the 
Goose. 

2.  Drep.  lanceolata  Bloch. — From  30  mm.  to  90  mm.  long,  and  5 mm.  to 
8 mm.  broad  ; exceptionally,  130  mm.  long  by  12  mm.  broad.  Head  small 

27 


418 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


and  oval,  with  a crown  of  8 (Krabbe)  or  io  (Dujardin)  hooks,  31  n to  38  fi 
long.  Neck  null,  or  very  thin,  short  and  retractile,  like  the  head.  Strobila 
lanceolated,  the  segments  being  short  and  gradually  increasing  in  breadth. 
This  is  the  Tape-worm  most  frequently  met  with  in  the  Goose.  Frisch — 
who  discovered  it  in  1727 — found  it  so  often  that  he  believed  it  to  have  been 
the  cause  of  a veritable  epizooty. 

3.  Drep.  fascia1  a Rud. — Length  60  mm.  to  100  mm.,  breadth  o*6  mm.  to 
1 mm.  and  2 mm.  Head  hemispherical  or  subtetragonal,  and  often  absent 
in  well-developed  individuals.  Rostellum  long,  thick  and  cylindrical  ; crown 


Fig.  255. — Drep.  lanceolata  of  the 
domesticated  Goose  ; natural  size 
and  moderately  extended. — Rad- 
ii et. 


single,  with  8 or  10  hooks  40  fi  to  60  yu, 
long.  Neck  twice  as  long  as  the  head. 
Segments  short  and  wide,  and  all 
traversed  by  a median,  longitudinal 
and  obscure  band. 

4.  Drep.  setigera  Frolich. — Length 
200  mm.,  breadth  2 mm.  to  3 mm. 
Head  globular ; rostellum  long  and 
retractile,  and  armed  with  10  hooks 
from  35  ix  to  40  yu  long.  Neck  short 
and  distinct.  First  segments  very 
short,  and  the  succeeding  ones  infundi- 
buliform,  with  very  salient  posterior 
angles ; genital  pores  situated  near  the 
anterior  angle  of  the  segment.  Penis 
rather  thick,  bristling  with  spines. 

5.  Drep.  tenuirostris  Rud. — Length 
10  cm.  to  25  cm.,  breadth  1 mm.  to 
3 mm.  Head  subglobular,  with  thin 
rostrum,  armed  with  10  long  hooks 
(20  /x  to  23  /x).  Segments  prominent 
and  serrated  at  their  posterior  angles. 


Fig.  256. — Drep.  lanceolata. 

A,  cephalic  extremity ; magnified 
100  diameters.  B,  ovum  ; magnified 
300  diameters. — Railliet. 


Found  in  the  domesticated  Duck  by  Railliet  ; has  probably  for  larva  a cysti- 
cercoid  ( Cercocystis  Drep.  tenuirostris)  found  in  fresh-water  Shrimps  ( Gam - 
marus  pulex),  in  Cyclops  agilis  and  C.  pulchellus. 

Trematodes.  — 1.  Notocotyle  verrucosum  Frolich. — Found  in  the  large 
intestine  and  caeca  of  the  Goose,  and  less  frequently  than  in  the  Duck,  though 
not  so  rarely  as  in  the  Fowl. 

2.  Distomum  echinatum  Zeder. — Less  frequent  than  in  the  Duck.  In 
the  Vienne  Museum  it  was  only  met  with  in  2 of  1 39  Geese. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  INTESTINE  419 

3.  Distomum  oxycephalum  Rud. — Less  frequent  than  in  the  Duck,  though 
not  so  rare  as  in  the  Fowl. 

4.  Cephalogonimus  ovatus  Rud. — Already  described  for  the  Fowl.  It  is 
sometimes  found  in  the  intestine  and  in  the  sac  of  Fabricius. 

Acanthocephala. — The  Echinorhynchus  polymorphus  has  been  met  in 
the  intestine  of  the  Goose,  but  less  often  than  in  that  of  the  Duck. 

Nematodes. — 1.  Heterakis  dispar  Schrank. — Mouth  with  three  very  small 
lobes.  Two  lateral  wings  on  the  neck,  becoming  narrower  as  they  proceed 
to  the  tail.  Male  12  mm.  to  18  mm.  long,  the  tail  terminating  in  a fine  long 
point;  pre-anal  sucker  salient;  ten  papillae.  Female  16  mm.  to  23  mm.  long 
vulva  situated  at  the  middle  of  its  length  (Fig.  256). 

This  species — which  is  very  closely  related  to  Heterakis  papillosa  of  the 
Gallinacei — has  been  seen  in  the  intestine  of  fat  Geese  by  Frolich,  Schrank, 
and  Zeder  ; it  does  not  appear  to  be  common.  Railliet  has  recognised  as 
H.  papillosa,  the  Heterakis  found  by  Lucet  in  the  caecum  of  the  Goose. 

2.  Strongylus  tenuis  Eberth. — Body  dentated  on  the  borders,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  cuticular  projection  of  the  segments.  Three  small  buccal 


Fig.  257. — Heterakis  dispar:  caudal  Fig.  258. — Strongylus  tenuis  : caudal 
extremity  of  the  male,  seen  on  the  extremity  of  the  male  ; magnified 

ventral  surface  ; magnified  50  dia-  150  diameters. — Railliet. 

meters.  — Railliet. 

papillae.  Male  6*5  mm.  long  ; two  equal  spicules  ; pouch  ample,  bilobate, 
with  numerous  ribs,  one  of  which  on  each  side  is  curved  like  a hoo'c  in  front. 
Female  7*3  mm.  long,  tail  acute  ; vulva  situated  a short  distance  from  the 
posterior  extremity  of  the  body.  Rare. 

Lucet  has  observed  an  epizootic  treniasis  which,  on  one  farm, 
had  killed  30  of  a flock  of  36  Geese.  These  birds  had  come  from 
different  parts,  were  about  two  months  old,  and  had  probably 
acquired  the  germs  of  their  taeniasis  in  a pool  where  they  drank. 
The  disease  was  at  first  obscure,  and  was  manifested  by  arrest  of 
growth,  emaciation,  difficult  and  stumbling  progression,  a yellow 
and  foetid  diarrhoea,  and  plaintive  cries  emitted  from  time  to  time. 
The  appetite  remained  normal  until  nearly  the  last — death  ensuing 
in  five  to  seven  days  after  the  appearance  of  the  first  symptoms. 
The  malady  was  due  to  Drepanidotcenia  setigera,  the  number  in 
each  Goose  being  always  high — as  many  as  93.  With  these  worms 
were  also  found  3 or  4 Drep.  lanceolata. 


27 — 2 


420 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  treatment  consisted  in  giving  cakes  in  broth  or  crumb  of 
bread,  containing  santonica,  wormwood,  absinthe,  crushed  garlic, 
and  powdered  male  fern. 

3.  Trichosomum  brevicolle  Rud. — Anterior  part  relatively,  short.  Male 
10  mm.  to  12  mm.  long  ; female  20  mm.  to  24  mm.  long.  Of  139  geese  dis- 
sected at  the  Vienne  Museum,  only  18  had  this  parasite  in  their  intestine. 


Parasites  of  the  Intestine  of  the  Swan. 

Acanthocephala. — Echinorhynchus  polymorphus  Bremser. — This  worm — 
which  is  more  frequent  in  the  Duck — is  noted  by  Bellingham  as  found  in 
the  Swan.  It  has  also  been  met  with  in  great  numbers  by  Walley,  in  the 
small  intestine  of  a Bird  of  this  species. 

Nematodes.  — Filaria  cygni  Rud.  — A species  found  by  Redi,  to  the 
number  of  more  than  200,  in  the  abdominal  cavity,  and  even  in  the  intestine 
of  a very  emaciated  Swan.  These  worms  were  very  slender,  and  measured 
from  *20  mm.  to  '24  mm.  long. 


CHAPTER  IV 

PARASITES  OF  THE  LIVER 

The  liver  is  one  of  the  organs  in  which  parasites  are  most  frequently 
found.  The  species  are  not  very  numerous,  and  only  a few  among 
them  play  an  important  pathogenic  role  ; but  these  are  very 
common  in  the  liver  of  certain  of  the  domesticated  animals,  and 
are  present  in  such  quantities  as  to  occasion  serious  epizootics. 

If  the  liver  is  one  of  the  seats  preferred  by  parasites,  this  is 
probably  because  of  its  proximity  to  the  intestine  ; the  germs 
introduced  into  the  latter — with  the  food  and  water — can,  after 
undergoing  a primary  evolution  in  the  digestive  canal,  reach  that 
organ  in  ascending  from  the  duodenum,  along  the  ductus  communis 
choledochus.  And  it  is  not  impossible  for  some  to  penetrate  the 
intestinal  walls,  and  so  reach  the  hepatic  parenchyma.  But  the 
normal  route,  by  which  the  majority  certainly  reach  the  gland,  is 
the  vena  portse  ; in  traversing  the  wall  of  the  intestine,  they  pass 
into  some  capillary  that  brings  them  to  the  great  mesenteric  vein, 
or  into  one  of  the  radicles  of  the  right  gastro-omental  vein,  and 
thence,  into  the  portal  vein — that  open  door  to  all  ills,  as  Stahl  said 
in  a paradoxical  exaggeration.  The  comparative  slowness  of  the 
circulation  in  this  vessel,  ought  also  to  favour  the  arrest  of  the 
parasites  in  the  hepatic  organ. 

Many  of  these  parasites  have  no  influence  on  the  health  of  their 
host  ; but  when  they  are  in  great  numbers  they  retard  the  flow 
of  bile,  and  so  bring  about  grave  alterations  which  react  upon  the 
circulation  and  general  nutrition,  and  anaemia  is  the  consequence. 

The  gravity  of  certain  parasitic  affections  of  the  liver,  is  owing  to 
the  fact  that — with  only  rare  exceptions — medicaments  cannot  reach 
the  parasites  in  the  depths  of  the  organ  in  which  they  are  lodged. 

Among  those  worms  which  may  be  met  with  in  the  liver  of  the 
domesticated  animals,  there  are  some  that  need  not  be  referred  to 
at  present.  These  are  : 

i.  Linguatula  denticulatum — a larval  form  of  Linguatula  tcenioides 
of  the  Dog’s  nasal  cavities,  is  found  in  its  first  stage  in  the  mesenteric 
glands,  and  the  liver  and  lungs  of  the  Ox,  Goat,  Camel,  Horse, 
Cat,  Rabbit,  Hare,  Guinea-pig,  and  even  of  Man.  It  will  be 
described  when  dealing  with  Linguatula  tcenioides. 

421 


422 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


2.  Coccidia,  and  particularly  Coccidium  cuniculi,  which  will  be 
studied  with  regard  to  its  effects. 

3.  Echinococci,  which  are  found  in  very  diverse  organs  of  the 
several  domesticated  species — particularly  in  the  liver — and  which 
will  be  studied  after  the  preceding. 

4.  Distomea,  the  two  principal  species  of  which  — Distomum 
hcpaticum  and  D.  lancedatum — by  their  accumulation  in  the  biliary 
ducts,  give  rise  to  a particular  malady — Distomiasis — which  will  be 
described  at  the  end  of  this  chapter. 

The  others  are  of  less  importance,  and  we  will,  therefore,  only 
briefly  notice  them.  They  belong  to  the  same  classes  or  orders 
which  have  so  many  representatives  in  the  intestine. 

Fungi. — Saccharomyces  guttulatus  Ch.  Rob. — This  is  found  in  the  intes- 
tine of  the  Rabbit,  Ox,  Sheep,  and  Pig  ; and  Remak  has  met  with  it  in  the 
biliary  ducts  of  the  Rabbit. 

Infusoria. — Monocerc-omonas  hepatica  Rivolta. — A round,  oval,  or  angular 
body,  very  mobile  or  non-mobile,  6 //.  to  8*5  /x  in  diameter,  provided  with  one 
or  two  flagella,  and  containing  a granular,  contractile  protoplasm,  with 
vacuoles,  and  two  nuclei  ; it  shows  also  a transverse  internal  line.  Found 
by  Rivolta  in  a young  Pigeon,  the  liver  of  which — larger  and  firmer  than  in 
the  normal  state — was  studded  with  yellowish  nodules  varying  in  size,  from 
a mere  point  to  a pea  or  small  nut — caseous  hepatitis.  They  were  found  in 
every  part  of  the  organ  ; but  were  confluent  at  its  borders.  The  adjoining 
air-sacs  were  hyperaemic,  and  covered  with  a yellow  gelatinous  exudate. 

Cestodes. — Various  cystic  forms  of  the  Taeniae  of  the  Dog  may 
be  found  in  the  liver  of  the  Herbivora.  A great  number,  in  the 
embryo  stage,  must  pass  through  that  organ  in  order  to  reach  the 
location  that  suits  their  larval  condition  ; but  there  are  among 
them  those  which  remain  in  the  liver,  having  attained  their  definitive 
form — such  are  the  Echinococci,  which  will  be  dealt  with  separately  ; 
while  others  stay  there  by  accident  or  only  temporarily,  and  produce 
marked  or  scarcely  appreciable  alterations.  Those  which  may  be 
encountered  in  this  way — besides  the  Echinococci — are  the 
following  : 

1.  Cysticercus  tenuicollis  Rud. — This  is  the  cystic  form  of  the 
Tcenia  marginata  of  the  Dog.  It  is  met  with  in  the  peritoneum — 
more  rarely  in  the  pleurae  and  pericardium — of  various  animals, 
more  especially  Ruminants,  and  sometimes  the  Pig.  The  experi- 
ments of  Bailie t have  shown  that  this  Cysticercus  reaches  the 
peritoneal  cavity  through  the  liver.  In  a Lamb  and  Kid  which 
died  ten  days  after  ingesting  segments  of  T.  marginata  that  authority 
found  the  liver  traversed  by  numerous  very  sinuous  channels,  each 
of  which  was  partially  blocked  by  a small  blood-clot,  and  was 
occupied  by  one,  two,  or  three  transparent,  globular  vesicles. 
Before  death,  the  animals  exhibited  all  the  symptoms  of  internal 
haemorrhage  ; the  abdominal  viscera  were  bathed  in  blood,  which 
the  slightest  pressure  caused  to  transude  from  every  part  of  the 
liver.  Another  Kid  succumbed  on  the  twenty-fifth  day  ; it  showed 
signs  of  a violent  peritonitis  and  complete  ‘ disorganization  of  the 


PARASITES  OF  THE  LIVER 


423 


liver.’  But  these  lesions  have  scarcely  been  observed  except  in 
experimental  cases  ; for  in  natural  infestation  the  Cysticerci  are 
always  few,  and  pass  through  the  liver  without  producing  any 
apparent  disturbance  to  health — forming,  in  the  peritoneum, 
those  large  vesicles  that  the  French  butchers  call  boules  d'eau. 

Nevertheless,  Leuckart  has  pointed  out  the  possibility  of  grave — 
even  fatal — accidents  to  the  Pig,  when  Cysticerci  are  in  large  number. 
The  lungs,  and  more  especially  the  liver,  show  numerous  inflam- 
matory centres,  each  occupied  by  a Cysticercus  ; they  are  also 
excavated  by  galleries,  at  the  end  of  which  is  lodged  one  of  these 
parasites  ; while  there  may  be  evidences  of  haemorrhage  and  fatal 
peritonitis.  Boudeaud  has  reported  such  a result  occurring  in  a 
young  Pig,  which  died  after  showing  symptoms  that  might  have 
led  to  the  supposition  that  the  animal  was 
suffering  from  pneumo-enteritis.  Semmer 
found  the  liver  of  a Pig  invaded  by  a great 
number  of  cysts,  varying  in  size  from  that 
of  a small  nut  to  a hen’s  egg,  each  of  them 
being  occupied  by  Cysticercus  tenuicollis  ; 
the  internal  appearance  of  the  organ  re- 
sembled that  observed  in  Echinococcosis. 

Putz  reports  the  death  of  a Cow  from  hepa- 
titis and  peritonitis,  due  to  the  presence  of  an 
enormous  quantity  of  Cysticercus  tenuicollis. 

2.  Cysticercus  pisiformis  Zeder. — This  is  Fig.  259. — Portion  of  the 
the  cystic  form  of  another  Tape- worm  of 
the  Dog — the  Tcenia  serrata  ; it  lives  in  the 
Rabbit,  and  only  attains  its  final  develop- 
ment in  the  peritoneal  cavity.  But  in  order 
to  arrive  there  it  must  pass  through  the 
liver,  and  in  doing  so  it  produces  very 
interesting  alterations  in  that  organ,  which 
have  been  particularly  studied  by  Kiichen- 
meister,  Baillet,  Leuckart,  Moniez,  and 
Laulanie. 

When  a Rabbit  ingests  the  ova  of  T.  serrata , there  are  seen  in  the 
liver — after  the  second  day — very  small  white  nodules  and  fine 
rudimentary  streaks.  The  tubercles  or  nodules  rapidly  increase 
in  volume,  and  on  the  fifth  day  they  are  as  large  as  a hemp-seed, 
and  are  somewhat  hard ; they  cannot  be  enucleated  without  tearing 
away  fragments  of  hepatic  tissue.  These  nodules — which  are 
little,  if  at  all,  transparent — are  formed  of  a very  thick  envelope 
containing  a refrangent  ovoid  body  ; this  envelope  passes  insensibly 
into  the  tissue  of  the  liver,  and  is  produced  merely  by  the  trans- 
formation of  the  hepatic  cells  ; while  the  central  portion  recalls 
nothing  of  the  embryo,  but  is  only  more  advanced  in  degeneration. 
Often  this  nodule  contains  very  characteristic  pus,  and  from  this 
it  might  be  concluded  that  these  productions  are  evidence  of  a 
local  inflammation  of  the  liver,  which  has  been  set  up  around 


surface  of  the  liver  of 
an  artificially  - infested 
Rabbit,  showing  the 
vascular  tracks  of  the 
Cysticercus  pisiformis, 
as  well  as  numbers  of 
that  parasite  at  the 
second  day  of  their  de- 
velopment;  slightly 
magnified.  — G.  P. 
Piana. 


424 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


a dead  embryo,  or  one  incapable  of  resisting  an  eliminatory 
process. 

Independently  of  these  nodules,  and  distributed — like  them — on 
the  surface,  as  well  as  in  the  substance  of  the  liver,  are  observed 
numerous  sinuous  streaks  running  in  every  direction,  of  a trans- 
parent grey  tint  in  the  centre,  and  bordered  by  a yellow  line. 

Laulanie  has  recognised  these  as 
always  branches  of  vessels  from 
the  sub-lobular  vein ; and  it  is 
here  that  is  found  the  already  more 
or  less  advanced  embryo.  It  occu- 
pies the  centre  of  a mass  of  coagu- 
lated blood,  that  adheres  at  some 
points  to  the  wall  of  the  vessel, 
which  is  the  seat  of  a very  abundant 
proliferation  of  embryonic  cells. 
From  this  there  arises  within  the 
sphere  of  action  of  the  obliterated 
interlobular  vessel,  a venous  cir- 


SpK — 


Fig.  260.  — Development  cf  the 
Cysticercus  pisiformis.  — After 
Moniez. 

A month-old  larva,  taken  from  a 
superficial  gallery  in  the  liver  of  the 
Rabbit.  It  is  already  marked  by 
numerous  folds  or  papillae,  p,  and 
does  not  yet  show  any  signs  of  dropsy ; 

a,  central  portion,  finely  granular, 
which  marks  the  point  where  the 
tissues  rupture.  The  point  marked 

b,  to  the  rudiment  of  the  head,  rc, 
represents  the  future  receptaculum 
capitis.  Magnified  15  diameters. 


Fig.  261. — Cysticercus  pisiformis  in 
process  of  division  at  the  twenty- 
second  day. 

A cord  sph  unites  the  two  parts  of 
a larva  that  was  originally  whole,  and 
marks  a sphacelated  portion  of  the 
Cvsticercus.  At  the  superior  end  of 
the  segment  A is  seen  the  rudiment 
of  the  head  of  thereceptaculum  {rc,  x) ; 
there  is  something  analogous  to  it  in 
part  B ; ct,  layer  of  cuticle  which  is 
detached  ; oi,  orifice  of  invagination. 
Part  A forms  the  future  animal,  part 
B being  destroyed. — Moniez. 


rhosis — mono-  or  multi-lobular — which  assumes  two  exceptional 
characters.  The  connective-tissue  productions  which  fill  the  spaces 
and  liver-fissures  are  remarkable  for  : 1.  the  multiplicity  of  their 
capillary  vessels  and  the  ectasia  of  which  they  are  the  seat ; 2.  the 
presence  of  a variable  number  of  giant-cells,  which  sometimes  attain 
an  enormous  volume,  and  in  their  distribution  do  not  appear  to 


PARASITES  OF  THE  LIVER 


425 


submit  to  any  recognised  law.  Piana  had  already  recognised  the 
presence  of  giant-cells  in  the  vessels  containing  young  Cysticerci 
pisiformes ; and  he  also  observed  that  these  giant-cells  are  often 
invaded  by  Bacteria,  which  he  supposed  had  been  brought  from  the 
intestine  by  the  embryos. 

The  latter  measured  scarcely  more  than  1 mm.  long  and  much 
less  in  breadth,  and  were  composed  of  a very  delicate  reticulum 
enveloped  in  a thin  cuticle.  At  the  end  of  twelve  days  they  were 
already  3 mm.  long,  and  manifested  obscure  contractile  movements. 
In  developing,  they  become  elongated,  and  their  galleries  are 
widened.  At  the  twenty-second  day  they  are  about  1 cm.  long 
and  less  than  1 mm.  broad  ; and  at  this  period  they  offer  a curious 
phenomenon,  discovered  by  Moniez.  The  Cysticercus  is  strangu- 
lated in  the  middle  (Fig.  261),  and  divides  into  two  portions  which, 
attached  to  each  other  by  a more  or  less  constricted  and  twisted 
funicle  that  in  time  becomes  atrophied  and  absorbed,  leaving  the 
moieties  completely  separated.  One  of  these  is  probably  destroyed, 
and  the  other  soon  forms  a rudimentary  Tape-worm  head,  by 
budding  ; consequently,  it  alone  constitutes  the  definitive  Cysti- 
cercus. 

It  is  in  about  a month  after  infestation — often  less — that  the 
Cysticerci  quit  the  liver  and  spread  over  the  peritoneal  cavity  ; 
they  are  sometimes  found  protruding  from  the  surface  of  the  liver. 
Soon  they  are  free,  slightly  dropsical,  and  of  various  degrees  of 
development,  being  then  most  frequently  lodged  between  the  two 
serous  surfaces,  when  they  form  their  cyst  and  establish  themselves. 
The  galleries  they  have  quitted  disappear  after  a time,  and  leave 
more  or  less  marked  cicatrices  on  the  surface  of  the  gland. 

Hepatic  Cysticercosis  may  manifest  itself  beyond  experimental 
conditions,  and  produce  a morbid  state  of  a cachectic  nature  that 
sometimes  terminates  in  death.  We  have  observed  such  instances. 

Trematodes. — Creplin  has  given  the  name  of  Amphistomum  explanatum 
to  a species  found  by  Gurlt  at  Berlin,  in  the  biliary  duct  and  gall-bladder 
of  a Zebu.  It  is  a lanceolated  oval,  9 mm.  long  and  4 mm.  broad  ; the  pos- 
terior sucker  is  sub-elliptical,  and  spread  out  at  the  sides. 

The  other  Trematodes  of  the  liver  are  Distomes — Distomum  hepcdicum, 
D.  lanceolatum,  D.  truncatum,  and  D.  sinense,  the  effects  of  which  will  be 
indicated  hereafter  (Art.  Distomiasis  of  the  liver). 

Nematodes. — Ascaris  megalocephala  Cloq.,  and  Ascaris  suis  Dujar. — 
Ascarides  may  enter  the  biliary  duct  and  give  rise  to  serious  colic,  as  Roll 
has  remarked  with  regard  to  the  Ascarid  of  the  Horse.  Camberoque  has 
observed  epileptiform  seizures  in  a Pig,  at  the  autopsy  of  which  he  found  no 
other  lesion  than  congestion  of  the  duodenum  and  the  adjoining  peritoneum, 
and  the  presence  of  a bundle  of  Ascarides  at  the  opening  of  the  ductus  chole- 
dochus  ; one  of  these  bundles  was  entirely  engaged  in  the  duct,  and  another 
fixed  there  by  its  anterior  part. 

( Esophagostomum  dentatum  Rud. — Reported  by  Von  Linstow  as  found, 
not  only  in  the  intestine,  but  also  in  the  liver  of  the  Pig. 

Sclerostomum  equinum  Rud. — Megnin  has  found  the  middle  lobe  of  the 
liver  of  a horse  transformed  into  a real  fibro-plastic  tumour,  dense  at  some 
points,  soft  in  others,  and  studded  with  small  blood -cysts,  each  of  which 
contained  a Sclerostomum  equinum — male  or  female — from  2 cm.  to  4 cm. 


426 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


long,  and  doubled  up  on  itself.  The  females  contained  non-fecundated  ova 
only.  In  the  left  lobe  of  the  liver  of  a Horse,  at  the  border  of  its  posterior 
surface,  Colucci  discovered  an  inflammatory  tumour  to  be  occupied  by  a 
Sclerostome  which  he  considered  had  come  from  the  intestine  and  pene- 
trated the  gland  by  a foramen  i mm.  wide,  visible  on  the  anterior  surface  of 
this  left  lobe. 

Ollulanus  tricuspis  Leuck. — We  have  seen  that  the  embryos  of  this  species 
— a parasite  of  the  stomach  of  the  Cat — may  wander  into  the  liver. 

Filaria  hepatica  Cobb. — These  are  worms  found  by  Mather,  encysted  in 
the  intestinal  tunic  and  biliary  canals  of  a Dog. 

Embryos  of  Filarice. — Colin  and  Reynal  were  the  first  to  make  mention 
of  the  presence,  in  the  liver  of  the  Horse,  of  white  or  yellow,  calcified,  and 
irregularly  spherical  nodules,  formed  of  numerous  concentric  layers.  Their 
volume  varied  from  the  size  of  a millet-seed  to  that  of  a pea,  though  there 
were  some  which  were  scarcely  visible.  Oreste  and  Ercolani  were  of  opinion 
that  these  nodules  had  the  ovum  of  a Distome  for  a nucleus  ; but  according 
to  Mazzanti,  they  are  produced  by  the  embryos  of  Nematodes  carried  by  the 
blood,  as  a capillary  was  in  the  centre  of  each  nodule.  He  sometimes  found 
4 to  6 in  the  same  tubercle.  They  insinuated  themselves  into  the  paren- 
chyma, through  the  walls  of  the  bloodvessels,  and  gave  rise  to  irritation — 
either  in  the  lobules  or  the  interlobular  connective-tissue — that  ended  in  the 
formation  of  these  pseudo-tubercles.  They  measured  40  n to  180  /x  long  and 
3 ij.  to  6 n in  diameter,  and  differed  from  those  of  Filaria  papillosa,  but 
belonged,  no  doubt,  to  an  undetermined  species  of  Filaria. 

Eustrongylus  gigas  Rud. — This  parasite  of  the  kidneys  has  been  found  in 
the  liver  of  a Dog  by  Lissizin  (see  Parasites  of  the  Urinary  Organs). 

Before  passing  to  the  description  of  psorospermosis  of  the  liver, 
echinococcosis,  and  distom  asis,  we  here  give  a list  of  the  hepatic 
parasites  of  the  domesticated  animals. 

Equidae. — Ascaris  megalocephala,  Sclerostomum  equinum,  Filaria  sp.  ?, 
Distomum  hepaticum,  Linguatula  denticulatum. 

Ox. — Amphistomum  explanatum,  Distomum  hepaticum,  D.  lanceolaium, 
Cysticercus  tenuicollis , Linguatula  denticulatum. 

Sheep  and  Goat. — Distomum  hepaticum,  D.  lanceolatum,  Cysticercus  tenui- 
collis,  Linguatula  denticulatum. 

Pig. — CEsophagostomum  dentatum,  Distomum  hepaticum,  D.  lanceolatum, 
Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  Cyst,  celluloses  (see  Measles  of  the  Pig). 

Dog. — Filaria  hepatica,  Eustrongylus  gigas,  Distomum  truncatum,  Cystu 
cercus  celluloses  (see  Measles  of  the  Dog). 

Cat. — Ollulanus  tricuspis,  Distomum  truncatum,  D.  lanceolatum,  D.  sinense, 
Canurus  sp.  ? 

Rabbit. — Saccharomyces  guttulatus , Eimcria  falciformis,  Coccidium  oviforme, 
Cysticercus  pisiformis. 

Pigeon. — Monocercomonas  hepatica. 


Article  I. — Coccidiosis  of  the  Liver. 

Coccidiosis,  or  Psorospermosis,  of  the  liver  is  a frequent  parasitic 
affection  in  the  domesticated  Rabbit,  and  is  caused  by  a Sporozoon 
— the  Coccidium  cuniculi  (Rivolta),  Coccidium  oviforme  (Leuck). 

History. — This  parasite  appears  to  have  been  first  seen  in  the  Rabbit  by 
Carswell,  then  by  Hake  in  1839.  Nasse  in  1843,  Handheld  Jones  in  1846, 
etc.  ; but  its  nature  was  for  a long  time  unknown.  Hake  mistook  the 
Coccidia  for  pus  corpuscles,  and  Lang  considered  them  to  be  neeformations ; 
while  a number  of  observers  believed  them  to  be  the  ova  of  Nematodes, 
Distomea,  Taeniae,  or  Linguatulae ; or  they  were  mistaken  for  the  Utricules 


PARASITES  OF  THE  LIVER 


427 


of  Miescher — Sarcosporidia.  Davaine — in  consequence  of  their  great  re- 
semblance to  the  ova  of  Helminthes — named  them  Corps  oviformes,  by  which 
designation  they  were  for  a long  time  known.  However,  in  1845,  Remak, 
recognising  them  as  parasites,  proposed  to  class  them  with  the  Psorospermise, 
a group  created  by  F.  Muller,  in  1841,  for  certain  parasites  of  Fishes  (the 
Myxosporidia).  From  their  aspect  they  were  named  Psorospermice  oviformes. 
In  1879,  Leuckart  instituted  the  class  of  Sporozoa  in  which  he  placed  the 
Psorospermice  oviformes,  and  named  them  Coccidia. 

The  study  of  the  Coccidia,  based  at  first  on  the  work  of  A.  Schneider  and 
of  Balbiani,  since  1892  has  made  considerable  progress,  and  the  researches  of 
R.  Pfeiffer,  Simond,  Leger,  Labbe,  Siedlecki,  etc,  have  demonstrated  that 
the  Coccidia  are  reproduced  in  two  ways  : sexually  (sporogenesis)  and 

asexually  (schizogenesis). 

Coccidium  oviforme. — In  the  encysted  state,  as  it  may  be  found  in  the 
biliary  canals  of  infested  Rabbits,  the  parasite  is  an  ovoid  body — 30  fx  to 


Fig.  262. — Evolution  of  the  Coccidium  oviforme  of  the  Rabbit’s  liver. — After 

Balbiani. 

a,  b,  c,  young  Coccidia  contained  in  the  epithelium  of  the  hepatic  canali- 
culi ; a,  nucleus  of  the  epithelial  cell ; d,  e,  f,  encysted  adult  Coccidia ; 
g,  h,  i,  k,  l,  development  of  the  sporoblasts  ; m,  mature  sporoblast,  much 
magnified,  showing  the  two  falciform  corpuscles  or  sporozoites  in  their  natural 
position,  with  the  remains  of  the  granular  mass  ( nucleus  de  reliquat)  ; n,  com- 
pressed sporoblast,  with  the  two  corpuscles  separated  from  each  other  ; 0,  a 
spore  ; y,  its  nucleus. 


50  fx  long  by  14  n to  28  /x  broad — enclosed  in  a double  contoured  shell  (cyst), 
with  a depression  (micropyle)  at  one  of  its  poles.  At  first  the  cyst  is  filled 
with  protoplasm  ; very  soon  the  latter  separates  from  the  wall  and  contracts 
into  a nucleated  spherical  mass  (Fig.  262,  /).  It  is  the  last  phase  of  parasitic 
development  observed  in  the  liver ; the  Coccidia  pass  with  the  bile  from  the 
liver  into  the  intestine,  and  are  carried  out  with  the  excreta.  Their  ulterior 
evolution  takes  place  in  water  or  in  moist  earth.  If  some  of  the  ripe  cysts 
from  an  infested  liver  are  placed  under  a thin  layer  of  water,  on  damp  sand,  or 
on  a piece  of  charcoal  in  a moist  chamber,  their  development  may  be  followed. 
The  rapidity  of  their  evolution  depends  upon  the  conditions  of  temperature 
and  oxygenation  in  which  they  are  placed.  The  process  may  be  completed 
in  from  ten  to  fifteen  days  (Balbiani),  or  in  four  or  five  days  according  to 
R.  Pfeiffer.  Segmentation  divides  the  protoplasmic  sphere  into  two,  then  into 


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TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


four  smaller  spheres  or  sporoblasts ; each  of  these  elongates,  surrounds  itself  with 
a double  membrane,  and  becomes  a sporocyst.  The  division  of  the  contents 
of  each  sporocyst  results  in  the  formation  of  two  nucleated  comma-shaped 
protoplasmic  bodies  ( sporozoites ) placed  in  inverse  direction — the  rounded 
extremity  of  one  being  in  contact  with  the  pointed  extremity  of  the  other — 
and  between  them  may  be  seen  the  remains  of  the  granular  mass.  In  this 
state  the  cysts  may  exist  without  alteration  for  a very  long  time  in  external 
media.  Introduced  into  the  intestine  with  the  food  or  water,  the  ripe  cysts 
are  dissolved  by  the  pancreatic  juice  ; the  sporocysts,  set  free,  open  and 
liberate  the  sporozoites  which  more  or  less  rapidly  gain  the  biliary  canals 
and  invade  their  epithelial  cells. 

The  multiplication  of  Coccidium  oviforme,  within  the  epithelial  cells,  is 
accomplished  by  fecundation  and  by  schizogenesis  after  the  manner  already 
indicated  (p.  272).  Fecundation  has  not  been  observed  in  Coccidium  cuniculi, 
but  probably  it  is  identical  with  that  which  has  been  seen  in  allied  species. 
Influenced  by  chemotactic  attraction,  several  microgametes  come  in  contact 
with  the  macrogamete ; one  of  them  penetrates  by  the  micropyle,  which  is  then 

closed.  The  male  nucleus  blends  with  the 
female  nucleus,  and  together  they  constitute 
the  oocyst  : it  is  the  encysted  coccidium  or 
sporont,  which  by  sporogenesis,  will  produce 
sporoblasts,  then  sporozoites. 

Pathological  Anatomy. — At  the 

autopsy  of  a rabbit  affected  with 
Coccidiosis,  the  liver  may  present  its 
normal  volume  and  weight  if  infesta- 
tion is  not  very  marked  ; but  generally 
it  is  much  larger  in  size  and  heavier — 
sometimes  treble  its  normal  condition, 
and  all  the  lesions  of  cachexia  and 
abdominal  dropsy  are  observed.  The 
hepatic  parenchyma  is  studded  or 
crammed  with  whitish  - yellow  cysts, 
from  the  size  of  a millet-seed  to  that  of  a pea,  or  even  a nut ; and 
globular,  elongated,  or  lobulated,  giving  the  surface  of  the  liver 
a mammillated  appearance.  Their  number  is  at  times  so  great  that 
the  intervening  parenchyma  is  completely  atrophied.  These  cysts 
contain  a thick,  yellow,  creamy,  grumous  or  caseous  matter,  chiefly 
composed  of  the  encysted  Coccidia,  epithelial  cells  undergoing  fatty 
degeneration,  free  nuclei,  and  fat-drops.  The  membrane  limiting 
these  nodules  is  only  the  altered  wall  of  a hepatic  canal,  which, 
under  the  influence  of  irritation,  has  formed  a thick  capsule  of  con- 
nective tissue,  constituted  by  concentric  fibres  and  numerous  nuclei. 

These  altered  and  transformed  hepatic  tubes  have  generally 
maintained  their  communication  with  the  neighbouring  canaliculi ; 
though  it  may  happen  that  a connective- tissue  formation  has  isolated 
and  encysted  them,  in  a manner  analogous  to  the  encystment  that 
takes  place  around  foreign  bodies  or  old  tubercles.  The  gall-bladder 
contains  products  very  similar  to  those  in  the  hepatic  nodules,  which 
indicates  a communication,  more  or  less  direct,  between  the  nodules 
and  the  biliary  canals. 

The  hepatic  lobules  have  undergone  various  changes.  Sometimes 
they  are  replaced  by  connective  tissue,  as  in  biliary  cirrhosis  ; at 


Fig.  263. — Coccidium  oviforme 
in  the  epithelial  cells  of  the 
hepatic  ducts,  displacing  the 
nuclei  of  the  cells. — Balbiani. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  LIVER 


429 


other  times  they  are  atrophied  by  the  peripheral  compression  of  the 
parasitic  cysts,  or  by  hypertrophy  of  the  interlobular  connective 
tissue. 

The  Coccidia  show  themselves  in  two  principal  forms — free  or 
encysted.  The  free  Coccidia  (schizonts,  merozoites,  or  young 
macrogametes)  are  most  frequently  spherical  or  slightly  elongated, 
and  measure  11  /x  to  14  /x  broad,  and  17  /x  to  22  /x  long.  Some  are 
almost  homogeneous  and  very  refrangent,  with  a darker  central  point ; 
the  others  are  altogether  granular,  without  a central  point, 
and  resemble  cells  undergoing  fatty  degeneration  ; their  volume 
varies  from  6 /x  or  8 /x  to  30  /x.  They  are  often  included  in  epithelial 
cells,  and  solitary  or  grouped  in  small  masses  in  the  same  cell.  The 
encysted  Coccidia  ( oocyst ) may  also  exist  in  the  interior  of  a cell ; 
and,  like  the  preceding,  they  are  sometimes  lodged  in  large  giant- 
cells. 


Fig.  264. — Section  from  the  liver  of  a Rabbit  invaded  by  the  Coccidium 
oviforme.  The  hepatic  ducts  are  dilated  by  the  parasitic  productions. 
— Balbiani. 


It  is  not  rare  to  find  white  particles  floating  in  the  bile,  similar  to 
the  contents  of  the  tumours,  and  almost  exclusively  formed  of 
Coccidia.  Rivolta  once  found  numerous  encysted  Coccidia  in  the 
epithelium  of  a dilated  gall-bladder. 

Symptoms. — Interference  with  the  biliary  secretion,  alteration  of 
its  product,  destruction  of  hepatic  tissue,  and  vascular  compression 
explain  the  symptoms  by  which  C-occidiosis  of  the  liver  is  manifested 
when  the  disease  involves  a large  part  of  the  organ. 

The  Rabbits  lose  flesh,  the  appetite  disappears,  and  the  fur  loses 
its  lustre  and  becomes  matted  ; they  are  also  less  lively  and  alert. 
Notwithstanding  good  food,  they  continue  to  waste,  their  mucous 
membranes  become  pale  or  assume  an  icteric  tint,  the  hair  is  erect, 
the  weight  rapidly  diminishes,  and  marasmus  is  accentuated  by 
tympanites  ; there  is  ascites,  an  exhausting  diarrhoea,  uncertain  or 


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TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


staggering  movements,  etc.  ; in  fine,  all  the  symptoms  of  pernicious 
anaemia.  Death  takes  place  in  convulsions  in  two  or  three  months. 
Often,  however,  a very  large  number  of  Coccidia  will  be  found  in  the 
liver,  and  yet  the  animals  during  life  do  not  show  any  evidence  of 
their  presence.  Claude  Bernard  found  that  puncture  of  the  floor  of 
the  fourth  ventricle  in  Rabbits  affected  with  advanced  Coccidiosis, 
does  not  produce  diabetes. 

Diagnosis  can  only  be  established  by  examination  of  the  faeces, 
which  ought  to  contain  encysted  Coccidia.  Unfortunately,  the 
hepatic  form  cannot  positively  be  distinguished  from  the  intestinal 
form  ; but  the  first  is  much  more  frequent  than  the  second,  which 
is  always  accompanied  by  diarrhoea,  and  its  flux  contains  many  more 
parasites  than  that  arising  from  infestation  of  the  liver. 

Frequency. — Coccidiosis  of  the  liver  is  common  in  Italy,  in  France, 
and  in  England  ; very  rare  in  America.  It  is  prevalent  in  the  en- 
virons of  Paris,  where  rabbits  are  often  crowded  in  small,  badly-kept 
hutches.  Delepine  estimates  at  92  per  cent,  the  proportion  of 
rabbits  affected  with  Coccidiosis  in  England.  Breeders  attribute 
the  development  of  the  disease  to  an  exclusive  diet  of  green  food — 
an  opinion  supported  by  the  conditions  of  sporogenesis.  But  the 
nature  of  the  food  is  not  the  sole  cause  ; dampness  of  the  litter  also 
assists  in  the  propagation  of  the  parasite.  Hepatic  Coccidiosis  and 
Coccidiosis  of  the  intestine  may  co-exist.  Both  are  met  with  con- 
currently in  the  wild  rabbit,  and  sometimes  in  the  epizootic  form. 
Ch.  Robin  appears  to  have  seen  Coccidium  oviforme  in  the  liver 
of  the  Guinea-pig.  The  liver  of  Man  may  be  invaded  by  the  same 
parasite  (Giibler,  Dressier,  Leuckart,  Silcock,  Podwyssozki).  Lastly, 
Johne  connects  with  Coccidium  cuniculi  numerous  Coccidia  (?) 
which  he  found  in  the  liquid  contents  of  irregular-shaped  cysts 
situated  at  the  upper  border  of  the  liver  of  a Pig  ; but  they  were 
three  or  four  times  larger  than  those  of  the  Rabbit,  as  they  measured 
120  fx  long  by  70  /Jj  broa  1. 

Treatment. — Hepatic  Coccidiosis  may  occasion  serious  loss  in 
rabbit-hutches,  and  gravely  compromise  the  rearing  of  Rabbits. 

When  it  is  present,  it  is  easy  to  arrest  its  ravages  by  separating  the 
healthy  from  the  diseased  animals,  and  by  carefully  carrying  out 
disinfection  by  means  of  boiling  water,  in  the  places  where  the  sick 
creatures  have  deposited  their  excrements,  along  with  the  encysted 
Coccidia.  It  is  more  advantageous  to  sacrifice  the  diseased  or 
suspected  Rabbits,  than  to  undertake  their  medical  treatment. 
Their  viscera  should  not  be  thrown  on  dung-heaps,  nor  in  yards,  as 
is  usually  done,  but  burned,  or  purified  by  prolonged  boiling. 

The  indications  are  to  have  the  hutches  in  dry,  and  sufficiently 
well-aired  and  lighted  situations.  The  Rabbits  should  be  given 
fortifying  healthy  food,  with  hay  and  corn  from  time  to  time,  and 
pure  water  should  always  be  accessible  to  them. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  LIVER 


43i 


Article  II. — Echinosoccosis  of  the  Liver. 

Echinococci. — The  Echinococci  (Echinococcus  veterinorum  Rud., 
Ech.  polymorphus  Diesing)  represent  the  cystic  phase  of  the  Tcenia 
echinococcus  of  Von  Siebold,  which  lives  principally  in  the  intestine 
of  the  Dog.  The  carnivorous  bearer  of  that  Tape-worm  expels, 
with  its  faeces,  the  mature  proglottides  gorged  with  ova  ; and  the 
latter,  protected  by  the  resistance  of  their  shell  from  external 
causes  of  destruction,  are  many  of  them  carried  into  drinking  water, 
or  into  the  alimentary  matters  of  Man  and  animals,  and  with  them 
gain  access  to  the  digestive  canal.  The  experiments  of  Von  Siebold, 
Kuchenmeister,  Van  Beneden,  Leuckart,  etc.,  have  placed  beyond 
doubt  the  relationship  between  the  Echinococci  and  the  Tcenia 
echinococcus. 

The  Echinococci — also  called  Hydatids — are  met  with  in  very 
varied  hosts.  They  have  been  found  in  Man,  various  species  of 
Monkeys,  the  Dog  and  Cat,  Ichneumon,  Rabbit,  Squirrel,  Pig,  Wild 
Boar,  Ox,  Argali,  Sheep,  Goat,  Deer,  Giraffe,  Camel,  Dromedary, 
Elan,  Antelope,  Horse,  Zebra,  Elephant,  American  Tapir,  and  Giant 
Kangaroo.  They  have  also  been  observed  in  the  Turkey.  But 
they  are  most  frequent  in  Ruminants  and  the  Pig. 

They  are  met  with  in  the  most  varied  organs,  but  the  liver  is  the 
favourite  seat ; then  the  lungs,  and  after  them  the  kidneys,  spleen, 
intestinal  walls,  serous  membranes,  heart,  muscles,  and  even  the 
bones.  The  same  animal  may  be  invaded  in  several  of  these  organs, 
and  instances  are  on  record  in  which  there  was  general  infestation 
that  induced  pronounced  cachexia.  Such  was  the  case  of  a sow  two 
years  old,  reported  by  Dupuy,  which  had  been  affected  with  para- 
plegia, and  was  found  on  examination  after  death  to  have  hydatids 
in  several  muscles  of  the  loins,  back  and  thighs,  and  in  the  liver, 
lungs  and  kidneys.  Megnin  and  Lemke  have  made  known  similar 
cases. 

The  development  of  the  hydatid  is  very  slow.  The  embryos  of  the 
Tcenia  echinococcus  probably  enter  the  liver  by  the  portal  system. 
Leuckart,  having  succeeded  in  infesting  sucking  Pigs  with  ripe 
segments  of  this  Tape- worm,  has  noticed  beneath  the  serous  covering 
of  the  liver,  at  the  end  of  four  weeks,  small  white  nodules  scarcely  a 
millimetre  in  diameter.  Each  of  these  consisted  of  a cyst  of  connec- 
tive tissue,  formed  at  the  expense  of  the  hepatic  tissue,  and  containing 
a globular  body  of  a similar  structure,  which  was  a young  Echino- 
coccus. Two  months  after  infestation,  the  Echinococci  were  nearly 
double  that  size,  and  were  already  dropsical ; and  towards  the  end  of 
the  fifth  month  the  cysts  were  the  size  of  a nut — raising  the  serous 
membrane  more  or  less,  and  each  contained  a hydatid.  This  was 
constituted  by  a spheroid  tremulous  vesicle  with  thick  walls,  whitish 
in  colour,  and  translucent  (the  mother -vesicle).  The  wall  comprises 
two  quite  distinct  membranes — an  external  ( hydatic  membrane), 
which  is  a cuticle  about  *2  mm.  thick,  formed  of  a large  number  of 


432 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


concentric  layers  ; and  an  internal  one  (germinal  membrane ),  which 
is  thin  and  scarcely  *12  mm.  thick.  The  fluid  that  distends  the 
hydatid  is  colourless  or  slightly  yellow,  of  a neutral  or  slightly  acid 
reaction.  It  may  contain  very  diverse  substances,  the  majority  of 
which  are  foreign  to  it,  and  enter  it — by  endosmosis — from  the  blood 
or  adjacent  organs. 

Besides  these  accidental  substances,  the  hydatids  contain  variable 
proportions  of  a leucomain — discovered  by  Mourson  and  Schlagden- 
hauffen — which  is  nutritive  waste.  Its  abundance  is  in  proportion 
to  the  activity  of  nutrition,  which  is  very  great  when  the  heads  of 
the  Taenia  are  growing,  and  small  at  the  resting  period  of  the 
Echinococcus.  To  the  presence  of  this  alkaloid  are  attributed  the 
urticaria  and  peritonitis  observed  in  Man,  in  cases  in  which  the 
hydatid  opens  into  the  large  serous  cavities. 

Exceptionally,  the  Echinococcus  does  not  get  beyond  this  stage, 


Fig.  265. — A proligerous  vesicle;  Fig.  266. — Diagram  of  a proligerous 
highly  magnified. — Railliet.  vesicle,  to  show  the  manner  in 

which  the  heads  of  the  Taenia  are 
formed  in  its  interior. — Railliet. 

and  it  is  then — since  the  days  of  Laennec — named  an  Acephalocyst. 
But  it  usually  happens  that,  when  the  mother-vesicle  has  sufficiently 
enlarged,  there  appear  on  the  internal  surface  of  the  germinal 
membrane,  small  papillae  arranged  in  more  or  less  closely-set  groups. 
Each  of  these  has  a cavity  that  gradually  enlarges,  and  the  inner 
surface  of  which  soon  becomes  differentiated  into  a thin  cuticle. 
The  vesicles  thus  formed  are  attached  to  the  germinal  membrane  by  a 
short  pedicle,  and  are  designated  proligerous  vesicles.  Their  internal 
face  will  form  the  heads  of  Taeniae,  or  scolices ; there  are  usually  5 to 
10,  or  20,  or  even  34,  in  the  interior  of  the  same  proligerous  vesicle, 
and  they  are  not  always  of  the  same  age  or  size.  When  completely 
developed,  they  are  small  round  bodies,  measuring  on  the  average 
■19  mm.  by  'i6  mm.  ; the  pole  opposite  to  the  pedicle  shows  a 
depression  formed  by  the  invagination  of  the  head  itself,  and  on  the 
sides  are  the  suckers,  at  the  bottom  of  a double  crown  of  hooks.  The 


PARASITES  OF  THE  LIVER 


433 


latter  are  similar  to  those  of  the  adult  Taenia,  though  slightly  longer, 
and  at  the  periphery  of  the  head  are  distributed  a considerable 
number  of  calcareous  particles  or  corpuscles.  Evaginated,  it 
appears  as  in  Figure  267,  B.  The  vesicles  burst,  and  the  heads 
separate  from  them  and  float  at  liberty  in  the  fluid  for  a long  time 
after  the  hydatid  is  dead,  or  when  it  is  placed  in  water,  which  enters 
it  by  osmosis. 

The  proligerous  vesicles  are  not  the  only  mode  of  multiplication  of 
the  Echinococcus ; for  there  may  form  what  are  called  secondary 
vesicles  or  daughter -bladders,  which  have  all  the  characters  of  the 
mother -vesicle.  Originating  in  the  substance  of  the  cuticle  or  hydatic 
membrane,  they  gradually  distend,  then  rupture  it,  and  fall  external 
to  or  inside  the  mother- vesicle,  according  to  the  conditions  in  which 
development  is  effected.  In  the  first  case,  there  are  secondary 


Fig.  267. — Echinococcus  polymorphus. 

A,  young  Taenia  detached  from  the 
proligerous  vesicle,  to  which  it  was 
fixed  by  its  inferior  pedicle  ; the  head 
is  retracted  inside  the  neck.  B,  the 
same,  with  the  head  evaginated. — After 
Perroncito. 


A 


F lg.  268. — Echinococcus  polymorphus. 
A,  side  and  front  view  of  hooks  ; B, 
isolated  suckers. 


external  or  exogenous  vesicles,  and  the  Echinococcus  has  been  called 
Echinococcus  scolecipariens  (Kiichenmeister)  and  E.  simplex  or 
E.  granulosus  (Leuckart).  In  the  second  case,  there  are  secondary 
internil  or  eniogenous  vesicles,  and  the  Echinococcus  has  received 
the  names  E.  altricipariens  (Kiichenmeister)  and  E.  hydatidosus 
(Leuckart). 

The  mode  of  formation  of  these  two  sorts  of  Echinococci  remains 
the  same,  and  there  is  nothing  fundamental  in  the  distinction  ; it 
may  be  remarked,  however,  that  the  two  kinds  of  secondary  vesicles 
are  not  generally  found  in  the  same  Echinococcus,  nor  yet  in  the 
same  host. 

The  secondary  exogenous  vesicles  are  more  especially  common  in 
Ruminants  and  the  Pig,  and  they  are  not  rare  in  Man.  They 
usually  remain  small,  and  may  pass  unperceived ; they  most 
frequently  belong  to  medium-sized  Echinococci. 


28 


434 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  secondary  endogenous  vesicles  are  most  frequent  in  Man,  the 
Pig,  and  the  Horse — though  they  have  been  seen  by  Railliet  also  in 
the  Ox  ; they  are  generally  much  larger  than  the  external  ones. 

The  secondary  vesicles  are  also  capable  of  throwing  out — by 
intracuticular  budding — other  vesicles  of  a tertiary  order,  external 
or  internal  like  them,  and  called  grand- daughter  vesicles. 

The  secondary  vesicles , daughter,  and  grand- daughter — external  or 
internal — are  capable  of  developing  proligerous  vesicles,  and,  con- 
sequently, the  heads  of  Taeniae,  at  least  as  well  as  the  mother- 
vesicle  ; like  it,  also,  they  may  remain  sterile  and  form  acephalocysts. 

There  is  also  a special  form  of  Echinococcus  that  receives  the  name 


VI 


Fig.  269. — Echinococcus  polymorphus  : diagram  of  the  formation  of  pro- 
ligerous and  secondary  vesicles. — Railliet. 

ct,  cuticle  or  hydatic  membrane  ; m,  germinal  vesicle  ; vf,  secondary  or 
daughter- vesicle  commencing  its  formation  ; vf,  daughter-vesicles  passing 
internally  ; vf" , daughter-vesicle  passing  externally  ; vfe,  external  or  exo- 
genous daughter-vesicles  ; vfi,  internal  grand-daughter  or  endogenous  vesicle  ; 
vpfi,  internal  grand-daughter  vesicle  ; vpfe,  external  grand-daughter  vesicle, 
which  appears  to  be  produced  in  the  multilocular  Echinococcus. 

of  Echinococcus  multilocular  is  or  E.  alveolaris , which  is  distinguished 
from  the  preceding  by  the  size  of  the  vesicles — these  remaining  very 
small,  from  the  size  of  a millet-seed  to  that  of  a pea  at  most.  These 
vesicles  remain  agglomerated  in  masses,  which  may  grow  as  big  as 
the  head  of  an  infant,  and  are  attached  to  each  other  by  a common 
connective-tissue  stroma,  resulting  from  the  fusion  of  their  adven- 
titious capsules.  The  masses  they  form  have  the  appearance  of 
well-defined  tumours  easy  to  enucleate,  and  a section  of  them  shows 
a number  of  alveoli,  each  filled  with  what  looks  like  colloid  matter, 
but  which  is  nothing  more  than  a vesicle  with  its  wall  collapsed  and 
doubled-up  on  itself.  The  multilocular  Echinococci  are  less  fre- 


PARASITES  OF  THE  LIVER 


435 

quently  fertile  than  the  ordinary  hydatids,  and  the  number  of  the 
heads  more  particularly  always  remains  limited,  their  discovery 
sometimes  requiring  long  and  diligent  search.  Little  is  known  as 
yet  with  regard  to  the  development  of  these  Echinococci ; perhaps 
they  result,  as  Meyer  has  said,  from  exogenous  budding  of  the 
daughter  and  grand-daughter  vesicles,  arising  from  a small  number 
of  the  mother- vesicles.  They  have  been  more  especially  observed  in 
Man  ; but  we  possess  at  present  36  recorded  instances  in  which  they 
have  been  found  in  animals,  23  of  these  being  due  to  Ostertag.  Only 
four  of  them  were  furnished  by  the  Pig,  all  the  others  by  the  Ox,  and 
nearly  all  the  Echinococci  were  found  in  the  liver. 

The  multilocular  Echinococcus  is  distinguished  not  only  by  its 
appearance  from  the  other  Echinococci,  but  it  has  a particular 
geographical  distribution — at  least  in  Man.  Thus  it  is  never  seen  in 
Iceland  nor  Australia,  where  the  hydatic  cysts  are  endemic  ; and  of 
182  cases  of  hydatids  observed  in  Mecklenburg,  only  one  had  this 
form.  It  is  in  Wurtemburg,  Bavaria,  and  Switzerland — where  the 
hydatic  cysts  are  relatively  rare — that  the  alveolar  Echinococcus  has 
been  most  frequently  encountered.  The  hydatids  of  this  form 
observed  in  Oxen  and  Pigs  were  chiefly  in  the  abbatoirs  of  Munich 
(Bollinger,  Brinsteiner)  and  of  Berlin  (Ostertag). 

Man  alone  furnishes  important  information  as  to  the  longevity  of 
the  hydatids,  and  it  appears  that  this  may  be  very  great.  Courty 
has  observed  a case  of  hydatid  in  the  iliac  region,  that  dated  for 
thirty-five  years.  Raynal  operated  on  a woman,  in  whom  the 
swelling  had  gradually  spread  during  forty- three  years  over  a con- 
siderable portion  of  the  face,  and  attained  the  size  of  a child’s  head. 
Raymond  has  seen  an  Echinococcus  persist  for  seven  years  in  a 
Horse. 

In  growing  older,  the  hydatid  undergoes  modifications.  These  are 
sometimes  limited  to  increase  in  volume  and  thickening  of  the 
cuticle,  which  may  attain  1 mm.  By  remaining  simple,  the  hydatid 
is  capable  of  acquiring  a diameter  of  15  cm.  ; though  this  is  excep- 
tional, and  most  frequently  it  remains  no  larger  than  the  fist.  In 
general,  the  increase  in  size  is  due  to  the  formation  of  secondary 
vesicles,  which — if  they  are  internal — cause  the  mother-vesicle  to 
undergo  a dilatation  that  is  rarely  regular,  and  is  usually  subordinate 
to  the  resistance  that  the  organs  of  the  host  offer  to  its  extension. 

Pathological  Anatomy. — Echinococcosis  of  the  liver  is  more  par- 
ticularly prevalent  in  Ruminants  and  the  Pig  ; a few  instances  have 
been  observed  in  the  Horse  and  Ass. 

It  is  often  difficult  to  ascertain  the  number  of  Echinococci  by 
which  the  liver  is  invaded,  in  consequence  of  the  impossibility  of 
distinguishing  the  secondary  external  vesicles  from  the  mother- 
vesicles. 

The  hydatids  sometimes  cause  considerable  alterations  in  the  liver 
of  their  host.  There  is  formed,  at  first,  a cyst  for  each  mother - 
vesicle,  and  the  external  vesicles  may  remain  in  this  cyst — which  is 
amplified  in  proportion  to  their  growth  ; or  it  may  throw  out  ampul- 

28 — 2 


436 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


lary  ramifications,  each  having  one  or  several  secondary  vesicles. 
These  ramifications  remain  in  communication  with  the  primary  cyst, 
or  separate  from  it  by  the  constriction  of  the  intermediate  canal, 
causing  obstruction,  and  sometimes  its  atrophy.  The  walls  of  the 
cyst  have  a variable  thickness,  which  may  be  from  5 mm.  to  iamm.  ; 
they  are  coriaceous,  resisting,  have  not  many  vessels,  are  smooth  on 
their  inner  surface,  and  in  general  free  from  adhesions  with  the 
surface  of  the  hydatids.  The  latter  can  be  extracted  by  careful 
incisions  made  with  the  scalpel  guided  by  a director. 

A liver  invaded  by  the  Echinococci  is  considerably  modified  in  its 
aspect.  Its  volume  and  weight  are  augmented — sometimes  tenfold. 
The  liver  of  the  Ox,  which,  in  the  normal  state,  weighs  about  5 kilo- 


Fig.  270. — Liver  of  the  Pig  invaded  by  an  enormous  quantity  of  Echinococci. 
This  liver  measured  *56  m.  broad  and  *41  m.  high,  and  weighed  12-500 
kilogrammes  (about  27  pounds). — Railliet. 

grammes,  may  when  affected  with  hydatids  amount  to  50  kilo- 
grammes. East  has  found  it  weigh  130  pounds,  Roberts  and 
Gregory  145  to  146  pounds,  and  Ringk  158  pounds.  It  is  the  same 
in  the  Pig  ; in  health  the  average  weight  of  this  organ  is  about 
2 kilogrammes,  but  it  may  acquire  an  enormous  volume — Cartwright 
has  found  it  to  be  50  pounds,  and  Girard  no  pounds. 

The  increase  in  volume  entails  modifications  in  the  neighbouring 
organs,  which  are  displaced,  compressed,  deranged,  and  hindered  in 
their  functions.  The  curvature  of  the  diaphragm  is  increased,  and 
the  lungs  are  diminished  in  size  ; while  the  intestine  sometimes 
shows  constrictions,  and  the  peritoneum  contracts  adhesions. 

The  liver  is  lumpy  on  its  surface,  and  instead  of  a uniform  tint,  it 


PARASITES  OF  THE  LIVER 


437 


shows  round  white  patches  corresponding  to  the  hydatids.  The 
visceral  peritoneum  and  Glisson’s  capsule  are  notably  thickened, 
and  may  form  adhesions  with  the  diaphragm,  intestine,  etc.  The 
hepatic  tissue  is  compressed,  discoloured,  and  atrophied,  and  has 
become  fibrous  at  points  in  the  vicinity  of  the  hydatids,  and  par- 
ticularly at  those  which  are  intermediate  to  two  or  more  voluminous 
vesicles,  where  it  only  appears  as  an  eyot  or  band.  A deep  section 
of  the  organ  lays  open  round,  irregular,  and  unequal  cavities,  lined 
by  the  cystic  membrane,  from  which  the  hydatic  fluid  spurts  out, 
with  the  intact  vesicles. 

As  they  become  older,  the  hydatids  are  modified,  and  are  often 
destroyed.  The  walls  of  the  cyst  become  more  thickened  ; between 
its  internal  surface  and  that  of  the  hydatid  are  deposited  layers  of 
a material  which  appears  tuberculous  or  sebaceous,  semi-fluid,  some- 
times thick  and  consistent ; sometimes,  also,  there  is  pus  or  blood  ; 
these  concrete  in  concentric  strata  (Briickmuller).  This  deposited 
matter  compresses  the  hydatic  vesicle  on  all  sides,  or  pushes  it 
against  the  side  of  the  cyst ; its  liquid  contents  diminish,  its  walls 
become  shrivelled  and  approach  each  other,  and  the  cavity  finally 
disappears.  Gradually  the  secreted  matter  becomes  thicker, 
concretes,  assumes  the  consistency  of  mastic,  then  that  of  chalk,  and 
is  at  last  a calcareous  mass.  An  attentive  examination  may  discover 
in  it  membranous  shreds  of  the  Echinococcus  ; but  most  frequently 
only  the  hooks,  the  chitinous  nature  of  which  preserves  them  from 
destruction.  According  to  Bremser,  Ruysch  and  several  others 
have  made  the  following  observation  : * Finally,  the  vesicle  disap- 
pears, and  the  hydatid  is  transformed  entirely  into  a calcareous  mas=, 
which  may  sometimes  be  detached  as  readily  as  the  healthy  hydatid, 
from  the  organ  in  which  it  is  found.’ 

The  multilocular  Echinococcus  is  characterized  by  the  restricted 
dimensions  of  its  vesicles,  by  the  frequent  sterility  of  these,  and  by 
their  agglomeration  into  colloid  tumours,  which  have  been  compared 
by  Guillebeau  to  a head  of  cauliflower.  The  stroma  forming  the 
framework  and  the  envelope  of  the  tumour  does  not  undergo  trans- 
formation by  softening,  which  is  usual  in  the  multilocular  Echino- 
coccus of  Man,  and  the  connective  matrix  has  not  acquired  the  same 
importance.  The  hydatid  is  surrounded  by  a layer  of  irregularly 
cubical  giant-cells,  from  50  //.  to  60  n in  diameter,  with  numerous 
peripheral  nuclei ; and  external  to  these  are  several  rows  of  round 
epithelioid  cells.  These  pseudo-tubercles  are  united  into  one  con- 
glomerate tubercle  by  a layer  of  connective  fibrous  tissue.  At  some 
points  the  giant-cells  are  replaced  by  radiating  fusiform  cells. 
Sometimes  there  can  be  seen  a single  giant-cell,  which  envelops  a 
hydatid  (Guillebeau). 

Symptoms. — The  signs  that  indicate  the  presence  of  Echinococci 
in  the  liver  of  the  Ox  are  varied  and  obscure.  They  are  more  per- 
ceptible if  the  lungs  are  also  invaded  by  the  same  parasites,  and  their 
existence  in  the  liver  may  then  be  suspected  by  some  symptoms 
which  now  manifest  themselves  (see  Echinococcosis  of  the  Lungs). 


438 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


If  the  liver  alone  is  invaded,  there  may  be  some  indications  of  fever 
in  the  respiration,  circulation  and  digestion  ; but  in  general  these 
pass  unperceived.  When  the  malady  is  well  advanced,  appetite  and 
rumination  become  irregular,  and  all  the  more  so  as  the  case  is 
serious.  The  animal  wastes,  the  skin  is  dry,  and  the  coat  dull  and 
staring.  Pressure  and  percussion  on  the  last  four  ribs  of  the  right 
side  cause  pain,  and  produce  a dull  sound.  Sometimes  there  is  an 
icteric  tint  of  the  conjunctive,  and  obstinate  diarrhoea.  Rectal 
exploration  sometimes  discovers  the  liver  enormously  enlarged,  and 
this  gives  rise  to  suspicion  of  the  cause. 

In  the  Sheep , the  same  vague  symptoms  accompany  hydatids  of 
the  liver  ; there  is  feebleness,  dulness  and  indifference,  though  these 
may  not  be  very  marked,  except  at  the  last  stages  of  the  malady, 
when  the  animal  is  altogether  cachectic.  Other  symptoms  are 
recurrent  tympanites,  and  pruritus  at  various  points  ; the  wool  is 
dry  and  brittle,  and  easily  pulled  out  ; and,  in  general,  the  symptoms 
are  confounded  with  those  of  distomiasis,  which  may  coexist  with 
hydatid  disease. 

No  particular  symptoms  have  been  mentioned  as  betraying  the 
existence  of  echinococcosis  of  the  Liver  in  the  Pig  ; they  should  be 
somewhat  the  same,  however,  as  those  observed  in  the  Ox  and 
Sheep. 

There  is  no  need  to  notice  the  symptoms  that  result  from  rupture 
of  the  hydatids  of  the  liver,  and  discharge  of  their  contents  into  the 
peritoneal  cavity,  as  this  eventuality,  which  is  not  exceptional  in 
Man,  does  not  appear  to  have  been  observed  in  animals. 

The  disease  rarely  terminates  in  death,  and  most  frequently  is  only 
discovered  after  the  animal  has  been  slaughtered  at  the  abbatoir. 

Etiology.  — The  essential  cause  of  Echinococcosis  is  evidently 
related  to  the  proximity  of  Dogs,  which  harbour  the  Tania  echino- 
coccus in  their  intestine  ; but  it  may  be  aided  in  its  effects  by 
secondary  circumstances. 

Geographical  Distribution. — Echinococcosis  appears  to  be  cosmo- 
politan in  the  Dog  itself,  according  to  the  statistics  relative  to  Man. 
Similar  investigations  have  not  been  made  with  respect  to  animals, 
but  we  may  conclude  that  hydatids  are  much  more  frequent  in  them 
than  in  our  own  species.  Of  the  whole  of  Continental  Europe, 
Mecklenburg  appears  to  be  most  infested  by  Echinococci — in  some 
districts  they  are  found  in  26  to  50  per  cent,  of  the  Oxen,  75  per  cent, 
of  the  Sheep,  and  5 to  8 per  cent,  of  the  Pigs,  while  Man  pays  a 
larger  tribute  to  them  than  elsewhere. 

Bollinger  states  that  in  Southern  Germany  echinococcosis  is  the 
most  common  endoparasitic  malady  of  Ruminants,  after  tubercu- 
losis and  distomiasis  ; and  Schmidt  estimates  the  annual  money 
loss  it  causes  in  Prussia  at  200,000  francs  (Friedberger  and  Frohner). 

But  Iceland  is  beyond  all  other  countries  in  this  respect — a cir- 
cumstance due  to  the  considerable  proportion  of  Dogs  and  Rumi- 
nants there.  Krabbe  estimates  the  number  of  Dogs  at  15,000  to 
20,000  to  a human  population  of  about  70,000  ; and  we  have  seen 


PARASITES  OF  THE  LIVER 


439 


that  these  dogs  are  infested  with  Tsenia  echinococcus  in  the  propor- 
tion of  30  per  cent.  Sheep  are  in  the  proportion  of  488  and  Cattle 
36  to  every  100  people.  Men,  Dogs  and  Cattle  live  in  close  pro- 
miscuity— at  least,  in  winter — and  reciprocal  infestation  is  therefore 
assured.  Echinococci  are  very  frequent  in  the  human  species,  and 
still  more  so  in  the  domesticated  herbivora.  Ewes  and  Cows  are 
more  often  infested  than  the  males,  and  to  such  a degree  does  this 
occur  that  it  is  quite  exceptional  not  to  find  them  in  Ewes  four  years 
old,  or  in  Cows  which  have  reached  ten  years.  Finsen  attributes 
this  greater  frequency  to  the  fact  that  Ewes  and  Cows  graze  about 
the  houses  during  summer,  and  are  in  this  way  continually  in  contact 
with  the  Dogs  ; while  the  Sheep  and  Oxen  are  driven  to  the  moun- 
tains in  the  spring,  and  remain  there  until  the  autumn.  Hjaltelin 
states  that  hydatids  occur  in  more  than  every  fifth  Sheep  in  Iceland  ; 
that  they  have  been  seen  there  in  every  third  Sheep  over  three  years 
old  ; and  that  in  one  district  they  are  found  in  every  adult  Sheep. 
He  also  states  that  one-sixth  to  one-seventh  of  the  population  suffer 
from  Echinococcus.  When  the  animals  are  killed  to  put  their  flesh 
in  salt,  the  viscera  are  thrown  away  and  not  buried  ; on  these  the 
Dogs  feed,  and  so  become  infested  with  the  parasite. 

In  India,  where  Dogs  are  very  numerous,  70  per  cent,  of  the  Cattle 
are  affected  with  echinococcosis  of  the  liver.  In  other  parts  of  Asia, 
the  disease  is  probably  as  prevalent  in  animals,  and  proportionately 
so  in  Man.  In  Eastern  Siberia  it  would  appear  to  prevail  even  to  a 
larger  extent  than  in  Iceland  ; for  Kaschin  asserts  that  in  nearly  all 
the  'post-mortem  examinations  he  had  made  of  Buratis — a Mongolian 
people  who  live  there — he  found  hydatids  in  the  liver  and  heart. 
The  accounts  which  are  given  of  the  mode  of  life  and  customs  of  this 
nomadic  race  give  a clue  to  this  grave  infestation.  In  unfavour- 
able weather,  for  example,  and  particularly  in  winter,  they  live  in 
the  same  tents  or  ‘ yourts  ’ as  the  Cattle  and  Dogs,  and  in  the  most 
loathsome  state  of  filth  and  uncleanliness  ; since  they  wash  neither 
their  dishes  nor  their  own  bodies,  and  wear  their  clothing  until  it 
falls  to  pieces.  Like  the  Icelanders,  they  allow  the  Dogs  to  clean 
their  wooden  dishes  by  licking  them.  Australia  is  infested  with 
echinococci  to  nearly  as  serious  an  extent  as  Iceland,  according  to 
the  reports  of  J.  D.  Thomas. 

Treatment. — Owing  to  the  difficulties  attending  diagnosis,  and  the 
slight  disturbance  to  health  caused  by  the  hepatic  Echinococci,  this 
disease  has  not  received  much  attention  hitherto,  so  far  as  curative 
treatment  is  concerned.  But  prophylaxis  is  very  important.  It 
would  be  absolute  if  the  Tsenia  echinococcus  could  be  destroyed  ; and 
this  would  be  effected  if  Dogs  were  not  allowed  to  eat  viscera  con- 
taining, or  suspected  to  contain,  hydatids,  and  were  submitted  to 
periodic  anthelmintic  treatment — this  is  a matter  for  shepherds  and 
butchers  to  attend  to. 

With  regard  to  the  prevention  of  the  introduction  of  the  ova  of 
the  Tsenia  into  the  digestive  canal  of  Oxen,  Sheep  or  Pigs,  this  can 
be  effected  by  not  permitting  them  to  graze  on  pastures  where  Dogs 


440 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


have  deposited  their  faeces,  nor  to  give  them  forage  suspected  of 
having  been  soiled  by  these  animals  ; but  this  is  in  practice  almost 
impossible. 


Article  III. — Distomiasis  (or  Fascioliasis)  of  the  Liver. 

The  term  Distomiasis  (Wiame)  or  Distomatosis  (Zundel)  designates 
any  affection  due  to  Distomata.  Fascioliasis  has  also  been  em- 
ployed in  England,  the  parasite  being  named  by  some  authorities 
the  Fasciola  hepatica. 

The  principal  species  of  Distomes  of  the  domesticated  animals 
live  in  the  liver,  and  the  hepatic  form  is  therefore  the  most  important 
of  the  Distomiases.  In  the  first  line  is  placed  that  which  is  produced 
in  the  herbivora,  and  especially  in  the  Sheep,  by  the  Distomum 
hepaticum  and  the  Distomum  lanceolatum. 


i.  The  Distomiasis  of  the  Herbivora. 

The  distomiasis  of  herbivora  has  been  known  for  a very  long  time 
under  numerous  designations,  which  have  been  applied  almost 
exclusively  to  the  ovine  species.  Chabert  enumerates  not  less  than 
75.  The  principal  of  these  are  : Cachexie  aqueuse , Pourriture , Bete 
pourrie,  Mai  he  foie , Foie  douve,  Douve,  Douvette , Jaunisse,  Bouteille, 
Boule,  Gamadure,  Gouloumon , Ganache , Phthisie  vermineuse  du  foie 
(Fromage  de  Feugre),  Cachexie  ictero-vermineuse  (Roll),  etc.  ; in 
Germany,  Leberfdule , Egelfdule , Leber  egelkrankeit , Leber egelseuche, 
Anbrihhigkeit ; in  England,  Ret,  Rot-dropsy  ( Fascioliasis , Liver  rot , 
Fluke  disease , Cachexia  aquosa  verminosa)  ; in  Italy,  Bisciuola, 
Marciaja  ; in  Holland,  Hot  ongans. 

The  Distomes  of  the  liver  have  been  reeognised  for  a long  time,  but  the 
first  mention  of  them  is  due  to  Jean  de  Brie — 1379  ; they  were  known  in 
France  by  the  name  of  douves  — a designation  still  applied  to  them  every 
day.  A long  time  afterwards — 1547 — Gabucinus  spoke  of  worms  resembling 
pumpkin-seeds,  as  inhabiting  the  liver  of  Sheep  and  Goats,  and  in  course 
of  time  other  observers  made  the  same  remark.  Davaine  has  given  an 
excellent  resume  of  the  history  of  these  worms.  From  an  early  period,  the 
disease  caused  by  Dis'.omata  was  known  in  England  as  ‘ Rot,’  while  the 
parasites  themselves  were  and  are  alluded  to  as  Flukes,  from  their  resemblance 
to  a flounder. 

Etiology. — The  essential  agents  in  the  production  of  Distomiasis 
are  the  Distomum  hepaticum  and,  secondarily,  the  Distomum 
lanceolatum. 

DISTOMUM  HEPATICUM  (Linn.). — Body  flattened,  foliaceous,  of  an 
irregular,  pale-brown  colour,  and  18  mm.  to  31  mm.  long,  by  10  mm.  to 
13  mm.  broad,  in  the  adult  ; oblong  oval  or  lanceolated  in  shape,  broader 
and  rounder  in  front,  where  it  suddenly  contracts  to  form  a kind  of  conical 
neck  ; attenuated  and  obtuse  behind.  Cuticle  studded  with  numerous  small 
prickles  directed  backwards.  Oral  sucker  terminal,  small,  and  round  ; 
ventral  sucker  large  and  salient,  with  a triangular  opening,  and  situated 
3 mm.  behind  the  first.  Intestine  with  two  ramifying  branches — sub-genus 


PARASITES  OF  THE  LIVER 


441 


Cladoccelium — visible  through  the  integuments,  and  of  a dark  hue.  Penis 
salient,  in  front  of  the  abdominal  sucker,  and  always  curved.  Vulva  very 
small,  and  situated  beside  the  male  opening  or  a little  behind  it.  Ova  brown 
or  greenish-yellow,  and  ovoid  in  shape,  measuring  130  /a  to  145  n long,  and 
70  n to  90  /a  broad. 


DISTOMCJM  LANCEOLATUM  (Mehlis).— Body  semi-transparent,  speckled 
brown  by  the  ova,  and  4 mm.  to  9 mm.  long  and  2*5  mm.  broad  ; lancet- 
shaped,  obtuse  behind,  attenuated  in  front,  where  it  is  terminated  by  the 
oral  sucker,  which  is  nearly  as  large  as  the  ventral.  Integument  smooth. 
Intestine  has  two  non-ramified  branches — sub-genus  Dicroccelium.  Penis 
long,  and  generally  straight.  Genital  openings  very  near  each  other.  Eggs 
ovoid,  and  37  /a  to  40  /a  long. 


Hosts. — The  Distomum  hepa- 
ticum  is,  above  all  others,  a 
parasite  of  Ruminants,  in  the 
liver  of  which  it  is  very  often 
met  with — such  are  the  Sheep, 


B 


Fig.  271. — Distomum  hepaticum  ; 
natural  size. — Railliet. 

A,  young  specimen  ; B,  adult. 


vo 


Fig.  272. — Digestive  apparatus  and 
nervous  system  of  the  hepatic  Fluke; 
th  nervous  system  is  diagrammatic.* 


* vo,  buccal  sucker  ; vv,  ventral  sucker  ; ph,  pharynx  ; oe,  oesophagus  ; b, 
branches  of  the  intestine;  r,  their  ramifications ; g,  nerve  ganglia  ; n," ventral 
nerve. 


Goat,  Camel,  and  a certain  number  of  wild  species.  It  is  found, 
besides,  in  several  other  domestic  and  wild  animals — the  Horse,  Ass 
(Buffalo),  Pig,  Elephant,  Rabbit,  and  even  in  Man. 

With  regard  to  the  Distomum  lanceolatum , it  is  generally  observed, 
with  the  preceding,  in  the  bile-ducts  of  Ruminants  ; and  it  has  also 
been  noted  in  the  Rabbit,  Hare,  Pig,  Ass  (Sonsino),  Dog,  Cat,  and 
Man. 

Geographical  Distribution. — According  to  Leuckart,  Distomum 
lanceolatum  is  found  more  often  in  the  South  of  Europe  than  in  the 
North,  which  may  be  due  to  differences  in  the  mode  of  keeping 
stock,  and  to  the  nature  of  the  pastures. 

D,  hepaticum  prevails  in  the  eastern  provinces  of  Prussia  (Gerlach), 
and  the  D.  lanceolatum  is  universally  and  almost  exclusively  spread 


442 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


throughout  Thuringia  (Ziirn), 
Guillebeau). 

The  hepatic  Fluke  is  found  all 


Fig.  273. — Genital  apparatus  of  the 
Hepatic  Fluke. — Railliet. 

d,  digestive  tube  ; vv,  ventral 
sucker  ; t,  anterior  testicle  ; cd,  its  vas 
deferens  ; t',  posterior  testicle  ; cd’,  its 
vas  deferens  ; vs,  seminal  vesicle  ; sg, 
genital  sinus  ; pg,  genital  pore ; pc, 
cirrus  pouch  ; 0,  ovary  ; do,  oviducts  ; 
gc,  glands  of  the  shell ; ga,  albumini- 
genous  glands  ; cl,  longitudinal  albu- 
miniferous  canal  ; ct,  transverse  albu- 
miniferous  canal ; u,  uterus  ; v,  vagina. 


and  at  Berne  (Siedamgrotzky, 

over  Europe,  with  the  exception  of 
Iceland.  It  is  very  frequent  in 
the  Shetland  Islands,  and  it  is  not 
rare  in  the  Faroe  Islands.  It  does 
not  appear  to  have  been  observed 
in  Asia,  has  scarcely  been  seen  in 
Africa,  except  in  Egypt  and  Algeria, 


Fig.  274. — Distomum  lanceolatum  ; 
natural  size  and  magnified  10 
diameters. — Railliet. 

ph,  pharynx ; oe,  oesophagus ; i, 
branches  of  the  intestine  non- 
ramified  and  terminated  in  a cul-de- 
sac  ; vv,  ventral  sucker  ; //',  testicles  ; 
cd,  cd',  deferent  canals  ; pc,  pouch  of 
the  cirrus  ; 0,  ovary  ; ga,  albumini- 
genous  glands  ; u,  uterus  ; v,  vagina. 


and  it  is  common  in  South  America,  less  so  in  North  America ; while 
it  is  often  witnessed  in  Australia  and  Tasmania.  It  causes  most 
serious  losses  in  Australia,  into  which  country  it  was  supposed  to 
have  been  introduced  in  1855,  by  imported  Rams  sent  from  Germany 


PARASITES  OF  THE  LIVER 


443 


to  Victoria.  It  is  known  in  India,  and  has  been  found  in  the  Buffalo 
in  that  country  ; while  a different  species  has  been  met  with  in  the 
Elephant.  According  to  Hamont,  the  annual  fall  of  the  Nile  causes 
the  loss,  from  ‘ Rot,’  of  160,000  Sheep.  In  Burmah,  Sheep  hus- 
bandry has  been  found  impracticable  because  of  its  ravages. 

D.  lanceolatum  has  almost  the  same  distribution.  It  appears  to 
be  absent  from  England,  but  is  found  in  the  other  parts  of  Europe, 
in  Siberia,  and  in  the  region  of  the  Amoor  (Manchuria),  as  well  as  in 
Algeria  and  North  America. 

Influence  of  Species. — Notwithstanding  the  dissemination  of 
these  two  species  of  parasites,  distomiasis  scarcely  exists  as  a special 
disease  except  in  the  domesticated  Ruminants.  Cadeac  has,  how- 
ever, published  a very  remarkable  case  in  a she- Ass.  It  is  frequent 
in  the  Sheep,  less  so  in  the  Ox  and  Pig,  and  still  less  so  in  the  Horse. 

Hertwig’s  statistics  of  animals  slaughtered  at  the  Berlin  abbatoir 
during  the  year  1889-90 — 154,218  adult  Bovines,  116,005  Calves, 
430,362  Sheep,  and  442,115  Pigs — demonstrate  the  great  frequency 
of  distomiasis  in  Cattle ; as  75  to  80  per  cent,  of  the  livers  of  adult 
Bovines  were  slightly  affected,  but  the  organ  itself  was  condemned 
as  unfit  for  food — in  consequence  of  the  ravages  of  the  parasite — in 
31  per  1,000  ; while  it  was  9 per  1,000  in  Sheep,  -6  per  1,000  in 
Calves,  and  ’12  per  1,000  in  Pigs.  These  differences  are  explained  by 
the  larger  quantity  of  food — and  consequently  of  germs — which  the 
Ox  ingests  in  proportion  to  the  Sheep  ; while  Calves  rarely  go  on 
any  but  dry  pastures,  and  Pigs  rarely  graze  at  all.  If  Sheep  are  more 
frequently  affected  than  Oxen,  it  is  because  their  lymphatic  tempera- 
ment offers  less  resistance  to  the  effects  of  liver  invasion  by  the 
parasite. 

Influence  of  Age. — Like  most  of  the  parasitic  maladies,  dis- 
tomiasis finds  a more  favourable  soil  in  young  than  in  old  animals — 
Lambs,  and  year  or  two-year  old  Sheep  paying  a heavier  tribute  to 
it  than  adults  ; and  in  several  of  the  epizootics  affecting  the  bovine 
species,  Calves  were  the  first  attacked,  Cattle  two  or  two  and  a half 
years  old  dying  in  greater  proportion  than  those  of  a more  advanced 
age. 

Influence  of  Humidity. — The  disease  generally  appears  most 
frequently  in  an  enzootic  or  epizootic  form,  and  is — because  of  its 
frequency  and  the  mortality  it  occasions — a real  scourge  to  agri- 
culture. 

A study  of  these  epizootics  shows  that  they  always  follow  abun- 
dant and  prolonged  rains,  the  influence  of  humidity  constantly 
holding  a predominant  position  in  their  etiology,  as  might  have  been 
anticipated  from  what  has  been  said  with  regard  to  the  migrations 
of  the  Distomes.  We  will  borrow  from  Delafond,  Reynal,  and 
Davaine  a resume  of  the  principal  of  these  epizootics. 

‘ The  first  epizooty  mentioned  in  history  is  that  which  appeared  in  Holland 
in  1552,  and  which  Gemma  named  lues  infanda  pecovis.  ^ 

‘ Fromann,  in  1663,  1664,  and  1665,  observed  in  the  Duchy  of  Coburg  an 
epizooty  that  attacked  Sheep  of  all  ages,  Calves  and  Heifers  up  to  two  years 


444 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


old,  but  no  Oxen  or  Cows.  The  Hares  and  Deer  in  the  woods  and  pastures 
died  of  this  malady,  and  Horses,  Goats,  and  Pigs  were  not  exempt.  Worms 
were  found  in  the  liver  of  the  diseased  animals  ; in  four  sheepfolds  containing 
altogether  more  than  3,000  Sheep,  there  scarcely  remained  40. 

‘ In  1674,  an  affection  also  characterized  by  the  presence  of  the  Distome 
in  the  liver  was  observed  by  Willins  in  Seeland  ; it  attacked  nearly  all  the 
animals  ’ (Davaine). 

In  1743  and  1744,  the  Rot  carried  off  nearly  all  the  Sheep  in  the  territory 
of  Arles,  and  in  1761  all  the  flocks  in  Aveyron. 

In  1761  and  1762,  this  disease  decimated  the  Sheep  in  the  North  of  France, 
and  especially  in  Bas  Boulonnais.  These  two  years  were  remarkable  for  the 
heavy  rainfall,  particularly  in  summer,  all  the  valleys  being  inundated. 

In  1809,  the  greater  part  of  France  was  ravaged  by  this  disease,  especially 
the  Beaujolais  and  Lyonnais.  The  Sheep  constantly  fed  in  the  sheepfolds 
were  generally  preserved. 

‘In  1812,  the  disease  prevailed  in  the  Midi,  and  principally  in  the  depart- 
ments of  the  Rhone,  Herault,  and  Gard  ; 300,000  Sheep  perished  in  the  Arles 
territory,  and  90,000  in  the  arrondissements  of  Nimes  and  Montpellier. 

‘ In  1816  and  1817,  it  again  caused  great  destruction  in  many  departments 
of  France. 

‘ In  1820,  it  reigned  with  intensity  in  the  environs  of  Beziers. 

‘ In  1829  and  1830,  it  caused  destruction  in  the  majority  of  the  localities  in 
the  department  of  the  Meuse  and  the  neighbouring  departments,  and  not  only 
the  Sheep,  but  also  the  Oxen,  perished  in  large  numbers.  In  the  arrondisse- 
ment  of  Montmedy,  of  24,000  or  25,000  Cattle  about  5,000  were  lost  ; of  the 
Sheep,  scarcely  a moiety  remained.  Certain  communes  lost  200  Cattle  and 
1,500  to  1,800  Sheep’  (Davaine).  Tn  the  arrondissement  of  Verdun,  of 

20,000  to  21,000  Cattle,  2,200  succumbed,  and  of  about  50,000  Sheep,  nearly 

20.000  were  carried  off  by  the  Rot. 

‘ In  1853  and  1854,  the  disease  again  prevailed  in  the  greater  part  of  France, 
and  principally  in  the  departments  of  the  centre  ; in  Berry,  Gatinais,  and 
Sologne,  the  farmers  lost  a fourth,  a third,  and  three-fourths  of  their  flocks. 

‘ In  England,  according  to  Simonds,  great  outbreaks  occurred  in  the  years 
1809,  1816,  1824,  and  1830  ’ (Davaine.) 

In  1830,  the  disease  carried  off  in  England  about  two  millions  of  Sheep  ; 
the  following  year  there  were  5,000  less,  weekly,  in  the  Metropolitan  markets. 

In  1862,  it  prevailed  so  violently  in  Ireland  that  60  per  cent,  of  the  Sheep 
were  destroyed. 

During  1876,  Slavonia  lost  40  per  cent,  of  its  Cattle  from  distomatosis. 

According  to  Zundel,  the  disease  killed  one-third  of  the  Sheep  in  Alsace- 
Lorraine,  representing  a value  of  1,500,000  francs. 

Wernicke  reports  that  in  1882,  in  the  southerly  provinces  of  Buenos  Ayres, 
this  malady  killed  not  less  than  a million  of  Sheep.  In  the  one  district  of 
Tandil,  more  than  100,000  succumbed  during  the  first  eight  months  of  1886, 
some  breeders  having  lost  nearly  all  of  their  flocks  of  6,000  to  8,000  head  each. 

Youatt  estimated  that,  in  Great  Britain,  more  than  1,000,000  Sheep 
annually  die  of  distomatosis.  In  1879,  England  is  supposed  to  have  lost 
about  3,000,000  Sheep,  although  ten  counties  did  not  record  any  fatality, 
either  because  they  were  free  from  the  malady  or  did  not  suffer  more  than 
usual.  And  the  loss  was  put  down  at  the  same  number  in  1880.  It  has  been 
remarked  that  epizootics  of  unusual  magnitude  occur  about  once  in  every 
ten  years. 

Australia  would  appear  to  be  as  severely,  and  is  certainly  more  constantly, 
visited  by  this  scourge  than  Great  Britain,  the  losses  being  often  enormous. 
I11  1891  the  destruction  was  very  great,  one  owner  alone  having  lost  more  than 

10.000  Sheep.  . , 


Other  considerations  also  demonstrate  the  influence  of  humidity 
in  the  development  of  distomiasis.  Thus,  it  is  rare  in  summer,  but 
prevails  with  intensity  in  autumn,  at  the  end  of  winter,  and  more 


PARASITES  OF  THE  LIVER 


445 


especially  in  the  springtime — during  the  months  of  March,  April, 
and  May. 

It  is  most  severely  experienced  in  low-lying,  damp,  marshy 
localities,  in  valleys  liable  to  be  inundated,  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
ponds  and  stagnant  water,  at  the  estuaries  of  rivers,  in  wooded 
localities,  and  on  lands  the  soil  or  subsoil  of  which  is  clay  and  im- 
permeable. It  is  present  in  an  almost  enzootic  form  in  Sologne, 
Berry,  Gatinais,  in  the  argillaceous  zone  of  the  landes  of  Gascony, 
and  in  numerous  parts  of  England,  where  it  kills  off  a million  of 
Sheep  every  year.  It  would  appear  that  no  country  is  free  from  its 
invasions. 

Inundations  naturally  play  an  important  part  in  this  etiology. 
The  epizooty  observed  in  1761  and  1762  in  the  Bas  Boulonnais  was 
due  to  this  accident  ; and  that  which  ravaged  the  South  of  France 
in  1810,  1811,  and  1812  followed  the  overflowings  of  the  Rhone  and 
its  affluents.  According  to  Hamont  and  Fischer,  the  disease  appears 
every  year  in  Egypt  after  the  overflowing  of  the  Nile,  and  declares 
itself  successively  in  the  places  first  freed  from  the  floods  ; they 
estimate  that  16,000  Sheep  die  every  year  from  it.  The  illustrious 
Bakewell,  having  remarked  that,  at  the  commencement  of  the 
malady,  fattening  occurred  more  rapidly,  purposely  gave  it  to  sheep 
intended  for  slaughter,  by  placing  them  for  some  days  during  the 
autumn  on  pastures  which  had  been  flooded  during  summer. 

Certain  very  remarkable  facts,  in  which  humidity  was  only 
noticeable,  markedly  indicate  the  intervention  of  the  parasitic 
cause. 

Dupuy  has  seen  500  Sheep  die  of  Rot,  which  had  grazed  on  damp  land, 
where  there  were  ponds  full  of  stagnant  water  ; but  fifteen,  which  could  not 
accompany  them  to  this  place  because  of  lameness,  remained  healthy. 

* A farmer  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Wragby,  Lincolnshire,  brought  twenty 
Sheep  to  the  fair,  and  left  six  at  home.  The  twenty,  not  having  been  sold, 
were  brought  back  and  pastured  along  with  the  six,  and  in  the  course  of  the 
following  winter  the  former  died  of  Rot  ; but  those  which  had  not  left  the 
farm  continued  well.  There  could  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  correctness  of  the 
fact,  as  the  Sheep  sent  to  the  fair  were  marked,  but  the  others  were  not ; and 
the  loss  of  the  twenty  could  only  be  ascribed  to  the  supposition  that  they  had 
passed  through  some  district  or  pasture-land  where  they  acquired  the  germs 
of  the  malady. 

‘ A Sheep  belonging  to  a lot  of  twenty  having  broken  its  leg  on  leaving  the 
fair  of  Burgh,  Lincolnshire,  the  remaining  nineteen  were  parked  in  a pasture 
at  the  end  of  the  town  until  a conveyance  could  be  procured  to  carry  the 
injured  one.  These  nineteen  Sheep  died  of  Rot,  but  the  damaged  one  escaped  ’ 
(Davaine). 

Development  and  Metamorphoses  of  the  Distomes. — For  a long 
time  our  knowledge  of  the  etiology  of  distomiasis  was  confined  almost 
entirely  to  what  has  just  been  stated.  Several  observers — Creplin, 
Ercolani,  Baillet,  and  Leuckart,  among  others — were  successful  in 
hatching  ova  of  the  Distomum  hepaticum,  but  could  not  effect 
the  transformation  of  the  embryo  in  its  cercarigerous  sac  after 
encystment  in  a mollusc.  So  that  they  were  reduced  to  the  most 
plausible  supposition,  among  others,  that  for  this  species  the 


446 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


migrations  and  metamorphoses  are  analogous  to  those  of  the  other 
Distomes.  It  is  to  be  remembered  that  Spinola  asserted  he  had 
developed  distomiasis  in  a healthy  (?)  Sheep,  in  causing  it  to  ingest 

undetermined  molluscs  col- 
lected on  infected  pastures. 
The  researches  of  Leuckart 
and  Thomas  have,  however, 
dispelled  very  much  of  what 
was  obscure. 

According  to  Ercolani* 
neither  ovulation  nor  hatch- 
ing takes  place  in  winter  ; 
but  Leuckart  asserts  that  he 
has  seen  ova  at  all  seasons 
of  the  year  in  the  gall-bladder 
of  infested  animals.  It  was 
only  exceptionally  that  he  found — particularly  in  win  ter — Flukes  in 
which  the  uterus  was  nearly  free  from  ova.  The  ova  pass  into  the 
intestine  like  the  bile — some  directly,  others  after  remaining  for  a 

variable  period  in  the  gall-bladder. 
They  are  produced  in  enormous 
quantities  in  animals  which  are 
much  infested,  Thomas  estimating 
that  200  Flukes  will  yield  7,500,000 
ova.  These  ova  do  not  undergo 


A,  ovum  from  the  bile-ducts  of  a Sheep 

B,  ovum  containing  a developed  embryo 

C,  an  ovum  after  being  hatched. 


Fig.  276. — Free  and  ciliated  embryo  Fig.  277. — The  same  contracted, 
of  Distomum  hepaticum.  — Leuck-  with  the  trace  of  the  digestive 

art.  canal  and  a mass  of  germinative 

cells. — Leuckart.  * 

* a,  perforating  apparatus  ; o,  ocular  spot  ; i,  digestive  canal ; e,  ciliated 
funnel ; eg,  germinative  cells. 


segmentation,  and  only  develop  their  embryo  when  they  have  arrived 
in  the  bile-ducts,  in  the  intestine  of  their  host,  or — which  is  most 
frequent — when  they  have  found  their  way  into  water  after  being 


PARASITES  OF  THE  LIVER 


447 


expelled  along  with  the  faeces.  In  summer,  the  embryo  is  com- 
pletely formed  in  about  three  to  six  weeks  (Leuckart,  Baillet, 
Ercolani)  ; according  to  Thomas,  it  does  not  arrive  at  this  state 
unless  the  surrounding  temperature  is  from  230  to  36°  Cent.  It 
then  makes  its  escape  by  raising  an  operculum  at  one  end  of  the 
shell  (Fig.  275,  C). 

This  embryo  is  not  unlike  certain  Infusoria — infusoriform  embryo. 
It  is  elongated,  attenuated  behind,  and  broader  in  front.  Capable  of 
modifying  its  dimensions,  it  has  an  average  length  of  130  /x,  and  is 
27  /x  broad  at  its  anterior  part,  at  the  summit  of  which  is  a small 
papilliform  eminence — a kind  of  rostrum  that  acts  as  a perforating, 
retractile,  and  protractile  apparatus,  according  to  Baillet.  All  the 
body  is  limited  by  an  ectoderm  of  polygonal  cells,  and  covered  by 
long  vibratile  cilia,  except  on  the  rostrum.  A short  distance  from 
the  latter  is  seen  an  opaque  pigmentary  spot,  formed  of  two  lobes 
that  make  an  x in  shape,  which  Leuckart  regards  as  an  ocular  spot, 
and  which  Baillet  has  seen  to  effect  movements  of  expansion. 
Immediately  behind  the  rostrum  is  a granular  mass  which  Thomas 
and  Leuckart  regard  as  a rudimentary  digestive  apparatus.  The 
remainder  of  the  cavity  of  the  body  is  filled  by  very  granular  cells. 
This  embryo  moves  about  in  water  with  great  agility  ; but  if  it  does 
not  meet  with  a suitable  host  it  soon  dies.  Thomas  states  that  its 
free  phase  rarely  exceeds  an  entire  day,  although  he  has  seen  it  live 
for  three  days  in  an  alkaline  fluid. 

For  a long  time  the  intermediate  host,  into  which  the  embryo  of 
the  Distomum  hepaticum  must  pass,  was  unknown,  and  only  some 
species  of  terrestrial  or  aquatic  molluscs  were  suspected.  Weinland 
was  the  first  to  discover  the  species  so  vainly  sought  for,  in  the 
Limncea  truncatula  Mull.  ( L . minuta  Draper). 

This  is  a pulmonary  Gasteropod,  with  a thin,  spiral,  shining  shell,  of  a pale, 
horny,  ash-grey  tint,  dextral,  acutely  spiral,  composed  of  five  or  six  convex 
turns,  the  last  of  them  being  large,  a little  expanded,  and  alone  forming  two- 
thirds  of  the  entire  shell  ; summit  pointed  ; opening  wide,  being  nearly  one- 
half  the  height,  obliquely  oval  and  slightly  angular  superiorly  ; the  margin 
of  the  opening — peristome — thin,  sharp,  the  external  border  straight  and 
reflected  outwards  ; height  6 mm.  to  10  mm.  ; diameter  3 mm.  to  5 mm. 

This  species  is  found  over  almost  the  whole  of  France,  and  in 
nearly  all  the  countries  of  Europe.  * It  lives  in  basins,  ponds, 
ditches,  rivulets,  drains  of  pastures,  and  loves  to  leave  the  water.’ 
It  is  one  of  the  species  that  lives  on  the  highest  mountains.  Pluton 
has  met  with  it  on  the  Vosges  at  an  altitude  of  1,150  metres.  ‘ I 
have  seen  it  in  the  Pyrenees  at  nearly  1,200  metres,’  says  Moquin- 
Tandon.  It  is,  in  fine,  a very  cosmopolitan  species.  It  inhabits 
the  whole  of  Europe,  Russia,  Lapland,  Siberia,  Afghanistan,  Thibet, 
the  territory  of  the  Amoor,  Morocco,  Algeria,  Tunisia,  Abyssinia, 
the  Canary  and  Faroe  Islands,  and  Iceland.  It  has  not  been  found 
in  Australia,  nor  in  America,  nor  yet  in  the  Shetland  Islands,  where, 
nevertheless,  the  Fluke  exists.  Its  area  of  distribution  does  not 
quite  agree  with  that  of  Distomum  hepaticum,  so  we  must  conclude 


448  TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

that^this  parasite  can  complete  the  primary  phases  of  its  development 
in  several  species  of  Molluscs,  only  one  of  which  is  actually  known  ; 
or  that,  because  of  its  minuteness,  the  Limncea  minuta  has  escaped 
notice  in  several  countries.  Perhaps  the  Limncea  kumilis  Say,  plays 
the  part  of  intermediate  host,  for  this  Trematode  in  North  America, 
and  the  L.  viator  d’Orb,  in  the  Argentine  Republic — these  being 
species  which  are  scarcely  distinct  from  it. 

Weinland  has  found  the  liver  of  the  Limncea  truncatula  full  of  the 
Rediae  which  contain  the  Cercariae  covered  with  spines,  as  is  the 
cuticle  of  Distomum  hepaticum.  Acting  on  the  indications  of  this 
authority,  Leuckart  succeeded  in  obtaining  the  encystment  of  the 

embryo  in  individuals  of  this  species. 
He  also  succeeded  with  young  speci- 
mens of  the  Limncea  peregra  Gm.  ; but 
in  these  the  development  stopped  in  its 
first  phases.  In  the  L.  truncatula , on 
the  contrary,  it  may  be  followed  to  the 
formation  of  the  Cercariae,  as  has  been 
done  by  Weinland  and  Thomas.  Ex- 
periments made  with  other  species  of 
Limnaea,  Planorbis,  Paludina,  Limacina, 
Ariona,  etc.,  have  failed. 

As  soon  as  the  embryo  of  the  Fluke 
meets  the  mollusc  suitable  to  it,  it 
attacks  it  by  means  of  its  rostrum, 
which  is  provided  in  its  axis  with  a 
kind  of  semi-rigid  rod.  It  prefers  to 
lodge  itself  at  the  bottom  of  the  pul- 
monary chamber,  into  which  it  easily 
obtains  entrance  because  of  its  small- 
ness ; if  it  penetrate  into  the  foot  of 
the  Mollusc  it  seldom  can  pursue  its 
development  there,  and  usually  dies  in 
Fig.  278. — Limncea  truncatula  ; ^-w0  Qr  three  davs 

natural  size  and  magnified.  Tt  • j ’•  , 

Kailliet.  Having  arrived  in  a convenient  organ, 

the  embryo  loses  its  layer  of  ciliated 
cells,  and  finishes  by  contracting  into  an  ovoid  mass  that  grows 
rapidly.  The  two  lobes  of  the  ocular  spot  separate  from  each 
other,  and  lose  their  semilunar  aspect ; the  rudiment  of  the  digestive 
tube  finishes  by  disappearing ; a cuticle  replaces  the  ciliated  cells, 
and  the  embryo  is  transformed  into  a Sporocyst  (see  p.  274).  The 
latter  acquires  its  definitive  size — *5  mm.  to  7 mm. — in  less  than 
fifteen  days  during  the  summer,  and  in  about  a month  in  the  autumn. 
The  cavity  of  the  body  was  filled  with  round  transparent  cells, 
named  germinative  cells ; these  are  now  disposed  as  a muriform  mass. 
The  very  young  Sporocysts  may  sometimes  become  multiplied  by 
transverse  division.  The  cellular  masses  are  ordinarily  five  to  eight 
in  number,  though  they  may  only  form  one. 

These  muriform  masses  ( morula ) are  transformed  into  so  many 


PARASITES  OF  THE  LIVER 


449 


Redice,  provided  with  a simple  digestive  apparatus.  They  are 
cylindrical,  and  have  at  their  posterior  extremity  two  short,  obtuse 
appendages.  The  Rediae  in  the  same  Sporocyst  appear  in  several 
stages  of  development.  When  they  have  attained  an  average  length 
of  *260  mm.  they  begin  to  move  energetically,  and  finally  rupture 
the  maternal  sac,  from  which  they  issue  one  by  one. 

On  obtaining  its  liberty,  the  Redia  quits  the  pulmonary  cavity  of 


Fig.  279. — Redia  of  the  Distomum  hepa- 
ticum. — Leuckart. 

b,  mouth  ; ph,  pharynx  ; i,  digestive 
tube  ; eg,  germinative  cells  for  the  pro- 
duction of  the  cercariae. 


Fig.  280. — Redia  containing  Cer- 
cariae. — Leuckart. 

b,  mouth ; ph,  pharynx ; i,  di- 
gestive tube  ; 0,  cercariae. 


the  mollusc,  passes  through  the  tissues,  and  fixes  itself  in  another 
organ,  usually  in  the  liver.  There  it  gradually  grows  to  a length  of 
1*3  mm.  to  i-6  mm.  The  mouth  appears  at  the  anterior  extremity, 
and  the  digestive  tube,  as  a single  cul-de-sac , is  more  distinct ; a 
circular  collar  is  formed  behind  the  pharynx  by  a thickening  of  the 
cuticle,  and  represents  the  oral  sucker  ; and  the  secretory  apparatus 
is  more  markedly  developed  than  in  the  Sporocyst.  The  cavity  of 
the  body  of  the  Redia  forms  germinative  cells,  whence  is  derived  the 

29 


450 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


TV 


morula  or  cellular  mass  that  becomes  transformed  into  daughter- 
Redise — ten  at  most — or  into  Cercariae,  the  number  of  which  may  be 
as  high  as  twenty-three. 

According  to  Thomas,  the  Rediae  engender  the  daughter- Rediae 
during  warm  weather  ; in  winter  they  produce  Cercariae.  He  has 
seen  in  the  autumn,  in  the  same  Redia,  a single  daughter -Redia 
developed  in  the  midst  of  a great  number  of  Cercariae.  In  favour- 
able circumstances,  a single  ovum  of  the  Fluke  may  in  this  way 
produce  a thousand  Cercariae. 

The  daughter- Rediae  or  the  Cercariae  leave  the  Redia  by  a single 
opening  at  the  side,  a little  behind  the  collar.  Each  daughter- Redia 
forms  from  fifteen  to  twenty  Cercariae,  which 
are  evacuated  in  the  same  manner. 

The  Cercaria  is  provided  with  a digestive 
apparatus,  the  intestine  of  which  is  divided 
into  two  branches.  The  mouth  opens  at  the 
bottom  of  the  oral  sucker  ; the  ventral  sucker 
— of  the  same  size — is  seen  on  the  middle  of 
the  inferior  surface.  The  excretory  apparatus 
is  recognisable.  Particular  cells — named  cysto- 
genous  cells — are  distributed  in  large  numbers 
in  the  lateral  part  of  the  body.  The  latter  is 
oval,  flattened,  covered  with  very  fine  spines, 
and  measures  on  the  average  *28  mm.  long  by 
•23  mm.  broad,  though  it  may  attain  -30  mm. 
in  length.  It  is  prolonged  by  a very  contractile 
tail,  which  is  twice  as  long  as  the  body. 

When  the  Cercaria  escapes  from  the  body  of 
the  Redia  by  the  hatching  orifice,  it  leaves  its 
host — creeping  and  writhing  among  the  tissues 
by  means  of  i s suckers  and  its  tail ; and  on 
gaining  its  freedom  it  swims  in  the  water, 
moving  about  energetically,  and  incessantly 
modifying  its  shape  and  dimensions,  eventu- 
tine  "terminating " Tn  ally  fixing  itself  on  some  submerged  body — 
the  caecum.  such  as  an  aquatic  plant,  or  on  leaves  of  weeds 

or  blades  of  grass,  of  damp  pastures.  The 
cystogenous  cells,  expelled  from  the  body,  are  employed  to  form  a 
cyst  in  which  the  cercaria  is  enclosed  ; and  its  tail  disappears  either 
immediately  before  or  after  this  encystment.  The  presence  of 
cysts  on  the  leaves  of  plants  is  denoted  by  w'hite  points,  formed 
by  a kind  of  mucus  accompanied  by  special  granules.  The  pere- 
grinations of  Limncea  truncatula  facilitate  the  dissemination  of  the 
Cercariae. 

It  is,  therefore,  in  consuming  the  herbage  of  damp  pastures  that 
animals  become  infested  ; and  this  explains  why  Leuckart  was  un- 
successful, when  he  caused  Rabbits  to  ingest  Cercariae  which  had 
not  undergone  encystment.  On  the  other  hand,  Thomas  affirms 
that  the  Cercariae  are  more  especially  found  on  the  lower  leaves  of 


Fig.  281.  — Cercaria 
extracted  from  its 
} cyst. — Leuckart. 

va,  anterior  sucker  ; 
vv,  ventral  sucker  ; 
ph,  pharynx  ; bi, 
branches  of  the  intes 


PARASITES  OF  THE  LIVER 


45i 


plants — those  nearest  the  ground  ; and  it  is  because  of  this  that 
Sheep — which  cut  the  herbage  close  to  the  ground — are  more  often 
infested  than  Cattle,  which  do  not  graze  so  close.  It  has  long  been 
remarked  in  England,  that  Sheep  which  have  the  deformity  of  the 
mouth  known  as  ‘ hog-jaw,’  or  the  other  deformity  called  ‘ parrot 
mouth  ’ or  ‘ shuttle-gob  ’ — which  prevent  them  cropping  the  herbage 
so  dose  as  normal-mouthed  Sheep — are  seldom  affected  with  ‘ rot.’ 

The  molluscs,  with  their  Rediae,  may  also — because  of  their  small 
size — be  swallowed  by  the  herbivora  ; but  this  mode  of  infestation 
is  not  very  probable — at  least,  with 
Sheep,  which,  when  drinking,  keep 
the  lips  close  together,  leaving  only 
a narrow  slit  for  the  passage  of  the 
water.  Otherwise,  they  drink  but 
little  when  they  have  access  to 
moist  herbage. 

The  encysted  Cercariae  can  remain 
alive  on  pastures  so  long  as  these 
remain  moist  ; drought  throws  it 
into  a kind  of  latent  existence  for 
an  undetermined  period,  during 
which  it  lies  huddled  up  in  its  ^ 
envelope. 

When  it  arrives  in  the  stomach, 


Fig.  282. — Embryo  of  the  Distomum  Fig.  283. — Development  of  the  Dis 
lanceolatuni. — After  Leuckart.  tomum  lanceolatum  in  biliary  ducts 

of  the  Sheep. — After  Ercolani.* 

* 1,  first  phase,  no  digestive  apparatus  ; 2,  ulterior  phase,  some  groups  of 
cells  represent  the  future  testicles  ; 3,  more  advanced  phase,  testicles  more 
distinct,  and  above  the  ventral  sucker  is  a group  of  cells  marking  the  future 
cirrhus  pouch. 

the  cyst  is  dissolved,  and  the  parasite  is  set  at  liberty  and  penetrates 
the  liver,  probably  by  the  ductus  choledochus. 

The  telluric  conditions  that  influence  invasion  of  the  liver  of  Sheep 
by  Distomum  lanceolatum , do  not  differ  from  those  that  rule  in  the 
case  of  Distomum  hepaticum  ; but  the  evolution  of  the  first  of  these 
two  species  is  still  unknown.  Contrary  to  what  occurs  with  Dis- 
tomum hepaticum , the  ova  of  D.  lanceolatum  undergo  segmentation 
and  develop  their  embryo  in  the  maternal  intestine  ; but  the  latter 
is  not  hatched  until  after  a sojourn  of  three  weeks  in  the  water. 

29 — 2 


452 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


When  set  free  it  is  globular  or  pyriform  in  shape,  and  ciliated  only  on 
the  anterior  third  of  the  body  ; it  is  therefore  less  active  than  that 
of  the  D.  hepaticum.  It  is  armed  with  a sharp  protractile  and 
retractile  cephalic  needle.  Willemoes-Suhm  believes  he  obtained 
its  encystment  in  the  Planorbis  marginatus.  Representatives 
of  this  mollusc  having  been  placed  in  an  aquarium,  the  water 
of  which  had  been  sown  some  months  previously  with  the  ova 
of  Distomum  lanceolatum , were  found  afterwards  to  be  bearers  of 
Cercariae  [Cercaria  cystophora).  This  Cercaria — previously  described 
by  G.  Wagener — derived  from  a Redia  coming  itself  from  a Sporo- 
cyst,  is  remarkable  for  possessing  two  unequal  tails.  Leuckart 
believed  he  had  deve]oped  the  D.  lanceolatum  in  a Sheep  to  which  he 
had  given  the  Cercaria  cystophora  ; but  he  has  since  repeated  the 
experiment  without  success.  Ercolani  asserts  that  the  young 
D.  lanceolatum  shows  no  traces  of  digestive  apparatus,  and  cannot 
therefore  be  derived  from  the  Cercaria  cystophora , which  has  one. 
Lastly,  Creutzburg — a pupil  of  Leuckart — has  demonstrated  that 
this  Cercaria  is  that  of  the  Distomum  ovocaudatum , which  is  not  rare 
beneath  the  tongue  of  the  green  Frog. 

Piana,  having  discovered  in  the  Helix  carthusiana  sporocysts  con- 
taining the  Cercaria  longicaudata — which  has  no  intestinal  tube — * 
has  for  this  reason  admitted  that  it  represents  the  larval  state  of 
Distomum  lanceolatum.  But,  as  Blanchard  remarks,  the  embryo 
of  this  Distome — considering  its  ciliated  covering — is  necessarily 
aquatic,  and  cannot  reach  terrestrial  molluscs. 

The  question  of  the  migrations  and  the  development  of  the 
D.  lanceolatum  belongs  to  the  problems  yet  to  be  solved  with  regard 
to  it. 

Migrations  of  the  Bistomes. — -The  infestation  of  flocks  by  the 
larvae  of  Distomum  may  occur  at  any  period  of  the  year  (Bollinger, 
Schaper),  as  the  night  frosts  do  not  destroy  all  the  Cercariae  (Fried- 
berger).  Nevertheless,  heat  being  very  favourable  to  the  develop- 
ment of  the  ova,  it  is  more  especially  during  the  summer  and 
autumn,  up  to  the  first  frost,  that  infestation  takes  place.  It  may 
occur  very  rapidly  ; for  instances  are  recorded  in  which  sojourn  for 
less  than  half  an  hour  on  an  infected  pasture  has  been  sufficient.  In 
general,  however,  it  occurs  in  an  insidious  and  progressive  manner, 
though  successive  invasions  may  be  manifested  on  the  same  animals, 
or  a flock  may  submit  to  repeated  invasions  in  distinct  groups. 

No  observer  has  been  able  to  note  the  precise  moment  when 
immigration  of  the  Flukes  occurs.  Joseph  says  he  has  found,  on 
several  occasions,  small  Cercariae  without  tails  in  the  duodenum  of 
the  Sheep.  But  there  is  nothing  to  prove  that  these  were  young 
Distomes  in  process  of  being  prematurely  evacuated. 

The  majority  of  the  Distomes  remain  in  the  bile-ducts  ; but  some 
pass  through  their  walls,  into  the  hepatic  parenchyma,  excavate 
and  destroy  it,  and  perforate  Glisson’s  capsule  and  the  peritoneum, 
and  so  give  rise  to  perihepatitis  or  peritonitis.  Others  reach  the 
roots  of  the  vena  portae  and  there  set  up  endophlebitis,  thrombosis, 


PARASITES  OF  THE  LIVER 


453 


and  embolism  ; while  a small  number  may  enter  the  sub-lobular 
veins  and  thence  travel  into  the  most  distant  parts  of  the  body.  In 
consequence  of  its  proximity,  the  lung  is  the  organ  in  which  these 
wandering  Flukes  are  more  frequently  met  with  ; but  they  have  also 
been  seen  in  the  muscles  and  connective  tissue.  Leuckart  admits 
that  they  arrive  there  in  leaving  the  venae  cavae  ; while  Friedberger 
entertains  the  more  plausible  opinion  that  these  are  distomes  of  the 
lungs  which  have  passed  into  the  pulmonary  veins,  when  the  blood- 
stream carries  and  disperses  them.  Gerlach  attributes  the  fatal 
apoplexies  sometimes  observed  in  the  first  stage  of  distomiasis,  to 
cerebral  embolism  produced  by  the  young  Flukes. 

The  Flukes  commence  to  quit  the  bile-ducts  to  pass  into  the 
intestine  as  soon  as  their  reproductive  organs  are  completely  formed 
— which,  according  to  Leuckart,  takes  place  in  about  three  weeks. 
As  it  is  in  May  and  J une  that  there  are  sometimes  found  in  the  feces 
Distomes  generally  very  much  altered  by  the  intestinal  juices, 
Gerlach  allows  that  their  emigration  always  takes  place  about  this 
time,  and  that  these  worms  never  exceed  the  age  of  nine  to  twelve 
months.  Pech  and  Friedberger  have  found  numerous  Flukes  in  the 
gall-bladder  and  duodenum  in  the  autumn  and  winter.  Thomas 
has  observed  these  parasites  in  two  Sheep  fifteen  months  after  the 
period  of  infestation.  The  statistics  of  cases  of  distomiasis  noted  by 
Hertwig  in  the  Berlin  abattoir,  show  that  it  prevails  at  all  seasons 
of  the  year,  but  more  frequently  in  October  and  in  the  springtime— 
a circumstance  that  corresponds  exactly  with  its  etiological  condi- 
tions. 

Symptoms. — By  its  symptomatic  physiognomy,  distomiasis  of  the 
Sheep  is  a pernicious  anaemia,  and  justifies  the  name  of  ‘ cachexia  * 
so  often  given  to  it.  Otherwise,  the  signs  of  the  malady  have 
nothing  pathognomonic  in  them,  and  might  be  mistaken  by  many 
for  those  of  the  various  helminthiases  of  this  animal.  In  the  course 
of  the  distomiasis,  Gerlach  recognised  four  periods  or  stages,  based  on 
the  varied  relations  that  the  Flukes  contract  with  the  liver  of  their 
host.  Very  often  these  periods  are  not  distinct  from  one  another, 
owing  to  the  repeated  infestations  obscuring  them  ; but  they, 
nevertheless,  give  a good  idea  of  the  progress  of  the  malady. 

1.  Period  of  Immigration. — This  period  corresponds  to  the  fall  of 
the  year,  and  generally  passes  unperceived,  as  the  lesions  the  young 
Flukes  have  produced  in  the  liver  have  scarcely  had  time  to  affect 
the  general  health  of  the  animals.  The  cases  of  death  from  cerebral 
apoplexy,  remarked  upon  by  Gerlach,  occur  at  this  period,  the  dura- 
tion of  which  varies  from  four  to  thirteen  weeks  and  more. 

2.  Period  of  Ancemia. — This  coincides  usually  with  the  months  of 
September  and  November.  The  Sheep  are  less  lively,  and  the 
visible  mucous  membranes,  the  inner  surface  of  the  ears,  and  the 
skin  generally,  are  paler  than  in  their  normal  state.  But  the  appe- 
tite is  still  good,  and  the  animals  have  a tendency  to  fatten  more 
readily,  as  Bakewell  had  remarked  ; and  this  may  be  due — according 
to  Simonds — to  the  stimulus  the  young  Flukes  impart  at  first  to  the 


454 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


liver,  and  consequently  there  is  a more  abundant  biliary  secretion 
and  better  assimilation.  But  soon  the  appetite  diminishes,  the 
thirst  increases,  and  rumination  becomes  irregular  ; the  mucous 
membranes  and  the  nude  skin  are  of  a dull  white,  slightly  yellowish 
hue.  There  is  slight  oedema  ; the  skin  is  more  supple  and  in  parts 
doughy,  the  fat  regions  being  soft ; the  conjunctivae  are  infiltrated 
and  puffy,  no  longer  show  their  vascular  network,  and  form  a circular, 
salient,  whitish-yellow  ring  when  the  eyes  are  explored  by  separating 
the  eyelids  and  gently  pressing  between  the  thumb  and  index-finger  ; 
this  appearance  causes  the  shepherds  and  butchers  to  say  the  animal 
has  a fat  eye.  The  w^ool  becomes  dry,  brittle,  easily  pulled  out,  and 
falls  off  spontaneously  in  places  ; debility  gradually  becomes  more 
marked  ; the  Sheep  allow  themselves  to  be  easily  caught,  and 
scarcely  struggle  when  seized  by  the  hock  ; this  muscular  weakness 
is  perhaps  most  manifest  in  Sheep  still  fat,  and  it  is  sufficient  to 
enable  the  butchers  to  recognise  the  malady.  There  is  sometimes 
fever  and  quickened  respiration.  Palpation  and  percussion  indicate 
ascites.  The  faeces  are  normal,  but  at  the  end  of  this  period  they 
contain  numerous  Fluke  ova. 

3.  Period  of  Wasting. — Its  commencement  corresponds  to  about 
the  end  of  the  third  month  after  the  immigration  of  the  larvae — * 
that  is,  generally  towards  the  beginning  of  January.  The  disease 
then  reaches  its  maximum. 

Emaciation — at  first  not  very  marked — makes  considerable 
progress.  The  mucous  membranes  and  skin  are  blanched,  but  have 
no  icteric  tint,  though  Trasbot  says  he  has  often  seen  icterus  lead  to 
the  speedy  death  of  fat  Sheep  ready  for  slaughter.  The  temperature 
is  variable,  and  is  marked  by  a very  irregular  curve,  its  maxi- 
mum being  sometimes  shown  in  the  morning,  sometimes  in  the 
evening.  The  respiration  is  laboured  and  quick  ; the  appetite  is 
still  maintained,  and  defecation  offers  nothing  unusual  except  in  the 
numerous  ova  of  the  parasites  in  the  faeces  ; the  urine  is  about 
normal.  The  animals  are  languid  and  dejected,  with  their  head 
carried  low,  and  pressure  on  the  back  causes  them  to  fall.  With 
pregnant  ewes  abortion  is  frequent,  and  those  which  are  suckling 
have  watery  milk,  while  their  lambs  are  puny,  and  generally  die 
if  they  do  not  have  another  nurse.  The  oedema  remarked 
in  the  preceding  period  is  localized,  and  is  most  perceptible  at  the 
dependent  parts  of  the  body  ; it  disappears  with  exercise  and 
reappears  with  rest.  (Edema  is  noticed  in  the  submaxillary  space, 
and  it  extends  gradually  below  the  larynx,  and  over  the  cheeks  and 
parotids.  The  shepherds  in  France  call  it  bouteille,  bourse , boule 
(bottle,  purse,  ball ; in  England  the  Sheep  is  said  by  shepherds  to 
have  the  ‘ watery-poke  ’ or  to  be  ‘ chockered  ’),  and  they  rightly 
consider  it  one  of  the  most  characteristic  symptoms  of  the  malady. 
The  ‘ bottle  ’ disappears  at  night  while  the  animal  is  resting  in  the 
sheepfold,  and  re-forms  again  while  it  is  grazing,  owing  to  the  de- 
pendent position  of  the  head  and  neck  ; it  is  often  absent  in  adults, 
and  during  warm  weather.  In  the  three  following  weeks,  emaciation 


PARASITES  OF  THE  LIVER 


455 


is  still  more  noticeable,  notwithstanding  an  abundance  of  food  ; but, 
as  a rule,  there  is  neither  oedema,  icterus,  nor  indication  of  pain  on 
pressure  in  the  region  of  the  liver.  Death  often  occurs  at  this  period, 
though  animals  are  rarely  allowed  to  live  so  long.  In  other  instances 
amelioration  takes  place,  and  the  Sheep  reach  the  next  phase. 

4.  Period  of  Emigration  of  the  Flukes. — This  is  the  period  of  conva- 
lescence and  spontaneous  recovery,  shown  by  progressive  abate- 
ment of  all  the  symptoms,  and  it  corresponds,  according  to  Gerlach, 
to  the  months  of  May  and  June,  though  it  may  occur  earlier. 
But  recovery  is  never  complete,  the  lesions  in  the  liver  being  irre- 
parable. 

The  duration  of  the  malady  is  very  variable,  and  depends  upon  the 
degree  of  infestation,  the  temperament  of  the  animals,  and  the  con- 
ditions of  hygiene  to  which  they  are  submitted.  Most  frequently 
the  duration  does  not  exceed  six  months,  and  exceptionally  it  may 
be  very  rapid.  Bonvicini  has  seen  two  Sheep,  in  which  the  parasites 
had  induced  acute  hepatitis,  die,  one  on  the  seventh,  the  other  on  the 
ninth  day  after  the  appearance  of  the  first  symptoms. 

Complications  frequently  occur  in  distomiasis.  The  enfeebled 
economy  is  predisposed  to  numerous  affections,  and  especially  to 
those  of  a parasitic  nature — such  as  scabies,  * gid,’  verminous 
bronchitis,  and  intestinal  helminthiasis.  These  of  themselves  pre- 
pare the  soil  for  distomiasis,  and  the  coincidence  of  these  various 
parasitic  disorders  accounts  for  the  opinion  of  those  who  do  not 
recognise  the  autonomy  of  distomiasis,  but  include  it  in  a general 
helminthiasis. 

Diagnosis. — The  diagnosis  of  individual  cases  may  present  some 
difficulty.  But  it  is  assured  when  a microscopical  examination  of 
the  faeces  results  in  the  discovery  of  the  Fluke  ova  in  them.  It  is  a 
long  time  since  Davaine  pointed  out  the  value  of  this  element  in 
diagnosis,  and  Bunck  was  the  first  to  have  recourse  to  it  ; he  esti- 
mated the  number  of  ova  in  500  grammes  of  faeces  at  from  1,000  to 
3,000.  According  to  Perroncito,  there  is  found  on  the  average  an 
ovum  in  each  microscopical  preparation  when  the  liver  contains  85 
Flukes,  and  10  ova  for  800  Flukes  ; but  Brusaferro’s  figures  do  not 
accord  with  these,  as  his  researches  showed  that  if — in  infested 
Sheep — the  ova  of  Flukes  are  always  found  in  the  excrements, 
their  number  by  preparation  is  not  always  in  proportion  to  that  of 
the  parasites  in  the  liver,  the  relation  between  them  varying  from 
1 to  13  for  every  100  flukes.  In  certain  grave  cases  thirty  may  be 
found  in  each  preparation.  Otherwise,  the  number  of  ova  may 
also  vary  according  to  the  time  of  day  when  the  faeces  are  passed, 
this  variation  being  no  doubt  due  to  the  differences  in  activity  of 
the  biliary  secretion,  which  will  carry  into  the  intestine  a more  or 
less  large  number  of  ova.  On  the  other  hand,  the  ova  of  the 
Distomum  lanceolatum  are  relatively  rare,  and  the  search  for  them 
may  be  fruitless,  although  the  number  of  parasites  may  be  high. 

The  ova  of  the  Distomes  present  the  features  already  indicated  ; a 
magnifying  power  of  70  to  80  diameters  is  sufficient  for  their  search  ; 


456 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


and  their  presence  in  the  faeces  is  almost  the  only  sign  which  permits 
distomiasis  to  be  distinguished  from  simple  dropsy — though  it  has 
been  stated  that  ‘ Flukey  ’ Sheep  are  yellow  about  the  eyes,  while 
the  dropsical  ones  are  not  so  ; that  the  feebleness  of  the  latter  keeps 
them  quiet,  and  that  the  ‘ bottle  ’ is  most  frequently  observed  in  the 
former.  But  these  differences  are  very  inconstant,  and  when  the 
disease  prevails  as  an  epizootic  in  a flock,  the  nature  of  the  malady 
is  at  once  discovered  by  an  autopsy  of  the  animals  which  have  died  or 
been  killed. 

Beattie — an  experienced  observer — notes  that  if,  in  spring,  when 
the  Ewes  are  dropping  their  lambs,  the  liquor  amnii  is  very  white, 
and  like  thin  watery  bubbles,  it  is  a bad  sign  ; and  in  September, 
when  drafting  the  Ewes,  he  adopts  the  usual  method  of  feeling  the 
condition.  Those  in  which  the  lumbar  muscles  feel  soft  and  flabby, 
and  in  which  the  extremities  of  the  lumbar  transverse  processes  can 
be  readily  felt,  are  considered  unsound — they  are  known  as  ‘ lean 
on  the  back  ’ ; and  the  impression  is  conveyed  to  the  fingers  of 
crackling,  as  though  there  were  water  and  gas  below  the  skin — 
‘ rippling,’  as  it  is  termed.  Beattie  insists  that  this  test  is  of  value 
only  when  applied  by  an  experienced  man,  and  that  no  one  can, 
with  absolute  certainty,  ‘ draw  ’ a flock  tainted  with  ‘ rot.’ 

Prognosis. — The  symptoms  of  distomiasis  always  indicate  a 
serious  affection,  as  they  testify  to  the  presence  of  a large  number  of 
Flukes  in  the  liver  ; but  that  which  gives  a special  gravity  to  the 
prognosis,  is  the  fact  that  the  disease  is  rarely  confined  to  a few 
individuals,  but  generally  affects  the  whole  flock,  and  greatly 
harasses  rearing  operations,  as  it  brings  Sheep  prematurely  to  the 
butcher,  and  at  a heavy  depreciation  in  their  value.  We  have  seen 
above,  when  dealing  with  the  etiology,  how  extensive  and  damaging 
the  epizootics  of  distomiasis  sometimes  are. 

Pathological  Anatomy. — The  fundamental  lesions  are  found  in  the 
liver,  the  others  being  only  a corollary.  The  first  vary  according  to 
the  period  at  which  the  autopsy  takes  place,  and  they  have  been 
particularly  well  studied  by  Friedberger. 

1.  Period  of  Immigration. — The  first  effect  of  the  penetration  of 
the  Flukes  into  the  bile-ducts  is  inflammation  ( period  of  traumatic 
hepatitis , according  to  Gerlach).  The  liver  is  enlarged,  and  contains 
more  blood  than  usual  ; it  is  friable  in  texture,  and  its  surface  is 
smooth,  or  marked  in  places  by  openings  the  size  of  a pin’s  head  to 
that  of  a millet-seed,  from  which  exudes  a sanious  fluid  on  pressure. 
There  are  traces  of  local  peritonitis,  or  of  exudations,  which  cover 
the  young  Flukes  ; and  small  haemorrhagic  centres  exist  in  the 
parenchyma.  The  bile  is  slightly  reddened,  and  the  peritoneal 
serosity  is  more  abundant,  and  often  contains  small  Flukes.  The 
faeces  do  not  yet  contain  ova. 

2.  Period  of  Ancemia.- — The  character  of  the  lesions,  which  have 
been  more  particularly  described  by  Friedberger,  may  be  summed  up 
as  follows  : 

Considerable  emaciation  ; localized  oedema ; serous  effusion  into 


PARASITES  OF  THE  LIVER 


457 


the  natural  cavities,  often  associated  with  recent  blood-clots,  and 
fibrinous  exudates  ; adhesions,  especially  between  the  liver  and 
peritoneum  ; loss  of  transparency  and  thickening  of  the  parietal 
serous  membrane,  which  is  easily  detached  from  the  abdominal 
walls  ; tumefaction  of  the  mesenteric,  diaphragmatic,  bronchial, 
and  intestinal  glands  ; liver  notably  increased  in  volume,  particu- 
larly in  thickness.  In  the  majority  of  cases,  the  left  lobe  of  the  live  r 
is  the  first  to  be  invaded  (Falk,  Schaper).  The  surface  of  the  organ 
is  covered — especially  in  front — with  slightly  adherent  fibrinous 
exudate,  beneath  which  are  found,  in  some  instances,  a number  of 
young  Flukes  5 mm.  to  8 mm.  long  ; they  are  even  sometimes  met 
with  in  the  abdominal  cavity.  The  capsule  of  the  liver  is  velvety, 
not  smooth  to  the  touch,  opaque,  uneven,  lumpy,  and  at  times 
covered  with  calcareous  concretions  ; the  parenchyma  has  a por- 
phyroid  appearance,  and  has  small  subserous  haemorrhagic  centres 
and  channels  excavated  by  the  parasites,  and  containing — as  a nucleus 
— a small  Fluke  from  3 mm.  to  5 mm.  long.  Flukes  are  also  met 
with  beneath  the  serous  membrane  in  different  parts  ; in  certain 
cases  there  are  those  which  have  their  oral  extremity  free  in  the 
peritoneal  cavity,  the  capsule  being  perforated  at  the  corresponding 
points  by  openings  similar  to  those  observed  in  the  first  period. 
The  gall-bladder  may  or  may  not  contain  Flukes,  ova  not  being 
found  in  it  except  when  the  parasites  are  adult,  and  the  bile  varies 
in  colour  between  green  and  deep  violet. 

The  hepatic  parenchyma  is  soft,  and  the  thickened  connective 
tissue  slightly  grates  on  section  ; the  surface  of  the  latter  is  of  a 
dirty  grey,  yellowish-red,  or  blood  colour,  and  perforated  by  spaces 
the  size  of  a pea,  which  contain  one  or  more  young  Flukes  in  a blood- 
clot,  or  in  a sanious  fluid  formed  of  white  and  red  corpuscles,  hepatic 
cells  which  have  undergone  fatty  degeneration,  and  a finely  granular 
detritus.  The  vena  portae  sometimes  contains  a stratified  thrombus 
lodging  a Fluke  in  its  centre  ; or  a small  vessel  may  be  found  occluded 
by  the  worm,  and  a thrombus  that  extends  into  the  vena  portae. 
The  mucous  membrane  of  the  bile-ducts  is  everywhere  tumefied, 
injected,  ecchymosed,  and  sometimes  torn  ; the  epithelium  has  been 
removed  by  catarrhal  desquamation,  which  often  assumes  a purulent 
character,  and  it  may  have  the  features  of  a diffused  adenoma  ; the 
hyperplasia  of  the  walls  of  the  ducts  may  intrude  on  the  surrounding 
tissues,  and  act  in  the  manner  of  a destructive  adenoma  (Bollinger). 
Over  the  entire  liver  the  cells  are  granular,  and  infiltrated  with  fat  ; 
the  connective  tissue  is  in  process  of  proliferation. 

3.  Period  of  W asting.— The  preceding  lesions  become  accentuated, 
and  assume  a chronic  character.  The  emaciation  is  considerable, 
the  fat  having  completely  disappeared,  or  if  there  is  any  left  it  is 
soft,  nearly  transparent,  and  yellowish.  Beneath  the  visceral 
pleurae — above  and  behind — are  nodules  the  size  of  a hemp-seed  ; 
erratic  Flukes  have  produced  local  splenizations  and  haemorrhagic 
centres  in  the  pulmonary  parenchyma.  Petechiae  beneath  the 
endocardium.  Borders  of  the  liver  rounded  ; its  two  lobes,  but 


458  TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

especially  the  left,  are  atrophied,  and  their  tissue  is  firm,  hard,  and 
even  grates  beneath  the  scalpel.  The  connective- tissue  hyperplasia 
and  the  cirrhosis  are  considerable  ; and  section  of  the  organ  has  a 
spongy  appearance,  due  to  cavities  more  or  less  close  together. 
Glisson’s  capsule  is  very  granular,  in  consequence  of  numerous  cica- 
tricial retractions. 

The  bile-ducts  are  the  seat  of  a dilatation  that  augments  from  their 
origin  towards  the  periphery,  their  diameter  being  about  that  of  a 
finger,  and  they  are  more  or  less  moniliform.  The  finest  canaliculi 
are  dilated  to  their  end,  and  have  there  acquired  the  calibre  of  canals 
of  the  first  order.  Compression  of  the  bile-ducts  causes  the  expul- 
sion of  adult  Flukes,  among  a brownish-green  mixture.  One  canal, 
particularly  in  the  left  lobe,  may  contain  as  many  as  ten  parasites. 

Thomas  remarks  that,  in  some  of  the  small  bile-ducts,  where 
the  ova  have  not  been  floated  away  by  the  bile,  these  may  be 
present  in  such  enormous  multitudes  as  to  form  a stiff,  dark-brown 
mass,  looking  like  fine,  wet  sand,  and  completely  occluding  the  duct. 
In  the  earlier  stage,  when  the  liver  is  gorged  with  blood  and  bile, 
and  death  is  frequent  from  acute  congestion  of  the  organ,  though  no 
adult  Flukes  are  present,  yet  careful  examination  on  section  will 
detect  myriads  of  very  minute  young  parasites,  which  appear  on  the 
point  of  the  scalpel  as  small  masses  of  jelly  or  inspissated  bile.  A 
good  observer  has  stated  that  young  Flukes  may  sometimes  be  found 
in  the  ducts  of  the  liver  as  a thick,  light-coloured  liquor  that  appears 
all  in  motion,  and  an  inspection  of  this  with  a pocket-lens  confirms 
the  view  that  the  fluid  is  chiefly  composed  of  immature  parasites. 

The  gall-bladder  contains  a mucous  bile  of  a dirty,  greenish-brown 
hue,  and  adult  Flukes  and  ova  in  great  numbers.  There  are 
generally  observed  on  the  surface  of  the  bile-ducts  punctiform 
incrustations,  which  may  be  more  extensive — sometimes  are  even 
tubular — formed  of  phosphate  of  lime,  with  traces  of  phosphate  of 
magnesia.  At  the  same  time  their  walls  are  thickened,  and  have 
become  cartilaginous.  The  liver  crepitates  if  it  is  compressed  or 
incised. 

The  presence  of  the  Flukes  has  been  regarded  as  the  cause  of  the 
formation  of  biliary  calculi ; but  only  two  instances  in  support  of 
this  view  are  furnished  by  Simonds  and  Brouisson,  who,  in  such 
calculi,  have  found,  the  one  twelve  Flukes,  the  other  only  one. 

4.  Period  of  Emigration  of  the  Flukes. — At  the  autopsy  of  animals 
sacrificed  during  this  period,  the  disappearance  of  the  Flukes  is 
remarked,  and  also  the  persistence  of  the  irreparable  alterations 
which  the  liver  has  undergone  in  the  preceding  periods. 

The  number  of  hepatic  Distomes  the  liver  may  contain  is  very 
variable,  and  is  always  high  when  the  malady  is  accentuated. 
Dupuy  has  counted  more  than  1,000  in  the  liver  of  one  Sheep. 

Distomum  lanceolatum  never  produces  such  serious  symptoms  or 
lesions  as  Distomum  hepaticum , and  it  alone  cannot  produce  ‘ rot.’ 
This  relative  innocuousness  is  attributed  by  Leuckart  to  its  smaller 
size,  and  to  the  absence  of  prickles  on  the  integument.  Otherwise, 


PARASITES  OF  THE  LIVER 


459 


the  two  species  are  very  often  found  in  the  same  host ; but  by  reason 
of  its  minuteness  D.  lanceolatum  penetrates  the  smallest  bile-duct, 
which  the  other  species  cannot  enter.  This  is  why  its  number  often 
appears  less  than  it  really  is,  because  its  presence  is  sometimes  not 
noticed.  Friedberger  has  obtained  thousands  from  the  bile-ducts 
by  compression — these  canals  were  literally  swarming  with  them  ; 
they  were  also  found  in  multitudes  in  the  gall-bladder  and  intestine 
at  the  time  of  their  spontaneous  emigration. 

The  effusions  into  the  serous  sacs  or  the  connective  tissue  should 
be  ascribed  to  the  cachectic  state,  and  to  the  general  alteration  in 
the  blood — to  its  deglobulization — which  favours  passive  effusion. 
The  obstruction  to  the  circulation  in  the  portal  system  has  a large 
share  in  the  production  of  these  effusions,  as  there  results  a trans- 
udation of  serum  throughout  all  the  accessory  venous  branches, 
with  consequent  ascites. 

Anaemia  is  also  partly  due  to  the  blood  extracted  by  the  Dis tomes 
for  their  nourishment.  Some  authorities  are  of  opinion  that  Flukes 
live  on  the  bile  ; but  Leuckart  and  Kuchenmeister  are  convinced 
that  they  subsist  on  the  blood  in  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  bile- 
ducts.  An  observation  made  by  Railliet  confirms  this  statement. 
In  the  liver  of  a Sheep,  the  arterial  system  of  which  had  been  in- 
jected with  coloured  plaster,  he  found  a great  number  of  Flukes  with 
their  digestive  canal  also  injected  with  the  plaster.  That  substance 
had  evidently  been  obtained  by  suction  from  the  small  intact  blood- 
vessels of  the  bile-ducts  at  the  moment  of  injection. 

Prophylaxis. — Every  effort  should  be  made  to  keep  Sheep  away 
from  damp  pastures,  where  all  the  conditions  necessary  for  the 
existence  of  the  larval  forms  of  Distomata  are  present.  The 
vigilance  of  the  shepherd  is,  in  this  respect,  the  first  element  of 
success. 

Thomas  has  formulated  prophylactic  prescriptions  which,  if 
adopted,  would  certainly  go  a long  way  in  limiting  the  ravages  of 
distomiasis. 

i.  Everything  should  be  done  to  destroy  or  render  inoffensive  the 
ova  of  Flukes,  and  the  molluscs  which  serve  as  intermediate  hosts. 
This  may  be  effected  by  the  following  measures  : 

a.  Destroy  the  diseased  Sheep,  and  bury  them  ; or  do  not  give 
their  carcases  to  Dogs  until  they  have  been  cooked,  and  only  then 
if  there  is  no  reason  to  apprehend  that  the  ova  of  the  Flukes  may 
pass  through  the  intestines  of  these  animals,  to  be  spread  by  them 
over  pastures  along  with  their  excrements. 

b.  Only  put  on  dry  pastures  affected  Sheep  intended  for  the 
butcher,  as  the  Fluke  ova  they  evacuate  cannot  develop  in  the 
absence  of  humidity. 

c.  As  Hares  and  Rabbits — which  are  sometimes  bearers  of  Dis- 
tomes — may  infest  pastures,  they  should  not  have  access  to  those  on 
which  Sheep  graze.  But  this  recommendation  cannot  well  be 
carried  out. 

d.  Drain  wet  pastures,  or,  if  this  cannot  be  accomplished,  dress 


460 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


them  with  salt  or  lime.  The  latter  in  solution — *75  per  cent. — 
will  destroy  Fluke  embryos  as  well  as  molluscs.  With  regard  to  salt, 
we  are  indebted  to  Perroncito  for  some  precise  notions  as  to  its 
action.  Ercolani  had  for  a long  time  observed  that  water  slightly 
impregnated  with  salt  killed  the  Cercariae,  and  in  acting  on  these 
and  on  the  encysted  larvae  of  the  Limncea  palustris,  Perroncito  found 
that  in  a 2 per  cent,  solution  these  parasites  died  in  less  than  five 
minutes  ; in  a 1 per  cent,  solution  they  rolled  themselves  up  at  the 
end  of  two  to  seven  minutes,  and  perished  after  twen  ty  to  thirty- 
five  minutes.  The  same  happened  in  *64  per  cent,  solutions  ; and  in 
those  of  *25  per  cent,  they  were  still  alive  after  more  than  twenty 
hours.  The  period  when  salt  or  lime  should  be  spread  on  the 
pastures  should  coincide  with  the  time  when  the  embryos  of  the 
Distomes  and  the  Cercariae  abound — that  is,  June  and  July  for  the 
first,  and  August  for  the  second. 

2.  If  Sheep  must  be  placed  on  infested  lands,  the  ill  effects  likely 
to  result  therefrom  may  be  much  reduced  by  the  following  precau- 
tions : 

a.  Do  not  allow  the  animals  to  come  too  near  one  another  while 
at  pasture,  as  the  closer  they  are  the  closer  they  graze  the  herbage, 
and  it  is  on  the  parts  of  the  plants  nearest  the  ground,  according  to 
Thomas,  that  the  Cercariae  prefer  to  fix  themselves. 

b.  Give  every  day  to  each  Sheep  7 or  8 grammes  of  salt,  and  230 
to  240  grammes  of  oats.  The  sait  is  fatal  to  the  Cercariae,  and 
favours  digestion  and  assimilation.  Perroncito  recommends  its 
being  put  into  the  drinking  water  ; -50  per  cent,  does  not  render  the 
water  undrinkable. 

In  England  for  ages  salt  has  been  known  as  a most  valuable  pre- 
ventive remedy  ; and  long  before  its  modus  operandi  was  understood, 
the  knowledge  of  its  value  was  probably  derived  from  observation 
of  the  fact  that  Sheep  grazed  on  salt  marshes,  no  matter  how  humid 
they  were,  did  not  suffer  from  rot. 

Zundel  proposed  that  there  should  be  two  feeding-grounds  for 
Sheep  in  wet  seasons,  on  marshy  localities — one  pasture  for  spring 
grazing  to  June,  the  other  for  autumn  grazing.  The  first,  though 
much  infested,  would  not  have  convenient  hosts  for  the  final  phases 
of  development  of  the  parasites,  and  the  frosts  of  winter  would 
probably  free  the  pasture  of  the  embryos  and  intermediary  bearers  ; 
while  the  autumn  pasture  would  not  become  contaminated  with 
ova,  or  these  would  not  find  suitable  conditions  for  their  develop- 
ment. 

Simonds  advises  the  adoption  of  the  following  precautions  : 

The  animals  must  be  carefully  guarded  against  all  vicissitudes 
of  weather  by  being  folded  in  the  best  sheltered  situations,  more 
especially  at  night.  The  food  should  consist  of  a liberal  supply  of 
materials  which  are  rich  in  flesh-forming  principles,  and  which  also 
contain  a large  proportion  of  sugar,  starch,  and  similar  ingredients, 
that  the  heat  of  the  body  may  be  kept  up  equally  with  nutrition.  If 
placed  on  meadows  or  artificial  grasses,  the  Sheep  should  be  often 


PARASITES  OF  THE  LIVER 


4 6 1 

changed,  care  being  taken  to  avoid  those  pastures  which  are  wet  and 
cold  or  which  contain  inferior  herbage.  Manger  food  must  be 
supplied,  and  this  should  consist,  at  least,  in  part  of  crushed  corn,  of 
which  beans,  peas,  lentils,  etc.,  are  to  be  preferred.  Oats  and  maize 
are  also  good,  and  to  these  a moderate  allowance  of  oilcake  may  be 
added.  Frequent  changing  of  the  food  will  induce  the  animals  to 
eat  more,  for  which  reason,  when  they  are  on  pastures,  no  objection 
is  to  be  taken  to  an  occasional  supply  of  turnips  or  other  roots  ; but, 
unless  compelled  by  the  character  of  the  farm  and  the  system  of 
cultivation,  continuous  folding  on  turnips  should  be  avoided. 
Where  this  has  to  be  done,  great  care  will  have  to  be  exercised  in 
regulating  the  quantity  of  turnips,  according  to  the  condition  of  the 
crop,  the  state  of  the  weather,  etc.  Under  such  circumstances,  an 
allowance  of  good  hay,  in  addition  to  the  other  food,  will  be  impera- 
tively required. 

A good  compound  of  several  medicinal  agents,  with  some  highly 
nitrogenized  alimentary  matters,  is  contained  in  the  following 
formula  : Take  of  finely-ground  oilcake  (linseed),  finely-ground  pea- 
meal,  each  i bushel ; finely-ground  salt,  finely-ground  aniseed, 
each  4 lb.  ; finely-ground  sulphate  of  iron,  i lb.  Let  the  salt, 
aniseed  and  sulphate  of  iron  be  mixed  together  first,  and  afterwards 
well  incorporate  with  the  cake  and  peameal. 

The  quantity  of  the  mixture  to  be  given  to  each  Sheep  daily 
should  be  half  a pint  to  a pint,  in  addition  to  an  ordinary  allowance 
of  corn  or  cake  and  hay-chaff.  It  may  be  used  with  advantage  for 
three  or  four  weeks  in  succession,  but  should  be  discontinued  occa- 
sionally for  a day  or  two,  especially  if  the  animals  become  affected 
with  diarrhoea. 

Trasbot  states  that  branches  of  oak-trees,  elm,  hornbeam,  etc.,  cut 
in  summer  and  dried  with  their  leaves,  are  an  excellent  preventive 
if  given  to  the  Sheep  before  they  are  driven  to  pasture,  as  well  as 
those  of  juniper  or  any  other  aromatic  trees. 

Treatment. — All  the  resources  of  therapeutics  have  been  tried 
against  distomiasis,  but  no  really  efficacious  agent  for  every  case  has 
yet  been  discovered ; this  is  owing  to  the  remote  location  of  the 
Dis tomes,  which  can  scarcely  be  reached  by  any  substance  given  to 
the  affected  animals. 

However,  if,  generally,  a cure  is  not  to  be  expected,  it  is  usually 
possible  to  so  ameliorate  the  condition  of  the  Sheep  as  to  enable 
them  to  pasture  and  fatten.  This  result  is  obtained  by  the  em- 
ployment of  tonic  and  astringent  preparations,  by  good  feeding, 
and  especially  by  driving  the  Sheep  away  from  the  infested 
pastures. 

The  leaves  of  wild  chicory,  tansy-roots,  wormwood,  pine-leaves, 
spruce-leaves,  walnut-leaves,  juniper-berries,  willow-bark,  oak-bark, 
infusion  of  pepper  in  alcoholic  drinks  (Teissier  and  Huzard),  Chabert’s 
oil,  petroleum,  limewater,  creosote,  benzine  (Bunck),  picrate  of 
potash,  liver  of  antimony,  nux  vomica  (Prinz),  tincture  of  iodine 
De  Romanet),  asafoetida  and  garlic  (Vallada),  soot  (Raynaud),  etc., 


462 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


are  agents  which  have  been  apparently  successfully  employed,  but 
most  frequently  they  are  inconvenient. 

Various  salts  of  iron  and  culinary  salt,  dissolved  in  the  drinking 
water  or  mixed  with  the  provender,  have  with  more  reason  been 
recommended  by  all  authorities. 

Trasbot  asserts  that  the  young  dried  buds  of  maritime  pine-trees, 
mixed  with  bran,  produce  really  curative  effects. 

The  experiments  of  Perroncito  show  that  the  ethereal  extract  of 
male  fern,  given  with  oil  of  turpentine,  or  benzine,  castor-oil,  wine, 
etc.,  kills  the  Distomes  ; but  it  has  the  inconvenience  of  causing 
anaesthesia  and  serious  tympanites,  so  that  before  it  can  be  recom- 
mended as  a safe  remedy  further  trials  are  required. 

Mojkowski  has  obtained  very  encouraging  results  in  treating  dis- 
tomiasis  and  taeniasis  in  the  Sheep,  with  naphthalin  given  twice  a 
day  for  a week,  in  doses  of  *70  gramme  to  1 gramme,  alone  or  mixed 
with  gentian  powder. 

In  Germany,  recourse  is  had  to  lupin  forage,  then  to  lupin-seeds, 
giving  about  40  litres  per  day  to  100  Sheep.  Crushed  barley, 
roasted  malt,  linseed-cake,  bran,  oats,  boiled  or  grilled  pods  of 
legumes,  hay  of  good  quality,  etc.,  are  also  given,  as  regime , because 
of  their  nutritive  properties. 

As  remedies,  bitter  tonics,  mixed  with  sulphate  of  iron,  are 
utilized.  The  following  preparations,  recommended  by  Haubner, 
enjoy  a certain  degree  of  credit  : 


1.  Sulphate  of  iron  . 
Calamus  aromaticus 
Crushed  oats 
Roasted  malt. 


\ 

J 


. 60  grammes. 'j 

• S°°  grammes.  ^ose  for  IOO  sheep, 
each  20  litres. 


2.  Sulphate  of  iron 

Powdered  juniper-berries  \ 
Gentian  powder  . . / 

Crushed  wheat 


. . 30  grammes. 'j 

of  each  500  grammes.  VDose  for  50  Sheep. 
. . 20  litres.  J 


In  France,  on  several  occasions,  Gasparin,  Rey,  and  Roche-Lubin 
have  employed  anti-cachectic  bread,  which  was  given  morning  and 
evening  to  the  diseased  Sheep.  The  simplest  formula  is  that  of 
Delafond  : 


Undressed  wheatmeal 
Oatmeal  . 

Barleymeal 
Sulphate  of  iron 
Carbonate  of  soda 
Culinary  salt 


. 1 kilogramme. 

. 2 kilogrammes, 

. 1 kilogramme. 

j of  each  30  grammes. 

. 2GO  grammes. 


These  are  made  into  a paste  with  water,  which  is  allowed  to 
ferment,  and  is  then  baked  in  an  oven.  Delafond  says  that  in  fifteen 
days  this  bread  produced  a considerable  amelioration. 

To  sum  up,  the  resources  of  the  pharmacy  ought  not  to  be  relied 
upon  to  any  extent,  but  attention  must  be  specially  directed  to  the 
regime , which  should  be  as  strengthening  as  possible. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  LIVER 


463 


DISTOMIASIS  IN  CATTLE.— Distomiasis  in  bovine  animals  is 
manifested  by  symptoms  quite  analogous  to  those  observed  in  Sheep. 
But  they  often  pass  unperceived,  because  of  their  less  intensity  and 
the  stronger  resisting  power  of  the  larger  Ruminants.  The  coat  is 
dull  and  staring,  the  skin  tight  and  adherent,  the  appetite  capricious 
or  nil , and  rumination  is  suspended  ; constipation  alternates  with 
diarrhoea,  and  the  urine  becomes  acid. 

Serious  symptoms  only  appear  later,  and 
the  malady  rarely  terminates  in  death ; 
when  it  does,  the  animals  succumb  to 
profound  marasmus,  extreme  emaciation, 
continuous  diarrhoea,  and  a complete  con- 
sumption. The  duration  of  the  disease  is  from 
two  to  five  months.  The  lesions  are  those 
noted  in  Sheep.  The  bile-ducts  may  attain 
the  diameter  of  an  inch,  and  the  liver, 
consequently,  has  a vesicular  appearance.  In 
the  slaughter-house  very  important  hepatic 
lesions  are  found  in  animals  which,  during 
life,  did  not  show  any  sign  of  such  altera- 
tions. 

Treatment  demands  the  same  prophylactic 
and  curative  measures  as  for  Sheep  suffering 
from  distomiasis. 


Distomiasis  of  the  Guinea-pig. — Del  Chiappa 
has  found,  in  the  biliary  ducts  of  a Guinea-pig, 
two  specimens  of  a species  of  Distomum  that  Sonsino 
has  provisionally  named  Distomum  cavice.  Its 
branched  intestine  places  it  in  the  sub  - genus 
Cladocoelium.  After  being  kept  a long  time  in 
alcohol,  one  measured  12  mm.  long  and  9 mm. 
broad,  the  other  8 mm.  by  6 mm.  They  resembled 
the  D.  hepaticum,  of  which  they  were  perhaps  only 
young  specimens. 

Distomiasis  of  the  Camel  and  Elephant. — 
Cobbold  states  that  D.  hepaticum  is  found  in  the 
Camel,  but  distomiasis  must  be  rare  in  that  animal. 
This  authority  also  asserts,  in  treating  of  the  Fluke, 
that  the  Elephant  is  often  seriously  infested.  ‘ As 
causing  disease,  and  zoologically  speaking,  this 
entozoon  is  the  most  important  of  the  whole  group 
of  parasites  infesting  Elephants.’  Not  much 
appears  to  be  known  of  the  parasite.  It  is 
described  as  closely  allied  to  the  D.  hepaticum 
of  the  Sheep,  but  rounder  in  outline  and  other- 
wise differing  to  an  extent  as,  in  the  opinion  of 
Cobbold,  to  warrant  its  being  classed  as  a distinct 
-Fasciola  Jacksoni  Cobb. 


Fig.  284. — Distomum  Co- 
nus s.  truncatum  ; mag- 
nified 10  diameters. 
— Railliet. 

va,  anterior  sucker  ; vp, 
posterior  sucker  ; ph, 

pharynx  ; ce,  oesophagus  ; 
i,  branches  of  the  intes- 
tine ; ce,  excretory  canals; 
te,  their  common  trunk ; 

t,  t'f  testicles  ; cd,  cd' , 

deferent  canals  ; c,  pros- 
tatic canals  ; 0,  ovary  ; 
gc,  shell-gland  ; cl, 

Laurer’s  duct ; vg,  vitello- 
genes  ; dv,  vitelloducts  ; 

u,  uterus  ; pg,  genital 
pore  ; /,  caudal  foramen. 


species- 

It  accumulates  in  the  bile-ducts,  seriously  debilitates  the  host,  profoundly 
alters  the  liver — as  in  the  Sheep — and  frequently  causes  death.  Much  loss 
among  Elephants  from  Flukes  has  occurred  in  our  Indian  possessions,  and 
especially  in  Burmah.  ‘ There  is  every  likelihood  that  the  mollusc  harbouring 
the  Cercarian  larva  of  Fasciola  Jacksoni  is  small,  and  possessed  of  amphibious 
habits.  ’ — Cobbold . 


464 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


2.  Distomiasis  in  the  Carnivora. 

On  several  occasions,  the  presence  of  Distomes  in  the  biliary  canals  of  the 
Dog  and  Cat  has  been  recorded. 

Van  Tright  classed  with  Distomum  lanceolatum  those  which  he  discovered 
in  the  Dog,  and  Leuckart  cites  the  Cat  among  the  hosts  which  harbour  that 
parasite  ; but  it  is  possible  that  these  cases  should  be  classed  as  belonging 
to  one  of  the  two  following  species,  which  are  included  in  the  sub-genus 
Dicroccelium. 

1.  Distomum  truncatum  (Rud.,  D.  Conus  Creplin,  D.  conjunctum  Cobb., 
D.  felineum  Riv.,  D.  campanulatum  Ere.). — Sonsino  has  demonstrated  that 
the  Distomes  of  the  Dog  and  Cat,  described  under  these  different  names, 
belong  to  one  species — a fluke,  the  maximum  length  of  which  is  7 mm.,  and 
breadth  2 mm.  Body  reddish  in  the  fresh  state,  depressed,  covered — at 
least,  when  very  young — with  very  small  spines  that  are  easily  shed  ; anterior 
part  conical,  and  distinct  from  the  rest  of  the  body  from  the  ventral  sucker, 
which  is  a little  smaller  than  the  oral  one.  Intestine  divided  into  two  simple 
caeca,  which  are  prolonged  to  the  posterior  extremity.  Genital  openings  in 
front  of  the  ventral  sucker.  Testicles  more  or  less  lobulated,  situated  one 
behind  the  other  at  the  posterior  part  of  the  body.  Ovary  lobular,  situated 
on  the  median  line,  at  the  posterior  third  of  the  body.  Vitellogenes  short, 
occupying  the  middle  third  of  the  body,  and  formed  of  seven  glomerules  on 
the  left,  and  eight  on  the  right  side.  Ova  operculated,  with  a small,  acute 
prominence  at  the  pole  opposite  the  operculum  ; their  length  is  26  fi  to  30  /*, 
and  width  from  1 2 to  1 5 fi. 

This  Distome  was  first  found  in  the  Greenland  Seal  (Otto  and  Rudolphi), 
then  in  the  Cat  (Creplin,  Rivolta,  Zwaardemaker,  Generali),  Dog  (Ercolani, 
Rivolta,  Zwaardemaker,  De  Jong,  Sonsino),  American  Fox  (Cobbold),  Indian 
Pariah  Dogs  (Lewis).  It  is  frequent  in  Holland  and  in  India.  It  lodges 
itself  in  the  bile-ducts  and  gall-bladder,  and  gives  rise  to  a cirrhosis  which 
has  been  studied  by  Zwaardemaker,  and  which  we  have  also  observed  in  the 
Cat. 

2.  Distomum  sinense  (Cobb.,  D.  spathulatum  Leuckart). — A fluke  10  mm. 
to  13  mm.  long,  and  2 mm.  tc  3 mm.  broad,  flat,  almost  transparent  in  the 
fresh  state,  and  with  a smooth  integument.  It  differs  from  the  preceding 
species  chiefly  by  the  form  of  its  testicles,  which  are  constituted  by  a small 
number  of  slightly  ramifying  tubes.  Ova  elliptical,  with  brown  shell,  and 
measuring  28  ^ to  30  ^ long,  and  16  n to  17  /x  broad. 

This  species  is  special  to  China  and  Japan,  and  it  is  also  a parasite  of  the 
bile-ducts  of  Man.  Ijima  has  often  met  with  it  in  the  liver  of  the  Cat,  and 
he  states  that  this  animal  also  harbours  a smaller  species,  the  skin  of  which 
has  fine  spines  ; but  it  appears  to  be  the  D.  truncatum. 


CHAPTER  V 

PARASITES  OF  THE  PANCREAS  AND  SPLEEN 

Pancreas. — The  pancreas  is  very  rarely  invaded  by  parasites ; but 
Echinococci,  the  agamous  Sclerostomum  equinum,  Ascaris  suis,  and  A.  Megalo- 
cephala  have  been  found  in  it,  though  the  health  of  the  animals  had  not  been 
affected  thereby  (Florman,  Goubaux,  Lienaux,  Montane). 

Spleen. — The  parasites  of  the  spleen  are  not  common.  They  are  the 
Linguatulas  in  the  Dog,  Cysticerci  in  the  Pig,  and  Echinococci  in  animals 
capable  of  harbouring  them — Ox,  Pig,  and  Sheep.  Ostertag  has  found  in  the 
spleen  of  a Cow  an  old  multilocular  Echinococcus,  partly  calcified,  and  sur- 
rounded by  a fibrous  capsule.  In  the  spleen  of  a Horse,  Dieckerhoff  met  with 
a sterile  hydatid  the  size  of  a Canary’s  egg,  but  there  was  no  other  lesion  ; 
while,  in  the  spleen  of  a Cow,  Lucet  observed  a cyst  containing  an  adult 
living  Distomum  hepaticum.  CEsophagastomum  columbianum  has  been  found 
under  the  capsule  of  the  spleen  of  the  Sheep. 


465 


30 


BOOK  III 

PARASITES  OF  THE  SEROUS  MEMBRANES 

This  book  will  only  treat  of  the  animal  parasites  of  the  peritoneum, 
pleurae,  and  pericardium,  which  are,  however,  often  of  the  same 
species  ; those  of  the  arachnoid  will  be  dealt  with  when  we  consider 
the  diseases  of  the  cerebro-spinal  axis  ; the  synovial  serous  mem- 
branes have  not  yet  been  recorded  as  the  seat  of  parasites. 

The  three  larger  serous  membranes  which  we  have  mentioned, 
closely  adjoin  each  other,  and  it  is  therefore  advantageous  to  examine 
the  parasites  they  may  contain,  as  the  majority  of  them  arrive 
through  the  abdominal  digestive  organs,  which  they  first  traverse 
in  order  to  reach  their  selected  location. 

These  parasites  are  relatively  rare,  and  come  from  a small  number 
of  species  belonging  to  the  Cestodes,  Trematodes,  and  Nematodes. 

EQUiDiE. — Erratic  Echinococci  may  be  met  with  in  the  pleurae 
and  peritoneum  of  the  Horse.  Lienaux  has  published  a remarkable 
case  of  echinococcosis  of  the  pleurae  and  lungs  of  a Horse  ; nearly  the 
whole  surface  of  the  membrane  was  covered  with  Echinococci. 

Railliet  has  found  in  the  mesentery  of  a Horse,  some  cysts  con- 
taining the  Sclerostomum  equinum  in  an  agamous  state,  and  Kitt  has 
collected  adult  Sclerostomes  in  the  peritoneal  cavity  of  two  horses. 

Cysticercus  fistularis  Rud.— Rudolphi  gave  this  name  to  a Cysticercus  that 
Chabert  found  in  the  peritoneum  of  a Horse,  and  several  specimens  of  which 
were  preserved  in  the  museum  of  the  Alfort  Veterinary  College,  but  are  not 
there  now.  Some  years  afterwards,  a similar  parasite  was  found  at  the  Berlin 
Veterinary  School  by  Reckleben. 

The  entire  worm  is  an  elongated  oval,  broader  behind  than  in  front,  and 
7 cm.  to  13  cm.  long,  by  12  mm.  to  14  mm.  at  its  widest  part.  The  head  is 
small,  tetragonous,  suckers  little  developed,  and  carries  a double  crown  of 
hooks.  The  body,  very  short,  is  succeeded  by  a caudal  vesicle,  which  is 
slightly  enlarged  at  the  posterior  part.  The  mature  taenia  is  unknown. 

Filaria  equina  (Abildgaard,  F . papillosa  Rud.). — Body  long,  filiform,  white, 
attenuated  at  both  ends,  and  especially  behind.  Mouth  small,  and  provided 
with  a chitinous  infundibuliform  ring,  the  border  of  which  is  divided  into  four 
rounded  and  salient  papillae  ; outside  this  ring  are  other  four  sub-median 
papillae,  in  the  form  of  spinules.  Male  6 cm.  to  8 cm.  long  ; tail  curved  in  a 
spiral  manner,  and  having  eight  papillae  on  each  side,  of  which  there  are  four 
pre-anal  and  four  post-anal  ; two  unequal  spicules  enveloped  in  a transparent 
sheath.  Female  9 cm.  to  1 5 cm.  long  ; tail  slightly  spiral,  and  terminated  by 
a papilla  preceded  by  two  others.  Vulva  situated  near  the  anterior  extremity. 
Ovoviviparous. 


466 


PARASITES  OF  THE  SEROUS  MEMBRANES 


467 


This  Filaria  is  frequently  met  with  in  the  peritoneal  cavity,  more 
rarely  in  that  of  the  pleura  of  the  Horse,  the  Ass,  and  Mule,  and 
principally  in  cachectic  animals.  Usually  only  a few  are  found,  at  a 
time,  and  the  females  are  more  numerous  than  the  males  ; but 
occasionally  they  occur  in  large  numbers,  and  Menges  asserts  that 
he  collected  as  many  in  the  thoracic  cavity  of  a Horse  as  would  fill 
a small  basket.  The  lungs  were  transformed  into  a vast  purulent 
cavity.  This  observation  is  quite  exceptional,  if  it  is  not  erroneous  ; 
for  the  pleural  and  peritoneal  membranes  themselves  ordinarily 
appear  to  be  indifferent  to  the  presence  of  Filariae. 

Macgillivray,  of  Banff,  was  castrating  a 
year-old  Clydesdale  colt,  and  in  opening 
the  right  scrotal  sac,  along  with  a large 
quantity  of  fluid,  there  escaped  thirty- 
five  worms,  from  1 inch  to  ij  inch  long, 
all  very  lively ; and  from  the  left  sac 
there  emerged  twenty-one  worms  of  the 
same  kind.  They  had  evidently  descended 
from  the  abdominal  cavity.  About  a 
fortnight  after  castration  the  colt  died  of 
hydrops  abdominalis,  and  in  the  abdominal 
cavity  were  found  thousands  of  these 
worms  crawling  about  on  the  surface  of 
the  viscera. 

This  Nematode  has  been  observed  also 


Fig.  285. — Filaria  papillosa 
of  the  Horse  ; natural  size. 

A,  male  ; B,  female. 


Fig.  286. — Cephalic  extremity  of  the  Filaria 
papillosa  of  the  Horse  ; magnified  1 50 
diameters. 


in  the  arachnoideal  space,  in  the  sub-peritoneal  connective  tissue, 
and  in  the  substance  of  the  diaphragm.  To  this  species  belong  the 
Filariae  found  in  the  interior  of  the  eye.  Baruchello  has  also 
attributed  to  it  the  cutaneous  helminthiasis  of  the  Horse  already 
referred  to.  The  course  by  which  the  Filariae  of  the  Horse  find 
their  way  to  their  final  locality  is  not  known. 

Ruminants. — Independently  of  the  Echinococci,  there  are  often 
found  in  the  peritoneum  of  various  Ruminants — and,  in  particular, 
the  Ox,  Sheep,  Goat,  Camel,  and  Reindeer — the  Cysticercus  of  the 
Tcenice  marginata  of  the  Dog — the  Cysticercus  tenuicollis  Rud.  It 
is  rarely  met  with  in  the  pleura  or  pericardium. 


30—2 


468 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  Cysticercus  tenuicollis  has  an  elliptical  caudal  vesicle  from  15  mm.  to 
50  mm.  long,  and  is  often  as  large  as  a Pigeon’s  egg.  The  head  is  similar  to 
that  of  the  Tania  mavginata,  and  is  invaginated  at  the  bottom  of  a slit 
observed  at  the  free  extremity  of  the  scolex,  which  is  from  14  mm.  to  30  mm. 
long,  and  plicated  transversely. 

Known  to  butchers  by  the  name  of  Water-ball,  this  Cysticercus 
may  be  found  in  varying  number  and  size  in  animals  slaughtered  in 
the  abbatoirs.  It  does  not  appear  to  cause  any  disturbance  of 
health — at  least,  in  the  majority  of  cases.  Its  action  is  limited  to  the 
formation  of  the  cyst  that  lodges  it.  Nevertheless,  as  already 
stated  (p.  422),  Baillet  in  his  experiments  to  establish  that  the 
C.  tenuicollis  is  the  cystic  form  of  Tcenia  marginata  of  the  Dog,  pro- 
duced in  Lambs  and  Kids  grave — some- 
times fatal  — lesions.  These  experi- 
ments show  that  the  ova  of  this  Taenia 
reach  the  intestines  with  the  food  and 
water,  and  that  the  majority  of  the 
embryos  attain  the  peritoneal  cavity 
in  passing  through  the  liver.  On  the 
tenth  day  after  infestation,  in  fact,  the 
liver  is  found  traced  on  its  surface  and 
in  its  substance  by  sinuous  galleries, 
each  occupied  by  a small  blood-clot, 
and  one,  two,  or  three  vesicles  (or 
bladders)  of  -5  mm.  to  3*5  mm.  in 
diameter.  The  head  only  begins  to 
appear  towards  the  twenty-fifth  day  ; 
it  is  well  formed  about  the  fortieth  day, 
and  in  about  the  seventh  to  the  eighth 
month  the  Cysticerci  are  completely  de- 
veloped. Certain  experimental  animals 
succumbed  to  a diffused  haemorrhagic 
hepatitis,  or  to  peritonitis.  We  have 
also  seen  that  similar  occurrences  were 
observed  in  Pigs  under  ordinary  conditions — by  Leuckart  and  by 
Boudeaud,  and  in  the  Cow  by  Piitz. 

On  the  other  hand,  Fromage  de  Feugre  has  collected  the  Cyst, 
tenuicollis  in  the  liver  of  a Sheep,  and  we  have  also  met  with  it  in  the 
muscles  of  this  animal  (see  Pseudo-Measles  in  Sheep).  Fleming  found 
this  Cysticercus  in  the  subcutaneous  connective  tissue  and  the  super- 
ficial muscles  of  a Lamb  that  died  from  Filar iae  in  the  air-passages. 

As  the  Cysticercus  tenuicollis  very  rarely  produces  serious  altera- 
tions, we  need  only  say  that  it  would  be  useful  to  suppress  the 
original  cause — the  Tcenia  marginata — by  preventing  Dogs  having 
access  to  viscera  infested  with  Cyst,  tenuicollis. 

Morot  found  a cystic  tumour  containing  Distomum  hepaticum,  on 
the  inner  surface  of  the  abdominal  wall  of  a Cow. 

Filaria  of  the  Ox  ( Filaria  cervina  Duj.,  F.  labiato-papillosa  Alessandrini,  F. 
terebra  Dies.). — Alessandrini  was  the  first  to  distinguish  this  Filaria  from  that 


Fig.  287. — Cysticercus  tenui- 
collis, with  the  head  evagi- 
nated  ; natural  size. — 

Railliet. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  SEROUS  MEMBRANES 


469 


of  the  Horse,  and  Baillet  has  shown  that  it  belongs  to  the  same  species  as  that 
of  the  Deer.  It  much  resembles  that  of  the  Horse,  from  which  it  differs, 
however,  by  the  absence  of  the  four  posterior — submedian — papillae  around 
the  mouth,  by  having  no  integumentary  striae,  and  by  the  caudal  papillae  of 
the  female  which  terminate  in  a fasciculus  of  small  blunt  points,  preceded  by 
two  thick  conical  lateral  papillae.  The  length  of  the  male  is  5 cm.  to  6 cm., 
and  of  the  female  6 cm.  to  10  cm.  It  is  ovo viviparous. 

This  Filaria  is  sometimes  met  with  in  the  peritoneum  of  Cattle,  but  no 
pathological  effects  have  been  attributed  to  it.  The  Filaria  described  by 
some  veterinary  surgeons  as  found  in  the  eye  of  the  Ox,  is  considered  as 
belonging  to  this  species. 

Pig. — Beside  the  Echinococci,  the  Cysticercus  tenuicollis  and 
Stephanurus  dentatus  have  been  found  in  the  peritoneal  cavity  of 
this  animal. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis. — This  parasite  occupies  the  same  habitat  in 
the  Pig  as  it  does  in  Ruminants — that  is,  the  peritoneal  folds  ; but 
it  may  also  localize  itself  in  the  liver,  a remarkable  instance  of  this 
occurrence  in  the  Pig  having  been  given  by  Semmer.  In  the  Pig, 
this  Cysticercus  may  also  exceptionally  follow  the  example  of  the 
C.  Cellulosce , in  occupying  the  muscular  portion  of  the  diaphragm. 


Fig.  288. — Cephalic  extremity  cf  the  Fig.  289. — Caudal  extremity  of  the 

Filaria  cervina  ; magnified  150  female  Filaria  cervina  ; magnified 

diameters.  1 50  diameters. 

Stephanurus  dentatus  (Dies.). — This  is  a Nematode  belonging  to  the  family 
of  Strongylidae,  and  related  to  the  Sclerostomes  (see  p.  279),  but  differing 
from  them  by  the  body  being  attenuated  in  front,  the  presence  of  a single 
spicule,  and  a multilobular  pouch  in  the  males.  The  only  species  known  is 
the  5.  dentatus. 

The  mouth  is  terminal  and  orbicular,  with  six  very  small  teeth,  of  which 
the  two  opposed  are  the  strongest.  The  male  is  22  mm.  to  30  mm.  long,  the 
female  being  30  mm.  to  40  mm. 

Natterer  was  the  first  to  find  this  worm  in  Brazil,  in  cysts  of  the  mesentery 
of  a Chinese  Pig.  White  found  it  in  the  United  States,  where  it  appears  to 
be  very  common,  and  Verrill  has  described  it  under  the  name  of  Sclerostomx 
pinguicola.  Cobbold  also  reported  its  existence  in  Australia,  and  stated  that 
it  was  met  with  in  the  abdominal  viscera,  especially  in  the  adipose  tissue 
surrounding  these  organs.  No  doubt,  a more  than  exaggerated  rdle  has  been 
attributed  to  it  in  the  development  of  the  diseases  which  have  destroyed  so 
many  Pigs  in  the  United  States.  However,  Lutz  has  observed  peritoneal 
effusion  and  fistulous  induration  around  the  kidneys  where  it  has  been  met 
with. 

Rabbit. — The  Cysticercus  pisiformis  Zeder — the  cystic  form  of  the 
Tcenia  serrata  of  the  Dog — is  the  most  common  parasite  in  the  peri- 


470 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


toneum  of  the  Rabbit.  We  have  already  seen  the  phases  through 
which  it  passes  in  traversing  the  liver,  before  reaching  the  peri- 
oneum,  where,  when  it  has  arrived,  it  excites  the  formation  of  the 
cyst  that  envelops  it,  and  appears  as  a small  bladder  full  of  fluid, 
and  about  the  size  of  a pea.  It  is  sometimes  found  in  such  numbers 


as  to  resemble  clusters  of  grapes, 
is  noticed  a white  spot ; this  is  the 
scolex  invaginated  in  the  interior 
of  the  vesicle,  from  which  it  is 
easy  to  evaginate  it.  The  head 
has  all  the  characters  of  that  of 
T.  serrata. 

There  ought  to  be  classed  with  this 
species,  the  Cyst,  elongatus,  described 
and  figured  under  this  name  by 
Leuckart.  Its  distinctive  feature  is 
the  great  length  of  its  vesicle.  It  is 
usually  encysted  in  the  pelvic  peri- 


Fig.  290. — Fragment  of  the  mesentery 
of  a Rabbit  invaded  by  the  Cysti- 
cercus  pisiformis  ; natural  size.  — 
Railliet. 


On  the  surface  of  each  bladder 


Fig.  291.  — Section  of  the  com- 
pletely developed  Cysticercus  pisi- 
formis ; magnified  1 5 diameters. 
The  head  is  invaginated,  and  is 
succeeded  by  a long  portion  that 
passes  nearly  entire  in  the  adult 
state. — Moniez.* 


* d,  a constant  depression  at  the  posterior  part  of  the  Cysticercus,  due  to 
atrophy  of  a portion  of  the  body  at  the  preceding  stage  (represented  in 
Fig.  261)  ; vs,  section  of  vessels  in  the  vesicle  or  bladder  ; vs',  section  of  the 
vessels  where  they  anastomose  ; vsc,  vesicle  ; p,  papillae  ; ct,  cuticle  ; sc,  sub- 
cuticular layer  ; cc,  calcareous  corpuscles  ; ml,  longitudinal  muscular  fibres  ; 
mt,  transverse  muscular  fibres  ; v,  suckers  ; bb,  cephalic  bulb. 


toneum.  But  whatever  Leuckart  may  say,  it  does  not  appear  to  be  different, 
in  the  number  and  character  of  its  hooks,  from  Cyst,  pisiformis. 

It  is  also  probable  that — as  Diesing  remarks — the  parasite  found  by  Kuhn 
in  the  peritoneum  of  the  Rabbit,  and  named  by  him  Monostoma  leporis,  is 
the  Cysticercus  pisiformis. 

‘ There  are  sometimes  found — and  especially  in  wild  Rabbits — Cysticerci 
pisiformes  which  have  left  their  cysts,  and  are  sometimes  even  evaginated  and 
have  begun  to  develop  their  segments.  Megnin  has  imagined  that  these 
worms,  in  passing  into  the  intestine,  are  transformed  into  T.  pectinata ; but 
there  is  no  proof  in  support  of  this,  and  our  personal  experience  does  not 
agree  with  these  indications  * (Railliet). 


PARASITES  OF  THE  SEROUS  MEMBRANES 


47 1 


Dog  and  Cat. — The  large  serous  cavities  of  the  Dog  and  Cat 
rarely  lodge  parasites.  Up  to  the  present  day  there  have  been  found 
only  Cestodes  in  the  larval  form — the  Dithyridium  elongatum  and 
Echinococci,  the  giant  Eustrongylus,  the  Linguatula , and  an  un- 
determined Pentastome. 

Dithyridium  elongatum,  Blumberg  ( Plerocercoides — Cysiicercus — Bailleti). — 
Body  very  extensible  and  contractile,  and  narrow  ; it  may  measure  105  mm. 
long^  but  usually  does  not  exceed  1 cm.  to  2 cm.  The  anterior  part — which  is 
1 *5  mm.  to  3 mm. — is  of  an  opaque  white,  irregularly  plicated,  and  shows  at  its 
summit  a longitudinal  slit — the  invagination  opening.  The  head — very  difficult 
to  evaginate — is  irregularly  globular,  and  has  neither  rostellum  nor  hooks,  but 
is  provided  with  four  elliptical  and  usually  dark-coloured  suckers,  measuring 
•5  mm.  to  *6  mm.  in  diameter.  The  anterior  portion  is  succeeded  by  a 
narrower  distended  part  in  the  form  of  a tail  scarcely  attenuated  behind, 
where  it  is  about  1 mm.  broad.  In  small  specimens  this  tail  is  very  short, 
and  they  are  cordiform  because  of  the  anterior  slit.  The  whole  body  is  full  of 
calcareous  corpuscles.  This  Cystic  form  maintains  its  movements  for  a long 


Fig.  292.  — Dith.  elongatum  Fig.  293. — Evaginated  head  of  the  Dith. 
{Cysticercus  Bailleti) ; natural  elongatum  ( Cysiicercus  Bailleti);  mag- 
size.  nified  50  diameters. 

time  in  tepid  water — even  when  the  autopsy  has  been  made  forty-eight  hours 
after  the  death  of  its  host,  it  will  be  found  moving. 

Railliet  has  named  this  bladder  worm,  which  had  been  unnamed,  Cysticercus 
Bailleti,  as  Baillet  was  the  first  to  find  it  in  the  Cat  and  Dog.  It  appears  to 
us  to  belong  to  the  Plerocercoides  of  Braun,  which  includes  the  larval  form 
of  Bothriocephalus.  Several  of  the  Piestocystis  of  Diesing — and  particularly 
P.  martis  and  P.  taxi — are  probably  only  examples  of  the  Plerocercoides. 

Baillet  has  met  with  these  parasites  in  two  cats  : in  one  Case  21 
were  found  in  the  peritoneal  cavity,  and  in  the  other  80  were  dis- 
covered in  the  pleural  sacs.  He  also  found  12  young  specimens  in 
the  peritoneum  of  a Rat.  Blumberg  described  them  anew,  and 
figured  them  ; he  met  with  a small  number  in  the  pleura  of  one  Cat, 
a considerable  quantity  in  the  peritoneum  of  another,  and  about  100 
in  the  pleurae  and  peritoneum  of  a Dog.  Our  colleague,  Labat,  has 
had  occasion  to  observe  these  parasites  in  a Dog  affected  with 
Ascites  ; the  fluid  extracted  by  paracentesis  contained  a certain 
number  of  great  size,  and  at  the  autopsy  a considerable  quantity 


47  2 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


were  found  encysted  in  the  peritoneum,  the  large  omentum,  and  the 
lungs.  In  19  of  76  Cats,  we  have  found  them  in  the  pleurae  or 
peritoneum,  or  in  both  together  ; in  14  the  numbers  were  one,  two 
or  three  ; once  there  were  six,  once  twelve,  and  in  three  others  they 
were  in  very  large  number  in  the  pleurae  and  peritoneum.  In  two 
of  the  cases  in  which  they  were  numerous,  many  of  them — not  yet 
having  grown  larger,  than  a millet-seed — were  lodged  in  the  texture 
of  the  great  omentum,  in  the  interior  of  cysts  varying  in  colour  from 
yellow  lo  brick-red.  These  cysts  contained  from  one  to  seven,  and 
they  were  nearly  all  situated  on  the  course  of  the  omental  vessels. 
It  might  therefore  be  supposed  that,  before  being  set  free  in  the 
serous  cavity,  these  parasites  are  at  first  encysted  in  the  substance 
of  the  membrane,  and  that  they  are  probably  brought  there  from 
the  stomach  or  intestine  by  the  blood- circulation.  At  Toulouse 
the  Dithyridium  has  been  found  in  25  per  cent,  of  the  Cats 
examined. 

We  have  found  5 young  Plerocercoides  in  the  peritoneal  cavity  of 
an  Ichneumon  ( Herpestes  Ichneumon ),  4 in  the  same  cavity  of  a Pole- 
cat ; and  a great  number  in  the  peritoneal  and  pleural  cavities,  as 
well  as  beneath  the  visceral  serous  membrane  of  the  liver  and  lungs, 
of  a Fox. 

Echinococci. — Six  instances  are  known  of  Echinococci  in  the 
peritoneal  cavity  of  Dogs,  and  in  all  the  infested  animals  were 
considered  dropsical. 

The  first  is  due  to  J.  Hartmann,  who,  in  1694,  found  in  the  peritoneum  of  a 
Dog  such  a large  number  of  hydatids,  as  to  fill  several  plates  with  them. 
Their  volume  varied  from  that  of  a pea  to  a hen’s  egg  ; some  were  free,  others 
adhered  to  the  peritoneum  and  to  all  the  organs  it  covered  ; the  liver  alone 
was  penetrated  by  them,  but  these  were  generally  of  small  size.  Although 
Hartmann  mistook  the  nature  of  these  hydatids,  yet  this  cannot  be  doubtful 
when  the  two  following  instances  are  considered. 

The  second  published  observation  belongs  to  Reimann.  The  majority  of 
the  Echinococci  varied  in  size,  from  that  of  a hazel-nut  to  a small  hen*s  egg  ; 
the  smallest  was  as  big  as  a pea,  the  largest  as  voluminous  as  a man’s  fist. 
They  belonged  to  simple  types — endogenous  and  exogenous — the  latter 
predominating.  The  scolices  were  abundant ; but  there  were,  nevertheless, 
many  acephalocysts.  The  hydatids  were  spread  over  the  whole  of  the 
peritoneal  cavity,  even  into  the  pelvic  cavity  and  the  vaginal  sac  around  the 
testicles  ; but  there  were  none  on  the  parietal  or  visceral  serous  membrane, 
nor  yet  in  the  interior  of  the  abdominal  organs.  Those  which  were  not  free 
adhered  to  the  mesentery  or  omentum.  Their  quantity  was  considerable,  and 
they  weighed  about  8,872  grammes,  of  which  6,672  were  made  up  of  free 
Echinococci  from  the  peritoneal  cavity,  and  these  were  six  litres  by  measure. 
The  total  number  was  estimated  at  3,000.  The  parietal  serous  membrane 
was  inflamed  in  places. 

The  other  cases  occurred  in  our  own  experience.  In  the  first,  which  may 
serve  as  a type,  with  the  exception  of  three  vesicles,  the  size  of  a nut,  all  had 
a volume  varying  from  that  of  a pin’s  head  to  that  of  a pea  ; in  this  respect 
they  approached  the  type  of  the  multilocular  Echinococcus.  Our  persevering 
search  could  not  enable  us  to  discover  a single  head,  and  it  is  known  that 
they  are  somewhat  rare  in  the  multilocular  Echinococci.  Nearly  all  the 
hydatids  belonged  to  the  exogenous  type  ; and  they  measured,  with  the  clear 
fluid  in  which  they  were  suspended,  between  4 and  5 litres.  It  was  not  possible 
to  count  them,  but  there  were  certainly  more  than  100,000.  Besides  filling 


PARASITES  OF  THE  SEROUS  MEMBRANES 


473 


the  peritoneal  cavity,  they  adhered  here  and  there  on  different  parts  of  its 
surface  ; and  they  were  also  found  in  the  middle  lobe  of  the  liver — which  was 
lull  of  them — and  in  the  omental  fissure  of  the  spleen.  There  was  general 
chronic  peritonitis. 

These  observations  are  remarkable  for  the  enormous  quantity  of 
hydatids  found  in  each  ; and  in  this  respect  they  have  some  analogy 
with  that  of  Anel,  having  reference  to  a dropsical  Man.  The  small 
size  of  the  vesicles,  their  great  number,  and  the  absence  of  scolices, 
class  them  with  the  multilocular  Echinococci. 

With  regard  to  the  origin  of  these  Echinococci  of  the  Dog,  this  is 
inexplicable.  In  the  two  last  observations — and  probably  in  the 
first — the  Dogs  did  not  harbour  the  Tcsnia  echinococcus  in  their 
intestine  ; but  as  they  might  have  been  bearers  of  it  previously, 
there  is  reason  to  ask  if  exceptional  auto-infestation  had  not  taken 
place  by  one  or  more  Taeniae,  the  embryos  of  which  could  pass 
spontaneously  through  the  intestinal  wall,  or  be  favoured  by  some 
primary  lesion  ; for  in  the  spleen  of  our  Dog  there  was  found  a 
sewing  needle,  that  had  probably  come  from  the  intestine.  In  order 
to  verify  this  hypothesis,  we  have  on  several  occasions  introduced 
living  and  mature  Tcenia  echinococcus  into  the  peritoneal  cavity  of  a 
number  of  Dogs,  but  with  negative  results.  This  might  have  been 
anticipated,  as  the  ova  had  not  previously  undergone  the  erosive 
action  of  the  gastric  juice,  which  is  necessary  in  order  to  set  the 
embryos  free. 

Linguatula. — In  each  of  two  Cats,  we  have  met  with  a free  larval  form  of 
Linguatula  denticulatum  in  the  peritoneal  cavity. 

Pentastoma. — Bochefontaine  has  found  in  an  experimental  Dog,  in  apparent 
good  condition,  thousands  of  free  agamous  Pentastomes  in  the  peritoneal 
cavity,  or  lodged  in  cysts  on  the  hepatic  peritoneum,  or  in  the  mesentery  ; each 
cyst  containing  only  one  parasite.  These  larvae  were  16  mm.  long  and  2 mm. 
to  3 mm.  broad  ; they  were  white,  cylindrical,  moniliform,  the  extremities 
being  rounded,  about  equal,  but  a little  attenuated  behind.  Megnin  con- 
sidered them — but  without  sufficient  cause — as  belonging  to  the  Pentastoma 
moniliforme  Dies.,  which,  in  the  adult  state,  is  only  found  in  the  lung  of  the 
striped  Python. 

Birds. — Baillet  found  in  the  peritoneal  cavity  of  a Fowl,  three  Cysticerci 
the  size  of  a millet-seed,  each  of  them  being  isolated  in  a cyst.  The  head  had 
four  suckers,  but  no  proboscis  or  hooks. 

The  Filaria  cygni  Rud.,  found  by  Redi,  has  already  been  studied  in  dealing 
wfith  the  intestinal  worms  of  the  Swan. 


BOOK  IV 

PARASITES  OF  THE  RESPIRATORY  APPARATUS 

Parasitism  of  the  respiratory  organs  is  very  frequent.  Their  wide, 
constant,  and  necessary  communication  with  the  atmosphere, 
permits  the  innumerable  germs  floating  about  in  it  to  penetrate  to 
their  inmost  recesses.  Parasites,  in  the  larval  condition  and  of  very 
small  dimensions,  may  also  find  their  way  into  them  during  the 
prehension  of  food  and  drinking  of  water — agents  which  afford  these 
minute  creatures  shelter,  or  serve  as  transitory  vehicles.  They 
enter  by  the  nostrils  or  the  mouth,  untilizing  the  communication  of 
the  latter  cavity  with  the  vestibule  of  the  air-passages. 

Parasites  may  also  arrive  at  the  lungs  by  travelling  from  the 
stomach  or  intestines,  which  at  certain  points  they  can  only  do  by 
boring  through  the  walls  of  these,  and  passing  through  the  dia- 
phragm and  the  serous  membranes  covering  it.  Perhaps  they  may 
also  reach  the  respiratory  organs  in  being  carried  passively  by  the 
blood,  in  those  vessels  which  they  meet  with  during  their  active 
migrations.  The  air  in  the  breathing  apparatus  constitutes  one 
of  the  conditions  that  determine  the  habitat  of  several  of  these 
parasites. 

In  consequence  of  their  great  sensitiveness,  the  respiratory  organs 
are  not  very  indifferent  to  the  presence  of  parasites,  which  usually 
betray  their  existence  in  them  by  well-marked  symptoms,  which 
are  furnished  by  the  semeiology  proper  to  these  organs.  The 
disturbances  that  ensue  in  the  respiration  are  sometimes  so  serious 
as  to  jeopardize  the  health  of  the  host ; but  they  otherwise  vary 
according  to  whether  the  parasites  are  lodged  at  the  commencement 
or  in  the  depths  of  this  apparatus. 


474 


A.— DOMESTICATED  MAMMALIA 


CHAPTER  I 

PARASITES  OF  THE  NASAL  CAVITIES  AND  LARYNX 

We  have  already  seen  (p.  281)  that  the  Hcemopis,  which  prefers  the 
hard  and  soft  palate  and  pharynx  of  the  Horse,  may  also  be  found 
in  the  nasal  cavities  and  entrance  to  the  larynx.  We  have  also 
noted  that  when  the  larvae  of  the  Gastrophilus  become  fixed  on 
the  margin  of  the  epiglottis,  or  the  vicinity  of  the  larynx,  of  the 
Horse,  they  occasion  very  frequent  fits  of  coughing  that  may 
terminate  in  asphyxia. 

Beyond  the  more  or  less  exceptional  instances,  the  special 
parasites  of  the  nasal  cavities  are  Coccidia  in  the  Rabbit,  Lin- 
guatula  in  the  Dog,  and  the  larva  of  the  F strides  in  the  Sheep, 
Camel,  and  Deer. 


Article  I. — Nasal  Coccidiosis  of  the  Rabbit. 

This  affection,  described  by  Ziirn  under  the  names  of  Rhinitis 
or  Psorospermic  Catarrh , and  Malignant  Catarrhal  Fever  of  Rabbits , 
appears  to  be  common  in  Germany.  It  is  due  to  invasion  of  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  nose,  pharynx,  and  middle  ear  by  coccidia, 
which  probably  are  identical  with  Coccidium  cuniculi  (Rivolta). 

The  symptoms  comprise  dulness,  loss  of  appetite,  unthrifty 
coat,  profuse  nasal  discharge,  aud  excessive  salivation — the  saliva 
wetting  the  muzzle,  lips,  breast,  and  fore  legs.  Frequent  sneezing 
and  fits  of  coughing  ; increasing  fever,  laboured  respiration,  and 
aggravation  of  all  the  symptoms.  Death  takes  place  in  con- 
vulsions. 

The  nasal  catarrh  may  be  complicated  by  sore  throat,  with 
difficulty  in  mastication  and  deglutition,  and  by  laryngeal  rattling, 
which  is  most  marked  during  feeding.  Sometimes  there  is  a 
purulent  conjunctivitis,  with  non-encysted  coccidia  in  the  dis- 
charge. When  the  middle  ear  is  attacked  the  animal  inclines  the 
head — at  first  only  when  eating,  then  permanently — to  a degree 

475 


476 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


that  sometimes  one  eye  looks  upwards  and  the  other  towards  the 
ground. 

This  disease  is  usually  accompanied  by  intestinal  coccidiosis,  and 
its  progress  is  very  rapid.  The  principal  lesions  are  intense  inflam- 
mation of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  nose  and  pharynx :j  the 
nasal  cavities  contain  a reddish-yellow  fluid  composed  of  mucus 
and  blood  serum  mixed  with  coccidia  and  pus  cells. 

When  the  ear  is  affected,  the  lining  of  the  middle  ear,  Eustachian 
tube,  and  external  auditory  canal  is  inflamed.  Purulent  mucus 
fills  the  cavity  of  the  tympanum,  and  the  membrana  tympani  may 
be  perforated.  Coccidia  are  found  under  the  epithelium  and  within 
the  epithelial  cells.  The  inflammatory  process  sometimes  extends 
to  the  labyrinth,  and  the  vessels  of  the  cerebral  dura  mater  may  be 
much  injected. 

The  treatment  is  the  same  as  that  already  indicated  for  Hepatic 
Coccidiosis. 


Article  II. — Linguatulida. 

The  Linguatules  are  the  most  interesting  species  of  the  order 
Linguatulida,  which  is  thus  characterized  : 

Endoparasitic  Arachnida,  with  an  elongated,  vermiform,  and  annulated 
body.  Mouth  destitute  of  jaws  in  the  adult,  and  surrounded  by  two  pairs  of 
hooks  representing  rudimentary  legs.  No  heart.  Respiration  cutaneous. 

This  order  only  comprises  the  two  genera,  Pentastoma  and 
Linguatula,  separated  by  Railliet,  and  already  indicated  by 
Leuckart  as  sub -genera.  Their  characters  are  as  follows  : 

Pentastoma  (Rud.). — Body  cylindroid,  with  continuous  cavity.  This  genus 
has  no  representative  in  the  domesticated  animals,  unless  it  be  a larval  form 
once  found  in  the  peritoneum  of  a Dog. 

Linguatula  (Frolich). — Body  depressed,  dorsal  surface  rounded,  borders 
crenellated,  the  cavity  of  the  body  forming  diverticuli  in  the  lateral  parts  of 
the  rings  or  segments. 

The  species  which  the  domesticated  animals  harbour  is  very 
often  named,  in  the  adult  state,  Linguatula  tcenioides. 

Linguatula  tsen'oides  ( Linguatula  rliinaria  Pilger,  Pentastoma  tcenioides  Rud.). 
— Body  white,  lanceolated,  very  elongated,  vermiform,  flattened  from  above  to 
below,  the  ventral  surface  nearly  plane,  the  dorsal  surface  rounded  ; anterior 
extremity  broad  and  rounded  ; posterior  extremity  attenuated.  Cephalo- 
thorax  short,  and  joined  throughout  its  breadth  to  the  abdomen,  which 
is  scarcely  distinct,  and  which  forms  by  far  the  greater  part  of  the  body. 
Integuments  show  about  ninety  rings  or  segments,  widest  in  their  middle, 
which  causes  the  margins  of  the  body  to  be  distinctly  crenulated.  Hooks 
sharp,  curved,  bi-articulated,  the  basilar  article  attenuated  in  its  deeper 
portion.  These  hooks  are  each  retractile  in  a small  sheath  or  fossette,  and 
are  moved  by  muscular  cords  arranged  in  different  directions.  Mouth  sub- 
quadrangular,  and  rounded  at  the  angles  ; digestive  tube  simple  and  recti- 
linear ; anus  terminal.  Male  white,  18  mm.  to  20  mm.  long,  3 mm.  broad  in 
front,  *5  behind,  and  provided  with  two  sacciform  testicles,  which  occupy  the 
posterior  three-fourths  of  the  cavity  of  the  body.  Female  greyish- white, 
often  rendered  brown  by  the  ova  placed  along  the  middle  line,  where  the 


PARASITES  OF  THE  NASAL  CAVITIES  AND  LARYNX  4 77 


integument  is  thin  and  semi-transparent  ; from  8 cm.  to  10  cm.  long,  8 mm. 
to  10  mm.  broad  in  front,  and  2 mm.  behind.  Eggs  ovoid,  90  ju  long  and 
70  ju,  broad. 

The  nervous  system  is  composed  of  a non- oesophageal  ganglion,  the  two  lobes 
of  which  are  united  by  a commissure  passing  above  the  oesophagus,  and 
completing  the  oesophageal  ring.  It  gives  off  three  or  four  filaments  that  go 
to  the  cephalo-thoracic  organs,  and  two  long  cords 
parallel  to  the  intestine.  There  are  no  sensory 
organs,  though  Lecukart  has  described,  as  tactile 
organs,  scarcely  visible  appendages  situated  at  the 
anterior  border  of  the  cephalo-thorax.  Organs  of 
circulation  and  respiration  are  also  absent. 


Fig.  294. — Female  Lin-  Fig.  295. — Genital  appar- 
guatula  tcenioides  ; atus  of  the  male  Lin- 
natural  size.  guatula  tcenioides. — 

Leuckart. 

t,  testicles  ; vs,  seminal 
vesicle  ; g,  glandular  por- 
tion of  the  deferent 
canals ; /,  flagellum  ; p, 
penis  coiled  up. 


Fig.  296. — Anatomy  of 
the  female  Linguatula 
tcenioides. — Leuckart. 
b,  mouth  ; d,  digestive 
canal ; a,  anus ; ov, 
ovary ; do,  do',  oviducts  ; 
vc,  vc',  copulatory 
pouches  ; u,  vagina  or 
uterus. 


Evolution. — The  female  Linguatula  tcenioides  deposits  its  ova  in 
the  nasal  cavities  of  the  Dog  which  is  its  bearer.  These  ova  are 
expelled  along  with  mucus  during  the  fits  of  sneezing  induced  by 
the  presence  of  the  parasite.  Those  which  fall  on  the  grass  of 
pastures  or  on  forage  are  retained  there,  surrounded  by  mucus,  and 
may  in  this  state  resist  atmospheric  influences  for  several  weeks. 
If  this  soiled  grass  or  forage  be  eaten  by  any  herbivorous  animal — 


478 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Sheep,  Rabbit,  Ox,  etc. — the  shell  of  the  eggs  is  dissolved,  and  the 
embryos,  which  had  begun  to  appear  immediately  after  the  eggs 
were  laid,  are  set  at  liberty  in  the  intestine  of  the  new  host. 


Fig.  297. — First  phases  of  the  evolution  of  the  Linguatula  tcenioides. — 

Leuckart. 

A,  egg  magnified  200  times,  and  containing  an  embryo  ; B,  acariform,  tetra- 
pod,  free  embryo  ; C,  nympha  or  pupa  9 weeks  old  ; a , anus  ; b,  mouth. 


This  embryo  has  a certain  resemblance  to  the  Acarina  (Fig.  297,  B). 
It  is  ovoid,  flat  on  the  ventral  surface,  round  on  the  dorsal  surface, 
and  constricted  and  dentated  at  its  posterior 
extremity.  It  measures  130  tx  long,  and  60  /x 
broad  ; it  is  furnished  with  two  pairs  of  articu- 
lated, bi-ungulated  legs,  and  at  its  anterior 
part  it  has  a perforating  apparatus  formed  by 
a median  stylet  and  two  curved  hooks.  By 
means  of  this  apparatus  it  bores  through  the 
wall  of  the  digestive  tube,  and  reaches  the 
organ  in  which  it  is  to  be  encysted — mesenteric 
glands,  liver,  lungs,  etc. 

Arrived  at  this  first  destination,  it  loses  its 
rostrum  and  legs,  and  is  transformed  into  a 
motionless,  rolled-up  pupa,  showing  no  trace 
of  segments,  hooks,  or  bristles,  and  measuring 
250  fj < to  300  [x  long,  by  180  fx  broad  (Fig.  297, 
C).  At  the  end  of  eight  weeks  after  infestation, 
Leuckart  observed  these  encysted  nymphae. 
Some  time  afterwards  they  are  transformed 
larva  of  the  Lin-  into  secondary  larva?  by  a series  of  successive 
guatula  t&ni-  moultings  (Fig.  298).  The  body  is  elongated, 
broader  in  front,  and  divided  into  80  to  90 
segments,  which  have  a series  of  fine  points  on 
their  posterior  border.  The  digestive  canal  is 
very  wide ; the  mouth  is  elliptical,  and  encircled  by  four 
characteristic  hooks,  as  well  as  accessory  ones.  This  larva  is 
agamous,  for  its  genital  organs  are  only  represented  by  a small 


Fig.  298. — Lingua- 
tula denticulatum, 


oides  ; magnified 
10  diameters. — 
Railliet. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  NASAL  CAVITIES  AND  LARYNX  479 


granular  mass  situated  in  the  posterior  part  of  the  body.  Towards 
the  sixth  or  seventh  month,  the  larva  is  completely  developed, 
measures  6 mm.  to  8 mm.,  and  represents  that  which  has  been 
designated  the  Linguatula  denticulatum. 

After  a certain  time,  these  mature  larvae  begin  to  move  by  means 
of  their  hooks  and  the  chitinous  spicules  on  their  skin,  which 
prevent  slipping  back.  They  leave  their  primary  location,  fall 
into  the  peritoneal  or  pleural  cavity,  and  the  majority  of  them  die. 
There  are  some,  however,  which  succeed  in  encysting  themselves 
on  some  other  point,  and  Colin  has  found  traces  of  these  internal 
migrations.  It  is  not  impossible — as  Gerlach  imagined — that  they 
sometimes  reach  the  bronchi,  thence  to  be  thrown  out  of  the  body 
of  the  host ; and  then  they  would  be  capable  of  resisting  desiccation 
for  a long  time,  and  returning  to  active  life  under  the  influence  of 
humidity.  It  might  also  be  admitted — according  to  the  same 


Fig.  299. — Head  of  a Dog  opened  in  the  middle,  showing  three  of  the  Lin- 
guatula tcenioides  (two  of  which  are  placed  side  by  side)  in  the  nasal 
cavities.  — Colin. 


authority — that  they  could,  after  having  attained  the  bronchi, 
reach  the  nasal  cavities  of  their  host,  and  there  become  perfect. 
In  this  way  would  be  explained  the  presence — quite  exceptional, 
it  is  true — of  the  Linguatula  tcenioides  in  the  nasal  cavities  of  the 
herbivora  ; and  the  presence  of  free  larvae  found  by  Gurlt  in  the 
trachea  of  a Hare  and  a Goat  support  this  hypothesis. 

One  thing  is  certain,  that  in  general,  these  larvae  cannot  acquire 
their  complete  development  except  in  the  respiratory  apparatus. 
They  only  survive  a few  days  after  they  leave  their  original  host 
unless  the  viscera  of  this  is  devoured  by  a carnivorous  animal, 
a Dog,  for  example.  Then  these  agamous  Lingua tules  reach  the 
nasal  cavities  of  their  new  host,  either  by  the  nostrils,  the  guttural 
openings,  or  in  ascending  from  the  oesophagus  or  pharynx.  Gerlach 
admits  also  that  they  may  arrive  in  the  trachea,  after  passing 
through  the  wall  of  the  stomach,  and  the  peritoneum,  pleura,  and 
lungs.  Once  installed  in  the  nasal  cavities,  toward  the  third  week 


480  TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

in  one  moulting  they  lose  their  numerous  spicules — which  have  now 
become  useless — and  wear  a simple  smooth  skin.  At  the  same  time, 
the  genital  organs  complete  their  development — those  of  the  male 
sooner  than  those  of  the  female.  They  may  copulate  about  the 
end  of  the  sixth  or  seventh  week. 

The  area  they  occupy  is  somewhat  limited.  The  males  are 
nomadic,  and  will  be  found  at  different  points  in  the  nasal  cavities 
— even  in  the  pharynx  and  larynx,  no  doubt  in  search  of  the  non- 
fecundated  females  ; but  most  frequently  they  are  hidden  away 
in  corners.  The  females  are  more  sedentary,  but — contrary  to  the 
assertion  of  Chabert — they  are  never  found  in  the  ethmoidal  cells, 
and  it  is  only  after  the  death  of  their  hosts  that  they  wander  into 
the  pharnyx,  and  even  into  the  larynx.  Gelle  found  one  in  the 
middle  ear  of  a Dog,  where  it  had  penetrated  by  the  Eustachian 
tube.  Exceptionally  they  pass  into  the  frontal  sinus,  in  which  they 
are  sometimes  found  half  engaged.  But  in  general  they  are  only 
met  with  at  the  bottom  of  the  meatuses,  between  the  turbinated 
bones,  and  in  the  interstices  between  the  ethmoidal  volutes — their 
favourite  abode  being  the  wide  and  regular  hollow  that  constitutes 
the  cul-de-sac  of  the  middle  meatus.  There  they  are  shelteied 
from  the  respiratory  currents  of  air,  while  the  secretion  of  the 
mucous  membrane — rich  in  glands — provides  them  with  an  abun- 
dant alimentation. 

But  little  developed  at  the  time  of  coupling,  the  females  soon 
after  this  event  assume  their  definite  size,  chiefly  owing  to  the 
accumulation  of  eggs  in  their  oviduct.  The  number  of  these  is 
considerable,  Leuckart  estimating  them  at  500,000  in  one  female. 
Ovulation  begins  towards  the  sixth  month  of  the  parasite’s  nasal 
existence,  and  is  continued  for  an  undetermined  period. 

Concisely  stated,  the  evolution  of  the  Linguatula  may  be  said  to 
comprise  four  distinct  and  successive  stages  : 1.  Acariform  embryo  ; 
2.  Encysted  nympha  ; 3.  Free  or  encysted  larva — Linguatula 
denticulatum ; 4.  Adult  state  in  the  nasal  cavities — Linguatula 
t cento  ides. 

Frequency. — The  majority  of  authorities  consider  the  Lingu- 
atula tcenioides  as  a rare  parasite  in  the  nasal  cavities  of  the  Dog  ; 
but  Colin,  on  the  contrary,  has  asserted  that  it  is  very  common, 
at  least  in  Central  France  ; in  630  Dogs  which  he  had  opened  within 
two  years  at  Alfort,  at  all  seasons,  64  of  them  had  from  1 to  11 — 
in  all,  146  parasites — a proportion  of  about  10  per  cent.  But  it 
would  not  appear  to  be  the  same  at  Toulouse,  for  in  60  Dogs  ex- 
amined with  this  special  object,  only  5 furnished  Linguatules,  the 
number  of  which  varied  from  1 to  4. 

A knowledge  of  the  migrations  of  these  parasites  allows  us  to 
understand  their  extreme  rarity  in  house  Dogs,  and  their  relative 
fiequency  in  shepherds’  or  butchers’  Dogs,  as  well  as  in  street 
Dogs. 

Action  of  the  Adult  Parasite. — The  Linguatula  tcenioides  has 
been  met  with  in  the  nasal  cavities  of  the  Hoise,  Mule,  Sheep,  Goat, 


PA RA SITES  OF  THE  NA SA L CA  VITIES  AND  LAR YNX  48 1 


and  even  of  Man.  But  its  natural  host  being  the  Dog,  it  is  chiefly 
in  this  animal  that  the  symptoms  due  to  its  presence  are  known, 
and  these  chiefly  through  experimentation. 

Chabert  had  manifestly  exaggeiated  these  symptoms,  and  this 
appears  to  have  been  suspected  by  his  contemporaries.  Colin  has 
been  able  to  note  them  from  day  to  day,  and  so  to  settle  the 
question. 

In  wandering  into  the  nasal  cavities,  the  hooks  of  the  parasites 
produce  a slight  irritation  of  the  pituitary  membrane,  and  hence 
some  slight  sneezings  which  would  not  usually  attract  attention. 
After  some  time,  when  the  parasites  have  become  more  developed, 
they  hinder  the  passage  of  air  into  the  nasal  cavities.  Then  the 
sneezing  is  more  frequent,  sudden,  irregular,  and  sometimes  long 
continued — especially  when  the  respiration  has  been  accelerated 
by  running.  Occasionally  the  animals  stop  anxiously,  take  very 
deep  respirations,  open  the  mouth,  and  attempt  to  swallow.  These 
periods  of  agitation  are  alternated  with  others  of  perfect  calm. 
Sleep  is  often  disturbed  by  difficult  inspirations  and  attacks  of 
sneezing  ; some  animals  ^appear  to  be  even  threatened  with  asphyxia, 
and  in  their  agony  raise  their  paws  to  the  nose,  as  if  to  remove 
some  obstacle  to  their  breathing.  They  become  irritable,  but  rarely 
to  such  a degree  as  to  lead  to  the  belief  that  they  are  suffering  from 
epilepsy  or  rabies. 

We  have  mentioned  that,  during  these  fits  of  sneezing,  the  Dog 
ejects  mucus  charged  with  ova  ; it  may  also  throw  out  the  parasites, 
as  has  often  been  noticed. 

It  is  doubtful  if  the  epistaxis  remarked  in  affected  Dogs  should 
be  attiibuted  to  the  presence  of  these  parasites  ; for  in  the  majority 
of  cases  the  animals  are  also  suffering  from  intestinal  anchylos- 
tomiasis,  or  essential  anaemia. 

The  Lingua tules  may,  in  becoming  displaced  in  the  respiratory 
apparatus,  cause  fatal  asphyxia  ; although  those  that  are  found 
in  the  larynx  are  generally  introduced  there  after  death  (Colin). 
‘ Professor  Dick  relates  an  interesting  fact  with  regard  to  this. 
It  was  the  case  of  a Dog  in  perfect  health,  which  died  suddenly, 
and  at  the  autopsy  there  was  found  nothing  that  could  account  for 
death,  except  three  Linguatules  lodged — one  in  the  larynx,  another 
in  the  trachea,  and  a third  in  the  left  bronchus.  Cobbold  explains 
this  displacement,  by  observing  that  the  animal  had  gone  out  in 
the  morning — it  being  winter — and  that  probably  the  action  of 
the  cold  air  had  caused  the  parasites  to  wander  in  search  of  warmth  ; 
hence  resulted  the  asphyxia  ’ (Railliet). 

The  duration  of  sojourn  of  these  parasites  in  the  nasal  cavities 
may  be  very  long.  Colin  has  known  it  to  exceed  fifteen  months. 
Eventually,  however,  they  are  expelled  or  perish  sur  place , and 
with  them  disappear  the  symptoms. 

According  to  Colin,  the  lesions  are  in  reality  insignificant.  The 
pituitary  membrane  retains  its  normal  characters  4 so  completely 
that,  without  the  aid  of  the  hand-lens,  the  practised  eye  would  have 

31 


482 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


great  difficulty  in  discovering  the  slight  imprints  of  their  microsco- 
pical hooks.’  Leuckart  has  noted  a little  injection  and  softening 
of  the  mucous  membrane.  When,  exceptionally,  the  parasites 
have  located  themselves  in  the  frontal  sinuses,  the  mucous  mem- 
brane is  slightly  inflamed,  and  there  is  a small  collection  of  muco-pus. 

The  preventive  treatment  consists  in  keeping  Dogs  away  from  the 
entrails  of  Sheep,  Rabbits,  etc.,  which  may  contain  agamous 
Linguatules  ; though  the  slight  gravity  of  this  nasal  parasitism 
would  scarcely  justify  this  measure  if  it  did  not,  at  least,  have  its 
utility  with  regard  to  other  parasitic  affections — such  as  those  due 
to  the  bladder-worms  and  Taeniae. 

There  is  no  need  to  have  recourse,  in  curative  treatment , to  tre- 
phining of  the  frontal  sinuses,  as  advised  by  Chabert,  as  these 
cavities  are  not  the  usual  habitat  of  the  parasites.  Injections  are 
more  indicated,  and  for  these  dilute  ammonia  or  benzine,  or,  better, 
empyreumatic  oil  mixed  with  an  infusion  of  savory — i oz.  of  the 
first  in  12  oz.  of  the  second  (Chabert) — may  be  employed.  These 
irritating  injections  should  be  followed  by  emollient  fumigations. 
Inhalations  of  ammonia  or  chloroform  might  be  tried  (as  might 
also  tobacco-smoke,  or  the  fumes  of  chlorine  or  burning  sulphur). 
The  insufflation  of  errhine  powders,  and  especially  snuff,  does  not 
give  favourable  results. 

Action  of  the  Larval  Linguatula. — The  agamous  or  denticulated 
Linguatula  is  sometimes  found  encysted  and  sometimes  in  the  free 
state,  in  the  abdominal  or  thoracic  viscera  of  a large  number  of 
animals,  and  it  is  frequent  in  the  Sheep.  The  mesenteric  glands 
which  are  commencing  to  be  filled  with  Linguatules,  at  first  do  not 
show  in  their  appearance  anything  that  might  cause  suspicion  of 
the  presence  of  these  parasites.  But  soon  they  become  brown  in 
places,  are  diminished  in  consistence,  seem  shrivelled  up,  and  are 
hollowed  out  by  little  cavities  full  of  larvae.  These  cavities  are  at 
first  separate  from  each  other,  but  often  end  in  communicating  as 
they  enlarge,  the  substance  of  the  gland  being  destroyed  and  trans- 
formed into  a brown  fluid,  in  which  the  Linguatules  swim  about. 
Sometimes  there  are  observed  certain  glands,  on  the  surface  of 
which  are  openings  with  regular  borders,  by  which  the  parasites 
have  made  their  escape,  to  wander  elsewhere.  At  other  times  the 
surface  of  these  glands  has  irregular  greenish  spots,  fibrinous 
deposits  and  false  membranes,  which  appear  to  indicate  a recent 
departure  or  the  destruction  of  the  parasites.  The  glands  which 
are  altered  in  these  several  ways  are  scarcely  permeable  to  the 
chyle,  and  nutrition  must  therefore  be  unfavourably  influenced. 

We  do  not  know  how  long  the  parasites  remain  in  the  glands. 
We  have  seen  that  they  die  in  their  habitat  or  emigrate,  wander 
through  the  peritoneal  cavity,  and  gain  the  liver  or  lungs  ; traces 
of  their  wanderings  can  be  found  in  the  various  organs. 

Ox. — Babes  has  noticed  that  the  Linguatula  denticula'um  is  very  frequent 
in  Roumanian  Oxen,  especially  those  in  the  region  of  the  Danube.  Of 
35  Oxen  killed  in  different  localities,  not  one  was  free  from  the  parasites. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  NASAL  CAVITIES  AND  LARYNX  483 


They  were  first  found  in  the  mesenteric  glands,  which  showed  alterations 
similar  to  those  that  occur  in  Sheep.  The  parasites  left  the  glands,  and 
crawled  on  the  external  surface  of  the  peritoneum,  where  they  were  often  found 
between  the  folds  of  the  mesentery.  They  reached  the  intestine  in  passing 
through  its  wall,  in  which  they  were  often  noticed  in  process  of  penetration,  or 
haemorrhagic  spots  or  cicatricial  traces  marked  their  emigration. 

Horse. — Csokor  has  found  a Linguatula  denticulatum  in  the  liver  of  a 
Horse. 

Cat. — In  76  Cats  we  have  examined,  we  only  found  5 infested  with  the 
Linguatula  denticulatum  : a Cat  had  one  in  the  pleural  cavity,  another  had  one 
in  the  peritoneal  cavity,  and  the  others  had  1 to  5 on  the  surface  of  the  lungs  ; 
they  were  isolated,  and  coiled  up  in  small  subpleural  abscesses. 

Dog. — In  treating  of  the  parasites  of  the  serous  membranes,  we  mentioned 
the  larval  Linguatules  found  by  Bochefontaine  in  the  peritoneal  cavity  of  a 
Dog. 


Article  III. — Larvae  of  the  (Estrus. 

The  larvae  which  live  in  the  sinuses  of  the  head  of  the  Sheep 
belong  to  several  species  of  the  genus  (Estrus  (Linn.),  as  it  has  been 
established  by  Schiner. 

This  genus,  in  Brauer’s  classification,  enters  into  the  group  that  has  wings 
with  a trans\  erse  terminal  nervule  ; the  latter  is  somewhat  oblique  with 
regard  to  the  posterior  border  of  the  wing,  the  first  cell  of  which  is  closed  and 
lengthily  pedicellated.  The  species  of  this  genus  are  generally  of  small 
size,  with  short  and  feeble  legs,  and  short  and  scanty  hairs  of  a silvery  tint. 
Examined  at  their  third  stage,  the  larvae  have  a single  pair  of  jaws,  two  small 
membranous  antennae,  each  carrying  two  oculiform  points  ; the  stigmatic 
plates  of  the  last  segment  are  irregularly  pentagonal. 


Fig.  300. — Wing  of  the  (Estrus  ovis  ; Fig.  301.  — (Estrus  of  the  Sheep; 

magnified  5 diameters. — Railliet.  natural  size. 

Brauer  describes  four  species  of  (Estrus,  only  one  of  which — the 
Estrus  ovis — manifestly  lives  in  the  larval  state  in  the  sinuses  of 
the  Sheep,  and  probably  also  the  Goat  (Railliet). 

(Estrus  ovis  (Linn.,  Cephalomyia  ovis  Latreille).  A small  species,  of  a 
yellowish-grey  hue,  and  slightly  hairy.  Face  yellow ; buccal  pieces  testaceous. 
Upper  surface  of  the  thorax  of  a brownish-grey,  granular,  and  streaked  by 
obscure  or  nebulous  lines.  Abdomen  marbled  and  spotted  with  white, 
yellow,  and  black,  covered  with  fine  hairs  behind,  having  a silky  hue.  Wings 
hyaline  and  transparent,  marked  at  their  base  by  three  black  points.  Length 
of  the  body  10  mm.  to  12  mm. 

This  species  is  very  widespread,  being  found  throughout  Europe, 
in  Asia,  Africa,  and  the  Canary  Islands,  as  well  as  in  the  two 
Americas. 

Like  the  other  (Estridae,  it  lives  in  the  perfect  state  during  the 
warm  season — from  the  middle  of  May  to  the  month  of  October — 
and  it  only  flies  in  dry  and  warm  weather.  It  hides  in  holes  and 

31—2 


484 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


crevices  in  the  walls  of  the  sheepfolds,  which  it  leaves  when  coupling 
time  has  arrived  and  the  temperature  is  sufficiently  high.  It  then 
flies  in  a lively  manner  to  greater  elevations,  and  rests  on  rocks 
warmed  by  the  sun.  The  fecundated  female  now  goes  in  search  of 
flocks  of  Sheep,  which  are  afraid  of  its  approach,  and  to  avoid  it 
lie  down,  bury  their  nose  in  the  dust  between  their  fore-feet,  or  are 
huddled  together  with  their  heads  down.  According  to  Bracy- 
Clark,  they  raise  clouds  of  dust  to  deceive  their  enemy.  It  is 
during  rumination  that  the  insect  finds  a particularly  favourable 
time  for  depositing  its  progeny.  Its  small  size,  grey  colour,  and 
the  rapidity  of  its  flight,  do  not  allow  its  ovulation  to  be  observed  ; 
but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  it  does  take  place  on  the  nose  of  the 
Sheep.  As  soon,  in  fact,  as  these  animals  have  been  touched  by 
the  (Estrus,  they  become  excited,  run  in  every  direction,  hold  down 
their  nose  and  rub  it  against  the  ground  or  against  their  feet,  often 
look  anxiously  around  them,  sneeze  and  snort,  and  seek  ditches, 
furrows,  and  dusty  roads.  Owing  to  the  repeated  rubbings,  the 
nostrils  are  often  abraded  and  inflamed. 

Evolution. — The  non-fecundated  ova  are  reniform.  With  Dufour  and 
Cockerill,  Brauer  is  inclined  to  admit  that  they  are  hatched  in  the  body  of  the 
female.  However  this  may  be,  the  larvae  enter  the  nasal  cavities  of  the  Sheep, 
crawl  into  the  maxillary  and  frontal  sinuses,  even  into  those  of  the  horn-cores, 
and  are  developed. 

In  the  first  stage — which  appears  to  be  the  longest — they  are  white,  trans- 
parent, measure  as  much  as  2 mm.  long,  and  greatly  resemble  those  of  the 
Gastrophilus  of  the  Horse.  During  the  second  stage  they  are  about  6 mm.  long, 
are  yellowish-white  in  colour,  have  no  spines,  except  a few  around  the  mouth 
and  on  the  ventral  surface  of  the  last  segment ; the 
stigmatic  plates  differ  little  from  those  of  the  adult 
larvae. 

The  latter,  during  the  third  stage,  are  a little  broader 
behind  than  in  front.  Their  ventral  surface  is  plane  ; 
the  dorsal  surface  is  convex,  and  on  each  side  has  two 
series  of  prominences  placed  one  above  the  other,  and 
separated  by  a zigzag  line.  The  middle  part  is  smooth, 
Fig.  302. — Ova  of  and  shows — from  the  second  to  the  tenth  segment — 
the  Sheep  (Estrus  ; a nude  and  fusiform  ring.  At  its  inferior  surface 
highly  magnified,  each  segment  from  the  third  has  on  its  anterior  border 
several  series  of  red-pointed  spiniform  tubercles.  The 
cephalic  segment  is  furnished  with  two  dark-brown  mandibular  hooks,  the 
points  of  which  are  curved  downwards,  outwards,  and  backwards.  Between 
the  base  of  these  hooks  is  the  buccal  depression,  small  and  nude.  Above 
are  two  short  and  thick  antennae.  The  last  segment  is  sharply  truncated 
upwards,  and  shows  a circular  margin  projecting  above  the  stigmatic 
cavity  and  a kind  of  inferior  lip,  garnished  with  small  spines  between 
two  mamelons.  The  stigmatic  plates  are  pentagonal,  with  rounded  angles,  and 
the  orifice  of  the  stigmates  is  towards  the  centre.  When  they  have  attained 
their  maturity,  the  larvae  are  at  first  white,  and  have  dark,  transverse  streaks 
on  their  segments  ; their  total  length  is  then  from  20  mm.  to  30  mm.  long, 
and  7 mm.  to  10  mm.  broad. 

The  larva  remains  about  ten  months  in  the  nasal  cavities  of  the 
Sheep.  Having  attained  its  complete  maturity,  it  detaches  itself 
from  the  mucous  membrane,  creeps  about,  and  owing  to  the  large 
opening  between  the  sinuses  and  the  middle  meatus,  it  leaves  its 


PARASITES  OF  THE  NASAL  CAVITIES  AND  LARYNX  485 


Fig.  303. — Opened 
pupa  of  the  Sheep 
(Estrus  ; magni- 
fied 3 diameters. 


abode,  passes  into  the  nose,  and  is  expelled  therefrom  by  the 
violent  snorting  it  excites  in  its  host.  Twenty-four  hours  after  its 
exit  it  is  transformed  into  a nympha  ; and 
the  shell,  which  was  at  first  soft  and  red, 
with  transverse  streaks,  is  now  brown,  then 
black,  its  upper  surface  being  convex,  and  the 
lower  concave.  The  duration  of  nymphosis 
is  from  a month  to  six  weeks,  and  the  issue 
of  the  perfect  insect  occurs  according  to  the 
mode  common  to  the  (Estridae. 

Symptoms. — It  is  usual  to  find  three  or  four 
larvae  of  the  (Estrus  in  the  frontal  sinuses  of 
Sheep,  which,  during  life,  had  not  given  any 
indication  of  their  presence.  They  rarely 
occasion  any  morbid  disturbance,  unless  they 
are  numerous  and  advanced  in  development,  at 
the  commencement  of  spring.  The  first  sign  of 
their  presence  is  a discharge  from  the  nostrils,  often  unilateral,  at  first 
clear  and  serous,  then  thick  and  mucoid.  Then  there  are  frequent 
sneezings  and  snortings,  accompanied  by  the  expulsion  of  mucus, 
and  sometimes  of  the  larvae.  Later,  the  animals  throw  the  head 
backwards,  often  shake  it,  rub  the  nose  on  the  ground,  against  some 
part  of  their  body  within  reach,  or  with  the  fore-feet.  As  the  malady 
progresses  the  Sheep  hold  their  head  low,  lift  their  limbs  high  in 
movement,  as  if  walking  in  water — their  gait  resembling  that  of 
horses  affected  with  immobility.  Sometimes  they  suddenly  throw 
up  the  head,  carry  the  nose  high,  then  move  it  convulsively.  From 
time  to  time  they  stagger  and  are  attacked  with  vertigo,  but  they 
do  not  turn  in  a circle.  In  more  serious  cases  there  is  dyspnoea, 
the  upper  air-passages  being  obstructed  by  the  larvae  or  the  inflam- 
mation of  the  pituitary  membrane.  Their  eyes  are  red  and  lachry- 
mose. The  disease  may  be  more  complicated,  th.e  animals  losing 
their  appetite  and  their  condition  ; they  grind  their  teeth  ; foamy 
saliva  flows  from  the  mouth  ; the  eyes  pirouette  in  the  orbits  ; and 
convulsions  set  in,  then  death  ensues,  sometimes  in  six  to  eight 
days  after  the  appearance  of  the  first  symptoms.  Randall,  describ- 
ing the  disease  as  he  saw  it  in  the  United  States  of  America,  states 
that  the  term  ‘ grub  in  the  head  ’ covers  many  fatal  cases  in  the  spring 
of  the  year,  but  bad  effects  from  it  are  rare.  The  symptoms  he 
mentions  are  : loss  of  condition,  without  any  assignable  cause,  in 
the  early  spring,  bloody  mucus  from  the  nostrils,  irregular  move- 
ments, and  twisting  the  head  occasionally,  as  if  in  pain.  Observers 
in  Great  Britain  have  noted  severe  distress  when  the  larvae  are 
numerous,  and  enumerate,  among  the  other  symptoms,  occasional 
cough  of  a suffocative  character,  frequent  sneezing,  impeded 
respiration,  swelling  around  the  anterior  nares,  effusion  into  the 
submaxillary  connective  tissue,  great  depression — leading  in  some 
instances  to  semi-coma — loathing  of  food,  and  diarrhoea,  some- 
times terminating  fatally. 


486  TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

But  it  is  rare  that  the  malady  reaches  this  paroxysm  ; it  con- 
tinues for  a long  time,  and  generally — the  larvae  being  ejected  one 
after  another — the  symptoms  gradually  subside,  until  they  dis- 
appear altogether. 

This  affection  has  been  sometimes  mistaken  for  1 gid,’  caused  by 
the  Ccenurus  cerebralis — whence  the  names  of  false  gid  and  CEstral 
vertigo  which  have  been  given  to  it.  But  such  a mistake  would  be 
avoided  by  remembering  that  the  Sheep  does  not  move  in  a circle 
in  this  affection,  which  is  nearly  always  accompanied  by  nasal 
discharge  and  snorting,  symptoms  which  are  absent  in  ‘ gid 
besides,  the  latter  is  generally  seen  in  young  animals. 

Lesions. — At  the  autopsy,  there  are  found  in  the  sinuses  the  still 
living  larvae  of  the  CEstrus,  the  number  of  which  is  very  variable. 
There  aie  usually  from  two  to  about  six  in  one  fourth  of  the  Sheep 
killed  from  April  to  July — at  least,  this  is  so  in  the  South  of  France  ; 

but  frequently  there  are  from  ten 
to  fifteen.  Greve  found  great 
quantities  of  larvae  in  the  Sheep 
that  graze  on  the  heaths  of  Lune- 
burg,  Hanover ; but  they  did  not 
appear  to  give  rise  to  any  manifest 
symptoms,  except  an  intense  nasal 
catarrh  (Roll).  Hertwig  mentions 
having  counted  forty  in  one 
animal,  and  Zfirn  says  he  has 
found  from  sixty  to  eighty. 

In  those  animals  which  have 
manifested  symptoms  of  parasitism 
in  the  sinuses,  the  larvae  are  found 
enveloped  in  mucus  and  pus,  which 
is  often  foetid ; they  occupy  the 
frontal  sinus  and  dependencies, 
the  horn-cores.  According  to  Hertwig,  they  may  also  be  met 
with  in  the  maxillary  sinuses.  The  mucous  membrane  is  very 
tumefied,  thickened,  and  injected — more  rarely  sphacelous  at 
some  points.  The  meninges  are  sometimes  hyperaemic,  and  there 
is  serous  effusion  into  the  two  cerebral  ventricles.  When  the  larvae 
are  very  numerous,  some  are  dead,  and  others  may  be  encountered 
in  the  larynx  and  trachea,  where  they  had  probably  wandered  after 
the  death  of  their  host. 

Bracy-Clark  states  that  young  and  old  larvae  are  generally 
present  together.  Butchers,  farmers,  and  others  often  state  that 
the  larvae  have  been  found  in  the  cranial  cavity,  and  even  in  the 
brain-substance,  and  Cobbold  received  some  carefully-recorded 
cases  in  which  they  had  been  met  with  in  that  organ  ; it  is  possible 
that,  through  absorption  of  the  cribriform  plate  of  the  ethmoid 
bone,  they  may,  in  rate  instances,  find  their  way  there. 

Prophylaxis. — With  the  view  of  preserving  Sheep  from  the 
attacks  of  the  CEstrus,  it  has  been  recommended  to  keep  them  from 


Fig.  304. — Larvse  of  the  CEstrus  in 
the  frontal  sinuses  of  the  Sheep. 
— Joly. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  NASAL  CAVITIES  AND  LARYNX  487 

grazing  — from  the  end  of  June  to  the  end  of  September  — on 
pastures  bordered  by  underwood  or  trees  ; 01  to  remove  the  scrub 
that  harbours  the  flies ; or  to  smear  the  nose  of  the  Sheep  with 
empyreumatic  oil  or  tar — a tedious  operation  in  a large  flock,  and 
one  which  has  only  an  ephemeral  advantage.  It  has  also  been 
advised  that,  as  soon  as  the  shepherd  sees  the  fly  about  the  flock, 
he  ought  to  clean  around  the  nostrils  of  the  Sheep,  so  as  to  remove 
the  larvae  that  may  have  been  deposited  there — an  onerous  pre- 
scription that  stands  little  chance  of  being  carried  out.  A more 
practical  measure  is  to  destroy  all  the  larvae  found  on  making 
autopsies  of  Sheep,  or  which  have  been  ejected  from  them  during 
life,  to  lime  wash  the  sheepfolds  from  time  to  time,  and  to  resort 
to  fumigations  during  the  absence  of  the  Sheep,  so  as  to  kill  the 
adult  flies  which  may  have  taken  refuge  there. 

In  invaded  localities,  or  during  seasons  of  extreme  prevalence, 
it  might  be  advisable  to  apply  non-poisonous  dressings — such  as 
fish-oil — around  the  muzzle  of  the  Sheep.  Automatic  application 
of  this  material,  Stockholm  tar,  or  any  other  similar  substance, 
might  be  tried  by  adopting  Walker’s  plan  ; which  is  to  place  rock 
or  culinary  salt  in  a long  box  covered  by  a lid,  perforated  with 
round  holes  about  two  inches  in  diameter,  the  upper  surface  and 
margin  of  the  holes  being  smeared  with  the  repellent  substance  ; 
so  that  every  time  the  Sheep  seek  the  salt — of  which  they  are  very 
fond — they  invoTuntarily  receive  a dressing  on  the  parts  to  be 
protected. 

It  may  be  mentioned  that  the  belief  is  entertained  that  flocks  fed 
where  ‘ broom  ’ — Cytisus  scoparius  — is  in  flower,  are  seldom 
troubled  by  the  (Estrus.  It  is  known  that  Sheep  are  very  fond 
of  this  plant,  the  pods  of  which  they  eagerly  devour,  and  these 
produce  in  them  a kind  of  intoxication.  They  lie  down  and  appear 
to  be  unable  to  walk  ; but  this  soon  passes  off,  and  leaves  no  incon- 
venience behind. 

Treatment. — Many  kinds  of  treatment  have  been  made  known, 
but  very  few  have  yielded  altogether  satisfactory  results. 

Errhines  do  not  cause  more  vigorous  sneezings  than  do  the  larvae, 
and  yet  they  are  ineffectual  in  expelling  the  deeply-seated  parasites. 
The  best  of  the  sternutatory  powders  are  tobacco  snuff  and  the 
rhizome  of  white  hellebore.  The  shepherd  introduces  the  powder 
several  times  a day  by  his  fingers  into  the  nostrils  of  the  affected 
Sheep,  or  it  may  be  blown  into  them  by  means  of  a quill.  Such 
powders  can  only  be  useful  when  the  young  larvae  are  migrating, 
as  they  generally  remain  for  several  weeks  in  the  nasal  cavities 
before  seeking  the  sinuses. 

Injections  are  unsatisfactory.  These  are  usually  composed  of 
empyreumatic  oil  suspended  in  vinegar  and  water,  or  salt  and 
water.  Benion  recommends  injections  of  a mixtuie  of  ether  and 
oil  of  turpentine  ; the  employment  of  these,  however,  must  excite 
violent  irritation  in  the  nasal  cavities.  Pyrogenous  fumigations 
are  unreliable. 


488 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


All  these  medicaments  can  only  disturb  the  larvae — they  may 
cause  them  to  be  displaced,  but  will  not  kill  them  ; for  they  have 
great  powers  of  resistance,  as  Fischer  long  ago  demonstrated. 
Injections  would  perhaps  cause  the  departure  of  the  larvae,  if  they 
could  be  introduced  directly  into  the  sinuses  by  means  of  trephining, 
or  even  resection  of  the  horns. 

Ziirn  indicates  the  following  operation  : Draw  a transverse  line, 
with  coloured  chalk,  in  the  middle  of  the  two  supra-orbital  pro- 
cesses, and  divide  by  another  longitudinal  median  line  ; then 
trephine  in  each  of  the  two  upper  angles  so  obtained,  without 
impinging  on  the  lines — the  operation  being  performed  according 
to  the  ordinary  rules  of  surgery.  The  larvae  often  creep  out  through 
these  artificial  openings,  and  they  should  then  be  carefully  destroyed. 
Those  which  are  accessible  ought  to  be  removed  by  means  of 
forceps,  and  the  others  may  be  killed  by  an  injection  of  benzine 
diluted  with  water,  this  being  an  agent  the  parasites  resist  badly. 
The  flaps  of  skin  are  then  well  cleansed,  replaced,  and  fixed  by  two 
or  three  sutures,  over  the  whole  being  laid  a piece  of  leather  steeped 
in  oil  of  turpentine.  The  Sheep  operated  upon  is  separated  from 
the  flock  for  a few  days.  Robust  Sheep  seem  to  suffer  as  little 
from  this  operation  as  they  do  from  ear-marking,  or  any  other 
trifling  operation  (Ziirn). 

When  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  the  larvae  are  in  the  diver  - 
ticuli  running  from  the  frontal  sinus  to  the  horn-cores,  we  may 
amputate  the  horns  close  to  the  forehead,  and  extract  the  larvae, 
or  kill  them  by  injection,  applying  a turpentine  bandage  over  the 
wounds  afterwards.  Sometimes  it  suffices  to  apply  the  trephine 
at  the  base  of  each  horn,  and  inject  through  the  openings. 

Surgical  intervention  is  the  most  efficacious  measure  for  gettiug 
rid  of  the  larvae,  and  it  can  be  had  recourse  to  more  especially  in 
the  ca.se  of  valuable  animals.  But  a complete  result  cannot  always 
be  reckoned  upon,  as  the  larvae  are  often  not  collected  in  the 
frontal  sinus,  and  those  in  the  maxillary  sinuses  escape  the 
injections.  Ziirn  says  he  has  many  times  opened  the  frontal  sinus, 
and  notwithstanding  the  extraction  of  from  six  to  ten  larvae, 
after  a transitory  amelioration  the  symptoms  have  reappeared. 
Generally,  when  only  a few  animals  are  attacked  they  are  carefully 
watched,  and  those  which  show  serious  symptoms  are  sent  to  the 
butcher. 

Steel  asserts  that  inhalation  of  the  fumes  of  burning  tar  mixed 
with  those  of  sulphur  causes  early  expulsion,  and  proves  particularly 
useful  when  resorted  to  for  animals  showing  early  indications  of 
invasion.  Exhibition  through  the  nostrils  of  a mixture  of  glycerin 
and  oil  of  turpentine  has  been  found  beneficial. 

CEstrus  of  the  Camel. — (Estrus  cameli  var.  Pharyngobalus. — Besides 
the  (Estrus  or  Cephalomyia  ovis,  there  are  other  Bot-flies  that 
attack  animals,  their  larvse  invading  the  upper  air-passages  of 
Deer,  Goats,  and  other  hoofed  Mammals.  The  ova  of  one  of  the 
species  which  attacks  the  Fallow-deer  are  deposited  in  the  nostrils, 


PARASITES  OF  THE  NASAL  CAVITIES  AND  LARYNX  489 


and  the  larvae  make  their  way  in  large  numbers  to  a cavity  near  the 
pharynx.  Reindeer  are  much  tormented  by  a similar  species,  the 
larvae  of  which  infest  the  cavities  of  the  head,  and  sometimes  cause 
much  destruction. 

The  Camel  often  suffers  from  the  attacks  of  its  (Estrus,  and  in 
India — particularly  during  the  campaigns  in  Afghanistan,  and  in 
North  Africa — Nile  expeditions — the  Camels  in  the  British  armies 
have  experienced  great  inconvenience.  The  continuous  irritation 
produced  in  the  nasal  cavities  and  pharynx — marked  by  snorting, 
perpetual  shaking  of  the  head,  an  offensive  sanguineous  discharge 
from  the  nostrils,  dulness  of  the  animal,  loss  of  appetite,  and 
exhaustion — led,  in  association  probably  with  other  causes,  to  much 
mortality. 

According  to  Steel,  the  Camel  Bot  is  half  as  large  again  as  that  of  the 
Horse,  is  much  softer  and  more  tapering  towards  the  hookless  extremity,  but 
broader,  rounder,  and  more  compressed  towards  the  hooked  end  ; it  is  also 
flattened  on  its  inferior  surface,  convex  on  the  superior.  This  authority 
gives  a particular  description  of  the  larva,  comparing  it  with  that  of  the 
Horse-fly. 


CHAPTER  II 

PARASITES  OF  THE  TRACHEA,  BRONCHI  AND  LUNGS 


The  most  remote  parts  of  the  respiratory  apparatus  may  be 
invaded  by  numerous  parasites.  For  some,  they  are  an  accidental 
and,  in  a way,  a facultative  habitat ; for  others,  they  are  a necessary 
lodgment.  Among  the  first,  there  are  those  that  are  only  excep- 
tionally found,  and  they  will  be  merely  mentioned  here  ; on  the 
contrary,  however,  there  are  some  which  are  most  important,  and 
which  will  be  the  object  of  special  notice  so  far  as  their  parasitic 
action  is  concerned — these  are  the  Echinococci,  Distomata,  and 
Nematodes. 

Cysticerci. — The  Cysticercus  tenuicollis  Rud.,  a parasite  of  the  serous  mem- 
branes, has  been  observed,  in  the  very  young  state,  in  the  parenchyma  of  the 
lungs  of  Lambs,  Kids,  and  Pigs  which  had  ingested  the  mature  segments  of 
the  Tcenia  marginata  (Baillet,  Leuckart,  Railliet).  Boudeaud  witnessed  a 
similar  instance  in  the  Pig,  as  the  result  of  spontaneous  infestation. 

The  Cysticercus  celluloses  Rud.,  which  is  a parasite  of  the  connective  tissue, 
has  sometimes  been  met  with  in  the  lungs  of  the  Pig  and  Dog,  and  the  Cysti- 
cercus bovis  Cobb,  in  those  of  the  Ox  (see  Measles). 

Linguatula. — The  Linguatula  tcenioides  in  the  larval  condition  may  be  found 
in  the  lungs  of  various  herbivora  and  of  the  Cat. 

Acarina. — At  the  autopsy  of  a Rabbit,  Villemin  found  ‘ the  two  lungs  full 
of  numerous  granules,  about  the  size  of  a hemp-seed  ; they  were  grey,  trans- 
parent, slightly  yellow  in  their  centre,  and  projected  from  the  surface  of  a 
section  of  the  lung.’  He  thought  at  first  that  it  was  a case  of  true  tubercle  ; 
but  on  a microscopical  examination  he  found  in  each  granule,  which  formed  a 
cyst,  a dead  ‘ acarus.’  ‘ When  compared  with  several  individuals  of  its  species, 
it  appeared  to  us  to  be  the  Acarus  of  the  Horse.’  Although  Villemin  does  not 
mention  it,  it  is  probable  that  this  Rabbit  was,  or  had  been,  affected  with 
auricular  acariasis,  due  to  the  Psoroptes  communis  var.  cuniculi.  These 
Psoroptes — similar  to  those  of  the  Horse — must  have,  after  perforation  of  the 
membrane  of  the  tympanum,  passed  from  the  Eustachian  tube  into  the  air- 
passages,  where,  in  the  lungs,  their  dead  bodies  played  the  part  of  an  irritant 
foreign  body. 


Article  I. — Pulmonary  Echinococcosis. 

The  species  liable  to  hepatic  echinococcosis  (see  p.  431)  often 
show  also,  and  generally  coincidently,  pulmonary  echinococcosis. 
Instances  of  this  condition  have  been  observed  in  the  Horse  and 

490 


PARASITES  OF  THE  TRACHEA,  BRONCHI  AND  LUNGS  491 

Ass.  Among  cattle  slaughtered  in  Berlin,  Echinococci  are  found 
more  frequently  in  the  lungs  than  in  the  liver. 

Steel  states  that  hydatic  cysts  are  of  very  frequent  occurrence  in 
the  Camel,  and  one  writer  of  authority  has  not  hesitated  to  term 
them  ‘ a very  common  cause  of  loss  among  Camels.’  They  are 
observed  in  the  lungs,  liver,  and  spleen,  and  are  from  the  size  of  a 
pea  to  that  of  a cricket-ball.  They  have  also  been  met  with  in  the 
lungs  of  the  elephant. 

The  study  of  pulmonary  echinococcosis  in  bovine  animals  is 
particularly  interesting,  because  of  the  importance  of  establishing 
a differential  diagnosis  between  it  and  contagious  pleuro-pneumonia 
and  tuberculosis.  What  follows  here  more  especially  concerns  the 
larger  ruminants,  though  it  is  applicable,  with  some  shades  of 
difference,  to  the  other  species. 

Symptoms. — The  presence  of  Echinococci  in  the  lungs  is  only 
betrayed  by  serious  functional  disturbance,  when  they  are  numerous 
and  of  large  volume  in  the  two  pulmonary  lobes. 

The  first  symptoms  are  a feeble,  wheezing  cough — at  first  rare, 
then  becoming  more  and  more  frequent,  until  it  is  repeated  every 
five  or  ten  minutes.  At  the  same  time,  the  respiration  is  quickened 
and  interrupted,  and  there  may  be  slight  fever.  Pressure  on,  or 
percussion  of,  the  chest  rarely  causes  pain  ; but  percussion  elicits 
a dead  sound  in  places — though  it  is  not  so  deep  or  dull  as  in  pleuro- 
pneumonia. The  vesicular  murmur  is  absent  in  the  invaded 
regions  ; but  in  the  others  it  is  stronger,  rougher  and  mingled  with 
sifflements , buzzing,  or  gurgling  sounds,  and  interrupted  bronchial 
rales  corresponding  to  the  inspirations,  and  also  with  a particular 
characteristic  sound  at  the  precise  moment  when  inspiration 
ceases — the  doc- doe  of  Hartenstein.  Dyspnoea  sometimes  occurs 
suddenly,  or  it  acquires  its  greatest  intensity  when  the  animals 
have  been  exposed  to  heat,  are  fatigued,  or  have  been  running — 
even  for  a short  time.  When  the  lungs  are  very  much  invaded  by 
the  Echinococci,  there  may  be  also  noted  those  disturbances  in 
nutrition  already  mentioned  as  present  in  echinococcosis  of  the 
liver,  which  generally  accompanies  that  of  the  lungs. 

Hartenstein  says  he  has  only  seen  the  disease  develop  itself  during 
summer  weather,  and  in  animals  turned  out  to  graze  ; when  they 
returned  to  their  homes,  it  became  less  marked,  and  finally  dis- 
appeared. 

Lesions. — On  opening  the  thorax,  the  lungs  appear  as  if  enlarged 
in  size,  though  they  are  slightly  collapsed  in  places,  and  are  here  and 
there  lumpy  and  marbled — presenting,  in  fact,  if  allowance  be  made 
for  difference  in  structure,  the  macroscopical  lesions  and  the 
different  kinds  of  Echinococci  observed  in  the  liver.  The  weight  of 
the  lungs  may  be  increased  to  40  or  50  pounds  (Ringk,  Friedberger 
aud  Frohner),  and  even  to  54  pounds,  according  to  Morot,  six 
pounds  being  the  normal  weight.  The  volume  of  the  hydatic 
cysts  varies  from  that  of  a pea  to  the  size  of  a man’s  fist ; around 
them  the  parenchyma  is  compressed  and  atrophied  ; but  elsewhere 


492 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


it  is  normal.  The  air-vesicles  may  open  into  the  bronchi,  and  their 
cavity  then  takes  the  characters  of  a pulmonary  cavern.  Reynaud 
says  he  has  found  acephalocysts  developed  in  the  interior  of  the 
bronchia]  terminations  in  the  lungs  of  a Cow,  Deer  and  Gazelle  ; 
but  his  observation  is  doubtless  incomplete,  and  the  instances 
ought  to  be  looked  upon  as  not  primary,  but  accidental  com- 
munications. 

Hartenstein  thinks  he  has  proof  that  the  hydatic  cysts  are 
developed  during  the  summer,  and  are  destroyed  in  the  autumn  ; 
but  the  experiments  of  Leuckart  demonstrate  that  it  requires  at 
least  five  months  for  the  Echinococci  to  form  heads,  so  that  their 
destruction  requires  a longer  time  than  Hartenstein  allows.  But 
it  takes  place  sooner  or  later,  as  the  result  of  modifications  that 
occur  in  the  adventitious  cyst  of  the  Echinococcus ; its  inner  sur- 
face— which  had  for  a long  time  been  smooth  and  transparent — 
becomes  dull  and  covered  with  a caseous  matter,  the  layers  of  which 
compress  the  vesicle.  The  membrane  of  the  hydatid  undergoes 
fatty  degeneration  ; the  interna]  fluid  gradually  exudes  through  it 
and  mixes  with  the  peripheral  caseous  matter,  which  becomes 
thicker  and  more  concrete.  The  hydatid  contracts,  shrivels  up, 
becomes  wrinkled,  and  forms  a gelatinous,  and  finally  an  amorphous 
mass.  Often  the  internal  surface  of  the  cysts  is  impregnated  with 
lime  salts,  especially  the  carbonate  ; and  it  is  the  same  with  the 
remains  of  the  parasite.  Berth  old — quoted  by  Leuckart — has 
analyzed  the  calcareous  shell  of  a pulmonary  Echinococcus  from  an 
old  Dromedaiy,  and  found  two  concentric  layers  in  it : an  external, 
the  hardest,  consisting  of  phosphate  of  lime,  and  an  internal  of 
carbonate,  with  here  and  there  crystalline  deposits.  An  Echino- 
coccus of  the  largest  size  may,  in  this  way,  be  gradually  reduced  to 
a simple  nodule. 

At  first  sight,  a lung  invaded  by  Echinococci  might  be  mistaken 
for  a tuberculous  one.  But  a close  examination  will  show  the 
absence  of  true  tubercles,  the  presence  of  hydatids  which  still  pre- 
serve all  their  characters,  or  the  persistence  of  the  hooks  in  the  mass 
undergoing  regressive  phenomena. 

Diagnosis. — Echinococcosis  of  the  lungs  is  distinguished  from 
tuberculosis  more  particularly  by  the  characteristic  gurgling  sound, 
and  the  more  laboured  respiration  occurring  in  an  animal  exhibiting 
all  the  indications  of  good  health  ; as  well  as  by  the  enlargement  of 
the  liver,  which  may  be  ascertained  by  rectal  exploration. 

It  might  be  easily  mistaken  for  pleuro  - pneumonia  ; but  the 
diagnosis  of  echinococcosis  is  based  more  especially  on  the  absence 
or  slight  degree  of  fever,  the  plumonary  sounds,  the  duller  resonance 
on  percussion,  and  the  less  sensibility  of  the  chest. 

The  best  course  to  adopt  with  animals  severely  affected  is  to 
send  them  to  the  butcher.  l 


PARASITES  OF  THE  TRACHEA,  BRONCHI  AND  LUNGS  493 


Article  II. — Pulmonary  Distomiasis. 

The  hepatic  Fluke,  so  frequent  in  the  bile- ducts  of  the  Sheep,  Ox, 
and  other  animals  is  sometimes  found  wandering  in  the  lungs. 
The  larger  number  of  facts  of  this  kind  pertain  to  the  Ox,  and  are 
derived  from  various  countries. 

Morot — to  whom  we  owe  the  most  complete  researches  on  this 
subject — inspected  2,458  Cattle  in  six  months  at  the  abbatoir  of 
Troyes,  France,  and  found  hepatic  Distomes  in  the  lungs  of  101 — 
or  a little  more  than  4 per  cent.  Of  these  101,  93  were  more  than 
five  years  old,  and  in  many  of  them  these  parasites  were  also  me' 
with  in  the  liver,  in  variable  number. 

The  lung  Flukes  are  contained  in  cysts  that  usually  occupy  the 
posterior  lobe  of  one  of  the  lungs — more  particularly  the  base  and 
towards  the  borders  ; being  near  the  surface  of  the  organ,  they 
sometimes  form  a slight  projection  from  it.  Most  frequently  each 
animal  shows  only  a single  cyst,  although  the  number  may  be  as 
high  as  ten. 

The  volume  of  these  cysts  varies  in  size — being  as  large  as  a 
walnut  to  an  apple — and  their  shape  is  globular  or  ovoid,  rarely 
discoid  ; they  are  limited  by  a fibrous  capsule  of  a greyish- white 
colour,  more  or  less  rosy,  and  sometimes  encrusted  with  lime-salts. 
Their  cavity  is  generally  closed,  and  rarely  communicates  with  the 
bronchi ; they  have  at  times  septa,  which  divide  their  interior  into 
angular  spaces.  The  smaller  cysts  contain  a reddish,  yellow,  or 
brown  syrupy  fluid  ; the  larger  have  a glutinous,  and  more  or  less 
thick  magma,  which  is  sometimes  of  a uniform,  sometimes  variable, 
streaky  tint ; or  they  have  a very  thick  pultaceous,  scarcely  viscid 
mass,  having  the  same  colour  as  the  magma  ; or  it  may  be  a cheesy, 
more  or  less  clotted,  yellowish  or  streaky  substance. 

Each  cyst  contains  one  Fluke,  rarely  two,  the  parasite  being 
usually  small — 13  mm.  long  and  3 mm.  to  7 mm.  broad  ; it  is  often 
difficult  to  discover  in  the  fluid  surrounding  it,  ’which  has  the  same 
colour.  In  some  instances  it  cannot  be  found,  and  only  the  ova  of 
the  Distomata  are  met  with,  as  Lindqvist  has  remarked  ; it  is 
probable  that  the  worm  has  died  and  been  absorbed,  or  it  has 
emigrated.  Friedberger  admits,  in  fact,  that  the  parasites  pass 
into  the  pulmonary  veins,  and  are  carried  by  the  circulation  into 
the  most  varied  organs. 

Pulmonary  distomiasis  is  not  betrayed  by  any  appreciable 
symptom  ; but  according  to  Bollinger,  Lydtin  has  witnessed  a 
malady  in  a large  number  of  Cattle,  that  began  like  pleuro-pneu- 
monia,  and  at  the  autopsies  he  found  here  and  there — in  the 
ectasiated  bronchi — numerous  hepatic  Distomata. 

The  cysts  of  Distomata  have  also  been  sometimes  found  in  Sheep, 
showing  the  same  characters  as  in  the  Ox.  In  three  Sheep,  Bollinger 
saw  haemorrhagic  centres  and  galleries  containing  young  Flukes, 
the  immigration  of  which  was  certainly  recent.  Burke  has  met 


494 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


with  pulmonary  distomiasis  in  a Camel,  in  India.  Distomata  have 
been  found  in  the  lungs  of  Cattle,  Dogs,  Cats,  and  Pigs  in  the  United 
States. 


Article  III. — Bronchial  and  Pulmonary  Strongyloses. 

The  domesticated  animals,  and  especially  the  herbivora,  are 
exposed  to  more  or  less  apparent  diseases  produced  by  Nematodes 
in  the  bronchi  or  in  the  whole  pulmonary  parenchyma.  With 
some  rare  exceptions — which  will  be  indicated  in  their  proper 
place — these  Nematodes  belong  to  the  genus  Strongylus  (Muller — 
see  p.  279) ; hence  the  name  Strongylosis — bronchial  or  pulmonary — 
now  applied  to  the  maladies  they  determine. 

The  Strongyles  of  the  air-passages  are  distinguished  from  the  other  species 
of  the  same  genus,  as  Leuckart  has  remarked,  by  their  embryos,  which  have  a 
slightly-developed  oesophageal  bulb,  are  destitute  of  teeth,  and  cannot  grow  in 
water  by  ingesting  the  matters  suspended  in  it.  In  the  Strongyles  of  the 
digestive  passages,  on  the  contrary  ( Sclerostomum  and  Anchylostomum),  the 
embryos  have  a well-developed  oesophageal  bulb,  are  provided  with  three 
chitinous  teeth,  and  may  be  nourished  and  grow  at  the  expense  of  the  organic 
matter  contained  in  stagnant  water. 

There  are  eight  known  species  of  Strongylus  which  live  in  the 
air-passages  of  various  domesticated  Mammals.  The  Strongylus 
minutissimus  Megnin,  which  causes  verminous  bronchitis  in  African 
Sheep,  is  only  a form  of  Strongylus  rufescens,  as  Railliet  has  shown. 

1.  Strongylus  filaria  (Rud. — Figs.  305,  306). — A very  long  filiform  worm, 
somewhat  attenuated  at  the  extremities,  and  of  a white  colour.  Head  obtuse, 
and  having  no  wings  ; mouth  circular,  and  destitute  of  papillae.  Male,  3 cm. 
to  8 cm.  long  ; caudal  pouch,  elongated,  notched  in  front  ; the  posterior  ribs 
trifid,  middle  ribs  sipiple,  and  anterior  ones  bilobate.  Spicules  short,  thick, 
and  winged.  Female,  5 cm.  to  10  cm.  long  ; tail  straight  and  conical ; vulva 
situated  behind,  towards  the  third  fifth  of  the  length  of  the  body.  Ovovivi- 
parous.  Embryos  540  /x  long  by  20  ,u.  in  diameter,  tapering  to  a blunt  point 
behind,  and  having  a kind  of  tubercle  at  the  end  of  the  cephalic  extremity. 
Habitat,  the  bronchi  of  the  Sheep,  Goat,  Dromedary,  Camel  in  India,  Roe-buck, 
Fallow-deer,  Argali,  and  Gazelle. 

2.  Strongylus  rufescens  (Leuck.,  Nematoideum  ovis  ( pulmonale ) Diesing, 
Pseudalius  ovis  pulmonalis  A.  Koch,  Strongylus  ovis  pulmonalis  Curtice — 
Figs.  307,  308,  309). — A filiform  reddish-brown  worm  ; mouth  surrounded  by 
three  papilliform  lips.  Male,  18  mm.  to  28  mm.  ; caudal  pouch  excised  behind 
and  slightly  notched  on  each  side  in  front  ; posterior  ribs  not  very  distinct, 
the  middle  double,  the  anterior  cleft.  Spicules  arched  and  striped  trans- 
versely. Female,  25  mm.  to  35  mm.  ; tail  terminating  in  a blunt  point ; 
vulva  situated  at  the  base  of  a small  pre-anal  eminence.  Oviparous  ; ova 
ellipsoid,  and  from  75  n to  120  /x  long  by  45  /x  tu  82  /x  broad.  Habitat,  the 
bronchi  of  the  Sheep,  Goat,  and  Roe-buck. 

3.  Strongylus  micrurus  (Mehlis — Fig.  310). — Body  filiform,  very  long,  and 
tapering  at  the  extremities.  Head  rounded  and  not  winged  ; mouth  round 
and  nude.  Male,  4 cm.  long  ; caudal  pouch  small,  entire,  and  suspended  on 
each  side  by  five  ribs,  the  posterior  of  which  is  tridented,  the  anterior  bipartite, 
and  the  others  simple  ; spicules  short  and  strong.  Female,  6 cm.  to  8 cm. 
long,  with  a short  sharp  tail  ; vulva  situated  towards  the  posterior  sixth  of  the 
body.  Ovoviviparous.  Habitat,  the  bronchi  of  bovine  animals,  the  Horse  (?), 
and  the  Ass  (?). 


PARASITES  OF  THE  TRACHEA , BRONCHI  AND  LUNGS  495 


4.  Strongylus  pulmonaris  (Ercolani). — Length  1 cm.  to  4 cm.  Mouth 
surrounded  by  a crown  of  small  subspherical  papillae.  Male,  thicker  behind 
than  in  front ; the  caudal  pouch  semi-campanulated,  and  sustained  by  seven 
ribs.  Female  has  very  thin,  oblique,  mucronated  tail.  Ovoviviparous. 
Habitat,  the  bronchi  of  Calves. 

5.  Strongylus  Arnfieldi  (Cobbold— Figs.  311,  312,  313).— Body  filiform  and 
white.  Mouth  nude  and  orbicular.  Male,  28  mm.  to  36  mm.  long  ; caudal 
pouch  short  and  faintly  lobulated,  anterior  ribs  being  bifid — the  anterior 
branch  a little  shorter  than  the  posterior — the  middle  ones  bifid,  the  branches 
equally  long,  and  the  posterior  ribs  thick,  bilobate  at  their  end,  and  widely 
united  at  the  base.  Spicules  slightly  arched,  reticulated,  from  200  n to  240  ^ 


Fig.  305. — Strongylus  flaria  ; Fig.  306. — Strongylus  filaria. — Delafond. 

natural  size.  A,  anterior  extremity,  showing  the 

A,  male ; B,  female.  oesophagus,  so-called  salivary  glands,  and 

the  origin  of  the  intestine ; B,  caudal 
pouch  of  the  male  ; C,  ova  at  different 
stages  of  development ; magnified  1 20 
diameters. 

long,  and  accompanied  by  an  accessory  short  piece  of  a pale-yellow  tint. 
Female,  45  mm.  to  5 5 mm.  long — 90  mm.  according  to  Cobbold — with  a short, 
slightly-curved  tail  terminating  in  a blunt  point.  Vulva  non-salient,  situated 
at  the  anterior  three-fifths  of  the  body.  Ova  80  /x  to  100  /x  long,  and  50  /x  to 
60  /x  broad.  Ovoviviparous.  Embryos  400  /x  to  490  /x  long  by  14  /x  to  28  fx 
broad,  and  provided  with  a small,  thin,  and  transparent  caudal  appendage. 
Habitat,  the  bronchi  of  the  Horse  and  Ass  (Railliet). 

6.  Strongylus  paradoxus  (Mehlis,  St.  elongatus  Duj. — Fig.  314). — Body 
relatively  short,  and  white  or  brown.  Mouth  encircled  by  six  lips,  the  two 
lateral  being  the  largest.  Male,  16  mm.  to  25  mm.  long  ; caudal  pouch  deeply 
bilobate,  each  lobe  being  sustained  by  five  ribs.  Spicules  slender  and  very 
long.  Female,  20  mm.  to  40  mm.  long,  with  curved  and  mucronated  tail ; 


496 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


vulva  situated  on  a pre-anal  eminence.  Ovoviviparous.  Habitat,  the 
bronchi  of  the  Pig  and  Wild  Boar,  and  also  of  the  Sheep,  according  to  Koch. 

7.  Strongylus  commutatus  (Diesing). — Head  rounded.  Mouth  with  three 
very  small  papillae  around  it.  Male,  18  mm.  to  30  mm.  long  ; caudal  pouch 
cordiform,  and  sustained  on  each  side  by  five  short  ribs.  Female,  28  mm.  to 
32  mm.  long,  and  having  a conical  tail  ; vulva  situated  immediately  in  front 
of  the  anus.  Habitat,  the  bronchi  of  Hares  and  Wild  Rabbits  ; rarely  seen 
in  the  domesticated  Rabbit. 

8.  Strongylus  pusillus  (V.  Muller). — Body  filiform.  Mouth  nude  and 
without  papillae.  Male,  4*9  mm.  long  ; caudal  pouch  short  and  slightly 
festooned,  its  anterior  ribs  being  bifid,  the  posterior  divided,  and  the  others 
simple  ; spicules  long  and  slender.  Female,  g’6  mm.  to  9^9  mm.  long,  with 
a short  tail  terminating  in  a blunt  point.  Vulva  non-salient,  and  situated  a 
little  in  front  of  the  anus.  Ova  globular,  and  from  50  ii  to  70  ^ in  diameter. 
Oviparous.  Embryos  270  n to  350  //.  long  by  17  n to  23  n broad,  and  provided 
with  a small,  thin,  transparent  caudal  appendage  (Fig.  317).  Habitat,  the 
bronchi  of  the  Cat. 


i.  Verminous  Broncho-pneumonia  of  the  Sheep  and  Goat. 


Strongylosis  of  the  air-passages  is  frequent  in  the  smaller  Rumin- 
ants, especially  the  Sheep,  and  it  is-  manifested  at  one  time  in  the 
form  of  bronchitis,  another  time  in  that  of  pneumonia,  and  at 


Fig.  307. — Strongylus  Fig.  308. — Strongylus  rufescens. 

rufescens.  A,  male  and  female ; natural  size.  B, 

Caudal  extremity  of  T the  caudal  extremity  of  the  female  ; magnified 
male;  magnified  100 diameters.  50  diameters. — Railliet. 

— Railliet. 


another  time  again — and  that  oftenest — as  broncho-pneumonia. 
These  forms  of  disease  are  subordinate  to  the  zoological  species  of  the 
worms  causing  them,  and  to  the  more  or  less  superficial  or  remote 


PARASITES  OF  THE  TRACHEA,  BRONCHI  AND  LUNGS  497 


habitat  of  these  entozoa.  This  disease — which  appears  to  have 
been  first  observed  in  1768 — and  then  in  epizootic  form — by 
Daubenton,  in  the  flocks  of  Sheep  at  Bourgogne,  has  often  ravaged 
the  various  countries  in  Europe,  and  has  formed  the  subject  of 
numerous  memoirs. 

Symptoms. — Bronchial  strongylosis  and  verminous  pneumonia 
often  co-exist  in  the  same  Sheep,  so  that  it  is  difficult  to  decide  as  to 
the  part  each  plays  in  the  evolution  of  the  symptoms  that  mark  the 
disease.  But  pulmonary  strongylosis  leaves  the  animals  it  attacks 
more  indifferent,  while  the  manifestations  of  parasitic  broncho-pneu- 
monia are  usually  due  to  the  bronchial  strongyle.  Otherwise,  the 
symptoms  of  this  malady  vary  much  in  their  intensity,  and  not 
unfrequently  lesions  are  found  at  the  autopsy  of  animals  which 
during  life  appeared  to  be  in  good  health.  What  often  causes  the 
affection  to  remain  unperceived,  is  the  fact  of  its  often  coinciding 
with  distomiasis,  which  alone  attracts  attention.  But,  generally, 
broncho-pneumonia,  or  at  least  verminous  bronchitis,  may  be 
recognised  by  a distinct  group  of  symptoms. 

Strongylosis  of  the  air-passages  of  Sheep  appears  at  all  seasons  ; 
but  it  is  more  particularly  observed  from  the  month  of  March,  until 
September  or  October.  In  its  bronchial  form  it  attacks  young 
animals — Lambs  and  year-olds — by  preference,  while  verminous 
pneumonia  is  more  often  developed  in  adults. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  attack,  the  symptoms  are  slight  and 
fugitive  ; but  they  become  more  marked  as  the  bronchi  are  invaded. 
The  affected  animal  manifests  all  the  signs  of  a violent  bronchial 
catarrh — painful,  difficult  dyspnoeic  respiration  ; a strong,  plaintive, 
painful  and  convulsive  cough,  coming  on  in  fits,  chiefly  during 
movement,  and  producing  a degree  of  suffocation  that  leaves  the 
animal  prostrate.  There  is  a thick  and  abundant  discharge  from 
the  nostrils,  and  masses  of  mucus  are  often  expelled  during  the 
attacks  of  coughing  ; in  these  matters,  numerous  Strongyles  and 
embryos  are  usually  found.  These  symptoms  become  more  acute, 
and  notwithstanding  that  the  appetite  is  preserved,  the  Sheep  lose 
condition,  fall  into  a state  of  consumption  and  anaemia — recognis- 
able by  the  pallor  of  the  skin  and  visible  mucous  membranes,  and 
dryness  of  the  wool  ; diminution  of  the  respiration  is  the  essential 
cause  of  this.  Death  occurs  from  cachexia  or  asphyxia  at  the  end  of 
two,  three  or  four  months — according  to  the  strength  of  the  animals 
and  the  care  they  receive.  When  the  symptoms  are  very  well 
marked,  recovery  can  scarcely  be  looked  for  unless  the  worms  are 
in  small  number,  and  the  animal  is  sufficiently  vigorous  to  expec- 
torate. The  disease  is  most  intense  in  the  autumn,  and  if  it  does 
not  cause  death,  it  becomes  attenuated  in  winter,  and  usually 
disappears  in  the  spring,  unless  there  is  new  infestation. 

Prognosis. — The  verminous  broncho-pneumonia  of  Sheep  may 
remain  unperceived — so  slight  are  the  signs  by  which  it  might  be 
manifested — and  its  existence  be  only  revealed  in  the  abattoir. 
But  when  it  is  betrayed  by  the  array  of  symptoms  just  enumerated, 

32 


498 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


it  is  always  a serious  affection — usually  fatal — and  one  which,  in 
any  case,  much  depreciates  animals  in  value.  And  what  renders 
it  still  more  serious,  is  the  circumstance  that  it  is  often  present  in 
an  epizootic — and  even  an  enzootic — form,  causing  great  damage 
to  Sheep-rearing. 

Pathological  Anatomy. — At  the  autopsy,  the  lesions  of  asphyxia 
and  cachexia  are  noted — general  emaciation,  scanty  and  watery 

blood,  serous  effusions  into  the 
peritoneal,  pleural,  and  pericardial 
sacs,  and  generally  numerous 
Flukes  in  the  liver.  But  there 
are  always  pulmonary  lesions 
directly  due  to  the  presence  of 
Strongyles,  which  may  belong  to 
three  distinct  species — Strongylus 
filaria,  St.  rufescens,  and  St.  para- 
doxus. We  ought  to  mention 
here  the  finding  by  Ebertz  of 
very  lively  Nematodes  in  the 
lungs  of  a year-old  Sheep,  and, 
according  to  Leuckart,  they  were 
the  larvae  of  a Strongyle  or  Filaria. 
A little  smaller  than  the  muscular 
Trichinae,  and  not  striped  trans- 
versely, they  resembled  these 
before  their  encystment.  The 
lungs  were  somewhat  more  serous 
than  in  health,  and  rough  and 
dull  on  the  surface.  The  worms 
were  also  met  with  in  the  muscles 
and  kidneys.  The  Sheep  had 
presented  signs  of  debility,  paresis  of  the  limbs,  muscular 
tremblings,  frequent  falls,  anaemia,  and  paroxysms  of  coughing. 
Leuckart — to  whom  these  parasites  were  submitted — has  declared 
he  had  only  once  before  seen  such  a worm  ; it  had  been  obtained 
from  the  lymphatic  glands  of  an  Ox  affected  with  melanosis. 

The  St.  filaria  and  St.  rufescens  are  the  most  widespread. 
The  St.  paradoxus — which  is  considered  as  specially  belonging  to 
the  Pig  and  Wild  Boar — has  been  found  at  Vienna,  by  Koch,  in 
the  verminous  bronchitis  of  the  Sheep,  in  which  it  played  the  part 
of  the  St.  filaria  ; but  as  it  is  only  exceptionally  encountered, 
we  will  limit  ourselves  to  studying  the  effects  of  the  St.  filaria  and 
St.  rufescens.  These  two  parasites — which  often  co-exist  in  the 
same  individual — do  not  comport  themselves  in  the  same  way, 
the  first  living  in  the  bronchi  and  giving  rise  to  bronchitis  ; and 
the  second  partly  operating  in  the  pulmonary  vesicles,  and  causing 
pneumonia. 

In  Verminous  bronchitis , the  bronchi  are  sinuous,  and  offer 
sacciform  dilatations — which  are  sometimes  considerable — in  which 


Fig.  309. — Ova  and  embryos  of  the 
Strongylus  rufescens  ; magnified 
150  diameters. — Railliet. 

A,  B,  ova  in  process  of  segmenta- 
tion ; C,  ovum  containing  an  em- 
bryo ; D,  free  embryo. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  TRACHEA,  BRONCHI  AND  LUNGS  499 


bundles  of  worms  are  found  interlaced,  and  mixed  with  more  or  less 
purulent  mucus.  A microscopical  examination  of  this  mucus 
shows  numerous  embryos  moving  about  in  every  direction.  The 
plugs  of  worms  and  mucus  penetrate  the  bronchioles,  and  ascend 
into  the  trachea,  partially  obstructing  their  lumen.  There  are 
often  inflammatory  streaks  on  the  surface  of  the  bronchial  mucous 
membrane,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  the  bronchial  dilatations  the 
pulmonary  tissue  is  compressed,  obliterated,  and  pale.  The  lungs 
have  often  contracted  local  adhesions  by  their  serous  covering. 

Verminous  'pneumonia  often  accompanies  parasitic  bronchitis, 
and  is  due  to  the  St.  rufescens,  which,  in  the  adult  state,  is 
met  with  in  various  degrees  in  the  bronchi.  It  may  wander  as 
far  as  their  ultimate  ramifications,  by  stretching  itself  out,  as  it 
were,  and  fix  itself  in  the  pulmonary  parenchyma  ; then  we  find 
one  or  more  individuals  in  the  form  of  very  fine  twisted  filaments, 
and  it  is  in  this  condition  that  Koch  has  described  it  as  a 
distinct  species,  under  the  name  of  Pseudalis  ovis  pulmonalis . 
Railliet  has  demonstrated  that  it  is  nothing  more  than  a form  of 
St.  ru/escens. 

Verminous  pneumonia  caused  by  the  St.  rufescens — either  in  the 
adult  condition  or  as  ova  or  embryos — may  present  itself  in  the 
three  forms  distinguished  by  Bugnion  : 1.  A lobular  pneumonia 
produced  by  the  adult  Strongyles  arrested  in  the  bronchi ; 2.  A 
diffuse  pneumonia,  due  to  ova  and  embryos  disseminated  by 
thousands  in  the  parenchyma,  which  realizes  what  Bollinger  has 
termed  ‘ exudative  pneumonia  3.  A nodular  or  pseudo-tuberculous 
pneumonia,  in  which  the  ova  and  embryos  occupy  circumscribed 
points  in  the  parenchyma — that  is  the  most  frequent  form. 

This  nodular  pneumonia  is  constituted  by  distinct  centres  the 
size  of  a millet-seed  to  that  of  a pea,  of  a greyish-yellow  colour  and 
semi-transparent,  or  of  a more  or  less  intense  dark-red  hue,  according 
to  their  age  and  the  acuteness  of  the  inflammatory  phenomena. 
The  consistence  of  the  dark-red  nodules  is  not  so  great  as  in  those 
of  a yellow  colour,  and  in  the  latter  it  diminishes  from  the  centre 
to  the  periphery.  Generally,  in  all  except  the  oldest  they  adhere 
to  the  surrounding  tissue,  from  which  it  is  impossible  to  enucleate 
them.  All  these  centres  may  assume  a caseous  character,  and  even 
undergo  calcareous  infiltration.  The  majority  occupy  the  periphery 
of  the  lungs,  and  particularly  the  borders,  while  many  lie  imme- 
diately beneath  the  visceral  pleura. 

These  nodules  owe  their  production  to  the  ova  that  the  females 
of  St.  rufescens  deposit  in  the  pulmonary  alveoli,  where  they  pass 
through  all  the  phases  of  their  development.  The  result  of  this 
deposition  is  a series  of  special  inflammatory  phenomena — the 
walls  of  the  invaded  alveoli  undergoing  an  abundant  infiltration 
of  embryonic  elements,  and  so  acquiring  a very  great  thickness, 
the  infiltration  extending  some  distance  beyond  the  spot.  This 
change  appears  as  a network,  each  mesh  of  which  contains  an 
ovum  in  one  or  another  stage  of  development.  The  epithelium  in 

32—2 


500 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


these  inflammatory  formations  is  almost  null,  except  in  those 
exceptional  instances  in  which  the  ovum  has  not  quite  filled  the 
alveolus,  and  the  space  left  free  is  then  filled  with  epithelioid  cells 
(Laulanie).  After  the  ova  are  hatched,  the  embryos  set  free 
engender  a much  greater  amount  of  irritation,  which  leads  to  the 
production  of  a miliary  pneumonia,  that  may  present  itself  in  all 
its  forms,  from  haemorrhagic  to  purulent.  The  scraping  of  sections 
gives  a foamy  fluid,  in  which  are  found  a large  number  of  ova  and 
embryos — the  latter  measuring  300  fx  to  400  [x  long  by  16  fx  to  20  /x 
broad ; the  caudal  extremity  being  very  slender,  and  terminating  in 
a short,  undulated,  fine  point.  Very  often  in  the  small  nodules 
there  are  adult,  or  nearly  adult,  worms  (Bailie t,  Colin,  Bewley,  etc.). 

Etiology,  Evolution. — Verminous  bronchitis  and  pneumonia  have 
analogous  conditions  of  expansion,  although  the  St.  filaria  and 
St.  rufescens  have  not  the  same  mode  of  development. 

The  St.  filaria  is  ovoviviparous,  but  the  embryos  directly  thrown 
out  by  the  females  into  the  bronchi  of  their  host  do  not  appear  to 
develop  there,  and  it  is  probable  they  require  to  be  expelled  from 
the  animal  in  order  to  pass  through  the  first  phases  of  their  existence. 
Ejected  with  the  bronchial  mucus,  they  may — if  they  fall  into 
water — remain  alive  for  several  months  (Baillet,  Colin),  provided 
the  liquid  does  not  undergo  putrefaction  because  of  the  organic 
matters  suspended  in  it  (Railliet).  In  the  course  of  the  second 
week  they  moult,  and  this  brings  about  the  disappearance  of  the 
cephalic  knob  with  which  they  were  provided  ; they  then  appear 
more  attenuated  posteriorly,  and  have  a slight  greenish  tint.  It 
would  even  appear  that  they  undergo  a second  moulting,  and  that 
the  larvae  yet  retaining  their  envelope,  and  in  a manner  encapsuled, 
may  resist  desiccation  for  a long  time  (Leuckart,  Railliet)  ; Ercolani 
went  so  far  as  to  say  that  he  had  seen  them  become  revivified  on 
coming  into  contact  with  water,  after  being  dried  for  a year.  This 
will  explain  how  it  is  that  the  malady  may  appear  in  Lambs  which 
have  had  no  direct  contact  with  animals  suffering  from  verminous 
bronchitis,  and  also  how  it  may  continue,  as  an  enzooty,  in  a 
country.  It  is  very  probable  that  the  embryos  enter  the  body 
along  with  the  grass  of  damp  pastures,  and  the  water  the  Sheep 
drink  ; and  this  view  is  in  accordance  with  the  older  notions  as  to 
the  etiology  of  the  malady,  which  testified  to  the  great  influence  of 
humidity  in  the  development  of  verminous  bronchitis.  It  is 
chiefly  in  the  springtime  and  summer  that  the  embryos  of  the 
St.  filaria  are  disseminated  over  humid  pastures.  Leuckart  has  been 
quite  unsuccessful  in  infesting  Sheep  by  feeding  them  with  bionchial 
mucus  rich  in  embryos,  and  he  therefore  concludes,  from  this 
result,  that  these  embryos — as  well  as  those  of  all  the  Strongyles 
of  the  air-passages — must  pass  their  first  phases  in  an  intermediate 
host — an  insect  or  mollusc  ; but  this  hypothesis  is  not  based  on  any 
element  capable  of  demonstration.  Cobbold  was  of  opinion  that 
the  young  of  the  Strongyles  which  occasion  ‘ husk,’  undergo  their 
primary  changes  of  development  either  within  soft  mud  alone,  or 


PARASITES  OF  THE  TRACHEA,  BRONCHI  AND  LUNGS  501 


within  the  bodies  of  larval  insects  and  minute  entomostracans 
inhabiting  ponds,  ditches,  and  running  streams.  Nothing  is  known 
as  to  the  course  followed  by  the  embryos  of  the  Strongyles  which 
have  found  their  way  to  the  digestive  organs,  in  reaching  the 
interior  of  the  bronchi.  Ztirn  teaches — but  without  any  assignable 
reason — that  they  pass  from  the  stomach  into  the  oesophagus, 
reach  the  pharynx,  and  then  their  intrusion  into  the  respiratory 
organs  is  easy. 

With  regard  to  the  origin  of  verminous  pneumonia,  this  occurs 
in  similar  telluric  conditions,  the  embryos  of  the  St.  rufescens 
ejected  with  the  mucus  being  capable  of  living  a long  time  in  a 
moist  medium  outside  the  animal  body  ; they  can  be  kept  alive  for 
months  in  water — Railliet  has  even  seen  them  resume  their  activity 
after  three  days’  complete  desiccation. 

Prophylaxis. — Our  ignorance  of  the  evolution  of  St.  filaria 
and  St.  rufescens  renders  uncertain  any  prophylactic  measures  that 
may  be  recommended  against  the  verminous  bronchitis  of  Sheep. 
As  young  animals  are  more  susceptible  to  attack  than  older  ones,  it 
is  advisable  to  feed  the  Lambs  and  year-olds  in  the  folds  in  those 
countries  in  which  the  malady  prevails  ; or,  at  any  rate,  they 
should  not  be  turned  out  to  pasture  in  the  spring  and  commence- 
ment of  summer,  when  the  embryonal  progeniture  of  the  worms 
is  distributed  over  the  meadows.  They  may  be  driven  on  to  the 
stubble-fields  until  feeding- time  in  the  fold  arrives.  But  if  cir- 
cumstances render  it  imperative  that  they  must  be  grazed,  care 
should  be  taken  to  break  their  fast  in  the  morning  with  a little  dry 
forage  ; and  some  clean  water  ought  to  be  allowed,  so  that  they 
will  not  require  to  drink  from  ponds  or  ditches,  by  which  they  might 
be  infested  by  the  larvae  these  contain. 

In  order  to  combat  a surreptitious  infestation  and  destroy  the 
embryos  as  they  arrive  in  the  stomach,  substances  which  are  toxic 
for  the  larvae  are  placed  within  reach  of  the  Sheep  during  May, 
June  and  July — such  a substance  is  culinary  salt.  Spinola  has 
recommended  bread  composed  as  follows  : 

Sea-salt  ....  500  grammes. 

Stockholm  tar  . . . ) 

Wormwood  . . > of  each  1000  ,, 

Tansy.  . . . ) 

The  substances  are  pulverized  and  mixed  with  flour  and  water,  so  as  to 
form  a firm  paste,  which  is  to  be  made  into  flat  cakes.  These,  after  being  dried 
in  the  air,  are  to  be  given  to  the  Sheep,  along  with  scorched  oats. 

Zurn  also  recommends  the  following  formula  : 

Root  of  Calamus  aromaticus  „ j 1000  gimmes  of  each. 

Tansy  . . . . \ 

Calcined  bones  . . . J 500  „ „ 

Sulphate  of  iron  . . ) 

These  substances  should  be  reduced  to  powder,  and  given  with  scorched  oats, 
in  the  proportion  of  12  to  15  grammes  to^each  Lamb. 


5°2  TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

Prophylaxis  also  recognises  the  utility  of  drying  and  draining 
damp  pastures,  and  the  destruction  of  the  lungs  of  animals  killed 
during  the  course  of  the  malady. 

For  the  prevention  of  this  disease  in  the  Calf,  it  has  been  recom- 
mended that  infected  land  should  be  dressed  with  gas-lime  or  soot 
and  crushed  rock-salt  in  the  early  spring  months — 5 or  6 cwt.  to 
the  acre  ; also  that  all  rough  grasses  on  old-laid  grazing  pastures 
should  be  mown  in  a&tumn  and  converted  into  ensilage. 

In  seasons  when  the  malady  is  prevalent,  Lambs  should  not  be 
allowed  on  natural  pastures,  or  old  grass-lands  previously  grazed 
by  Sheep,  but  if  possible  put  on  high  and  dry  grazing-grounds.  It 
is  advisable  also  to  separate  the  diseased  from  those  still  healthy. 
Care  should  be  taken,  in  introducing  fresh  Sheep  among  a flock, 
that  they  are  not  infested,  as  there  is  evidence  to  show  that  con- 
tamination may  take  place  in  this  way.  An  instance  is  recorded 
in  which  a Ram  was  introduced  among  Ewes  in  the  autumn,  and 
fed  and  drank  with  them  ; the  animal  died  from  verminous  bron- 
chitis, and  the  flock  subsequently  suffered  seriously — contamination 
having  taken  place,  it  was  supposed,  from  the  water-troughs.  Hay 
from  infested  meadows  may  also  prove  a source  of  infestation. 

Treatment.  Two  different  procedures  in  treatment  are  pursued. 
In  one,  substances  are  passed  into  the  digestive  canal,  which — 
being  diffused  in  the  blood — are  believed  to  be  capable  of  attacking 
the  worms  in  the  bronchial  tubes.  With  this  view,  the  picrate  of 
potash  *20  to  *40  gramme  per  head — is  given,  dissolved  in  thin 
gruel  or  mucilage  ; creosote  ; oil  of  turpentine  ; a mixture  of  equal 
parts  of  oil  of  turpentine  and  tincture  of  camphor — a teaspoonful 
in  a mucilaginous  fluid  every  day  to  each  Lamb  ; a mixture  of 
creosote  120  grammes — spirits  of  wine — 500  grammes — and  water 

700  grammes ; an  ordinary  spoonful  every  day  to  each  animal  ; 
or  creosote  60  grammes — benzine — 300  grammes — water — 2 litres  : 
an  ordinary  spoonful  given  every  day  for  eight  days  to  each  Sheep. 
Hall  states  he  has  successfully  employed  prussic  acid  in  ten -drop 
doses,  morning  and  evening. 

But  experience  has  shown  that,  while  such  treatment  is  trouble- 
some to  carry  out,  its  efficacy  cannot  be  relied  upon. 

Success  is  more  certain  with  fumigations,  as  they  penetrate 
directly  to  the  worms,  stupefy  them,  and  induce  fits  of  coughing 
which  cause  their  expulsion.  They  are  practised  m well-closed 
buildings  from  which  all  forage  has  been  previously  removed. 
Into  these  the  diseased  are  introduced,  and  on  a red-hot  shovel  are 
placed  rags,  horns,  feathers,  hair,  old  pieces  of  leather,  empyreumatic 
oil,  tar,  juniper-berries,  asafoetida,  etc.  The  intensity,  duration, 
and  number  of  these  fumigations  are  graduated  as  the  Sheep 
become  accustomed  to  them  ; at  first  once  a day  may  suffice,  and 
then  the  intensity  should  be  moderate,  and  the  duration  about  ten 
minutes  ; afterwards  two,  and  finally  three,  may  be  given  during 
the  day,  each  lasting  for  twenty  minutes.  Kowalewsky  says  he 
has  obtained  very  good  results  from  similar  fumigations.  Fumiga- 


PARASITES  OF  THE  TRACHEA,  BRONCHI  AND  LUNGS  503 


tions  with  chlorine,  sulphur,  and  sulphuret  of  mercury  or  cinnabar, 
have  been  recommended  ; but  they  are  somewhat  dangerous. 

Stephen  recommends  as  follows  : Put  about  forty  Lambs  at  a 
time  into  an  air-tight  house,  and  place  tar,  sulphur  and  turpentine 
in  a pot  of  burning  coals,  suspended  by  a chain  from  the  ceiling, 
and  brought  as  near  to  the  heads  of  the  animals  as  possible  ; the 
fumes  are  to  be  allowed  to  fill  the  house,  and  more  ingredients  are 
added  as  required  — the  Lambs  being  kept  in  the  place  for 
twenty-five  minutes  each  time,  and  the  process  repeated  on  three 
occasions. 

Tracheal  injections  in  the  verminous  bronchitis  of  Calves  are  of 
great  utility  ; but  for  a flock  of  Sheep  they  would  be  troublesome 
and  difficult  to  administer.  However,  Nieman  has  successfully 
employed  them  on  384  Sheep  belonging  to  several  small  owners. 
He  used  a solution  of  2 parts  iodine  and  xo  parts  iodide  of  potassium, 
in  100  parts  of  distilled  water.  This  fluid  was  mixed,  in  equal 
parts,  with  oil  of  turpentine,  and  made  into  an  emulsion  with  olive - 
oil ; each  Sheep  received  5 to  8 grammes  of  the  mixture,  and  the 
number  of  injections  varied  according  to  the  gravity  of  the  disease — 
from  2 to  3 at  two  days’  interval.  The  worms  were  killed  and 
expelled  during  the  paroxysms  of  coughing,  and  the  bronchitis 
was  modified. 

The  medical  treatment  should  be  assisted  by  very  nourishing 
food,  and  by  bitter,  stimulating,  and  ferruginous  tonics,  which 
arouse  the  digestive  functions  and  allow  those  animals  which  are 
least  exhausted  to  reach  the  period  of  elimination  of  the  parasites. 

At  the  commencement  of  any  kind  of  treatment,  it  is  well  to 
have  an  examination  of  the  flock,  with  the  object  of  sending  the 
worst  cases  to  the  butcher. 


2.  Verminous  Bronchitis  of  Bovines. 

The  verminous  bronchitis  of  Calves  is  that  which  was  first 
observed.  Ruysch  had,  so  long  ago  as  1744,  noticed  worms  living 
in  the  air-passages  of  these  animals  ; but  Nicholls  was  the  first — in 
1756 — to  speak  of  a disease  caused  by  these  entozoa,  which  pre- 
vailed in  an  epizootic  form  in  England.  Camper  also  alluded  to 
a similar  occurrence  in  1803.  Since  that  date  it  has  been  often 
observed  and  described. 

Symptoms.  — When  the  Strongyles  are  not  numerous,  the 
symptoms  are  only  an  infrequent,  slight,  and  sonorous  cough 
occurring  in  fits  ; it  becomes  gradually  stronger,  broken  and  husky, 
and  at  last  comes  on  in  long  paroxysms,  accompanied  by  dyspnoea 
and  suffocation.  During  these  attacks  the  respiration  is  hurried, 
the  flanks  are  agitated,  the  pulse  quickened,  and  the  conjunctivae 
injected  ; the  animal  stretches  its  neck,  extends  the  head,  opens 
its  mouth — the  tongue  protruding,  and  saliva  flowing  from  the 
commissures  of  the  lips.  During  the  most  violent  paroxysms,  the 


504  TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

animal — asphyxiated — falls  prostrate  on  its  side,  with  the  eyes 
protruding  and  haggard,  the  mouth  gaping,  and  the  tongue  pendu- 
lous. These  fits  occur  several  times  during  the  day,  and  sometimes 
the  animal  dies  in  one  of  them.  The  coughing  causes  the  expulsion, 
by  the  mouth  or  nasal  cavities,  of  mucus  that  may  be  streaked  with 
blood,  and  contains  single  worms  or  masses  of  them,  which  are 
readily  recognised,  more  particularly  by  their  movements  when 
they  are  put  into  tepid  water. 

When  the  disease  progresses  slowly,  the  symptoms  are  milder, 
but  there  is  also  a great  alteration  in  nutrition — emaciation,  pallor 
of  the  mucous  membranes,  sunken  eyes,  debility,  dull  and  staring 
coat,  then  partial  depilations,  phthiriasis,  gradual  loss  of  appetite, 
irregular  rumination,  diarrhoea,  haemoptysis,  foetid  breath,  and, 
finally,  fatal  marasmus. 

The  duration  of  the  malady  varies  with  its  intensity.  Death — 
which  is  generally  brought  about  by  asphyxia  or  extreme  cachexia 
— may  also  be  due  to  an  intercurrent  pneumonia  or  pulmonary 
haemorrhage  ; it  may  take  place  in  three,  four,  or  five  months. 
Morier  has  seen  some  animals  live  for  a year. 

The  diagnosis  is  based  on  the  character  of  the  paroxysms  of 
coughing,  and  more  especially  on  the  presence  of  Strongyles  in  the 
expectorated  matters.  Adult  worms  may  not  be  present,  but  their 
embryos  are  always  to  be  found,  and  a microscopical  examination 
will  reveal  their  existence.  It  often  happens  at  the  commencement 
of  the  malady,  that  the  animals  swallow  their  expectorations  as 
soon  as  these  arrive  in  the  pharnyx  ; so  that  an  examination  cannot 
be  made.  When  this  is  the  case,  the  animal  should  be  compelled 
to  cough,  then  the  tongue  is  seized  by  one  hand,  while  the  other 
extracts  from  the  back  of  the  mouth  some  of  the  mucus  thrown  up 
from  the  bronchi. 

Verminous  bronchitis  has  often  been  mistaken  for  contagious 
pleuro-pneumonia — an  error  which  might  have  grave  consequences, 
and  which  an  autopsy  only  could  rectify.  This  mistake  might  be 
averted  if  it  is  remembered  that  in  verminous  bronchitis  the  res- 
piratory murmur  is  heard  throughout  the  chest,  amid  mucus  rattles, 
and  that  there  never  is  a blowing  sound.  Percussion  gives  a 
resonant,  though  diminished,  sound  over  all  the  thoracic  parietes. 

But  it  must  be  insisted  upon,  that  the  presence  of  the  Strongyles 
and  their  embryos  in  the  expectorations  is  the  criterion  of  the 
disease. 

The  prognosis  is  usually  serious,  especially  when  the  malady  has 
not  been  recognised ; and  the  gravity  will  vary,  not  only  with  its 
intensity,  but  also  with  the  general  condition  of  the  animal  and  the 
intercurrent  complications. 

Pathological  Anatomy. — The  lesions  are  analogous  to  those  of 
the  verminous  bronchitis  of  the  Sheep.  The  inflammation  of  the 
bronchial  mucous  membrane  is  usually  more  intense  ; there  is 
nearly  always  general  pulmonary  emphysema,  with  secondary 
lobular  pneumonia.  Van  Tright  has  described,  in  the  Ox,  a form 


PARASITES  OF  THE  TRACHEA , BRONCHI  AND  LUNGS  505 


of  pseudo- tuberculosis  analogous  to  that  observed  in  the  Sheep. 
The  worms,  which  were  found  in  more  or  less  voluminous  bundles 
from  the  last  divisions  of  the  bronchi  to  the  upper  part  of  the 
trachea,  belonged  to  the  St.  micrurus ; the  name  of  St.  pulmonaris 
has  been  given  by  Ercolani  to  different  worms  he  found  in  large 
numbers  in  the  bronchi  of  a Calf.  Prange  had  sent  him  the 
identical  worm  from  France,  which  he  had  also  met  with  in  a 
Calf. 

Etiology,  Evolution. — Like  the  St.  filaria  of  the  Sheep,  the 
St.  micrurus  is  ovoviviparous  ; and  though  its  development  has  not 
been  much  investigated,  yet 
we  may  probably  apply  to 
it  the  knowledge  we  have 
obtained  with  regard  to  the 
St.  filaria  — the  embryos  can 
only  become  developed  after 
they  have  left  their  first  host, 
and  nothing  is  known  as  to 
the  phases  they  assume  before 
their  immigration  into  a new 
individual.  However  this  may 
be,  experience  has  shown — as 
for  the  St.  filaria  of  the  Sheep 
— the  influence  of  humidity  on 
the  appearance  of  the  disease 
in  the  bovine  species;  and  it 
would  appear  to  establish  the 
fact  that  affected  animals  may 

be  contagious  to  those  which  A . , , , . . ^ 

i 1,?  a?'  n i c A.  male  and  female;  natural  size;  B, 

are  healthy  (Vlgney,  Delafond,  cau(jai  extremity  of  the  male  ; magnified 
Janne)— though  this  requires  100  diameters.— Railliet. 
scientific  confirmation.  It  may 

be  noted  as  remarkable,  that  adult  animals  are  rarely  attacked, 
and  that  Calves  most  frequently  pay  their  tribute  to  the  affection, 
which  often  appears  in  an  epizootic  form. 

Prophylaxis. — This  is  the  same  as  for  the  verminous  bronchitis 
of  the  Sheep  (see  p.  501). 

Treatment. — The  same  medicaments  have  been  employed  in 
treating  this  malady  in  Calves  as  in  that  of  Sheep,  and  no  better 
results  have  been  obtained.  Numan  and  Janne  have,  however, 
been  successful  with  asafcetida  (30  grammes),  Chabert’s  empy- 
reumatic  oil  (60  grammes),  and  a mucilaginous  decoction  (500 
grammes) — a spoonful  of  this  mixture  being  given  daily  in  a half- 
litre of  milk,  and  the  treatment  continued  for  about  a month. 

The  results  are  less  uncertain  if  the  worms  lodged  in  the  bronchial 
tubes  are  directly  acted  upon,  either  by  means  of  fumigations  of 
the  same  kind  as  those  employed  for  Sheep,  or  fluid  medicaments 
introduced  directly  into  the  bronchi. 

Read  says  he  has  cured  Calves  reduced  almost  to  skeletons  by 


Fig.  310. — Strongylus  micrurus. 


505 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


verminous  bronchitis,  by  the  following  procedure  : The  head  of 
the  Calf  is  slightly  elevated,  and  two  teaspoonfuls  of  a mixture  of 
ether,  60  grammes,  and  rectified  oil  of  amber,  2 grammes,  are 
poured  into  each  nostril,  and  allowed  to  vaporize  there.  Oil  of 
turpentine  may  be  substituted  for  the  amber  oil  in  this  prescription. 
In  some  cases  it  must  be  repeated  two  or  three  times,  but  one  dose 
has  frequently  the  desired  effect. 

The  method  of  treatment  by  intra- tracheal  injection,  introduced 
by  Levi  of  Pisa,  has  yielded  very  satisfactory  results.  Levi  has 
been  completely  successful  with  Sheep.  Eloire  has  employed  it 
in  16  Calves  affected  with  the  disease,  and  all  were  cured.  He 
used  the  following  mixture  : 


Black  poppy  oil  . 
Oil  of  turpentine  . 
Carbolic  acid 
Purified  cade  oil  . 


100  parts. 
100  „ 

2 „ 

2 ,, 


Each  Calf  received  10  grammes  of  this  mixture  daily  for  three 
days. 

The  injection,  which  should  be  given  slowly,  is  followed  by  a fit 
of  coughing,  and  the  expired  air  has  the  odour  of  turpentine.  This 
treatment  has  also  been  successful  at  Milan.  Similar  favourable 
results  have  followed  Hutton’s  treatment  of  8 Calves,  some  of  which 
were  in  the  last  stage  of  verminous  bronchitis.  He  employed  a 
mixture  of  oil  of  turpentine,  tincture  of  opium,  pure  carbolic  acid, 
and  water — the  oil  of  turpentine  forming  one-half  of  the  mixture. 
The  dose  was  15  grammes,  and  in  serious  cases  this  was  given  every 
day  for  three  days,  and  in  other  cases  every  second  or  third  day. 
Kriwonogow  has  likewise  cured  22  Calves,  by  giving  each  of  them 
two  tracheal  injections  of  8 grammes  of  the  following  mixture  : 
Oil  of  cloves  and  oil  of  turpentine,  360  parts  of  each  ; carbolic  acid 
and  olive  oil,  30  parts  of  each. 

Williams  speaks  highly  of  the  administration  of  prussic  acid. 
Penhale  gives — by  intra- tracheal  injection,  and  slowly — oil  of 
turpentine  2 drachms,  carbolic  acid  20  minims,  and  chloroform 
half  a drachm. 


3.  Verminous  Bronchitis  of  the  Camel. 

Helminthologists  have  for  a long  time  known  of  the  presence  of  the  Stron- 
gylus  filaria  in  the  bronchi  of  the  Camel  and  Dromedary.  Piot  has  reported 
that  this  worm  may  cause  an  epizootic  verminous  bronchitis. 

The  first  symptom  is  sneezing,  which  is  repeated  in  short  fits,  with  sighing 
in  the  intervals,  and  at  each  sigh  the  larynx  is  much  projected  forward  ; at 
the  end  of  expiration,  which  is  accompanied  by  a gurgling  laryngeal  sound, 
the  head  and  neck  are  protruded.  Respiration  is  buccal  and  nasal,  air  often 
distending  the  cheeks  and  parotid  region,  and  is  swallowed  with  a noise  like 
hiccough.  There  is  at  first  a serous,  then  a mucous  discharge  from  the  nostrils, 
which  becomes  foamy,  tinged  with  blood,  and  profuse  ; it  is  sometimes  accom 
panied  by  epistaxis,  and  contains  numerous  embryos.  There  is  at  first  excite- 
ment, then  sluggishness,  cachexia,  inappetence,  constipation,  tympanites, 
feebler  thoracic  resonance,  and  rales  and  blowing  sounds.  Nearly  all  those 


PARASITES  OF  THE  TRACHEA,  BRONCHI  AND  LUNGS  507 


attacked  are  affected  with,  labial  pruritus,  which  causes  them  to  rub  their  upper 
lip  and  nose  until  these  are  excoriated. 

The  disease  continues  for  twelve  to  fifteen  days,  sometimes  a month,  and 
then  terminates  by  recovery  or  death. 

At  the  autopsy,  lesions  of  bronchitis,  and  even  of  pneumonia  and  pleurisy, 
are  found. 

Piot  has  successfully  employed  fumigations  of  tar,  and  more  especially 
tracheal  injections  of  a preparation  composed  of  oil  of  turpentine  10  grammes, 
ether  10  grammes,  tincture  of  opium  ‘50  gramme,  and  1 per  cent,  carbolized 
water  20  grammes. 


4.  Verminous  Bronchitis  of  Equines. 

The  bronchial  Strongylosis  of  Equines  appears  to  have  been  seldom  seen. 
Morier  has  observed  it  in  Horses  of  all  ages  in  Switzerland,  where  it  prevailed 
at  the  same  time  among  Calves  from  six  months 
to  two  years  old.  Eichler  collected  from  the 
bronchi  of  a Horse  at  Berlin,  worms  which  Diesing 
classed  with  the  Strongylus  micrurus  ; and  Gurlt 
attached  to  that  species  Nematodes  from  the 
bronchi  of  the  Horse  and  Ass.  Cobbold 
demonstrated  that  the  Strongyles  of  the  bronchi 
of  the  Ass  form  a separate  species  — the  St. 

Arnfieldi  — and  Railliet  recognised  that  those 
of  the  Horse  belong  to  the  same  species,  and 
completed  their  description.  This  rare  form  of 
Strongylosis  appears  to  manifest  itself  by  symptoms 
analogous  to  those  of  verminous  bronchitis  in  the 
other  species,  is  accompanied  by  similar  lesions, 
and  is  developed  in  the  same  etiological  conditions. 

Railliet  has  remarked  that  the  larv<e  of  the  St. 

Arnfieldi  do  not  at  all  withstand  desiccation,  and 
do  not  live  more  than  eight  days  in  pure  water. 

They  can,  therefore,  only  pursue  their  evolution 
if  they  arrive  quickly  into  a suitable  medium ; 
and  this  will  explain  the  rarity  of  bronchial 
Strongylosis  in  the  Horse. 

An  agamous  Sclerostome  has  been  found  by 
Morot  in  a pulmonary  vessel  of  a Horse  (Railliet). 


5.  Verminous  Bronchitis  of  the  Pig. 

The  presence  of  Strongyles  in  the  bronchi 
of  the  Pig  was  noted  towards  the  end  of 
the  eighteenth  century  by  Ebel,  Goeze,  Mo-  Fig.  31  i. 
deer,  Mehlis.  etc.  They  have  since  then  been 
met  with  several  times  by  Rayer,  Chaussat, 

Du  jar  din,  Bellingham,  etc.  They  do  not 
appear  to  be  frequent,  except  in  certain 

regions,  and  they  do  not  usually  cause  such  grave  functional 
disorders  as  those  remarked  in  Sheep  and  Calves. 

Chaussat  stated,  in  1850,  that  it  was  usual  to  find  the  St.  para- 
doxus in  the  bronchi  of  Pigs  brought  to  Paris — at  least,  in 
certain  seasons  of  the  year.  Chatin  also  asserted  that  this  parasite 
is  very  common  in  France.  Boudeaud  informs  us  that  it  is  frequent 


—Caudal  ex- 
tremity of  the  male 
Strongylus  Arnfieldi  ; 
magnified  100  dia- 
meters. — Railliet. 


508 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


in  young  Pigs  in  the  Indre  department  ; and  Modena  observed  it 
very  often  in  Pigs  in  Sardinia  and  the  Maremmes  of  Tuscany,  where 
verminous  bronchitis  appears  to  be  enzootic. 

The  bronchial  Strongylosis  of  the  Pig  often  remains  unperceived, 
and  in  the  majority  of  the  animals  in  which  Strongyles  are  found 
after  death,  there  was  nothing  observed  during  life  to  raise  any 
suspicions  of  their  presence.  Sometimes  their  existence  was 
betrayed  merely  by  cachexia  and  resistance  to  fattening.  In  other 
cases  theie  was  a moist,  troublesome  coughing  fit,  and  a group  of 


Fig.  312. — Cephalic  and  caudal  ex-  Fig.  313. — Evolution  of  the  Stron- 
tremities  of  the  female  Strongylus  gylus  Arnfieldi. — Railliet,  in- 

Arnfieldi ; magnified  100  diameters.  edited.* 

— Railliet. 

* A,  ovum  undergoing  segmentation  ; B,  ovum  in  the  morula  stage  ; C, 
ovum  with  embryo  ; D,  the  embryo  being  hatched  ; E,  the  embryo  hatched  ; 
magnified  150  diameters. 

serious  symptoms  analogous  to  those  we  have  already  depicted  for 
the  other  domesticated  animals.  Death  may  result,  and  especially 
in  young  Pigs — a remarkable  instance  of  which  is  cited  by  Deguil- 
leme. 

At  the  autopsy  there  are  found  the  lesions — more  or  less  accentu- 
ated— of  verminous  bronchitis.  They  are  generally  slight,  and  the 
worms  are  lodged  in  the  smaller  bronchi  ; the  lungs  are  the  seat  of 
local  congestion.  Gratia  mentions  having  on  several  occasions 
met  with  verminous  pneumonia  in  the  Pig,  in  the  form  of  pseudo- 
tubercles having  the  closest  analogy  to  those  which  St.  rufescens 
gives  rise  to  in  the  Pig.  These  broncho  - pneumonia  nodules 


PARASITES  OF  THE  TRACHEA,  BRONCHI  AND  LUNGS  509 


were  * essentially  con- 
stituted by  endo-alveolitis 
and  endo-bronchitis  in 
limited  foci.’ 

The  treatment — which 
should  be  based  on  that 
prescribed  for  Sheep 
affected  with  the  same 
disease — should  only  be 
resorted  to  in  the  case  of 
valuable  young  or  adult 
Pigs,  as  it  is  more  advan- 
tageous to  kill  others  for 
food  if  their  age  is  suit- 
able. 


6.  Verminous  Bronchitis 
o?  the  Rabbit. 

This  disease  is  extremely 
rare  in  the  domesticated 
Rabbit ; for  the  Strongylus 
commutatus  almost  exclusively 
infests  the  bronchi  of  the 
wild  Rabbit,  and  especially 
of  the  Hare,  which  it  some- 
times destroys  in  large  num- 
bers. 


Article  IV.  — Helmin- 
thiases of  the  Trachea, 

Bronchi  and  Lungs  of 
the  Dog. 

The  worms  observed  in  the 
trachea,  bronchi,  and  lungs 
of  the  Dog  are  Nematodes, 
which  make  the  air-passages 
of  this  animal  their  ordinary, 
accidental,  or  transitory 
habitat.  Several  of  them  are 
little  known  as  yet. 

1.  Tracheo-bronchial  Filaria 
of  the  Dog. — There  are  five 
observations  on  record  of 
verminous  nodules  of  the 
trachea  and  bronchi,  caused 
by  the  Nematodes  that  Blum- 
berg  and  Rabe  doubtfully  place 
in  the  genus  Filaria.  Of  these 
five  observations,  one  is  due  to  Renault,  two  to  Blumberg,  and  the  other  two 
to  Rabe.  These  nodules  are  situated  in  the  inferior  part  of  the  trachea,  at  its 
bifurcation,  and  in  the  bronchi  towards  their  origin.  Their  number  is  very 


Fig.  314. — The  Strongylus  paradoxus. 

A,  male  and  female,  natural  size.  B,  caudal 
extremity  of  the  male  ; magnified  50  dia- 
meters. C,  fragment  of  a spicule  ; very  highly 
magnified.  D,  one  of  the  lobes  of  the  caudal 
pouch  ; magnified  100  diameters.  E,  caudal 
extremity  of  the  female  ; magnified  50  dia- 
meters. F,  free  embryo  ; magnified  1 50  dia- 
meters. — Railliet. 


5io 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


variable — from  four  to  a hundred  ; while  their  volume  may  be  from  that  of  a 
millet-seed  to  that  of  a pea.  Situated  beneath  the  mucous  membrane,  which 
is  raised  over  them,  they  are  generally  oval  in  shape,  somewhat  flattened,  hard, 
reddish  in  colour,  and  slightly  uneven.  Each  of  them  contains  a notable 
quantity  of  small  Nematodes,  which,  in  passing  through  the  wall,  protrude  on 
the  surface  by  one  or  other  of  their  extremities,  and  in  this  way  they  simulate 
villi.  Their  description  is  as  follows  : 

Body  filiform.  Mouth  surrounded  by  two  or  three  prominences  or  con- 
centric lips  of  variable  height,  behind  which  are  three  unequal  papillae  ; 
pharynx  dilated.  Male,  5 mm.  long,  with  the  posterior  extremity  rounded  ; 
two  unequal,  curved  spicules.  Female,  9 mm.  to  1 5 mm.  long  ; vulva  situated 
immediately  in  front  of  the  anus.  Ovoviviparous.  These  worms,  imbedded 
as  they  are  in  the  substance  of  the  nodules,  are  very  difficult  to  extract,  and 
their  study  is  still  incomplete. 

Their  presence  is  usually  not  betrayed  by  any  particular  symptoms  ; 
though  in  a case  remarked  by  Rabe  there  was  very  marked  respiratory  dis- 
turbance ; the  nodules  found  at  the  autopsy  were  very  numerous,  and  were 
more  particularly  concentrated  in  the  thoracic  portion  of  the  trachea.  The 
lungs  also  contained  a great  number  of  grey  nodules,  the  size  of  a grain  of 
sand  ; they  chiefly  abounded  beneath  the  pleura,  and  the  largest  of  them  was 
inhabited  by  one  or  more  females. 

The  verminous  bronchitis  described  by  Osier  appears  to  have  been  this 
affection.  The  parasite  to  which  he  attributed  it,  and  which  he  named  Stron- 
gylus  bronchialis  canis,  was  designated  Filaria  Osleri  by  Cobbold.  The  largest 
males  measured  scarcely  4 mm.,  and  the  females  a little  more  than  6 mm. 

Of  30  Dogs  attacked  by  this  disease,  21  succumbed  to  it ; all  of  them, 
except  six,  were  not  more  than  eight  months  old.  The  principal  symptoms 
were  : Inappetence,  indifference,  weakness ; sometimes  paraplegia,  often 
convulsions  ; rarely  diarrhoea ; vomiting  after  food  ; sometimes  a short, 
husky  cough  ; and  intense  fever.  Duration,  three  to  ten  days.  In  eight 
dogs  on  which  an  autopsy  was  made,  there  were  observed  lesions  of  broncho- 
pneumonia, but  only  in  six  were  parasites  found  ; these  were  nearly  all  lodged 
in  nodules  in  the  tracheal  mucous  membrane,  chiefly  at  the  bifurcation  of  the 
tube,  and  in  the  larger  bronchi,  the  nodules  projecting  from  the  surface  of  the 
membrane  as  in  the  preceding  cases.  A certain  number  of  adult  Nematodes 
and  embryos  were  concealed  in  the  mucus  of  the  smaller  bronchi.  The  lining 
membrane  of  the  trachea  was  highly  hypenemic.  It  might  be  questioned 
whether  all  these  cases  were  of  the  same  kind,  and  if  they  did  not  rather  co- 
incide with  the  ‘ distemper  ’ of  young  Dogs,  localized  in  the  respiratory  appar- 
atus. The  details  given  would  support  this  hypothesis. 

Courtin,  of  Bordeaux,  has  also  met  with  Nematodes  in  the  bronchi  and 
pulmonary  vesicles  of  the  Dog  ; but  these  were  embryos  the  origin  of  which 
could  not  be  determined.  The  inferior  lobes  of  the  lungs  showed,  posteriorly, 
patches  of  white,  indurated  substance  in  which  were  found  embryos — some 
free,  others  encysted.  Megnin  reports  having  observed  a similar  instance  in  a 
Fox-terrier. 

2.  Filaria  immitis  (Leidy). — This  worm  inhabits  the  right  side  of  the  heart 
and  the  pulmonary  artery,  but  it  may  be  met  with  in  making  sections  of  the 
lungs  (see  Hcematozoa  of  the  Dog). 

3.  Spiroptera  sanguinolenta. — This  entozoon  lives  in  tumours  in  the 
oesophagus  and  stomach  of  the  Dog  ; nevertheless,  it  may  also  be  found  in  the 
walls  of  the  aorta,  whence  it  throws  off  its  embryos  into  the  blood,  by  means  of 
the  pulmonary  vessels.  Railliet  has  seen  a tumour  in  a Dog’s  lung  which 
contained  several  of  these  worms.  The  lung  adhered  to  the  oesophagus,  which 
had  a similar  tumour  at  the  same  level. 

4.  Indetermined  Nematode. — A white,  round,  filiform  worm,  tapering  at 
both  ends  ; head  and  tail  without  wings  ; length  4 cm.  to  5 cm.  Found  by 
Chauvrat  in  Algeria,  at  the  autopsy  of  a Dog  which  had  been  killed 
because  of  rabiform  symptoms.  The  bronchial  glands  contained  20  to 
25  specimens — some  of  them  twined  round  each  other  in  bundles,  others 
separate.  Several  were  found  in  the  bronchi  and  bronchioles,  laced  together 


PARASITES  OF  THE  TRACHEA,  BRONCHI  AND  LUNGS  51 1 

or  isolated,  but  free  in  the  mucus.  One  worm  was  met  with  in  the  nasal 
cavities.  The  Dog  had  been  troubled  for  a long  time  with  cough  and 
sneezing. 

Strongylus  vasorum  (Baillet). — In  the  adult  state,  this  worm  lives 
in  the  right  side  of  the  heart  and  the  larger  divisions  of  the  pul- 
monary artery  (see  Hcematozoa  of  the  Dog).  The  ova  laid  by  the 
female  are  arrested  in  the  finer  arterioles,  and  there  pass  through 
all  their  phases  of  development.  Their  presence  gives  rise  to 
special  granules  which  are  characteristic  of  this  pulmonary  Strongy- 
losis, and  which  were  discovered  and  well  studied  by  Laulanie. 

Little  is  known  of  the  symptoms  it  provokes.  Its  presence  is 
sometimes  betrayed  by  severe  and  sudden  dyspnoea,  which  may 
subside  in  a few  days,  or  it  may  terminate  in  asphyxia.  Ausculta- 
tion and  percussion  do  not  furnish  any  appreciable  sign.  There 
is  sometimes  anaemia,  emaciation,  fits  of  dry  and  feeble  coughing, 
and  ascites  that  disappears  after  a long  rest.  The  diagnosis  may 
perhaps  be  assisted  by  the  search  for  embryos  in  the  mucus  or  foam 
ejected  during  the  coughing.  Most  frequently  the  affection 
remains  unperceived  during  life,  and  is  only  recognised  at  the 
autopsy.  It  is  generally  sporadic  ; though  it  may  become  estab- 
lished as  an  enzooty  in  the  same  pack  of  Dogs,  and  make  serious 
ravages. 

At  the  autopsy  there  are  found,  in  the  right  side  of  the  heart, 
or  in  the  branches  of  the  pulmonary  artery,  adult  Strongyles. 
When  dealing  with  the  parasites  of  the  circulatory  apparatus,  we 
will  refer  to  the  characteristics  and  distribution  of  these  parasites, 
as  well  as  the  alterations  they  cause  in  the  bloodvessels. 

The  pulmonary  lobes  show  a well-defined  zone  at  their  base,  in 
which  the  tissue  is  grey,  compact,  incompletely  retracted,  and 
heavier  than  water.  This  is  studded  with  greyish,  semi-trans- 
parent granules,  that  rarely  attain  the  size  of  a pin’s  head  ; their 
accumulation  gives  a pearly  roughened  aspect  to  the  free  surface 
and  to  those  of  sections,  and  they  become  more  numerous  and  con- 
fluent as  they  approach  the  exterior  of  the  lungs.  Beneath  the 
pleura  they  sometimes  form  yellow  patches  which,  to  the  pocket- 
lens,  resolve  themselves  into  distinct  granules.  Beyond  the 
affected  zone  these  granules  are  very  rare,  and  they  almost  com- 
pletely disappear  at  the  summit  of  the  lungs.  This  granular  zone 
may  consist  of  only  a few  sub-pleural  islets,  or  occupy  two-thirds  of 
the  height  of  the  lung  ; sometimes  the  islets  are  voluminous,  and 
disposed  irregularly  throughout  the  periphery  of  the  organ. 

In  preparations  made  by  teasing  out  the  fresh  tissue,  there  is 
found — amongst  various  anatomical  elements — a more  or  less 
considerable  number  of  elliptical  ova,  70  fi  to  60  /*  long,  and  40 
to  50  fi  broad,  the  shell  of  which  is  very  thin  and  often  wrinkled, 
and  contains  a very  granular  vitellus,  more  or  less  segmented,  or 
already  developed  into  an  embryo.  There  are  also  a certain 
number  of  free  living  embryos,  and  when  this  is  the  case  the  bronchi 
contain  masses  of  them  surrounded  by  mucus. 


512 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  granules  are  the  products  of  nodular  vascularities,  correspond- 
ing to  the  varieties  established  by  Kiener  under  the  name  of 
‘ tubercles  of  the  endogenous  type,’  and  ' tubercles  of  the  exo- 
genous type.’  These  two  types  are  rarely  associated,  but  when 
they  are,  then  one  of  them  is  in  the  minority,  and  appears  to  be 
accidental. 

The  pseudo-follicles  of  the  endogenous  type  may,  by  their  con- 
fluence, form  nodules  varying 
from  *25  mm.  to  i mm.  They 
are  developed  in  the  interior 
of  the  smaller  arterioles,  the 
epithelium  of  which  prolifer- 
ates ; each  comprises  : i.  A 
central  zone  formed  by  a giant 
cell,  having  a cavity  in  which 
is  an  ovum  or  embryo  ; 2.  A 
middle  zone,  formed  by  epi- 
thelioid cells  ; 3.  A peripheral 
zone,  composed  of  embryonal 
elements  arranged  in  a circular 
manner. 


Fig.  315. — Pseudo-follicle  undergoing  Fig.  316. — Pseudo-follicle  in  pul- 
formation  on  the  course  of  an  arteriole  monary  strongylosis  of  the  Dog, 

a,  between  two  layers  of  muscular  showing  the  ovigerous  giant  cell, 

fibres,  the  direction  of  which  is  indi-  The  ovum  of  the  Strongylus 

cated  at  & by  a line  of  epithelial  cells  ; vasorum,  o,  contained  in  this  cell 

c,  fissure  and  epithelial  lining  insuring  is  segmented. — Laulanie. 

continuity  in  the  circulation  ; d,  oval 
cavi  ty.  — Laulanie. 

The  pseudo- follicles  of  the  exogenous  type  form  smaller  and  more 
discrete  granules.  They  are  developed  in  the  external  tunic  of  the 
arterioles  and  surrounding  tissue,  and  have  the  same  structure  as 
the  follicles  of  the  endogenous  type,  except  that  the  central  giant 
cell  rarely  acquires  such  large  dimensions,  that  the  embryonal 
cells  accompany  the  epithelioid  cells  of  the  middle  zone,  and  that 
the  peripheral  zone — less  limited  externally — encroaches  on  the 
alveolar  walls,  sending  out  buds  that  project  into  the  alveoli. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  TRACHEA,  BRONCHI  AND  LUNGS  513 


Evolution. — Judging  by  the  distribution  of  the  ova  and  embryos 
in  the  granular  zone  and  bronchi,  and  from  a number  of  experiments 
with  regard  to  infestation — in  which  Dogs  ate  pieces  of  lungs 
affected  with  parasitic  granuloma — Laulanie  believed  he  was 
warranted  in  arriving  at  the  following  conclusions,  with  respect  to 
the  cycle  of  migrations  of  the  Strongylus  vasorum  : 

1.  The  adult  Strongyles  fix  themselves  in  the  right  side  of  the 
heart,  or  the  large  divisions  of  the  pulmonary  artery,  couple  at 
these  various  points,  where  the  females  lay  their  eggs,  which  are 
arrested  in  the  finest  arterioles,  and  there  undergo  all  the  phases 
of  their  development  : 

2.  The  hatched  embryos  leave  the  inflammatory  foci,  which  have 
protected  them,  and  wander  towards  the  bronchi,  whence  they  are 
ejected  from  the  body  of  the  host  ; 

3.  They  are  accidentally  swallowed  by  Dogs,  and  in  their  digestive 
apparatus  or  venous  system  submit  to  those  modifications  which 
bring  them  to  the  adult  state  in  the  right  side  of  the  heart. 

‘ By  the  light  of  these  facts,’  says  Laulanie,  ‘ it  can  be  very  well 
understood  how  strongylosis  may  assume  an  enzootic  form,  and 
affect  several  Dogs  in  a pack.  The  attacks — which  are  marked 
by  much  distress  and  extremely  severe  dyspnoea — occur  from 
time  to  time,  and  apparently  coincide  with  renewed  laying  of  an 
abundance  of  eggs  by  the  females — a generation  of  ova  passing 
into  the  arterioles,  and  causing  temporary  occlusion  of  these 
vessels.’ 


Article  V. — Helminthiases  of  the  Trachea,  Bronchi,  and  Lungs 

of  the  Cat. 

Independently  of  the  Linguatula  denticulatum  which -is  met  with  in  the  lungs 
of  the  Cat,  other  Nematodes  have  been  noticed,  either  in  the  adult  state  or  as 
embryos.  These  are  the  Ollulanus  tricuspis,  Strongylus  pusillus,  and  Tricho- 
somum  cerophilum. 

1.  Ollulanus  tricuspis  (Leuck). — In  the  adult  state,  this  worm  inhabits  the 
substance  of  the  gastric  mucous  membrane  of  the  Cat.  The  embryos  laid  by 
the  females  emigrate  in  the  same  manner  as  Trichina,  and  the  lungs  are  among 
the  organs  they  may  invade.  Each  embryo  is  surrounded  by  a cyst,  in  which 
it  remains  immovable  ; and  when  the  number  of  these  formations  is  consider- 
able, they  give  the  membrane  the  appearance  of  being  affected  with  miliary 
tubercule,  each  of  them  being  encircled  by  a zone  of  hepatization.  The 
inflammatory  process  may  be  so  extensive  as  to  cause  death.  In  serious  cases, 
the  bronchial  mucus  is  more  or  less  sanguinolent,  and  contains  embryos. 
(For  the  history  of  the  development  of  the  Ollulanus,  see  Parasites  of  the  Stomach 
of  the  Cat.) 

2.  Strongylus  pusil'us  (Muller). — On  several  occasions  there  has  been 
reported  a verminous  affection  of  the  lungs  of  the  Cat,  the  macroscopical 
lesions  of  which  resemble  those  of  tuberculosis  in  Man  ; but  it  is  possible  that 
— as  Leuckart  remarked — some  of  these  were  instances  of  Olliilaniasis 
(Cobbold).  But,  with  Railliet,  we  admit  that  nearly  all  the  cases  of  pulmonary 
helminthiasis  in  the  Cat  are  due  to  a Strongyle.  The  simultaneous  presence 
of  the  ova  and  the  embryo  proves,  in  fact,  that  both  are  deposited  on  the  spot. 
But  the  worm  is  very  difficult  to  discover.  We  once  found  a non-ovigerous 

33 


514 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


female,  and  Railliet  has  obtained  portions  of  the  body  of  a female.  Muller, 
however,  has  succeeded  in  removing  entire  specimens — male  and  female — 
from  certain  foci  ; he  described  them  by  the  name  of  Strongylus  pusillus. 

The  ova  and  embryos  of  this  Strongyle  cause  the  formation  of  verminous 
pneumonia  foci,  which  usually  appear  as  whitish-yellow  granules,  from  the 
size  of  a pin’s  head  to  that  of  a hemp-seed,  slightly  projecting  beneath  the 
pleura,  or  on  the  surface  of  a section.  Sometimes  they  are  grouped  as  greyish, 
semi-transparent  nodules  the  size  of  a pea,  or  are  imbedded  in  a somewhat  ex- 
tensive mass  of  grey  hepatization.  They  often  form  prominent  sinuous  streaks. 

The  pulmonary  tissue  intermediate  to  the  granules  retains  its  rosy  tint  and 
its  permeability.  By  scraping  a section  of  the  invaded  tissue,  a foamy  fluid 
is  obtained,  in  which  ova  are  seen  in  all  degrees  of  segmentation,  and  it  may 
contain  a well-formed  embryo.  A large  number  of  embryos  move  about  in 
this  fluid  ; they  are  also  observed  in  the  mucus  of  the  bronchi,  trachea,  and 

upper  air-passages  — Railliet  states  that  he 
has  seen  them  likewise  in  the  digestive  canal. 

Laulanie  has  furnished  precise  details  of 
the  histological  lesions  of  this  pulmonary 
strongylosis. 

The  ova  and  embryos  are  lodged  in  the 
pulmonary  alveoli.  The  first  are  accumulated 
by  hundreds,  over  a large  extent  of  the  field 
of  the  microscope — indeed,  they  are  in  such 
compact  masses  that  the  network  formed  by 
the  alveolar  walls  is  broken  through,  and 
reduced  to  thin  shreds.  They  are  in  all  stages 
and  degrees  of  segmentation  and  development. 
They  do  not  produce  any  other  lesion  at  the 
points  where  they  are  accumulated,  than  this 
atrophy  by  compression  of  the  alveolar  walls. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  embryos  that  come 
from  them,  by  their  migration  determine  a 
very  abundant  diapedesis  of  leucocytes,  which 
fill  the  pulmonary  alveoli,  and  from  this 
results  foci  of  purulent  miliary  pneumonia, 
which,  however,  have  no  resemblance  to 
tubercles. 

This  strongylosis  is  very  frequent ; we 
have  remarked  it  in  a fourth  of  the  Cats — 
19  of  76 — we  examined.  It  sometimes  co- 
exists with  scabies,  and  the  disease  of  the 
lungs  probably  induces  a cachetic  condition 
that  favours  the  installation  of  the  psoric  malady,  or  the  reverse.  In 
many  cases,  this  verminous  pneumonia  of  the  Cat  does  not  reveal  itself  by 
any  noticeable  sign.  In  some  instances,  there  is  frequent  cough,  coming  on 
in  fits,  and  often  followed  by  vomiting ; after  a variable  time  the  animal  loses 
condition,  its  hair  is  erect,  diarrhoea  sets  in,  and  the  cachexia — which  becomes 
more  and  more  pronounced  — brings  about  a fatal  result  after  an  illness  of  two 
or  three  months.  Tracheal  parasiticide  inj  ections  constitute  the  only  treatment 
that  can  be  recommended. 


Fig.  317. — Ova  and  embryos  of 
the  SUongylus  pusillus  of 
the  Cat ; magnified  150  dia- 
meters, — Railliet. 

A,  B,  ova  in  process  of  seg- 
mentation ; C,  ovum  contain- 
ing an  embryo  ; D,  free  em- 
bryo. 


3.  Trichosomum  (Eucoleus)  aerophilum  (Creplin).  This  is  a filiform  worm, 
the  male  of  which  is  24  mm.  long,  and  the  female  32  mm.  ; the  body  becomes 
gradually  thicker  behind,  where  it  attains  100  n to  180  fx  in  diameter,  and  is 
attenuated  at  the  posterior  extremity.  There  are  two  longitudinal  bands 
formed  of  numerous  rods,  one  of  which  is  ventral,  and  in  width  is  three- 
fourths  of  the  total  diameter,  the  other  being  dorsal  and  only  one-third  of 
this  diameter.  The  tail  of  the  male  is  truncated,  and  divided  into  two  lobes, 
which  are  united  by  a thin  circular  caudal  pouch.  The  sheath  of  the  spicule 
is  covered  by  very  small  spines.  Eggs  ovoid  and  72/4  long  ; they  are  held  on 
the  surface  of  the  female’s  body  by  a mucilaginous  layer. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  TRACHEA,  BRONCHI  AND  LUNGS  515 


This  worm  was  known  as  a parasite  in  the  trachea  of  the  Fox  ; A.  Muller 
found  it  in  the  lungs  of  a Marten,  and  he  also  met  with  eight  individuals  in  the 
trachea  of  a Cat,  affected  with  strongylosis  to  a very  high  degree.  We  have 
found  three  worms  of  this  species  in  the  trachea  or  larger  bronchi  of  three 
Cats,  two  of  which  were  affected  with  pulmonary  strongylosis.  These  worms 
were  young  females,  only  one  of  which  contained  eggs,  but  they  were  not  yet 
fully  formed. 


B.— DOMESTICATED  BIRDS. 

With  the  exception  of  species  of  Cytodites  and  Syngamus,  the 
majority  of  the  animal  parasites  found  in  the  respiratory  apparatus 
of  Birds  are  merely  accidental,  and  only  met  with  at  autopsies. 
The  vegetable  parasites  are  represented  by  Aspergillus.  We  have 
already  said  enough  with  regard  to  acariasis  of  the  trachea  and 
bronchi,  and  especially  of  the  air-sacs  of  the  Gallinacei  (see  p.  216). 
Syngamus  and  Aspergillus  have  an  importance  which  requires  a 
special  chapter  for  each.  A brief  mention  will  suffice  for  the  other 
parasites. 

Echinococcus  gallopavonis  (Siebold).  A fertile  Echinococcus  found  by  Von 
Siebold,  in  1837,  in  the  lungs  of  a Turkey. 

Monastomum  mutabile  (Zeder). — Body  of  a dirty-yellow  or  faint-rose  colour, 
5 mm.  to  24  mm.  long,  foliaceous  ; flat  beneath,  a little  convex  above  ; attenu- 
ated into  a cone  anteriorly,  broader  and  rounded  behind,  where  it  is  2 mm.  to 
8 mm.  wide.  Sucker  subterminal,  very  small,  and  surrounding  the  mouth. 
Ova  brown,  ovoid,  173  /x  long  and  84  /x  broad  ; hatched  in  the  uterus,  and 
yielding  an  embryo  that  contains  a sporocyst.  Lives  in  various  parts  of  the 
respiratory  apparatus  of  many  birds,  the  majority  of  which  are  aquatic. 
Wiesenthal,  Von  Siebold,  Diesing,  and  Zurn  found  it  in  the  sub-orbital  sinus 
of  the  domesticated  Goose  ; the  first  of  these  authorities  had  witnessed  an 
epizooty  caused  by  it  in  1799  (Diesing).  A particular  interest  attaches  to  this 
Monostome,  as  it  was  the  object  of  the  first  observations  relative  to  the  de- 
velopment of  the  Trematodes.  Von  Siebold  showed,  in  1835,  that  the  foreign 
body  contained  in  the  embryo  survived  it  in  the  form  of  a sporocyst,  from 
which  Cercariae  were  derived. 


33 — 2 


CHAPTER  I 


VERMINOUS  TRACHEO  BRONCHITIS  (SYNGAMOSIS) 

The  Nematodes  which  live  in  the  air-passages  of  Poultry,  and  give 
rise  to  symptoms  of  tracheo-bronchitis,  almost  exclusively  belong 
to  the  genus  Syngamus,  of  the  tribe  Sclerostomince,  in  the  family  of 
Sirongylidce  (see  p.  279). 

Genus  Syngamus  (Sieb.). — Head  thick  ; mouth  large,  and  succeeded  by  a 
chitinous  capsule  that  keeps  it  open.  Males  relatively  small,  and  provided 
with  two  spicules.  Females  furnished  with  a double  ovary  ; vulva  situated  in 
the  anterior  part  of  the  body.  Copulation — which  is  permanent  in  the  principal 
species — is  effected  at  an  acute  angle,  and  in  such  a manner  that  two  indi- 
viduals so  united  might  be  taken  for  a worm  with  two  heads. 

Two  species  have  been  described  in  domesticated  Birds. 

1.  Syngamus  trachealis  (Siebold,  5.  primitivus  xMolin). — A cylindroid  worm, 
coloured  red  by  the  fluid  between  its  organs.  Head  broad  and  truncated. 
Mouth  orbicular,  and  sustained  by  a hemispherical  capsule,  at  the  bottom  of 
which  are  six  or  seven  sharp  lanceolated,  chitinous  eminences  arranged  around 
the  oesophageal  opening,  the  margin  of  which  is  thick  and  everted,  and  cut  into 
six  festoons  divided  symmetrically  into  four  lips.  Male  2 mm.  to  6 mm.  long  ; 
caudal  pouch  obliquely  truncated,  suspended  by  about  twelve  ribs  and 
attached  around  the  vulva.  Female  5 mm.  to  20  mm.,  thin  in  front,  irregularly 
dilated  when  it  is  full  of  eggs  ; vulva  salient  towards  the  anterior  fourth  or 
fifth  of  the  body.  Ova  ellipsoid,  operculated,  85  hi  long  and  50  //.  broad.  A 
remarkable  feature  of  this  species  is  the  permanence  of  copulation,  which  is 
so  intimate  that  the  males  cannot  be  separated  from  the  females  without 
tearing  their  integuments. 

This  worm — which  is  known  to  Pheasant-keepeis  as  the  red 
worm  or  forked  worm — lives  in  the  trachea  and  large  bronchi  of  a 
large  number  of  the  domesticated  Birds — common  Pheasant, 
golden  Pheasant,  Fowl,  Turkey,  Peacock  ; and  of  wild  Birds — grey 
Partridge,  Magpie,  hooded  Crow,  Chocard  of  the  Alps,  green  Wood- 
pecker, Sparrow,  Martin.  It  is  most  frequent  in  the  Gallinacei, 
and  especially  in  Pheasants. 

History. — The  disease  caused  by  the  Syngamus  trachealis  was  reported  for 
the  first  time  in  1799,  by  Wiesenthal,  who  observed  it  at  Baltimore,  America, 
in  Fowls  and  Turkeys.  Montagu  in  1806,  1807,  1808,  saw  it  prevail  as  an 
epizootic  among  Pullets,  Pheasants,  and  Partridges  in  England,  into 
which  the  parasite  had  probably  been  imported  from  America.  Since  that 
date,  it  has  been  many  times  observed  in  America,  England,  France,  Germany, 
and  Italy.  Bellingham  and  Railliet  have  noticed  it  in  the  Peacock.  It  is 
scarcely  more  than  twenty  years  since  it  began  to  figure  in  French  publica- 
tions. Our  knowledge  of  the  development  of  the  Syngamus  is  due  to  Leuckart, 
Ehlers,  Megnin,  and  Walker. 

516 


VERMINOUS  TRACHEO-BRON  CHIT  I S ( SYNGAMOSIS ) 51 7 


Symptoms.  — Birds  attacked 
by  Syngamosis  are  recognised 
by  1 a kind  of  sudden,  whistling 
cough,  something  like  a sneeze, 
which  more  or  less  affects  young 
individuals . T hose  most  seriously 
affected  yawn  and  open  the  beak, 
at  the  same  time  stretching  the 
neck  by  a peculiar  movement, 
indicative  of  the  inconvenience 
they  experience.  The  worst 
cases  have  the  mouth  filled  with 
foamy  saliva,  which  they  cannot 
get  rid  of  ’ (Megnin). 

The  name  ‘ gapes  ’ given  to 
this  disease  in  England  and 
America,  indicates  the  principal 
symptom.  The  general  signs 
consist  of  a diminution  of  appe- 
tite, dulness,  feathers  erect,  and 
all  the  characters  of  a cachexia, 
which,  if  asphyxia  does  not 
intervene,  will  terminate  in 
death.  According  to  Renne, 
there  is  subcutaneous  emphysema 
of  the  neck  and  breast.  A 
German  breeder  says  that,  in 
order  to  confirm  the  diagnosis, 
it  is  only  necessary  to  hold  up 
a sick  Bird  — with  its  neck  ex- 
tended — in  the  sunlight  ; the 
parasite  can  then  be  seen  through 
the  skin  and  trachea. 

A spontaneous  recovery  is 
exceptional,  especially  in  young 
Birds.  A gentleman  in  Somer- 
setshire wrote  to  Youatt,  stating 
that  Pullets  would  resist  the 
disease  when  the  feathers  of  the 
head  and  neck  began  to  grow. 

This  parasite  may  be  the  cause 
of  deadly  epizooties.  Wiesenthal 
estimated  the  losses  at  four-fifths 
of  the  Gallinae  in  the  invaded 
localities  ; Crisp  placed  at  half 
a million  the  number  of  Pullets 
destroyed  by  it  in  England  every 
year : while  Megnin  alleges  that, 
in  a pheasantry  at  Rambouillet, 
there  were  about  1,200  victims 
daily. 


Fig.  318.  — Syngamus  trachealis  ; 
natural  size,  and  magnified  10  dia- 
meters.— Railliet. 


5i8 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Lesions. — At  the  autopsy  of  Gallinae  which  have  succumbed  to 
this  affection,  the  parasites  are  found  throughout  the  trachea — 
chiefly  near  its  division  into  bronchi,  sometimes  at  their  origin  ; 
they  are  enveloped  in  foamy  mucus.  The  majority  of  the  parasites 
adhere  so  firmly  by  their  buccal  capsule,  that  they  will  allow  them- 
selves to  be  torn  rather  than  relax  their  hold  ; the  point  to  'which 
they  are  fixed  is  often  formed  into  a small  tumour  full  of  yellow 
caseous  pus.  This  abscess  may  become  so  developed  as  to  obstruct 
the  trachea,  and  one  alone  may  induce  asphyxia.  The  number 
of  couples  found  in  one  Bird  is  variable  ; but  two  or  three  may  kill 
a Pheasant  of  four  to  six  weeks  old,  though  it  requires  twenty -five 
to  thirty  to  asphyxiate  an  adult  Pheasant.  Independently  of  the 
power  of  resistance  conferred  by  age,  the  differences  in  other 
respects  may  be  related  to  the  diameter  of  the  trachea  (Megnin). 

Etiology. — The  disease  scarcely  attacks  any  but  young  Birds, 
and  then  more  especially  during  certain  years,  though  there  is 
nothing  certain  to  account  for  this.  Some  poultiy- breeders  declare 
that  the  fattest  and  best  conditioned  Birds  are  the  first  attacked. 

The  ova  of  the  Syngamus  are  developed  to  a variable  degree  ir. 
the  uterus  of  the  female,  accoiding  to  its  age  and  size  ; when  it  is 
20  mm.  to  22  mm.  long,  the  embryo  is  completely  formed  (Cobbold, 
Megnin).  These  ova  are  not  laid,  and  they  can  only  escape  from 
the  body  of  the  female  in  case  of  rupture,  which,  in  ordinary  cir- 
cumstances, results  from  cadaveric  decomposition.  The  ova — 
whether  embryonated  or  not — fall  on  damp  ground  or  in  pools  of 
water,  and  are  hatched  in  from  seven  to  forty  days,  according  to 
the  temperature.  Ehlers  has  shown  that  the  embryo  has  no  need 
of  an  intermediate  host,  in  order  to  become  transformed  into  an 
adult  worm.  In  Birds  which  he  had  caused  to  ingest  ova  con- 
taining embryos,  in  about  twelve  days  he  found  coupled  individuals, 
and — after  seventeen  days — females  full  of  eggs.  Walker  has 
observed  that  the  embryos  remain  alive  in  the  digestive  canal  of 
the  earth-worms,  and  that  when  Birds  swallow  these  they  become 
affected  with  Syngamosis.  Megnin  has  given  the  ‘ gapes  ’ to  a 
Parrot,  by  feeding  it  with  a certain  number  of  the  worms  collected 
from  Pheasants.  It  has  been  noted  that  affected  birds  often  cough 
up  the  parasites,  and  their  companions  immediately  swallow  them 
with  avidity.  This  is  evidently  the  way  in  which  Syngamosis  is 
propagated. 

The  way  in  which  the  embryos  reach  the  respiratory  apparatus 
is  not  known.  Perhaps  they  become  adherent  in  the  pharynx 
during  deglutition,  and  afterwards  pass  directly  into  the  trachea. 

Treatment. — Isolate  the  affected  Birds,  and  put  those  yet  healthy 
on  clean  ground.  Bury  deeply  or  burn  the  bodies  of  dead  Birds ; 
disinfect  the  ground  of  the  pheasantry  or  poultry-yard,  by  sprinkling 
over  it  a i per  thousand  solution  of  salicylic  or  sulphuric  acid  ; give 
uncontaminated  food  and  water  to  the  Birds,  adding  to  the  water 
i*3  grammes  of  salicylate  of  soda  to  the  litre — such  are  the  pre- 
ventive measures  recommended  by  Megnin. 


VERMINOUS  TRA  CHEO-BRON  CHIT  IS  ( SYNGAMOSIS ) 519 

In  America  and  also  in  England  a feather  from  which  all  the 
barbules  have  been  removed  except  those  at  the  point,  is  intro- 
duced into  the  trachea  and  turned  round  there,  with  the  object  of 
detaching  the  worms  ; but  this  is  an  insufficient  and  dangerous 
proceeding,  and  can  only  remove  a small  number  of  the  parasites 
which  are  situated  at  the  upper  parts  of  the  trachea,  and  are  ex- 
ceptionally slightly  attached  to  the  mucous  membrane  ; while  it 
may  cause  suffocation  or  even  sudden  death. 

Garlic  has  been  employed  with  much  success,  first  by  Montagu, 
then  by  Megnin.  Montagu  gave  an  infusion  of  rue  and  garlic, 
instead  of  water,  to  drink.  Megnin  prescribed,  as  food,  a mixture 
of  hard-boiled  eggs,  ox-heart  soup,  stale  bread,  aud  salad,  all  well 
mixed  up  with  chopped  garlic,  added  in  the  proportion  of  one 
clove  of  the  latter  daily  to  every  six  Pheasants.  He  was  also  fortu- 
nate in  the  employment  of  powdered  asafoetida  with  an  equal  part 
of  powdered  gentian,  these  being  incorporated  in  a cake,  and  given 
in  the  proportion  of  *50  gramme  per  head  every  day.  He  also 
added  to  every  litre  of  drinking  water,  a solution  of  1 gramme  of 
salicylic  acid  in  100  grammes  of  water. 

It  is  in  being  eliminated  by  the  air  passages,  that  the  volatile 
principles  of  garlic  and  asafoetida  act  as  toxicants  on  the  red  worms 
of  the  trachea. 

Megnin  recommends,  besides,  fumigation  with  sulphurous  acid  ; 
the  fits  of  coughing  to  which  it  gives  rise  cause  the  expulsion  of 
the  parasites.  But  this  means  requires  much  watchfulness,  in  order 
to  avert  accidents  from  suffocation. 

The  breeder  above-mentioned,  advises  the  employment  of  an 
8 or  10  pei  cent,  solution  of  salicylic  acid,  a few  drops  of  which  are 
to  be  carefully  injected  into  the  trachea  by  means  of  a straw. 
And  ‘ an  English  farmer  says  he  has  rarely  lost  an  affected  indi- 
vidual since  he  resorted  to  tobacco  smoke.  He  places  the  pullets 
in  a box,  which  he  covers  with  a cloth  ; then  puts  a little  tobacco  in 
a pipe,  lights  it,  puts  some  more  tobacco  on  the  top,  introduces  the 
pipe  into  the  box  and  blows  gently  through  the  stem,  until  the 
Birds  fall  over  almost  inanimate.  He  then  restores  them  to  the 
open  air,  when  they  soon  recover  their  health  ’ (Railliet). 

Those  who  have  employed  it  speak  highly  of  paraffin,  applied 
directly  to  the  upper  part  of  the  trachea  by  means  of  the  tip  of  a 
feather.  Tracheal  injections  do  not  yet  appear  to  have  been 
seriously  tried. 

2.  Syngamus  bronchialis  (Muhlig). — Body  cylindrical,  and  tapering  slightly 
in  front.  Mouth  arranged  as  in  S.  trachealis.  Male,  10  mm.  long  ; caudal 
pouch  spherical,  entire,  and  sustained  by  ribs,  the  two  posterior  of  which  are 
tridigitated,  and  arise  from  a common  trunk  that  is  nearly  double  their  length, 
the  middle  and  anterior  ones  cleft — the  external  anterior  lying  alongside  the 
middle  one  ; spicules  filiform,  curved  at  the  end,  and  fringed  at  the  inner 
margin.  Female,  25  mm.  long,  the  posterior  extremity  terminating  in  a 
conical  point ; vulva  slightly  salient,  and  situated  at  the  first  third  of  the 
length  of  the  body.  Ova  ellipsoid,  non-operculated,  and  90  long  by  60 
broad.  Copulation  is  not  constant,  and  the  coupled  worms  may  be  disengaged 
without  tearing  the  integuments. 


520 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


This  worm  has  been  found  by  Miihlig  in  some  young  Japanese  Geese.  It 
is  at  least  closely  related  to  the  species  which  lives  in  the  black  Stork,  and  which 
Diesing  named  Sclerostomum  tracheale — the  Syngamus  Sclerostomum  of  Molin. 

Miihlig  met  with  this  Syngamus  to  the  number  of  20  to  30,  forming  bundles 
in  the  larynx,  trachea,  and  bronchi,  the  ultimate  ramifications  of  which  they 
had  reached,  and  where  they  were  enveloped  in  a thick  mucus.  There  was 
sometimes  a croupal  pneumonia,  and  an  exudate  of  the  same  character  was 
thrown  out  into  the  air-sacs,  which  also  contained  ova  that  had  undergone 
segmentation  to  a variable  degree,  and  free  embryos.  The  symptoms  were 
analogous  to  those  noted  in  the  Gallinae,  and  consisted  chiefly  in  gaping  and  a 
characteristic  cough. 

Przibylka  has  several  times  observed  the  same  affection  in  Geese.  It 
attacked,  by  preference,  the  young  ones,  and  always  terminated  in  death. 
Besides  the  above  symptoms,  he  remarked  a state  of  debility  that  kept  the 
Birds  lying  for  a long  time,  accompanied  with  convulsive  movements  of  the 
head,  and  efforts  to  vomit — due  to  the  mucus,  mixed  with  worms,  that  had 
accumulated  in  the  trachea  and  bronchi. 

Hayem  found  in  each  of  two  Ducks — which  w^ere  at  the  same  time  affected 
with  pulmonary  mycosis — twenty  worms  agglomerated  in  bundles  in  the 
trachea,  and  particularly  in  the  syrinx  ; some  had  even  penetrated  the  lungs. 
Hayem  assigned  to  them  a length  of  35  mm.  to  40  mm.  for  the  females,  and 
about  1 5 mm.  for  the  males.  He  classed  them  with  the  Sclerostomum  armatum 
Dies,  of  the  Horse — the  Scl.  equinum  Miill.  ; but  it  is  more  probable  that  they 
belong  to  another  species  of  Sclerostomum  or  Syngamus — perhaps,  even,  to 
the  Syngamus  bronchialis. 


CHAPTER  II 

MYCOSIS  OF  THE  AIR-PASSAGES  IN  BIRDS 


A large  number  of  observations  have  established  the  fact  that  the 
Fungi  of  moulds — Mucedince — belonging  to  the  genus  Aspergillus 
Micheli,  may  develop  and  vegetate  in  the  respiratory  apparatus 
of  Birds — exceptionally  in  Mammals — and  cause  serious  alterations 
in  it.  According  to  the  seat  they  occupy,  we  have  broncho-mycoses , 
pneumomycoses , and  cytomycoses  or  mycoses  of  the  air-sacs. 

Birds. — The  first  recorded  case  of  pneumomycosis  goes  back  as 
far  as  1815,  and  is  due  to  Meyer  and  Emert,  who  observed  it  in  a 
Jay.  Afterwards,  similar  occurrences  were  noted  in  the  Flamingo, 
Eider-duck,  Sea-gull,  Stork,  Ostrich,  Plover,  Parrot,  Bullfinch, 
Raven,  Owl,  Falcon,  etc.,  with  regard  to  wild  Birds  ; and  in  such 
domesticated  Birds  as  the  Fowl,  Pheasant,  Pigeon,  Goose,  Duck, 
and  Swan. 

Four  species  of-  Aspergillus — Asp.  glaucus,  Asp.  mgrescens,  Asp . 
fumigatus , Asp.  Candidus — have  been  found  in  the  parasitic  state, 
though  this  is  only  accidental  for  them,  as,  like  the  other  moulds, 
they  develop  almost  exclusively  on  dead  organic  matters. 

Mycoses  of  the  air-passages  have  been  observed  in  Poultry,  by 
Serrurier  and  Rousseau  in  1841,  Bollinger  in  1881,  and  Perroncito 
in  1883  ; in  Pheasants  by  Robin  in  1848,  and  Rivolta  in  1887  ; 
in  Pigeons  by  Serrurier  and  Rousseau  in  1841,  Bonizzi  in  1876, 
Generali  in  1879,  Bollinger  and  Kitt  in  1881  ; in  Geese  by  Fresenius 
in  1858,  and  Schiitz  in  1884  ; in  Ducks  by  Hayem  in  1873  ; and  in 
Swans  by  Jager  in  1810,  and  Zschokke  in  1887. 

The  Symptoms  consist  at  first  in  an  acceleration  of  the  respira- 
tion, in  a more  or  less  serious  catarrh  of  the  trachea  and  bronchi, 
and  a ronchus  heard  loudest  in  expiration.  Then  the  respiration 
becomes  more  and  more  difficult  and  suffocant,  and  the  ronchus 
louder  and  rumbling,  as  in  diphtheria.  There  is  fever,  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  body  is  elevated,  the  appetite  is  diminished  or  has 
altogether  disappeared,  but  the  thirst  is,  on  the  contrary,  increased. 
The  sick  creatures  keep  aloof,  and  are  feeble  and  depressed  ; the 
wings  droop,  the  feathers  are  erect,  the  eyelids  half  closed,  the  head 
pendulous,  and  the  aspect  somnolent.  Emaciation  sets  in  more 
or  less  rapidly,  and  a colliquative  diarrhoea  carries  off  the  Birds  in 
from  one  to  several  weeks — or  even  two  months’  illness.  In 
mycosis  of  the  air-sacs,  marasmus  is  sometimes  the  only  sign  of 
the  malady. 


521 


522 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  Lesions  are  seated  in  the  trachea,  bronchi  and  lungs,  and 
various  air- sacs — rarely  in  the  nasal  cavities,  or  the  air-sinuses  of 
the  bones. 

They  are  nodules,  or  plane  or  discoid  membranous  formations, 
3 mm.  to  io  mm.  thick,  of  a dirty-yellow  or  greenish  colour,  and 
are  at  first  soft,  then  more  consistent,  and  in  the  form  of  a fibrino- 
purulent  exudate.  Sometimes  the  air-cavities  are  more  or  less 
obstructed  by  these  formations,  which  are  then  thicker  and  firmer. 
They  may  undergo  caseous  or  calcareous  degeneration.  In  their 
substance,  but  more  especially  on  their  surface  or  superficial  layers, 
are  found  the  mycelium  and  conidian  apparatus  of  an  Aspergillus. 
The  exudate  is  composed  of  fibrin  in  which  are  many  leucocytes — 
the  majority  of  these  being  infiltrated  with  fat — and  multitudes  of 
micrococci.  In  the  lungs  are  agglomerated  or  disseminated  nodules, 
these  organs  presenting  the  appearance  of  caseous  pneumonia. 
Perroncito  on  one  occasion  found  the  affection  localized  in  the 
membrane  lining  the  thoracic  sacs  and  the  peritoneum,  the  lesions 
consisting  of  nodules,  the  largest  of  which  were  the  size  of  a pin’s 
head,  and  in  their  centre  was  a mycelium  of  the  Aspergillus. 

It  is  possible  that,  in  some  cases,  the  Fungi  establish  themselves 
only  in  respiratory  organs  already  enfeebled  by  some  disease  ; but 
generally  they  are  veritably  and  primarily  pathogenic.  Spores 
from  forage  and  litter  penetrate  with  the  inspired  air,  and  find  in 
the  mucous  membrane  of  the  respiratory  passages  a warm,  moist 
medium  that  is  favourable  to  them  ; there  they  throw  out  a 
mycelium  which,  in  developing,  gives  rise  to  inflammatory 
phenomena.  This  conclusion  results  from  the  interesting  researches 
of  Schiitz.  Siebenmann  had  shown  that  the  Asp.  fumigatus  and 
Asp.  nigrescens  vegetate  at  a somewhat  high  temperature  ; and 
Schiitz  has  recognised  that  the  hist  of  these  species — which  requires 
a temperature  of  370  to  40°  Cent.,  is  the  most  dangerous ; while 
Asp.  nigrescens — which  grows  at  350  only — is  less  to  be  feared,  for 
if  its  spores  germinate  at  the  temperature  of  the  body  of  Birds,  it 
will  not  produce  a true  mycelium.  With  regard  to  the  Asp. 
glaucus,  it  does  not  germinate  at  the  animal  temperature,  and, 
according  to  Schiitz,  its  spores  can  only  act  as  a foreign  body  by 
mechanical  irritation  and  obstruction  of  the  air-passages. 

The  finer  and  more  delicate  breeds  of  Pigeons  are,  according  to 
Generali,  more  exposed  than  the  common  breeds  to  the  pneumo- 
mycoses and  mycoses  of  the  air-sacs. 

The  prophylaxis  of  this  affection — which  may  appear  in  an 
epizootic  form — evidently  consists  in  rigorous  cleanliness  of  the 
fowl-roosts  and  dove-cots,  etc.,  in  their  disinfection  with  boiling 
water,  and  in  the  destruction  of  everything  invaded  by  the  moulds. 

The  malady  is  usually  fatal.  At  its  commencement,  however, 
benefit  may  be  derived  from  the  employment  of  tar  vapour, 
engendered  as  follows  : a spoonful  of  vegetable  tar  is  poured  on  a 
pint  of  water,  and  this  is  then  stirred  about  with  a piece  of  red-hot 
iron ; but  the  vapour  should  not  be  so  dense  as  to  be  irritating. 


BOOK  V 

PARASITES  OF  THE  CIRCULATORY  APPARATUS 


Among  the  embryos  of  parasites  which,  when  introduced  into  the 
digestive  apparatus,  do  not  find  there  the  conditions  required  for 
their  development,  a large  number  pass  through  the  gastric  or 
intestinal  wall  in  search  of  a habitat  better  adapted  to  their  needs. 
Some  of  them  in  these  migrations  enter  the  bloodvessels,  and  in 
them  are  passively  carried  on  to  the  place  where  they  will  undergo 
their  ulterior  development — such  are,  as  an  incontestable  example, 
the  parasitic  Helminthes  of  the  nerve  centres.  The  blood  from 
various  parts  of  the  body,  in  this  way  often  acts  as  a carrier  of 
the  parasites,  which,  owing  to  their  microscopical  dimensions,  and 
their  extensibility,  can  pass  through  the  capillary  networks.  The 
majority  only  pass  through  the  circulation,  but  there  are  some 
which  make  the  blood  their  habitat — it  attracts  and  retains  them  ; 
these,  for  this  reason,  are  named  Hcematozoa , because  one  of  the 
phases  of  their  existence  requires  the  blood  as  a medium. 

The  majority  of  Haematozoa  are  Helminthes,  though  Protozoa 
have  been  observed  in  the  blood  of  several  Mammals  and  domesti- 
cated Birds. 

Independently  of  the  Haematozoa,  other  Helminthes — in  develop- 
ing in  the  myocardium — are  capable  of  determining  grave  altera- 
tions. If  the  heart  could  admit  all  the  parasites  which  have  the 
muscles  for  their  habitat,  the  Echinococci  would  alone  deserve  to 
be  examined  here,  as  they  of  themselves  are  a source  of  danger. 
They  may  be  met  with  in  the  heart  of  all  the  animals  which  harbour 
them,  but  their  evil  effects  have  only  been  noted  in  the  Ox  and 
Horse. 

In  the  following  chapters  we  will  examine  the  various  larger 
parasites  which  have  been  found  in  the  circulatory  apparatus  of 
the  domesticated  animals. 


523 


CHAPTER  I 


HiEMATOZOA  OF  THE  HORSE 

The  parasites  of  the  blood  or  of  the  organs  of  circulation  in  the 
Horse,  are  the  Piroplasma  equi,  the  Trypanosomes  of  Dourine 
( Trypanosoma  equiperdum),  Surra  ( T . Evansi ),  Mai  de  Caderas 
( T . equinum),  and  Nagana  or  Tsetse  Fly  disease  ( T . Brucei)  ; and 
Nematodes  in  the  embryonic  or  laival  state.  Echinococci  are 
sometimes  also  found  in  the  walls  of  the  heart  or  arteries  ; but 
only  the  parasitic  Nematodes  of  the  circulatory  apparatus  will  be 
dealt  with  here. 


Nematodes. 

The  Nematode  most  frequently  met  with  in  the  circulatory 
apparatus  of  the  Horse,  is  the  armed  Sclerostome.  Sometimes 
embryos  are  observed,  which  may  belong  to  a recognised  adult 
form. 

Embryos  of  Nematodes. — Sonsino  has  given  the  name  of  Filaria  sanguinis 
equi  to  microscopical  larvae  discovered  in  the  blood  of  a Horse  in  Egypt. 
They  were  similar  to  those  of  the  Filaria  sanguinis  hominis,  which  is  found  in 
Man  in  the  hot  parts  of  Asia  and  America  ; but  they  were  smaller,  those  of 
Man  measuring  120  /x  to  125  /x  long,  and  8 n to  11  /x  broad.  It  must  be  re- 
marked that  at  the  autopsy  of  the  Horse  in  question,  a number  of  the  Filaria 
papillosa  were  found  in  the  peritoneal  cavity,  and  these  may  have  been  the 
source  of  the  Haematozoa;  for  Wedl  had  observed  embryos  in  the  blood  of  a 
Horse,  in  the  peritoneum  of  which  was  a Filaria  papillosa. 

Lange,  of  Kazan,  reports  that  Jakimoff  found  in  the  blood  from  various 
parts  of  the  body  of  a Horse  affected  with  haematuria,  the  embryos  of  Nema- 
todes in  such  quantities  that  each  drop  of  blood  contained  one  or  two.  They 
were  about  30  n long  and  5 ’4  fi  broad.  None  were  met  with  in  the  urine  of 
this  Horse,  which  recovered  rapidly.  Lange  was  inclined  to  consider  these 
Nematodes  as  the  cause  of  haematuria,  chiefly  in  an  enzootic  form,  and  he 
likens  their  effects  to  those  produced  by  the  Filaria  sanguinis  hominis. 

Mazzanti  found  at  Pisa,  in  the  hepatic  vessels  of  a Horse,  the  embryos  of 
Nematodes  from  10  /m  to  180  n,  and  2 '85  /x  to  57  /x,  with  a tail  sometimes 
obtuse,  sometimes  acuminated.  They  were  different  from  those  of  the  Filaria 
papillosa,  and  Mazzanti  regarded  them  as  the  cause  of  the  nodules  that  are 
at  times  observed  in  the  hepatic  parenchyma. 

Selerostomum  equinum  ( Strongylus  armatus  Rud.). — This  para- 
site, in  the  adult  state,  inhabits  the  caecum  and  commencement  of 
the  large  colon,  but  it  is  often  met  with  in  the  arteries  of  the  Horse, 
Ass  and  Mule,  and  generally  causes  the  formation  of  aneurisms. 

524 


HJEMATOZOA  OF  THE  HORSE 


525 


A knowledge  of  parasitic  aneurisms  goes  back  to  the  seventeenth  century. 
In  1665,  Ruysch  discovered  in  an  aneurism  of  the  mesenteric  artery  of  a Horse 
an  innumerable  quantity  of  small  worms,  and  later  he  published  three  or  four 
similar  observations.  In  1725,  Schultze  recorded  another  instance  ; as  did 
Chabert  in  1782,  he  quite  naturally  calling  these  worms  crinons.  Since  then 
such  observations  have  been  greatly  multiplied,  principally  by  Ruldophi, 
Hodgson,  Greve,  Rigot,  Trousseau,  and  Leblanc,  and  Hering.  Rayer,  and 
more  especially  Bollinger,  have  made  an  attentive  study  of  this  parasitism, 
and  have  definitively  established  its  essential  points. 

Frequency  of  the  Aneurisms. — These  verminous  aneurisms 
have  only  been  seen  in  the  Equidse — Horse,  Ass,  Mule,  and  Hemione 
(Laboulbene). 

According  to  Numan,  they  are  more  frequent  in  the  Ass  than  in 
the  Horse.  Hering  asserted  that,  except  in  young  Foals,  it  is  rare 
to  find  a Horse  without  aneurismal  dilatation  ; and  Bollinger 
estimated  at  90  to  94  per  cent,  the  proportion  of  adult  Horses  so 
affected.  According  to  Semmer,  at  Dorpat  all  the  Foals,  without 
exception,  have  verminous  aneurisms.  Mather  has  witnessed  a 
kind  of  epizooty  break  out  among  Foals,  consisting  of  verminous 
aneurisms  of  the  aorta,  near  the  origin  of  the  renal  arteries. 

Seat. — These  aneurisms  are  only  seen  on  certain  visceral  branches 
of  the  posterior  aorta,  and  exceptionally  on  the  posterior  aorta 
itself.  In  65  Horses,  Hering  has  noted  aneurism  of  the  trunk  of 
the  great  mesenteric  artery  in  7 cases  ; the  cceliac  artery  in  59  cases  ; 
the  caecal  artery  in  18  cases  ; th,e  artery  of  the  small  intestine  in 
16  cases  ; the  small  mesenteric  artery  in  2 cases  ; the  coeliac  trunk 
in  2 cases  ; the  hepatic  artery  in  3 cases  ; and  in  the  renal  artery  in 
1 case.  It  is  not  uncommon  to  find  more  than  one  aneurism  in  the 
same  Horse. 

In  35  Horses,  Bollinger  counted  60  aneurisms  ; and  in  adding 
these  to  the  108  seen  by  Hering  in  65  Horses,  he  reckoned  that  in 
100  Horses  there  were  168  aneurisms,  of  which  153  were  in  the 
large  mesenteric  artery  and  its  branches,  4 in  the  coeliac  trunk, 
3 in  the  hepatic  artery,  3 in  the  small  mesenteric  artery,  3 in  the 
renal  arteries,  and  2 in  the  posterior  aorta.  In  100  Horses,  90  to  94 
had  one  or  more  verminous  aneurisms.  Sclerostomes  were  also 
several  times  found  in  the  spermatic  artery,  and  on  three  occasions 
in  the  cerebral  arteries  (see  Parasites  of  the  Genital  Organs , and 
Parasites  of  the  Nerve  Centres).  Lastly,  Roll  indicates  them  as 
being  found  in  the  vena  cava,  and,  according  to  Valentine,  a 
specimen  was  discovered  in  the  vena  portae,  at  the  Berne  veterinary 
school. 

Pathological  Anatomy. — The  verminous  aneurism  is  usually 
fusiform,  sometimes  globular  or  cylindro'id.  Its  average  size  is 
about  that  of  a walnut ; though  it  may  not  exceed  that  of  a pea, 
or  it  may  attain  the  dimensions  of  a Man’s  head. 

It  consists  of  a dilatation  of  the  affected  artery,  with  hypertrophy 
of  its  walls.  The  dilatation  is  sometimes  absent,  notwithstanding 
grave  thrombic  lesions  in  the  vessel  (Durieux). 

The  external  tunic  is  usually  thickened,  and  variably  indurated, 


5 26 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


according  to  the  age  of  the  tumour.  It  adheres  firmly  to  the 
neighbouring  parts,  and  is  more  or  less  confounded  with  the  sur- 
rounding connective  tissue. 

The  middle  tunic  is  always  hypertrophied,  and  sometimes  very 
much  so.  Its  thickness — which  is  ordinarily  about  a millimetre — 
may  attain,  and  even  exceed,  two  centimetres.  At  one  time  this 
thickening  is  due  to  simple  hypertrophy  of  the  tunic  ; at  another 
time  it  is  owing  to  inflammatory  phenomena,  with  atrophy  of  the 
muscular  fibres. 

The  internal  tunic  is  nearly  always  altered.  It  may  present 
every  degree  of  endarteritis,  and  of  regressive  metamorphosis — 
from  partial  thickening,  and  a white  milky  tint,  to  ulceration. 


Fig.  519. — Abdominal  Aorta  of  a Horse,  with  its  Ramifications. 

1.  Coeliac  trunk  : a,  gastric  artery  ; a',  splenic  artery  ; a" , hepatic  artery. — 
2.  Trunk  of  the  great  mesenteric  artery,  slightly  aneurismal  : g,  left  colic 
artery  ; first  artery  of  the  floating  colon  ; c,  right  colic  artery  ; o',  inferior 
csecal  artery  ; 0" , superior  caecal  artery  ; o'" , ileo-caecal  artery  ; d.  arteries  of 
the  small  intestine  ; r,  right  renal  artery  ; r’,  left  renal  artery. — 3.  Trunk 
of  the  small  mesenteric  artery  : t,  t',  right  and  left  spermatic  arteries  ; 
it,  internal  iliac  arteries ; ie,  external  iliac  arteries ; ci,  circumflex  iliac 
arteries  ; pd,  crura  of  the  diaphragm. 

atheromatous  transformation,  and  calcification  ; the  latter,  how- 
ever, is  always  rare,  and  may  exceptionally  assume  an  aspect  of 
real  ossification. 

In  the  interior  of  the  aneurism  there  is  usually  a fibrinous  deposit 
— a thrombus — always  adhering,  though  to  a variable  degree,  to 
the  internal  membrane.  It  is  more  or  less  regular  and  consistent, 
and  partially  blocks  the  vessel  ; but  there  is  always  a canal  in  the 
middle  for  the  passage  of  blood.  This  thrombus  is  often  pro- 
longed in  the  artery  beyond  the  aneurism,  both  before  and  behind  ; 
and  its  external  layers  are  capable  of  becoming  organized  and 
undergoing  softening.  Its  formation  is  essentially  connected  with 
the  presence  of  the  worms,  the  inflammatory  processes — ulcerative 
and  regressive — in  the  internal  tunic,  and  the  dilatation  of  the  vessel. 
Decroly  has  published  a remarkable  case,  in  which  the  alteration 
in  the  aorta  extended  from  the  heart  to  the  lumbar  region. 


HJEMATOZOA  OF  THE  HORSE 


52  7 


In  the  aneurism,  worms  are  found  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten  ; their 
average  number  is  from  9 to  11,  and  varies  between  2 and  121. 
When  they  are  absent,  the  lesions  have  a chronic  character  ; but 
when  they  are  present,  then  these  are  more  or  less  acute.  The 


Fig.  320. — Verminous  aneurism  of  the  great  Mesenteric  Artery  ; one  half  the 
natural  size. — Railliet. 

a,  aorta  ; c,  coeliac  trunk  ; h,  hepatic  artery  ; g,  gastric  artery  ; s,  splenic 
artery  ; m,  trunk  of  the  great  mesenteric  artery  ; ta,  trunk  of  the  anterior 
fasciculus,  the  seat  of  a small  aneurism  ; eg,  left  colic  artery  ; cf,  first  artery 
of  the  floating  colon  ; fg,  arteries  of  the  left  fasciculus  or  small  intestine  ; 
td,  trunk  of  the  right  fasciculus,  the  seat  of  an  aneurism  : the  upper  wall  of 
the  vessel  has  been  excised,  to  show  the  thickening  of  the  middle  coat  of  the 
artery,  the  internal  clots,  and  the  sclerostomes  fixed  therein  ; cd,  right  or 
straight  colic  artery  ; ci,  inferior  csecal  artery  ; cs,  superior  caecal  artery  ; 
ie,  ileo-csecal  artery  ; rg,  left  renal  artery, 

parasites  are  young  armed  Sclerostomes.  They  are  rose-tinted, 
and  their  average  length  is  from  1 to  3 cm.  ; their  sexual  characters 
are  already  well  defined,  but  their  genital  organs  remain  rudi- 
mentary. They  undergo  one  moulting  in  this  situation,  in  which 
their  buccal  armature  assumes  its  definitive  characters.  Some 


528 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


are  almost  free  in  the  cavity  of  the  artery  ; but  the  majority  are 
more  or  less  concealed  in  the  layers  of  the  thrombus — the  head 
or  tail  usually  projecting  into  the  blood-stream.  They  are  also 
found  in  the  hypertrophied  walls  of  the  artery,  in  either  the  internal 
or  middle  coats,  or  between  these  two.  Sometimes  nothing  is 
found  of  them  except  the  integuments  they  left  after  their  final 
moulting.  Generali  found  in  an  Ass — besides  the  aneurism  of 
the  mesenteric  artery — a tumour  situated  at  the  origin  of  the 
arteries  of  the  small  intestine,  which  had  two  abscesses  in  its 
interior,  each  of  which  contained  a male  Strongyle. 

The  gravity  of  verminous  aneurism  is  due  to  the  risk  of  rupture 
of  the  vessel,  and  more  especially — as  Bollinger  has  pointed  out — 
to  its  influence  on  the  frequency  and  seriousness  of  colics. 

The  clot  formed  in  aneurism  of  the  great  mesenteric,  or  other 
artery,  may  throw  off  one  or  more  fragments,  which  are  carried 
by  the  blood,  and  constitute  so  many  emboli  in  the  arterial  ramifica- 
tions passing  into  the  intestine.  According  to  the  size  of  the  embolus, 
the  obliterated  artery  is  itself  more  or  less  voluminous,  and  the 
disturbance  set  up  more  or  less  serious  ; there  is  sudden  anaemia 
or  ischaemia  of  that  portion  of  the  intestine  to  which  the  artery 
is  distributed,  and  consequently  paralysis  of  one  or  more  of  the 
sections  of  the  digestive  tube,  the  secretions  and  movements  of 
which  are  suspended.  Cohn  and  Panum  have  shown  experi- 
mentally, in  fact,  that  such  are  the  results  of  embolism  of  the  great 
mesenteric  artery.  The  ischaemic  portion  of  the  intestine  becomes 
at  first  pale,  then  of  a dark-red  colour  ; the  mucous  membrane  is 
swollen,  there  are  haemorrhagic  infarcts,  serous  exudates,  ecchy- 
moses,  and  sometimes  a considerable  increase  in  the  volume  of 
the  organ. 

The  circulation  disturbances  of  the  intestine  cause  a local 
paralysis,  with  stagnation  and  consequent  fei  mentation  of  its  con- 
tents, and  an  abundant  production  of  gas.  The  enteralgia  induced 
in  the  healthy  portions  causes  energetic  contractions,  which  fre- 
quently lead  to  volvulus  and  invagination.  Friedberger  and 
Frohner  have  often  observed  the  rotation  on  its  axis  of  the  left  part 
of  the  large  colon — that  4s,  its  free  portion — which  is,  of  all  the 
intestinal  divisions,  the  most  liable  to  thrombosis  and  embolism. 
Paralysis  of  the  intestine  often  brings  about  rupture  of  it,  the 
stomach,  or  the  diaphragm,  owing  to  fermentation  and  enormous 
accumulation  of  matter  and  gas.  At  the  autopsy  of  Horses  which 
have  died  from  colic,  it  is  often  difficult  to  discover  the  obstructed 
artery  and  the  seat  of  the  embolus,  because  of  the  great  development 
of  the  intestinal  vessels,  and  more  especially  on  account  of  their 
congested  condition  ; so  that  much  care  and  patience  are  needed 
in  this  search. 

The  effects  of  the  aneurism — the  thrombosis,  and  the  embolism — 
are  evidently  subordinate  to  their  situation.  The  presence  alone  of 
the  aneurism  and  its  clot  reduces  the  calibre  of  the  great  mesenteric 
artery,  and  consequently  diminishes  the  supply  of  blood  to  the 


HAEM  A TOZOA  OF  THE  HORSE 


529 


intestine  ; this  is  sufficient  to  explain  the  chronic  indigestion  troubles 
observed,  and  these  effects  are  all  the  more  marked  if  the  diminution 
in  the  lumen  is  extended  to  a ramification,  but  they  are  especially 
so  if  the  vessel  becomes  completely  obstructed  by  a detached 
fragment  of  the  thrombus.  But  as  the  arteries  of  the  small  intestine 
anastomose  freely  by  inosculation  close  to  the  concave  curvature 
of  the  organ,  embolism  of  one  of  the  vessels  is  never  a fatal 
accident.  It  is  the  same  with  obliteration  of  one  of  the  two 
caecal  arteries  ; for  the  other  which  anastomoses  with  it  near  the 
point  of  the  caecum  can  assume  its  function,  so  that  the  attacks 
of  colic  pass  off.  But  if  the  trunk  of  the  right  fasciculus  of  the 
great  mesenteric  artery  is  completely  obstructed,  the  caecum  does 
not  receive  any  blood,  and  death  quickly  ensues.  The  large  colon 
receives  its  blood  by  the  two  colic  arteries,  which  have  an  inde- 
pendent origin  ; so  that  it  seldom  happens  that  both  are  blocked  at 
the  same  time. 

The  floating  colon  would  be  exempt  from  the  danger  of  aneurismal 
embolism  but  for  its  first  artery,  which  is  derived  from  the  great 
mesenteric  ; the  other  arteries  arise  from  the  small  mesenteric,  in 
which  aneurism  is  rare. 

In  cases  of  death  from  aneurism,  the  alterations  described  above 
are  most  frequently  found.  There  may  also  be  rupture  of  a ver- 
minous aneurism,  and  abdominal  haemorrhage.  But,  as  Fried- 
berger  and  Frohner  have  remarked,  embolic  colic  may  terminate  in 
death  in  twelve  to  twenty-four  hours,  and  before  serious  intestinal 
alterations  have  had  time  to  occur.  The  intestine  is  in  such  cases 
usually  very  distended  by  gas,  and  obstructed  ; and  death  is  then  due 
to  one  of  the  following  mechanical  causes  : 

i.  Asphyxia  and  oedema  of  the  lungs,  as  a consequence  of  severe 
and  prolonged  compression  on  the  diaphragm.  2.  Cerebral  or 
pulmonary  apoplexy,  due  to  the  increased  arterial  tension  from  the 
pressure  of  the  distended  abdominal  viscera  on  the  larger  arteries. 
3.  Carbonic  acid  intoxication,  by  diffusion  of  that  gas  from  the 
digestive  organs  into  the  blood.  4.  Intoxication  by  septic  products 
or  infection  from  particulate  elements,  derived  from  the  necrosed 
intestine,  and  accumulated  more  particularly  in  the  liver,  which  is 
found  immediately  after  death  in  a state  of  advanced  decompo- 
sition. 5.  Cardiac  syncope,  induced  by  the  violence  of  the 
intestinal  pain,  or  resulting  from  the  poisoning  by  phenol,  which 
is  produced  in  large  quantity  in  the  course  of  the  abnormal  intestinal 
fermentation.  Tereg,  however,  estimates  that  in  colic  the  pro- 
duction of  phenol  is  rather  diminished  than  increased. 

Symptoms,  Course. — Verminous  aneurism  rarely  gives  rise  to 
characteristic  symptoms,  and  its  presence  is  often  only  recognised 
when  rupture  has  taken  place,  which  rapidly  terminates  in  death 
from  internal  haemorrhage.  On  the  occurrence  of  this  accident — 
which  coincides  ordinarily  with  a severe  effort — the  animal  crouches 
or  sits  on  its  hind-quarters,  knuckles  over  at  the  fetlock- joints, 
and  falls  as  if  struck  with  paraplegia  ; the  pulse  is  thready,  limbs 

34 


530 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


cold,  visible  mucous  membranes  blanched,  etc.  ; and,  generally, 
the  last  moments  of  life  are  marked  by  signs  of  profound  and 
violent  suffering.  Aneurism  of  the  aorta  appears  to  be  more  liable 
to  rupture  than  that  of  the  great  mesenteric  artery.  As  a rule,  the 
blood  flows  into  the  peritoneal  cavity,  but  sometimes  rupture,  takes 
place  directly  into  the  intestinal  canal.  In  18  cases  collected  by 
Bollinger,  15  were  of  rupture  into  the  abdominal  cavity,  and  3 into 
the  intestine.  The  latter  result  might  be  recognised  sometimes 
from  the  presence  of  blood  in  the  faeces  passed  before  death. 

Rupture  of  verminous  aneurism  is  attributable  to  the  feeble 
resistance  of  its  walls — which  have  lost  their  elasticity  and  con- 
tractility— and  to  the  increased  arterial  pressure,  resulting  from 
diminution  in  the  lumen  of  the  vessel. 

Besides  the  cases  of  rapid  death,  there  have  been  noted — as 
symptoms  of  aneurism  of  the  posterior  aorta — decrease  in  vigour 
of  the  animal,  stiffness  in  movement  of  the  hind-quarters,  difficulty 
and  pain  in  micturition,  arching  of  the  loins,  infiltration  and  inter- 
mittent lameness  of  one  or  both  hind-limbs,  cramps,  and  signs  of 
paraplegia  ; but  these  indications  are  not  sufficiently  characteristic 
to  afford  a sure  diagnosis,  though  they  may  arouse  suspicions, 
which  will  sometimes  be  confirmed  by  a rectal  exploration. 

In  some  cases  the  embolic  obstruction  of  the  small  arteries  of 
the  intestine — when  often  repeated — ends  in  haemorrhagic  enteritis, 
to  which  the  animal  succumbs  in  several  days  or  weeks.  Fried- 
berger  and  Frohner  attribute  to  this  state  the  following  symptoms  : 
Diminution  of  appetite  or  complete  inappetence,  increased  thirst, 
and  rare  defecation  ; the  faecal  pellets  are  small  and  dry  at  first, 
then  become  soft,  pasty,  and,  later,  sanguinolent  and  foetid  ; the 
urine  is  acid,  and  rich  in  phosphates  ; the  fever  is  intense  and 
persistent,  and  the  pulse  small  and  quick  ; the  general  debility 
increases,  the  animal  becomes  emaciated  and  the  abdomen 
retracted  ; and  now  and  again  there  is  coma.  Frequently,  after 
feeding  there  is  general  aggravation  of  the  symptoms  and  colic. 
Death  is  often  ushered  in  by  febrile  paroxysms,  muscular  tremors, 
shivering,  coldness  of  the  limbs,  pallor  of  the  mucous  membranes, 
quickened,  difficult,  and  rattling  respiration,  tumultuous  beating  of 
the  heart,  and  considerable  elevation  of  the  rectal  temperature. 

To  sum  up,  colics  which  have  their  origin  in  disturbance  of  the 
circulation,  have  no  particular  signs  which  would  allow  them  to  be 
distinguished  with  sufficient  precision  in  the  complex  group  of 
abdominal  complaints. 

Treatment. — It  is  of  the  highest  importance,  from  the  above 
considerations,  to  diminish  the  extension  of  the  Sclerostomes  as 
much  as  possible.  This  can  only  be  done  by  a most  careful  inspec- 
tion of  the  water  Horses  drink,  and  filtration  alone  affords  reliable 
security.  But  the  danger  of  the  aneurismal  worms  is  not  suffi- 
ciently tangible — at  least,  to  owners  of  Horses — to  permit  of  the 
hope  that  a precaution  which  would  be  so  disturbing  to  current 
usages  is  likely  to  be  adopted. 


HJEMA  TOZOA  OF  THE  HORSE 


53i 


With  regard  to  treatment,  this  can  only  be  brought  to  bear  on  the 
principal  symptoms.  The  stasis  of  intestinal  matters  should  be 
combated  by  the  employment  of  saline  purgatives  or  calomel  ; 
drastic  purgatives — such  as  tartar  emetic  and  aloes  with  anodynes 
— are  prescribed  to  avert  irritation  and  violent  contractions  of  the 
intestines.  A good  regime , frictions,  exercise,  enemas,  or  frequent 
manual  evacuation  of  the  rectum,  are  particularly  indicated. 

In  the  case  of  Horses  subject  to  colic,  or  which  manifest  rigidity 
or  exceptional  sensibility  in  the  lumbar  region,  the  prolonged  but 
carefully  observed  use  of  oil  of  turpentine  might  have  a good  effect ; 
for  it  is  not  inadmissible  that  this  medicament  may  act  efficaciously 
against  the  worms  contained  in  the  aneurisms  to  which  they  have 
given  rise. 

Observation. — We  need  only  mention  here  the  Spiroptera  reticulata  Creplin, 
which  has  been  found  sometimes  in  the  collateral  artery  of  the  cannon  and  in 
the  arteries  adjoining  the  cervical  ligament.  As  it  is  more  particularly  met 
with  in  the  ligaments,  it  will  be  most  appropriately  considered  when  noticing 
the  parasites  of  the  muscles  and  connective  tissue. 


34-2 


CHAPTER  II 


HZEMATOZOA  OF  RUMINANTS 

Only  two  observations  with  regard  to  Nematodes  in  the  blood  of  Ruminants 
have  been  recorded,  and  both  have  reference  to  the  Camel.  Goubaux  men- 
tions having  found  in  this  animal  numerous  ‘ Filariae  ’ in  a lachrymal  gland, 
in  the  lungs,  in  the  blood,  and  in  the  lymphatic  vessels.  Evans  has  also  dis- 
covered in  the  blood  of  a Camel  a Filaria,  which  Lewis  has  described  under 
the  name  of  Filaria  Evansi. 

It  was  no  doubt  by  an  error  that  Schneider  quoted  Gurlt  as  having  found 
in  an  arterial  aneurism  of  the  Cow  the  Strongylus  micrurus,  which  has  the 
bronchi  of  Bovines  for  its  normal  habitat. 

Excepting  the  Piroplasmata  of  Texas  Fever,  or  Red-water  ( P . bigeminum) 
and  Rhodesian  Fever  (P.  parvum),  the  only  important  Hsematozoon  of 
Ruminants  is  the  Bilharzia  crassa  ; though  mention  should  also  be  made 
of  the  Cystic  worms  that  may  be  seen  in  the  walls  of  the  aorta,  or  in 
those  of  the  heart,  which  may  also  harbour  in  its  tissue  the  various  muscle 
parasites. 

Bilharzia  crassa  Sons. — The  name  of  Bilharzia  luematobia  ( Distomum  hcsma - 
tobium  Leuckart)  was  given  by  Cobbold  to  a worm  discovered  in  1851  by 
Bilharz,  at  Cairo,  in  the  portal  vein  of  Man.  It  has  since  been  frequently 
found  throughout  the  whole  extent  of  the  East  African  coast,  in  Arabia,  the 
Mauritius,  and  in  India  ; it  more  especially  abounds  in  the  vessels  of  the 
portal  system  and  mesentery,  and  in  the  haemorrhoidal  and  vesical  veins. 
The  ova  are  carried  into  the  bladder  or  intestines,  and  there  occasion  hsema- 
turia  or  enteritis.  An  analogous  worm  was  also  found  in  1876,  at  Zagazig, 
Egypt,  by  Sonsino,  in  the  portal  vein  of  a Bull,  and  subsequently  in  the 
Sheep.  He  named  it  the  Bilharzia  bovis,  a name  which  he  rightly  changed 
afterwards  to  that  of  Bilharzia  crassa. 

The  Bilharzia  crassa  is  a Trematode,  of  the  family  of  Distomidce,  which 
offers  the  remarkable  peculiarity  of  separate  sexes.  The  male  is  whitish, 
cylindrold,  and  possesses  an  oral  and  a buccal  sucker  quite  close  to  each 
other.  It  carries  the  female  in  a ventral  furrow — the  gynaecophoric  canal — 
formed  by  the  two  sides  of  the  body,  which  sire  broad  and  reflected  inwards. 
The  female  is  filiform,  longer,  and  much  narrower  than  the  male  ; its  middle 
portion  only  is  contained  in  the  gynaecophoric  canal,  its  anterior  and  pos- 
terior portions  remaining  free.  The  genital  apertures  of  the  two  individuals 
correspond — they  are  situated  immediately  behind  the  ventral  sucker. 

This  species  ( crassa ) is  a little  longer  and  sensibly  thicker  than  the  B.  hcema- 
tobia,  the  length  of  which  is  about  14  mm.  in  the  male  and  20  mm.  in  the 
female.  A more  important  difference  is  to  be  found  in  the  form  of  the  ova, 
which  in  B.  crassa  are  *16  mm.  to  *18  mm.,  are  longer,  narrower,  and  fusiform, 
and  are  also  prolonged  at  one  of  their  poles  by  a pyriform  point.  These  ova 
contain  a ciliated  embryo,  which  is  set  free  in  water,  and  shows  traces  of  a 
digestive  apparatus. 

The  B.  crassa  causes,  in  animals,  similar  disorders  to  those  which  the 

532 


HJEMATOZOA  OF  RUMINANTS 


533 


B.  hcematobia  engenders  in  Man.  In  an  Ox,  the  blood  of  which  furnished 
thirty  of  these  parasites,  Sonsino  observed  very  pronounced  intestinal  catarrh, 
with  thickening,  exudation,  and  ecchymoses  in  the  walls  of  that  tube.  The 
vesical  mucous  membrane  was  ecchymosed  and  covered  with  papilliform 
elevations,  which  were  yellow  at  the  point,  and 
about  the  size  of  a pin’s  head.  The  vessels 
contained  the  ova  of  Bilharzia.  It  is  possible 
that  the  hamiaturia  which  so  frequently  affects 
Cattle  in  East  Africa  and  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  is  due  to  this  parasite.  Like  Man,  they 
derive  the  germs  of  the  disease  from  the  impure 
water  they  drink. 

At  the  autopsy  of  Oxen  which  were  killed  at 
Calcutta,  suspected  of  being  affected  with  cattle- 
plague,  Bomford  found  in  the  substance  of  the 
mucous  membrane  or  in  the  papillary  ex- 
crescences at  the  margin  of  the  anus,  ova  of 
the  Bilharzia,  which,  from  their  characters, 
belonged  rather  to  the  B.  hcematobia  than  to 
B.  crassa.  If  these  Cattle  had  never  been  in 
Africa — as  this  authority  states — we  might 
conclude  that  the  Bilharzia  also  lives  in  India. 

On  the  other  hand,  Grassi  and  Rovelli  have 
announced  that  75  per  cent,  of  the  Cattle 
slaughtered  at  Catania  are  infested  with  the 
Bilharzia  crassa.  If  this  is  really  so,  these 
Ruminants  would  be  dangerous  for  Mankind, 
as  we  must  look  upon  B.  crassa  as  merely  a 
variety  of  B.  hcematobia. 

Hydatids  of  the  Circulatory  System. — 

We  will  hereafter,  with  regard  to  Measles, 
notice  the  presence  of  Cysticerci — Cysti- 
cercus  cellulosce  and  C.  bovis — in  the 
muscular  tissue  of  the  heart.  In  the 
meantime  it  may  be  observed  that,  ac- 
cording to  Davaine,  Bremser  has  on  two 
occasions  seen  the  C.  tenuicollis  in  the 
walls  of  the  Ox’s  heart.  The  parasites 
with  which  we  have  now  chiefly  to  deal 
are  the  Echinococci. 

These  Echinococci  are  more  particularly 
observed  in  the  heart  of  the  Ox ; never- 
theless, Bollinger  records  two  cases  of  Echinococci  in  the  Horse 
— one  of  these  being  in  the  walls  of  the  common  aorta  near  its 
bifurcation,  the  other  in  the  posterior  aorta.  Palat  has  seen  a 
Horse  die  suddenly  from  compression  of  the  aorta,  caused  by  a 
hydatid  situated  at  the  base  of  the  left  ventricle  ; the  cyst  contained 
only  a simple  vesicle.  Goubaux  has  also  witnessed  the  sudden  death 
of  a Horse,  from  rupture  of  the  aorta  at  its  origin  ; the  walls  of  the 
vessel  contained  three  small  acephalocysts. 

Hydatids  in  the  substance  of  the  heart  of  the  Ox  have  been 
observed  several  times  in  Germany,  England,  Italy,  and  France. 
Alix  has  found  six  or  seven  specimens  in  Tunisian  Oxen  killed  in 
the  abattoir  of  Sfax. 


c 


Fig.  321. — Bilharzia  hcema- 
tobia, male  and  female  ; 
highly  magnified. — After 
Bilharz. 

abc,  female  partly  con- 
tained in  the  gynaecophoric 
canal  : a,  anterior  ex- 

tremity ; c,  posterior  extre- 
mity ; d,  body  seen  through 
the  wall  of  the  canal  ; ig, 
male  ; ef,  gynaecophoric 
canal  half  opened  in  front, 
and  behind  is  the  female, 
which  has  been  partly  ex- 
tracted ; g,  h,  limit  towards 
the  back  of  the  ventral  de- 
pression which  constitutes 
the  canal  ; i,  buccal  sucker  ; 
k,  ventral  sucker. 


534 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


These  cysts  remain  unperceived  during  the  life  of  their  host,  and 
only  attract  attention  when  they  cause  death  by  rupture  of  the 
walls  of  the  heart,  or  by  compression  of  vessels  and  obstructed 
circulation.  Generally  there  is  only  one  Echinococcus  cyst  ; but 
the  number  may  occasionally  rise  to  twenty  (Morot).  Their 
volume  varies  between  that  of  a millet-seed  and  a Turkey’s  egg. 
They  may  occupy  various  points,  either  on  the  external  surface 
of  the  oigan  or  near  its  inner  surface,  or  in  the  ventricular  septum, 
near  the  base  or  point  of  the  heart,  and  more  frequently  in  the  walls 
of  the  ventricles  than  in  those  of  the  auricles. 

Generally  the  vesicle  is  simple — that  is,  it  has  no  secondary 
vesicles,  external  or  internal  ; and  it  rarely  appears  as  an  acephalo- 
cyst — or  sterile.  It  may  undergo  caseous  or  calcareous  degenera- 
tion. Grimm  considered  what  he  found  in  the  ventricular  septum 
of  a Cow,  to  be  a multilocular  (?)  cyst. 

No  reliable  signs  have  yet  been  made  known  by  which  the 
presence  of  these  hydatids  in  the  heart  may  be  suspected  during 
life. 


CHAPTER  III 

HiEMATOZOA  OF  THE  DOG 

The  Dog  is  the  domesticated  animal  in  which  Hsematozoa  are  most 
frequent,  and  excepting  Piroplasma  cams,  these  are  always  Nema- 
todes. They  belong  to  four  distinct  species  : Filaria  immitis 
Leidy  ; Strongylus  vasorum  Baillet,  which,  in  the  adult  state,  lives 
in  the  right  heart  and  the  pulmonary  artery  ; Spiroptera  sanguino - 
lenta  Rud.,  which  is  usually  found  in  tumours  of  the  oesophagus 
and  stomach,  but  has  also  been  met  with  in  similar  tumours  in  the 
aorta ; Filaria  recondita  Grassi,  of  which  only  the  embryos — 
Hcematozoa  of  Lewis — are  known,  which  float  in  the  blood,  and 
which  must  not  be  mistaken  for  those  of  the  Filaria  immitis. 

Article  I. — Hsematozoa  of  Lewis. 

Grassi  gave  the  name  of  Hsematozoa  of  Lewis  {Hcematozoon 
Lewisi)  to  embryonic  Nematodes,  which  several  observers  have 
often  found  in  the  blood  of  the  Dog,  and  which  cannot  be  classed 
with  the  Filaria  immitis.  They  were  first  noticed  by  Gruby  and 
Delafond,  and  afterwards  found  by  Lewis,  Manson,  Sonsino, 
Grassi,  etc. 

These  embryos  are  about  280  /z  long  by  5 /z  in  diameter  ; they 
are  slightly  attenuated  in  front,  and  terminate  behind  in  a very 
fine  tail.  They  show  a rudimentary  digestive  tube,  and  much 
resemble  the  embryos  of  the  Filaria  immitis  (Fig.  323)  ; they  are 
more  especially  distinguished  from  them,  however,  in  being  able 
to  attach  themselves  by  their  buccal  extremity  to  the  cover-glass 
or  slide,  and  remain  a long  time  fixed,  while  their  body  moves 
about  in  every  direction  ; that  extremity  then  appears  enlarged, 
as  if  it  were  compressed  (Lewis,  Grassi). 

The  frequency  of  these  embryos  varies  with  the  countries  in 
which  they  are  observed.  In  their  examination  of  480  Dogs, 
Gruby  and  Delafond  found  1 affected  in  20  to  25.  Of  40  Dogs 
suffering  from  various  diseases,  Manson,  at  Amoy,  China,  discovered 
13  with  the  embryos  of  Nematodes-  in  their  blood.  At  Pisa,  Son- 
sino found  them  in  the  proportion  of  7 in  20  ; and  Lewis,  at  Calcutta, 
in  1 to  3.  Grassi  has  also  found  these  hsematozoa  in  a great  number 
of  Dogs. 


535 


536 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


According  to  Gruby  and  Delafond,  these  worms  are  very 
vivacious,  and  are  still  movable  ten  days  after  the  blood  has  been 
withdrawn  from  the  vessels  and  kept  in  a vase  at  a temperature 
of  150  C.  Their  small  diameter  allows  them  to  pass  through  the 
capillaries,  so  that  they  are  found  in  venous  as  well  as  in  arterial 
blood,  though  they  are  not  met  with  in  any  other  of  the  fluids  in 
the  body.  Their  number  is  considerable,  and  Gruby  and  Delafond 
were  perhaps  below  the  mark  in  approximately  estimating  them  at 
from  11,000  to  nearly  224,000  ; the  average  in  30  Dogs  has  been 
calculated  at  more  than  52,000.  In  some  instances  there  are  seen 
3 to  5,  and  in  others  as  many  as  12  or  15,  in  every  drop  of  blood. 

Although,  in  general,  Dogs  do  not  appear  to  be  affected  by  these 
embryonic  parasites,  yet  Gruby  and  Delafond  report  epileptiform 
attacks  in  three  of  these  animals,  two  of  which  succumbed. 

Gruby  and  Delafond  believed  they  could  trace  the  hereditary 
transmission  of  this  helminthiasis  ; but  in  all  the  instances  they 
could  only  find  the  Filariae  in  the  blood  of  the  progeny  when  these 
were  five  or  six  months  old  ; and  as,  in  addition,  these  authorities 
imagined  they  could  distinguish  the  maternal  and  the  paternal 
heredity,  there  is  reason  to  think  the  appearance  was  due  to  infesta- 
tion of  the  young  animals  after  birth. 

By  injecting  defibrinated  verminous  blood  into  the  bloodvessels 
of  Dogs  which  were  free  from  the  parasites,  in  nine  cases  they 
noticed  the  disappearance  of  the  microscopic  Filariae  from  the 
circulation  in  from  eight  to  forty  days  ; in  two  other  Dogs  they 
persisted  for  more  than  three  years  or  until  their  death,  and  at  the 
autopsy  the  adult  worm  was  not  to  be  found  in  the  heart  or 
vessels. 

In  recent  years,  the  origin  of  the  embryonic  Nematodes  of  the 
blood  has  been  the  object  of  persevering  researches  by  Lewis  and 
Sonsino,  but  more  especially  by  Grassi. 

The  latter,  adopting  the  opinion  abandoned  by  Lewis,  at  first 
thought  they  belonged  to  the  Spiroptera  sanguinolenta,  as  he 
believed  he  had  found  these  haematozoa  in  Dog-Fleas  ( Pulex 
serraticeps)  ; but  he  met  with  Dogs  infested  with  Fleas,  nearly  all 
of  which  were  full  of  Nematodes,  and  though  these  animals  them- 
selves had  haematozoa  in  their  blood,  yet  they  did  not  harbour  the 
Spiroptera.  On  the  other  hand,  Dogs  infested  with  the  latter  had 
neither  haematozoa  nor  Fleas  containing  Nematodes.  Otherwise, 
there  is  no  concordance — neither  in  form  nor  development — 
between  the  larvae  found  in  Fleas  and  the  embryos  of  the  Spiroptera. 
It  has  been  stated  elsewhere  (p.  314),  that  Grassi  discovered  that 
the  real  intermediate  host  of  the  Spiroptera  sanguinolenta  is  the 
common  Cockroach  ( Periplaneta  orientalis  Linn.). 

The  larvae  of  the  Nematodes — more  than  50  of  which  may  be 
counted  in  a single  Flea — live  as  parasites  in  the  intestine  and 
abdominal  cavity  of  that  Insect.  They  agree  exactly  with  those 
which  Manson  observed  in  Mosquitos,  and  which  he  regarded  as 
belonging  to  the  evolutive  cycle  of  the  Filar ia  sanguinis  hominis. 


HAEM  A TOZOA  OF  THE  DOG 


537 


Sonsino  has  found  these  same  larvae  not  only  in  the  Fleas  of  Dogs, 
but  also  in  their  Lice  {Hcematopinus  pilijerus ) ; and  it  is  probable 
that  it  was  this  species  that  Bancroft  in  his  observation  relative  to 
the  Nematode  parasites  of  a Dog-louse,  thought  was  the  Tricho- 
dectes  latus,  which  he  considered  to  be  the  intermediate  host  of  the 
Filaria  immitis. 

Neither  Grassi  nor  Calandruccio  have  confirmed  Sonsino’s  obser- 
vation respecting  the  part  played  by  the  Lice  in  this  question.  On 
the  contrary,  they  have  found  embryonic  Nematodes  in  Cat-Fleas 
{Pulex  serraticeps),  in  those  of  Man  ( Pulex  irritans) — which  also  live 
on  the  Dog — and  in  a species  of  Tick,  the  Rhipicephalus  sanguineus 
(Latr.). 

The  embryos  of  the  Nematodes,  having  reached  the  digestive 
passages  of  the  Flea,  pass  through  the  walls  of  its  intestine,  and 
become  encysted  in  the  adipose  tissue  of  the  Insect — though  they 
sometimes  remain  free  in  the  cavity  of  its  body.  These  embryos 
become  larvae,  which  pass  through  two  or  three  successive  phases 
of  development,  and  acquire  a length  of  1-5  mm.,  and  30  /x  to  35  //, 
in  diameter,  developing  two  or  three  papillae  around  the  mouth,  and 
a much  larger  number  at  the  anal  extremity. 

With  the  exception  of  Galeb  and  Pourquier,  all  those  who  have 
recognised  the  frequency  of  Nematodes  in  the  blood  of  the  Dog 
have  remarked  on  the  rarity  of  the  Filaria  immitis  in  the  same 
countries.  From  several  Dogs — at  the  autopsy  of  which  he  found 
the  Filaria  immitis  in  the  heart — Grassi  collected  a great  number 
of  Fleas,  and  was  unable  to  discover  a single  Nematode  larva  in 
their  abdominal  cavity. 

From  these  considerations,  it  may  be  concluded  that  the  Haema- 
tozoa  of  Lewis  do  not  represent  the  embryonic  form  of  a Nematode 
actually  known  in  the  adult  state.  Grassi  and  Calandruccio  have 
given  the  name  of  Filaria  recondita  Grassi  to  the  species — yet  to 
be  discovered — to  which  these  worms  belong  ; and  they  consider 
as  an  adult,  but  non-fecundated  female  of  this  mysterious  species, 
a Nematode  they  once  found  coiled  up  in  the  midst  of  adipose 
tissue  in  the  vicinity  of  the  right  hilum  of  the  kidney  of  a Dog. 
It  was  3 cm.  long,  and  *178  mm.  in  diameter  ; there  were  at  least 
four  very  small  papillae  behind  the  mouth  ; three  papillae  at  the 
posterior  extremity — one  terminal  and  two  lateral ; anus  228  [x  from 
the  caudal  extremity  ; and  vulva  about  840  /x  behind  the  mouth. 

Article  II. — Haematic  Filariasis. 

Filaria  immitis  (Leidy). — Body  white,  a little  obtuse  at  the  ends,  the 
anterior  being  somewhat  thicker  than  the  posterior.  Mouth  surrounded 
by  six  small  and  not  very  distinct  papillae.  Male,  12  cm.  to  18  cm.  long, 
tail  tapering  and  closely  spiral,  with  two  lateral  wings  ; 1 1 papillae  on  each 
side,  of  which  6 are  post-anal,  and  1,  4,  5,  8,  10,  and  11  are  marginal,  the 
others  being  near  the  middle  line  ; while  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  and  7 are  very  small, 
and  on  one  side  only  there  is  a single  pre-anal,  marginal  papilla.  Two 
unequal  spicules.  Female,  25  cm.  to  30  cm.  long,  and  about  1 mm.  in  dia- 
meter ; tail  short  and  obtuse.  Ovoviviparous. 


538 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Fig.  322. — Male  and  female  Filaria 
immitis  ; natural  size. — Railliet. 


Fig.  323. — Caudal  extremity  of  the 
male  Filaria  immitis ; magnified 
50  diameters. — Railliet. 


Fig.  324. — Filaria  immitis . Embryos 
collected  from  the  heart  of  a Dog  ; 
magnified  300  diameters. — Railliet. 


This  worm  appears  to  have  been  seen  for  the  first  time  by  Panthot,  in 
1679  ; then  a century  later  by  La  Peyronnie,  in  1778.  It  has  since  been  found 
by  Peyson,  Zeviani,  Bobe-Moreau,  Jones,  and  a number  of  other  observers. 


HAEM  A TOZOA  OF  THE  DOG 


539 


It  chiefly  inhabits  the  right  heart  and  the  pulmonary  artery  of 
the  Dog. 

It  has  been  met  with  in  various  parts  of  Europe,  from  Denmark 
to  Italy.  Jones,  Leidy,  and  Schuppert,  have  found  it  in  the 
United  States,  and  Silva  Araujo  at  Brazil.  It  is  very  frequent  in 
China  and  Japan  ; according  to  Somerville,  it  is  scarcely  possible 
to  open  a Dog  which  has  lived  for  any  time  in  China,  without 
finding  Filaria  immitis  in  its  bloodvessels  or  in  the  right  ventricle 
of  the  heart.  Friedberger,  Reuther,  and  Deffke  have  observed  this 
worm  in  Germany  in  Dogs  which  had  lived  for  several  years  in 
China  or  Japan.  On  the  other  hand,  Lewis,  at  Calcutta,  did  not 
find  it  in  a single  animal,  although  one-third  of  the  Dogs  there  have 
embryonic  haematozoa. 

Symptoms. — The  Filaria  immitis  does  not  often  betray  its 
presence  by  any  appreciable  disturbance  to  health  ; though  its 
existence  may  be  predicated  by  a microscopical  examination  of  the 
blood,  in  which  will  be  found  embryos  that  have  a very  close 
resemblance  to  the  Haematozoa  of  Lewis.  They  are,  however, 
distinguished — according  to  Grassi — by  their  number,  which  is 
always  more  considerable,  and  by  their  never  attaching  themselves 
by^  their  oral  extremity  to  the  slides  or  cover-glasses. 

Manson  states  that  the  embryos  of  the  F.  immitis  offer — though 
in  a less  degree  than  those  of  the  F . sanguinis  hominis — the  curious 
peculiarity  of  abandoning  the  peripheral  circulation  during  the 
day,  and  reappearing  in  it  at  night — or,  rather,  showing  themselves 
in  much  greater  number  at  that  time  ; and  Sonsino  has  verified  this 
fact.  In  making  the  autopsy  on  Dogs  which  have  been  killed  by 
prussic  acid  or  strychnine,  Manson  has  observed  that  the  embryos 
accumulate  in  the  large  vessels  of  the  thorax  and  abdomen  during 
the  day. 

In  the  majority  of  instances,  the  worms  are  found  at  the  autopsy 
of  Dogs  which  have  died  after  various  morbid  manifestations. 
Sometimes  death  is  sudden,  or  has  only  been  preceded  for  an  hour 
or  two  by  dyspnoea  and  convulsions.  But  more  frequently  the 
animal  has  exhibited  for  a variable  number  of  days,  dulness, 
debility,  dropsy,  and  more  or  less  frequent  attacks  of  convulsions 
or  epileptiform  seizures ; there  are  even  occasionally  rabiform  symp- 
toms (Osborne,  Rivolta,  Hoys  ted).  Deffke  has  noticed  symptoms 
of  chronic  interstitial  nephritis  ; and  Reuther  has  remarked  pain 
on  the  inner  surface  of  the  thigh,  with  lameness — but  no  local 
lesion — atrophy  of  the  whole  upper  part  of  the  limbs,  vomiting, 
paralysis,  and  death  amid  convulsions.  De  Montigny — formerly 
French  Consul  at  Shanghai — informed  Davaine,  that,  in  China, 
Dogs  affected  with  this  filariasis  became  weak,  and  died  vomiting 
blood.  Leidy  has  noticed  a frequent  cough,  and,  after  running, 
sudden  insensibility  and  chill,  though  these  were  of  short  duration. 
Among  the  matters  vomited  by  a Dog,  he  on  two  occasions  found 
living  Filariae  15  cm.  long. 

Death  is  the  usual  result  of  haematic  filariasis.  In  China,  it  kills 


540 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


nearly  all  the  European  Dogs,  and,  as  a consequence,  these  animals 
are  very  scarce  and  dear  (Montigny). 

Pathological  Anatomy. — At  the  autopsy  of  Dogs  which  have 
succumbed  to  the  disease,  there  are  found  in  both  cavities  of  the 
right  side  of  the  heart,  and  in  the  pulmonary  artery  for  some 
distance  from  its  commencement,  the  Filaria  immitis  in  very  variable 
number — perhaps  only  five  or  seven  in  some  instances,  or  hundreds 
in  others,  as  in  the  case  reported  by  Megnin.  On  the  average,  there 
is  one  male  to  two  females  ; sometimes  there  are  only  males  (cases 
reported  by  Manson  and  Silva  Araujo),  or  only  females  (Manson). 

The  worms,  especially  if  numerous,  are  interlaced  in  an  almost 
inextricable  manner,  in  one  or  more  bundles,  which  obstruct  the 
cavities  of  the  heart  by  winding  themselves  round  the  columnce 
carncb.  There  is  frequently  hypertrophy  of  the  heart,  and  more  or 
less  marked  endocarditis  and  endarteritis ; sometimes  there  is 
rupture  of  the  myocardium  and  haemorrhage  into  the  pericardium 
and  pleura.  Zeviani  and  Silvestri  have  also  found  the  worm  in 
the  left  side  of  the  heart ; Schuppert  met  with  it  in  the  anterior 
vena  cava,  and  Labat  in  the  posterior  vena  cava  ; while  Leidy 
observed  it  not  only  in  the  lungs,  but  also  in  the  liver. 

Ercolani  was  the  first  to  remark,  that  when  the  Filariae  are  found 
in  the  heart,  they  are  also  in  the  subcutaneous  tissue  of  some  region 
of  the  body  ; they  are  sometimes  more  frequent  there  than  in  the 
heart,  from  which  they  may  be  absent,  and  they  are  seen  at  various 
points — males  or  females — coiled  up  together,  living  or  dead,  or 
calcified.  Rivolta,  Vachetta,  Lanzilloti-Buonsanti,  and  Grassi 
have  corroborated  this  observation.  Lanzilloti-Buonsanti  has 
remarked  that  the  Filariae  in  the  subcutaneous  connective  tissue 
are  smaller  than  those  in  the  heart  ; and  he  has  also  found  in  the 
intermuscular  connective  tissue,  cysts  containing  both  male  and 
female  young  Filariae. 

When  the  worms  exist  in  one  of  the  numerous  parts  of  the  body 
which  they  may  inhabit,  their  embryos  are  met  with  in  the  blood 
— provided,  of  course,  that  there  are  fecundated  females,  which 
there  will  not  be  if  the  males  and  females  are  isolated. 

There  may  be  other  lesions  subordinate  to  the  presence  of  these 
worms.  Labat  has  met  with  the  parasites  in  the  branches  of  the 
pulmonary  artery  of  a Dog  that  died  of  unilateral  pneumonia  ; 
they  were  more  numerous  in  the  affected  lung  than  in  the  other. 
Leidy  has  noted  haemorrhage  of  the  kidneys  and  bladder  ; Reuther, 
some  tumours  in  the  spleen ; Lanzilloti-Buonsanti,  white  sub- 
pleural  pulmonary  nodules  with  a red  point  in  the  centre,  which 
was  occupied  by  embryos  of  the  Filariae — the  nodules  varying  in 
size  from  that  of  a millet- seed  to  a pea  ; the  same  authority  has  also 
noted  some  alterations  in  the  kidneys.  Deffke  has  seen  lesions  of 
a gastro-intestinal  and  vesical  catarrh  ; the  kidneys  showed  those 
of  chronic  interstitial  nephritis,  more  particularly  affecting  the 
glomeruli,  which  were  atrophied,  while  the  uriniferous  tubes  were 
dilated  and  varicose. 


HAEM  A TOZOA  OF  THE  DOG 


S4i 


The  pathogenic  action  of  this  Filaria  commences  with  chronic 
endocarditis,  embarrassed’ pulmonary  circulation,  and  the  develop- 
ment of  embolism  and  thrombosis  in  the  lungs.  The  embryos 
thrown  out  in  the  heart  and  pulmonary  artery,  are  disseminated 
throughout  the  whole  circulatory  apparatus,  and  can  be  observed 
in  various  organs.  The  hypertrophy  of  the  heart,  and  irregularity 
and  insufficiency  of  the  circulation,  explain  the  occurrence  of  the 
digestive,  respiratory,  and  urinary  catarrhs  ; while  anaemia  of  the 
nerve-centres  brings  about  convulsions,  sensory  disturbance,  para- 
plegia, and,  finally,  collapse.  It  is  not  very  probable  that — as 
Rivolta  imagined — the  embryos  exercise  an  embolic  action  which 
causes  hyperaemia  of  the  brain  and ’various  organs,  as  the  diameter 
of  these  embryos — which  is  not  greater  than  that  of  the  Haematozoa 
of  Lewis — admits  of  their  passing  along  the  capillaries. 

The  alterations  in  the  kidneys — which  have  been  many  times 
observed — are  due,  according  to  Deffke,  to  the  great  number  of 
embryos  which  tend  to  be  eliminated  by  the  urinary  passages — like 
those  of  the  Filaria  sanguinis  hominis , which  produce  the  chyluria 
or  haematochyluria  that  is  endemic  in  hot  countries.  Grassi 
formally  contests  the  opinion  that  the  embryos  of  the  Filaria 
immitis  are  evacuated  with  the  urine,  and  relies  for  proof  on  observa- 
tions carried  out  for  a year  on  one  Dog,  and  for  two  months  on  four 
others,  all  of  which  were  affected  with  haematic  filariasis. 

Etiology. — The  etiology  of  this  helminthiasis  is  still  obscure.  It 
is  supposed  that  infestation  takes  place  by  the  drinking-water,  as 
is  generally  admitted  it  does  with  regard  to  the  F.  sanguinis  hominis. 
Manson,  a physician  at  Hong- Kong,  has  recognised  that  the 
embryos  of  the  latter  pass  into  the  digestive  tube  of  a Mosquito 
{Culex  mosquito),  when  it  sucks  the  blood  of  people  affected  with 
haematic  helminthiasis.  In  this  new  habitat  they  undergo  changes 
— the  tail  becomes  shortened,  the  anterior  part  of  the  body  is 
developed,  and  the  sexual  organs  appear.  These  alterations  are 
effected  in  about  five  days,  and  the  Filaria  then  measures  about 
i mm.  At  this  period  the  Mosquitos  have  resorted  to  stagnant 
water  to  lay  their  eggs  ; there  they  die,  and  the  Filariae  escape  from 
their  dead  bodies,  and  live  at  liberty  in  the  water.  It  is  in  drinking 
this  water  that  Man  becomes  infested. 

Grassi  does  not  accept  this  opinion,  and  bases  his  objection  on 
the  circumstance,  that  the  majority  of  the  embryos  of  the  F.  san- 
guinis hominis  which  enter  the  intestine  of  the  Mosquito  perish 
there,  and  that  scarcely  12  per  cent,  continue  their  development. 
He  admits,  also,  that  all  the  embryos  of  the  Filaria  immitis  ingested 
by  the  Fleas  and  Lice  of  the  Dog  die  in  the  intestine  of  these  epizoa, 
the  role  of  which  is  limited  to  relieving  the  mammal  of  a portion 
of  its  haematozoa.  The  latter  are  also  eliminated  by  the  various 
wounds  of  the  skin  that  the  Dog  is  exposed  to — either  in  hunting, 
or  running  through  gorse,  brushwood,  etc.  But  this  elimination 
is  nearly  always  insignificant,  and  Grassi’s  objections  do  not  affect 
the  question  very  much. 


542 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  Filaria  immitis  appears  to  belong  more  particularly  to 
countries  rich  in  marshes  and  surface-water  ; and  it  might  therefore 
be  supposed  that  the  intermediate  host — crustacean  or  mollusc — 
through  which  this  worm  passes  is  concealed  in  the  water,  in  an 
unknown  form. 

In  pregnant  Bitches  which  harboured  the  F.  immitis,  Galeb  and 
Pourquier  found  its  embryos  in  the  blood  of  the  foetus,  as  in  that 
of  the  parent.  This  fact  tends  to  establish  hereditary  transmission 
of  the  parasite,  by  means  of  the  placenta. 


Article  III. — Strongylosis  of  Blood-Vessels. 

The  Strongyle  of  vessels,  the  embryos  of  which  give  rise  to  pul- 
monary strongylosis  of  the  Dog,  lives  in  the  right  heart  and  pul- 
monary artery.  It  belongs  essentially  to  the  fauna  of  Toulouse, 
where  it  has  been  often  met  with.  Beyond  this  region,  the  same  (?) 
worm  has  been  twice  seen  in  Italy  by  Bossi. 

Strongyius  vasorum  (Baillet). — Body  filiform,  a little  attenuated  at  both 
extremities,  white  or  rose-coloured,  some  individuals  marked  with  a kind  of 
reddish,  spiral,  and  often  interrupted  line,  which  indicates  the  digestive  tube, 
as  seen  through  the  integuments.  Head  bordered  by  two  small  wings — 
formed  perhaps  after  death — wdiich  join  in  front ; mouth  nude.  Male, 
14  mm.  to  1 5 mm.  long  ; caudal  pouch  with  two  lobes,  each  sustained  by  four 
ribs,  the  anterior  and  middle  of  these  being  double.  Female,  18  mm.  to  21  mm. 
long  ; vulva  situated  in  front  of  the  anus.  Ova  ellipsoid,  and  70  /x  to  80  [x 
long,  by  40  ix  to  50  fi  broad. 

It  was  probably  this  worm  which,  according  to  Dujardin,  was 
found  in  1813,  at  Paris,  ‘ in  the  heart  ’ of  a Dog.  But  the  first 
precise  mention  of  it  is  due  to  Serres.  At  the  autopsy  of  a Dog 
which  died  suddenly,  after  having  presented  vague  symptoms 
which  were  thought  to  be  indicative  of  gastro-enteritis,  the  right 
ventricle  was  hypertrophied,  and  in  its  cavity  and  the  right  auricle 
were  disseminated  ‘ an  infinity  * of  worms.  Some  of  these  were 
collected  in  small  bundles  the  size  of  a pea,  and  the  lumen  of  the 
pulmonary  artery  was  almost  entirely  obstructed  by  them  ; they 
extended  as  far  as  the  last  divisions  of  that  vessel.  A description 
of  the  case  has  been  given  by  Baillet. 

In  the  heart  they  are  more  especially  located  in  the  furrow 
separating  the  columnae  carnae  at  the  lateral  borders  of  the  ventricle, 
or  beneath  the  tricuspid  valve.  They  are  most  frequently  met  with 
in  the  larger  divisions  of  the  pulmonary  artery,  particularly  at  the 
origin  of  the  collateral  branches.  They  occasion  an  endarteritis  in 
the  form  of  granulations,  layers,  or  resisting  and  anastomosing 
cords,  amongst  which  they  lie.  The  internal  wall  of  the  artery  has  a 
reticulated  aspect,  resembling  that  of  the  inner  surface  of  the 
auricles.  The  smaller  arteries  are  constantly  affected  with  throm- 
boses. The  lumen  of  the  vessel  is  filled  by  a hard  and  yellow  clot, 
above  which  the  Strongyles  are  accumulated.  Laulanie  has 
observed  that  the  Strongylus  vasorum  determines — by  the  depo- 


HjEMATOZOA  of  the  dog 


545 


sition  and  dissemination  of  its  ova— a pulmonary  granulosis,  the 
histological  study  of  which  is  full  of  interest,  and  of  which  we 
have  given  a resume  (p.  511),  as  well  as  indicated  the  symptoms  by 
which  it  may  be  manifested.  But,  with  the  exception  of  that  of 
Serres,  no  cases  in  which  the  termination  was  fatal  have  been 
published  ; in  that  instance  the  number  of  hsematozoa  was  excep- 
tionally high.  Generally,  the  animals  are  killed  after  suffering  for 
a long  time. 

Lafosse  believed  he  had  found  good  results  in  treating  infested 
Dogs  with  oil  of  turpentine  in  2 to  4 gramme  doses  made  up  into 
four  pills,  and  given  daily  for  a week.  He  mentions  that  two  Dogs 
which  offered  the  symptoms  of  this  helminthiasis  completely 

B 


Fig.  325. — Sirongylus  vasorum. 

A,  male  and  female;  natural  size.  B,  cepnalic  extremity;  magnified  100 
diameters.  C,  caudal  extremity  of  the  male  ; magnified  100  diameters. 
— Railliet. 

recovered  under  this  treatment.  The  symptoms  consisted  of 
marked  oppression,  fits  of  coughing,  irregular — sometimes  tumul- 
tuous— beating  of  the  heart,  a certain  repletion  of  the  jugulars, 
coinciding  with  unimpaired  appetite  and  the  absence  of  fever,  all 
which  symptoms,  he  says,  were  observed  many  times  in  animals 
which  died  or  were  killed,  and  in  the  heart  of  which  this  helminth 
was  found  at  the  autopsy.  Labat — who  in  this  strongylosis  has 
noted,  as  a very  distinct  symptom,  a soft  systolic  blowing  in  the 
femoral  artery — has  also  in  two  Dogs  obtained  a recovery  with 
Bordeaux  turpentine,  given  every  day  in  doses  of  2 to  4 grammes 
in  the  form  of  pills,  along  with  calcined  magnesia,  or  in  emulsion 
with  yolk  of  egg. 


544 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Article  IV. — Spiroptera  Sanguinolenta. 

The  Spiroptera  sanguinolenta  (Rud.),  which  has  a predilection  for 
submucous  tumours  in  the  stomach  or  oesophagus,  was  found  for 
the  first  time  in  similar  tumours  in  the  walls  of  the  aorta  by  Morgagni 
and  Courten  in  1760.  In  France,  it  has  only  been  seen  on  two 
occasions,  by  Megnin  and  Chauvrat.  ‘ For  myself,’  says  Rayer, 
‘ I have  opened  more  than  300  Dogs,  127  of  them  specially  with  the 
object  of  finding  these  worms  in  the  walls  of  the  aorta,  and  I have  not 
been  able  to  discover  a single  instance  of  verminous  nodule  of  that 
vessel.’  On  the  contrary,  Lewis  at  Calcutta,  Manson  at  Amoy, 
China,  and  Silva  Araujo  in  Brazil,  have  frequently  seen  it ; and 
Oreste,  Perroncito,  and  Caparini  have  observed  it  in  Italy. 

These  verminous  tumours  occupy  the  thoracic  aorta,  and  in  size 
they  vary  between  that  of  a small  shot,  a pea,  nut,  or  walnut. 
They  are  separate,  or  joined  in  two  or  three.  Their  number  is 
very  variable  ; in  the  Dogs  seen  by  Morgagni,  in  one  case  there  were 
3 ; in  another  16 ; and  in  a third,  the  aorta,  from  its  origin  to  the 
diaphragm,  was  studded  with  these  tumours.  They  projected 
from  the  external  surface  of  the  aorta,  and  at  the  corresponding 
point  the  internal  tunic  showed  a blood  extravasation  and  slight 
abrasion.  Then  there  occurs  an  arteritis,  characterized  by  roughen- 
ing of  the  lining  membrane,  and  thinning  of  the  walls  of  the  vessel. 
In  the  smaller  tumours  the  worms  are  still  embryonic,  and  at  the 
most  2-5  mm.  long.  After  several  moultings,  they  acquire  all  their 
external  characteristics,  as  well  as  their  genital  organs.  In  the 
larger  tumours,  there  are  several  well-developed  parasites,  more 
or  less  separated  from  each  other  in  distinct  compartments.  The 
worm  sometimes  creeps  along  beneath  the  tunic  of  the  aorta,  and 
one  of  its  extremities  projects  through  a small  opening,  and  floats 
in  the  interior  of  the  vessel.  Lewis  has,  in  some  instances,  found 
the  lumen  of  the  aorta  nearly  obliterated  by  a clot  formed  around 
the  worm.  He  had  never  observed  the  parasites  in  the  abdominal 
portion  of  the  aorta.  Once,  however,  Morgagni  found  them  in  a 
tumour  situated  beneath  the  renal  vessels,  but  it  did  not  adhere 
to  these,  nor  to  any  other  vessels  ; and  Megnin  has  seen  one  in  the 
posterior  aorta,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  kidneys. 

In  the  observations  of  Lewis  and  Manson,  the  aortic  tumours 
often  coincided  with  similar  tumours  in  the  oesophagus. 

The  contents  of  the  verminous  tumour  may  pass  into  the  aorta  by 
an  easily  discovered  opening  ; but  Lewis  has  never  found  the  adult 
Spiroptera  in  the  bloodvessels  of  the  Dogs  he  examined — only  the 
embryos.  It  is,  therefore,  the  ova  which  pass  from  the  tumours 
into  the  blood-current,  and,  within  a variable  time,  effect  their 
embryonic  evolution.  Lewis  attempted  some  experiments  in  order 
to  discover  the  migrations  of  these  parasites ; but  they  were  unsuc- 
cessful, and  the  problem  still  awaits  solution. 

When  they  are  of  large  size,  the  verminous  tumours  of  the  aorta 


HMMATOZOA  OF  THE  DOG 


545 


must  cause  serious  disturbance  in  the  circulation.  Manson  asserts 
that  their  possible  rupture  will  bring  on  a fatal  pleurisy,  and  he 
attributes  to  them  a somewhat  common  paraplegia,  which  he  thinks 
is  due  to  the  ova  which  have  left  the  aorta  and  entered  the  capillaries 
of  the  spinal  cord.  Megnin,  Chauvrat,  Perroncito,  and  Caparini 
have  witnessed  Dogs  dying  suddenly  from  haemorrhage,  owing  to 
rupture  of  the  artery,  the  walls  of  which  had  undergone  athero- 
matous degeneration. 

The  Spiroptera  sanguinolenta  is  sometimes  also  found  in  the 
lymphatic  glands  situated  at  the  entrance  to  the  chest,  near  the 
oesophagus  or  anterior  aorta.  Lewis,  Caparini,  Chauvrat,  and 
Jacoulet  have  published  instances  of  this  occurrence  ; and  Jacoulet 
has  noticed,  in  one  case,  great  difficulty  in  swallowing,  frequent 
vomiting,  diarrhoea,  and  finally  cachexia.  In  another  case — which 
was  that  of  a Dog  that  was  killed  because  of  the  rabiform  symptoms 
it  presented — the  worms  were  lodged  in  a bronchial  gland,  close  to 
the  oesophagus.  The  observation  of  Chauvrat  (1890)  is  very 
analogous  to  this. 


35 


CHAPTER  IV 


ILEMATOZOA  OF  BIRDS 

Protozoa. — Danilewsky,  Grassi,  and  Feletti  have  discovered,  in  the  blood 
of  various  birds,  parasites  closely  related  to  those  which  cause  paludism  in 
Man,  and  which  are  known  as  the  ‘ Bodies  of  Laveran  ’ and  Plasmodium 
malaria  (Ital.).  Of  the  domesticated  Birds,  Pigeons  are  the  only  ones  in 
which  they  have  been  observed  (Grassi  and  Feletti). 

According  to  Laveran,  the  haematozoon  of  paludism  is  unique,  but  poly- 
morphous. Its  various  forms  can  be  reduced  to  four  : i.  Spherical  bodies  or 
very  small  cytozca — i p to  2 n — very  difficult  to  distinguish  in  the  interior 
of  a red  corpuscle  of  the  blood — but  sometimes  larger,  containing  more  or 
less  pigment  granules,  and  found  either  in  the  interior  of  a 'red  corpuscle, 
or  external  and  isolated,  or  in  small  groups  ; 2.  Flagella,  globular  free  bodies, 
from  5 p to  7 /jl  in  diameter,  with  pigment  granules,  and  provided  with  1 to  4 
very  mobile  flagella  ; 3.  Crescentic  bodies,  cylindrical  elements  from  8 /t  to 
9 p long  by  2 /j.  broad  in  their  middle,  more  or  less  tapering  at  their  ends, 
usually  curved  in  crescent  form,  and  generally  containing  in  their  middle 
portions  grains  of  pigment,  identical  with  those  observed  in  the  globular 
bodies  ; 4.  Rosaceous  bodies,  arising  from  the  segmentation  of  the  endoglobular 
parasites,  and  giving  origin  to  8,  10,  and  often  20  spores,  which  become  free. 

These  diverse  forms  have  been  found  in  the  blood  of  Birds,  but  the  cytozoa 
and  crescentic  bodies  are  the  most  frequent,  the  first  being  nearly  always 
included  in  the  red  corpuscles.  These  blood  parasites  are  only  found  in 
Pigeons  during  six  or  seven  months  in  the  year,  infestation  appearing  to 
take  place  in  the  spring,  and  it  increases  by  multiplication  of  the.  parasites  ; 
it  disappears  towards  the  month  of  November.  But  although  the  hsematozoa 
of  Birds  are  chiefly  observed  in  marshy  regions,  they  are  generally  completely 
innocuous  to  their  hosts — a circumstance  which  is  related  perhaps,  according 
to  Danielwskv,  either  to  accommodation  transmitted  by  heredity,  or  to  the 
temperature  of  the  blood,  which  may  be  too  elevated  for  the  parasites  to  be 
set  free. 

Danilewsky  has  met  with  a Trypanosome  ( Trypanosoma  sanguinis  avium) 
in  the  blood  of  Birds,  and  a spirochaete  ( Sp . Marchouxi),  which  causes  a very 
fatal  disease  of  fowls  in  Brazil,  has  been  described  by  Marchoux  and  Salembeni. 

Nematodes. — Mazzanti  has  found,  in  the  venous  blood  of  a carrier* 
Pigeon,  the  embryos  of  Nematodes,  some  of  them  185/1  long,  with  an  acumin- 
ated caudal  extremity  ; others  143/1  long,  with  the  caudal  extremity  obtuse 
or  not  very  pointed.  At  the  same  time  he  met  with,  beneath  the  skin  of  the 
neck,  a female  Filaria — different  from  the  Filaria  clava  Wedl — which  lived 
in  the  connective  tissue.  The  uterus  of  this  Filaria  contained  a number  of 
embryos  identical  with  those  in  the  blood  ; some  of  them  were  spread  around 
the  body  of  the  female.  Mazzanti  describes  this  worm  as  follows  : Body 
filiform,  ashy-blue,  not  striped,  25  mm.  long,  and  *25  mm.  wide  ; anterior 
extremity  obtuse  and  rounded  ; posterior  extremity  briefly  conical.  Mouth 
nude  and  orbicular.  (Esophagus  short  and  narrow  ; stomach  little  dilated. 
Anus  terminal.  Uterus  double.  Vulva  situated  a little  behind  the  position 
of  the  stomach,  or  2 1 3 /1  from  the  mouth.  O voviviparous. 

Rudolphi  mentions — but  without  describing  it — a Filaria  anatis  found  by 
Paulinus  rolled  around  the  heart  of  a Duck. 

546 


BOOK  VI 


PARASITES  OF  THE  MUSCLES,  CONNECTIVE  TISSUE 
AND  BONES 

In  this  division — which  is  more  especially  devoted  to  the  parasites 
of  the  muscles — we  will  also  study  those  of  the  inter- organic  con- 
nective tissue,  as  well  as  those  of  the  bones  ; for  the  reason  that 
they  are  too  rare,  and  altogether  of  secondary  interest  to  afford 
material  for  a distinct  section. 

The  parasites  to  be  dealt  with  in  this  book  are  varied  and  very 
frequent.  They  are  the  Sarcosporidia,  Cestodes  in  the  cystic  state — 
Cysticercus  and  Ccenurus — Trematodes — Distomum  sp.  ? — or  Nema- 
todes, the  most  important  of  which  is  the  Trichina. 

They  reach  their  definitive  habitat  through,  as  yet,  badly  defined 
channels,  among  which  the  circulatory  system  is  doubtless  the 
principal. 

Special  chapters  are  given  to  Muscular  Psorospermosis — the 
Cysticerci  — Measles  — the  Trichinae  — T richinosis  — and  to  the 
parasites  of  bones.  The  other  parasites  will  be  studied  briefly, 
because  of  their  relatively  trifling  importance. 

Ccenurus  cerebralis. — The  Cystic  form  of  the  Tcenia  ccenurus  of  the  Dog, 
the  Ccenurus  cerebralis  Rud.,  the  ordinary  habitat  of  which  is  the  brain  of 
Ruminants — principally  Sheep — has  been  found  once  in  the  subcutaneous 
connective  tissue  of  a Calf  by  Nathusius,  and  at  another  time  in  the  Sheep 
by  Eichler.  These  erratic  examples  of  Coenurus  were  completely  developed 
(Zurn). 

Ccenurus  serialis. — The  Cystic  form  of  the  Tcenia  serialis  of  the 
Dog — the  Ccenurus  serialis  P.  Gervais — has,  on  the  contrary,  its 
usual  habitat  in  the  connective  tissue  of  various  regions  of  the  body, 
and,  exceptionally,  the  spinal  cord.  It  is  found  in  the  Rabbit — 
especially  the  wild  one — the  Hare,  the  Squirrel  (Cobbold,  Cagny), 
and  the  Coypu  (Pagenstecher). 

The  vesicle  (or  bladder)  of  the  Coenurus  serialis  may  be  as  large  as  a 
Fowl’s  egg,  but  it  has  already  numerous  scolices  when  it  is  no  bigger  than 
a nut.  It  is  generally  a little  longer  than  it  is  broad,  and  when  it  occupies 
the  intermuscular  connective  tissue  its  greater  axis  is  parallel  with  the 
fasciculi.  1 he  perfectly-developed  scolices  are  three  or  four  times  larger  than 
those  of  the  Coenurus  cerebralis,  and  their  free  extremity  is  often  Voluti-shaped. 
They  are  sometimes  distributed  without  order,  but  most  frequently  they  are 

547  35—2 


54« 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


in  linear  series  not  parallel  with  each  other — hence  the  specific  name.  The 
heads  have  all  the  characters  we  have  indicated  as  pertaining  to  that  of  the 
Tania  serialis  (see  p.  376).  The  vesicle  offers  a peculiarity  which  is  never 

present  in  the  Ccenurus  cerebralis — 


Fig.  326. — Coenurus  serialis  of  tha 
connective  tissue  of  the  Rabbit. — 
Railliet. 


A,  regular  simple  form  ; B,  daughter- 
vesicle,  irregular  exterior  form.  C,  a 
Coenurus  opened,  showing — besides 
the  heads  of  the  Tcenia — seven  in- 
ternal daughter-vesicles,  and  below, 
to  the  left,  an  external  daughter- 
vesicle.  Natural  size. 


that  of  sometimes  producing  by 
budding,  either  on  its  inner  or  outer 
surface,  other  bladders  organised 
like  itself,  and  endowed  with  the 
property  of  originating  scolices  in 
every  respect  similar  to  those  of 
the  mother  vesicle.  The  external 
vesicles  often  remain  fixed  to  the 
mother- vesicle  by  a pedicle  ; but  the 
internal  ones,  on  the  contrary,  after 
a certain  time  float  in  the  fluid  of  the 
primary  bladder  (Baillet). 

The  Ccenurus  serialis  was  met 
with  for  the  first  time  by  De 
Blainville  in  1822  ; then  it  was 
re-discovered  by  Rose  in  1833, 
and  some  time  after  by  E.  Rous- 
seau, then  by  Gervais  ; but  it  has 
been  well  studied  since,  princi- 
pally by  Baillet  and  Perroncito. 
It  has  been  found — and  some- 
times in  great  number,  in  the 
most  varied  parts  of  the  connec- 
tive tissue — head,  neck,  loins, 
thorax,  limbs,  etc.  In  general, 
it  does  not  appear  to  trouble  the 
health  of  its  host.  However, 
when  it  is  very  abundant — due 
to  the  budding  of  the  mother- 
vesicle — it  may  assist  in  weaken- 
ing the  animal.  Bergeon  and 
Railliet  have  published  a re- 
markable instance  of  this. 

When  Baillet  administered 
the  Ccenurus  serialis  to  Dogs,  it 
produced  the  T cenia  serialis ; 
Perroncito  obtained  the  same 
result.  And  the  ova  of  this 
Taenia,  when  given  to  Rabbits, 
reproduced  the  same  Coenurus  ; 
but  when  the  experiment  was 
repeated  on  Lambs  by  Baillet,  it 
did  not  furnish  conclusive  re- 


sults, and  with  Perroncito — who 
experimented  on  a Sheep — and  ourselves  with  two  Lambs,  the 
results  were  negative.  This  confirms  the  specific  distinction 
established  between  T.  serialis  and  T.  ccenurus . 


PARASITES  OF  THE  MUSCLES,  CONNECTIVE  TISSUE,  ETC.  549 


The  researches  of  Baillet  show  that  the  embryos  of  the  Taenia  are 
carried  to  the  tissues  by  the  blood- current.  They  pass  through  the 
walls  of  the  capillaries,  and  excavate  in  the  connective  tissue 
‘ galleries  more  or  less  elongated,  and  generally  very  tapering  and 
fine  at  one  end,  wider  at  the  other,  which  are  always  filled  with 
a pulpy  matter,  unctuous  to  the  touch,  very  pale-yellow  in  colour, 
and  markedly  distinct  from  the  red  background  the  small  quantity 
of  extravasated  blood  forms  around  it,  after  this  has  coagulated  in 
the  connective  tissue.’  In  eighteen  to  twenty-five  days  after  the 
ingestion  of  the  ova  of  Tcenia  seriahs,  the  pro-scolices  form  vesicles 
measuring  -75  mm.  to  2*50  mm.,  and  after  thirty  days  they  are  the 
size  of  a pea.  At  the  end  of  the  second  month  they  are  larger 
than  a cherry,  and  commence  to  bear  scolices  ; at  the  third  month 
they  are  as  big  as  a walnut. 

English  gamekeepers  designate  as  ‘ bladdery  Rabbits  ’ those 
affected  with  Coenurus  in  the  connective  tissue,  and — according  to 
Rose — before  they  are  sent  to  market,  the  bladders  are  punctured 
through  the  integuments,  and  the  fluid  they  contain  is  in  this 
manner  got  rid  of. 

‘ It  should  be  remarked,’  Baillet  says,  ‘ that  the  largest  number 
of  the  cysts  has  been  collected  from  wild  Rabbits,  and  this  would 
appear  to  indicate  that  the  Taenia  which  produces  them  must 
inhabit  the  intestine  of  some  carnivorous  animal  that  usually  lives 
in  the  same  locality  as  these  Rabbits  ; so  that  the  development  of 
this  Taenia  in  the  Dog  must  be  considered  purely  accidental.’ 

Echinococci. — Echinococci  are  only  exceptionally  found  outside 
parenchymatous  organs — such  as  the  liver,  lungs,  pancreas,  spleen, 
etc.,  but  they  may  be  found  in  any  part  of  the  body.  Nevertheless, 
beyond  the  cases  we  have  quoted,  in  which  they  were  generalized 
in  the  Pig,  and  that  mentioned  by  Morot,  in  which  hydatids 
were  situated  between  the  pleura  and  the  inner  surface  of  the 
ribs  of  a Cow,  we  know  of  only  a small  number  of  observations 
regarding  their  presence  in  the  muscles  ; and  what  is  remark- 
able in  these,  is  the  circumstance  that  they  all  refer  to  the  Horse, 
in  which  Echinococci  are  rare. 

In  one  of  these  cases,  a handful  of  hydatids  was  lodged  in  an 
abscess  in  the  temporal  fossa.  The  temporal,  pterygoid,  and  ocular 
muscles  were  softened  and  pale,  and  united  by  inflammatory  tissue. 
The  left  wall  of  the  cranium  was  thickened,  and  the  left  cerebral 
hemisphere  compressed  (Kirkman).  In  another  case,  the  cyst — 
which  contained  a considerable  number  of  hydatids — was  situated 
between  the  wall  of  the  thorax  and  the  attachments  of  the  diaphragm 
(Goubaux).  In  one  more  instance,  a hydatid  cyst  formed  a tumour 
in  the  region  of  the  ribs,  which  persisted  for  seven  years,  and  finally 
disappeared,  after  having  thrown  out  on  several  occasions  Echino- 
coccus vesicles  (Raymond). 

In  four  other  cases,  the  hydatids  were  located  in  the  upper 
parts  of  the  posterior  limb.  In  one  of  them,  they  were  acephalo- 
cysts  enclosed  in  a large  pouch,  that  formed  a voluminous  tumour 


550 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


between  the  anus  and  ischium ; the  animal  had  experienced 
frequent  attacks  of  colic.  An  incision  through  the  wall  of  the 
rectum  allowed  the  extraction  of  the  hydatids,  and  this  was  followed 
by  recovery  (Vi] late).  On  another  occasion  the  hydatids  formed 
an  enormous  tumour  in  the  lumbar  region,  having  invaded  the 
muscles  there  ; this  tumour  was  reproduced  after  being  twice 
partially  removed.  It  extended  towards  the  ihum,  and  Echino- 
cocci were  even  found  in  the  diploe  of  that  bone  (Colin).  At  the 
autopsy  of  a Horse  killed  because  of  incurable  injury  to  its  foot, 
Broquet  and  Megnin  found  the  muscles  on  the  inner  aspect  of  one 
thigh  partly  removed,  owing  to  the  presence  of  a large  number  of 
hydatid  cysts,  the  vesicles  of  which  varied  in  size  from  that  of  a 
pea  to  a pigeon’s  egg  ; there  were  about  two  quarts  of  them,  and 
they  belonged  to  the  exogenous  type.  In  the  case  reported  by 
Ranvier  and  Dehors,  the  horse  had  been  killed  because  of  the  low 
state  into  which  it  had  fallen,  and  on  examination  there  was  dis- 
covered a vast  purulent  tumour,  extending  from  the  left  kidney  to 
the  superior  border  of  the  ilium,  formed  of  large  irregular  cavities, 
communicating  with  one  another  by  various-sized  openings.  In 
the  pus  floated  hundreds  of  Echinococci — intact  and  broken.  This 

multilocular  pouch  was  continued  by  a 
number  of  orifices  into  the  deeper  layers 
of  the  gluteal  muscles,  and  those  of  the 
anterior  and  posterior  crural  regions. 
Johne  found  a vesicle  in  the  psoas 
muscles  of  a Horse  (Friedberger  and 
Frdhner). 

Distomum  hepatieum. — Morot  has  published 
several  instances  of  hepatic  Flukes  encysted 
beyond  their  ordinary  habitat,  in  the  Cow.  On 
two  occasions  he  found  a tumour  situated  in  an 
intercostal  space,  either  between  the  internal 
and  external  intercostal  muscles,  or  imme- 
diately beneath  the  pleura.  In  another  in- 
stance, the  Distomum  was  contained  in  a 
pediculated  cyst  on  the  inner  surface  of  the 
abdominal  wall,  a short  distance  from  the 
insertion  of  the  diaphragm  at  the  twelfth  rib. 
The  same  author  has  also  seen  them  on  various 
points  of  the  abdominal  and  pectoral  walls. 
Drosse  had  already  observed  the  same  occur- 
rence. 

Distomes  in  the  muscles  of  the  Pig. — Leunis 
discovered  particular  Distomes  in  Pig’s  flesh, 
which  were  studied  by  Duncker,  with  the  con- 
currence of  Leuckart,  Pagenstecher  and  Hess  ; 
they  were  found  in  the  fleshy  part  of  the 
diaphragm.  Happen  and  Muhle  have  also  se  e n 
them  in  the  larygneal  muscles. 

These  worms  occupied  ovoid  cysts  of  about 
the  same  size  as  those  of  Trichinae,  and  lodged 
in'the  interfascicular  connective  tissue.  Owing  to  the  inflammatory  zone 
surrounding  them,  they  appeared  as  small,  red,  punctiform  nodules.  The 
Distomes  measure  about  5 mm.  long  ; they  are  grey,  transparent,  very  lively 


Fig.  327. — Distome  of  the 
muscles  of  the  Pig  ; magni- 
fied 80  diameters.  — Leuc- 
kart. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  MUSCLES,  CONNECTIVE  TISSUE,  ETC.  551 


at  the  temperature  of  the  body,  and  show  at  their  anterior  extremity  an  oral 
sucker,  from  which  arises  an  acuminated  prolongation  directed  forward,  which 
is  probably,  according  to  Leuckrat,  a buccal  stylet  of  the  Cercaria. 

The  abdominal  sucker  is  situated  towards  the  middle  of  the  body.  The 
transparency  of  the  integuments  allows  the  arrangement  of  the  digestive 
tube,  the  aquiferous  vessels  and  the  rudimentary  genital  organs,  to  be  seen  ; 
as  well  as  the  presence  of  four  large  glands  in  the  anterior  moiety.  Duncker 
on  one  occasion  found  these  Distomes  still  provided  with  their  cercarial  tails. 
It  is  evident  that  these  parasites  are  not  called  upon  to  continue  their  course 
of  development  in  the  Pig,  for  the  membranes  surrounding  them  are  too 
strong  to  allow  them  to  pass  through.  The  Pig  is  only  an  intermediate 
abnormal  host  for  them,  and  the  state  in  which  they  are  seen  does  not  admit 
of  their  being  assigned  to  any  particular  species. 

Nematodes. — Several  Nematodes  have  been  found  in  the  muscles 
and  connective  tissue  of  various  domesticated  animals.  The  most 
important — the  Trichina — will  form  the  subject  of  a special  chapter 
(see  Trichinosis) ; so  that  we  will  only  now  deal  with  those  whose 
presence  is  exceptional  or  accidental. 

The  Filaria  papillosa,  which  usually  lives  in  the  peritoneum  of  the  Horse, 
is  noticed  by  Rudolphi  as  also  found  in  the  sub-peritoneal  and  inter-muscular 
connective  tissue  of  the  abdominal  walls  of  the  same  animal. 

We  have  seen  that  the  Filaria  immitis  may  be  found  in  the  subcutaneous 
connective  tissue  of  the  Dog  ; that  the  embryos  of  the  Ollulanus  tricuspis  of 
the  Cat  may  wander  from  the  stomach  into  the  muscles  and  connective 
tissue,  as  well  as  into  diverse  organs,  and  form  cysts  analogous  to  those  of 
the  Trichinae  ; and  that  lanTal  Nematodes  have  been  met  with  by  Eberth  in 
the  muscles,  kidneys  and  lungs  of  the  Sheep. 

Filaria  clava  Wedl. — Female  worm  found  at  Vienna  in  the  peritracheal 
connective  tissue  of  a Pigeon.  Mouth  unarmed  ; body  attenuated  in  front, 
expanded  behind  and  claviform  ; length  28  mm.  to  36  mm.,  and  diameter 
1 mm.  to  1 *5  mm.  Ovo viviparous.  Mazzanti  says  he  possesses  a dozen 
specimens. 

Ziirn  found  in  the  flesh  of  three  Pigs,  small  Nematodes  which  he  believed 
to  belong  to  the  Augiostomidae,  and  which  should  not  be  mistaken  for  muscle 
Trichinae.  Their  maximum  length  was  1 '4  mm.  and  breadth  63  ; they  were 

not  encysted,  and  their  presence  was  probably  accidental ; as  it  was  thought 
they  might  have  penetrated  the  specimens  examined,  by  coming  in  contact 
with  water  or  instruments  containing  them. 

In  a Horse  killed  for  human  consumption,  which  for  at  least  eighteen 
months  previously,  though  in  excellent  condition,  had  shown  a certain 
stiffness  in  the  hind-quarters  and  a great  tendency  to  decubitus,  Vittu  found 
all  the  muscles  invaded  by  cysts  which  were  generally  the  size  and  appearance 
of  a rye-seed.  These  cysts  had  undergone  calcareous  degeneration,  and  by 
their  position  in  the  interfibrillar  connective  tissue,  the  structure  of  their 
walls,  and  the  mass  of  fat  at  their  ends,  they  resembled  old  cysts  of  the 
Trichina  spiralis.  Giard,  who  studied  them,  was  convinced  that  he  had  to 
do  with  a parasite  related  to  the  Trichinae,  though  much  larger  ; but  perhaps 
there  was  more  reason  in  classing  it  with  the  Spiroptera  reticulata,  of  which 
mention  will  be  made  presently. 

An  analogous  observation  to  that  of  Vittu,  was  made  on  a Cow  by  Wolff, 
at  Berlin.  He  found  the  muscles  of  this  animal  full  of  nodules — some  round 
and  as  large  as  a lentil,  others  oval  and  as  big  as  a grain  of  rice.  These 
nodules  were  situated  between  the  muscular  fasciculi,  and  were  limited  by 
a thick  membrane  ; in  their  brown  caseous  contents  Schutz  found  a coiled-up 
Nematode,  a little  larger  than  a Trichina. 

The  Armed  Sclerostome  ( Sclerostomum  equinum),  which  in  the  adult  state 
inhabits  the  caecum  and  large  colon  of  Equines,  is — in  the  agamous  state — 
very  apt  to  wander.  Consequently,  it  has  been  on  several  occasions  met  with 


552 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


in  the  muscles  and  connective  tissue,  where  it  arrives  by  means  of  the  circula- 
tion. Harvey  found  not  less  than  200  specimens  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
kidneys  of  a Foal  ; Litt,  in  1852,  met  with  hundreds  in  the  connective  tissue 
between  the  peritoneum  and  abdominal  muscles  ; Meyrick,  in  1859,  observed 
the  same  in  the  peritoneal  cavity,  on  the  liver,  and  in  the  abdominal  muscles  ; 
and  Miller,  at  Seville,  Ohio,  collected  considerable  quantities  in  the  abdominal 
muscles,  and  especially  in  those  of  the  flank.  Lastly,  Lienaux  on  several 
occasions  found  them  encysted  beneath  the  peritoneum,  in  various  parts  of 
the  abdominal  walls,  underneath  the  pleura,  on  the  inner  surface  of  the 
arms,  etc.  The  Sclerostomes  of  the  abdominal  walls  may  cause  the  forma- 
tion of  small  purulent  centres  around  them  (Railliet).  Although  agamous, 
these  worms  are  sometimes  larger  than 
the  adults. 

Spiroptera  reticulata  Crep.  ( Sp . cin- 
cinnata  Ercol.,  Onchocera  reticulata  Dies, 
etc.).  — Body  fdiform,  very  elongated, 
and  turned  in  a spiral  manner.  Head 


Fig.  328. — Spiroptera  reticulata  ; por- 
tion of  the  body  of  the  female, 
showing  the  transverse  striae  and 
the  spiral  ridges  on  the  cuticle  ; 
magnified  80  diameters. — Railliet. 


Fig.  329. — Spiroptera  reticulata  ; poi  • 
tion  of  the  body  of  the  female, 
showing  the  intestine,  and  the  two 
genital  tubes  filled  with  embryonic 
ova  ; magnified  80  diameters. — 
Railliet. 


not  separated  from  the  body  ; mouth  orbicular.  Male  in  a wide  spiral 
form  ; tail  excavated  beneath,  and  margined  by  two  vertical  lobes,  the  base 
of  which  has  small  hooks  and  the  upper  border  a papilla  ; there  is  a single 
spicule  between  the  two  lobes.  Female  in  a close  spiral  form  ; body  attenu- 
ated behind  ; vulva  situated  at  a short  distance  from  the  head.  Ovovivi- 
parous.  The  length  of  these  parasites  is  not  exactly  known,  as  they  cannot 
be  extracted  entire,  in  consequence  of  their  being  rolled  around  muscular 
and  tendinous  fibres.  The  female  appears  to  measure  from  40  to  50  centimetres 
long,  and  from  *35  mm.  to  *40  mm.  in  diameter,  which  is  ’15  mm.  in  the  male. 
This  worm  is  special  to  Equines,  and  was  discovered  in  1840,  by  Hermann 
and  Bleiweiss,  at  the  Vienna  Veterinary  Institute.  It  was  afterwards  found 


PARASITES  OF  THE  MUSCLES,  CONNECTIVE  TISSUE,  ETC.  553 


in  Germany  and  Austria,  by  Gurlt,  Baumgarten  and  Ziirn  ; in  Italy,  by 
Ercolani,  Bassi,  Gotti,  Baruchello,  Berto  and  Vigezzi ; in  Russia,  by  Tschul* 
owski  and  Popow  ; and  in  France,  by  Railliet  and  Moussu. 

It  has  been  sometimes  observed  in  the  cervical  ligament  or  in 
the  tissue  of  neighbouring  arteries,  between  muscular  fibres,  and 

in  subcutaneous  nodules ; but  it  has 
been  most  frequently  met  with  in  the 
flexor  tendons  of  the  foot,  the  suspen- 
sory ligament  of  the  fetlock,  and  in  the 
walls  of  the  collateral  artery  of  the 
cannon. 


Fig.  331. — Ova  of  the  Spiroptera  reticulata  ; 
magnified  200  diameters. — Railliet. 

It  is  very  common  at  Kazan,  as 
Tschulowski  found  it  in  fifty-one  of  the 
fifty-three  Horses  in  which  he  looked 
for  it. 


Fig.  330.  — Spiroptera  reticulata  ; 
portion  of  the  body  of  the  female, 
showing  the  intestine  and  the  two 
genital  tubes  filled  with  embryos  ; 
magnified  8cf diameters. — Railliet. 


Fig.  332. — Embryos  of  the  Spiroptera 
reticulata  ; magnified  200  diameters. 
— Railliet. 


It  has  been  met  with  at  all  seasons  of  the  year — but  more  par- 
ticularly in  the  spring  and  summer — and  in  Horses  of  every  age. 

Its  most  frequent  seat — and  also  the  most  important,  but  it  is 
betrayed  by  significant  symptoms — is  in  the  limbs,  and  almost 
exclusively  in  the  anterior  ones.  Its  presence  causes  the  formation 
of  isolated  tumours — parasitic  fibromata — which  are  seen  in  the 
region  of  the  tendon — within,  without,  or  behind  the  perforatus 


554 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


tendon  ; at  the  knee — within  or  without,  or  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  the  insertion  of  the  flexor  of  the  metacarpus  ; at  the  external 
or  posterior  surface  of  the  fore-arm  ; at  various  points  of  the 
shoulder  and  arm,  etc. 

These  tumours  compress  the  nerves  or  tendons  ; hence  „ there 
results  persistent,  acute  or  sub-acute  lameness,  the  cause  of  which 
often  remains  unknown,  so  long  as  the  parasitic  fibroma  has  not 
acquired  an  appreciable  size. 

Treatment  consists  in  extirpation  of  the  tumour  ; this  leaves 
only  a simple  wound  that  is  easily  healed. 

The  extracted  tumour  is,  in  general,  irregularly  ovoid  in  shape, 
and  from  3 cm.  to  6 cm.  long.  It  is  composed  of  dense  fibrous 
tissue  which  is  often  calcified,  and  surrounds  yellowish  nuclei,  in 
the  centre  of  which  is  found  the  worm,  which  up  to  the  present 
time  has  only  been  extracted  in  fragments. 

In  Horses  which  were  bearers  of  the  reticulated  Spiroptera, 
Tschulowski  has  sometimes  found  an  abundance  of  their  embryos 
in  the  lymphatic  vessels  of  the  limbs,  in  the  perivascular  connective 
tissue,  in  the  synovia  of  the  three  inferior  articulations,  and  in 
bursse  of  tendons — especially  in  the  bursal  distensions  popularly 
known  as  ‘ wind-galls.’  These  embryos  were  very  slender,  and 
measured  300  ^ to  400  /x  long  by  6 /x  to  9 /x  broad  ; throughout  their 
whole  length  was  remarked  a digestive  tube  filled  with  a granular 
matter.  This  observation  tends  to  establish  the  fact,  that  the 
embryos  of  the  Spiroptera  reticulata  may  effect  active  migrations, 
and  may  even  enter  the  vascular  system. 


CHAPTER  I 


PSOROSPERMOSIS  OF  THE  MUSCLES  AND  CONNECTIVE 

TISSUE 

The  Sporozoa  which  inhabit  the  muscles  and  connective  tissue  form 
the  order  of  Sarcosporidia  or  Psoros permit  utriculiformes. 
They  are  divided  into  three  genera,  according  to  the  following 
table  : 

Seated  in  the  connective  tissue.  Enveloping  membrane  thin 

and  without  definite  structure  ......  Balbiania. 

Seated  in  the  striped  muscles  \ thin  and  anhistic  . . . Miescheria. 

Enveloping  membrane  ./ thick  and  traversed  by  fine  canaliculi  Sarcocystis. 

The  Sporozoa  of  the  domesticated  animals  belong  to  the  genera 
Balbiania  (Blanch.)  and  Sarcoeytis  (Ray  Lank.). 

The  Sarcosporidia — which  are  also  frequently  named  the  Utricules  of 
Miescher  or  Rainey's  Corpuscles — were  seen  for  the  first  time  in  1843,  by 
Miescher,  of  Bale,  in  the  muscles  of  the  Mouse.  Herbst  afterwards  found 
them  in  those  of  the  Pig  in  1851.  Von  Hessling,  who  in  1846  had  observed 
them  in  the  breast-muscles  of  a Roebuck,  discovered  them  also  in  the  myo- 
cardium of  the  Ox,  Calf  and  Sheep  ; and  Rainey,  in  1857,  saw  them  in  the 
muscles  of  the  Pig.  They  have  since  been  met  with  in  the  majority  of  the 
domesticated  Herbivora — Horse,  Ox,  Buffalo,  Sheep,  Goat  and  Rabbit  ; 
and  amongst  Birds,  in  the  Fowl. 

We  may,  at  least  provisionally,  attach  these  Sarcosporidia  to 
three  distinct  species  : Sarcocystis  Miescheri  (Ray  Lank.),  Sarco- 
cystis tenelia  (Raill.),  and  Balbiania  gigantea  (Raill.).  But  with  the 
exception  of  the  Pig,  the  Sarcosporidia  of  which  are  well  known, 
there  are  too  few  observations  recorded  to  allow  of  a rigorous 
determination  of  the  species  of  parasite  being  made.  This  summary 
study  of  Psorospermosis  will  be  divided  into  Psorospermosis  of 
the  muscular  tissue  and  Psorospermosis  of  the  connective  tissue. 

Article  I. — Muscular  Psorospermosis. 

Pig. — The  muscular  psorosperm  of  the  Pig  is  the  Sarcocystis 
Miescheri.  First  observed  by  Herbst,  then  by  Rainey  in  the 
muscles  of  this  animal,  it  has  since  been  studied  by  numerous 
observers,  and  is  now  well  known,  owing  more  especially  to  the 
investigations  of  Leuckart  and  Man z. 

555 


556 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


It  is  only  at  an  autopsy  that  the  presence  of  these  parasites  can 
be  ascertained.  All  the  striped  muscles  may  be  infested  by  them, 
and  these  have  then  a granular  aspect  and  darker  colour  ; while  a 
close  inspection  discovers  small  white,  elongated  points  in  the  midst 
of  the  muscular  tissue,  which  are  sometimes  so  long  as  to  be  readily 
seen.  These  are  the  Sar cocysts. 


They  may  be  as  much  as  2 mm.  to  3 mm.  long,  and  their  breadth  varies 
between  80  /jl  and  300  /*.  They  appear  in  the  microscope  as  elongated  bodies, 
slightly  refrangent,  granular,  and  tapering  at  both  ends — though  sometimes 
only  at  one.  They  are  limited  by  a somewhat  thick  enveloping  membrane, 
showing  a transversal  striation  that  Leuckart  ascribes  to  the  presence  of 
numerous  canaliculi  ; by  compression  this  wall  becomes  disaggregated,  and 
then  appears  as  a ciliary  covering,  which  some  authorities  have  regarded  as  a 

normal  arrangement  in  the  Psorospermiae.  The 
interior  of  the  Utricle  is  divided  into  a great 
number  of  spaces  by  anastomosing  partitions. 
To  wards  the  extremities,  the  membrane  seems  to 
be  slightly  separated  from  its  contents,  and  a 
. conical  space  is  seen  there,  containing  refrangent 
granules.  For  the  remainder  of  its  extent,  the 


Fig.  333. — Psorospermic  Utricles 
in  the  intermuscular  fibres  of 
the  Pig. — Railliet. 


Fig.  334. — Psorospermic  Utricles  of  the 
Pig  ; isolated  and  highly  magnified. — 
Railliet.* 


* A,  extremity  of  a Utricle,  the  cuticle  of  which  is  intact ; B,  another  Utricle, 
the  cuticle  of  which  is  crushed  and  appears_  as  cilia  ; C,  reniform  corpuscles 
and  separate  nuclei. 


Utricle  holds  in  its  spaces  spores — numerous  and  closely-packed  corpuscles 
which,  when  they  are  set  free  by  the  rupture  of  the  membrane,  appear  semi- 
lunar, reniform,  or  fusiform  in  shape.  They  have  one  or — more  frequently 
— two  clear  points  that  are  generally  regarded  as  nuclei. 

The  Sar  cocysts  are  situated  even  in  the  axis  of  the  primary 
fasciculi,  surrounded  by  a layer  of  the  substance  of  which  these  are 
composed,  and  which  has  been  pushed  beneath  the  sarcolemma  by 
the  pressure  of  the  parasite.  The  majority  of  authorities  do  not 
mention  any  other  alteration  than  the  dilatations  and  moniliform 
aspect  of  the  primary  fasciculi.  According  to  Perroncito,  the 
Utricles  may  move  in  the  interior  of  the  sarcolemma  and  leave 


PSOROSPERMOSIS  OF  THE  MUSCLES,  ETC. 


557 


evident  traces  of  their  passage.  When  they  are  old  they  may 
undergo  calcareous  degeneration. 

Laulanie  has  noticed  that,  while  in  certain  points  the  invaded 
primary  fasciculi  remain  healthy,  at  others  they  undergo  vitreous 
degeneration,  the  parasite  acting  there  as  an  irritant  to  the  con- 
nective tissue.  The  primary  fasciculi  most  distant  from  the  centre 
are  at  first  atrophied,  and  there  sometimes  appear  new- formation 
cells  ; so  that  parenchymatous  myositis  is  added  to  interstitial 
myositis. 

Muscular  psorospermosis  is  not  betrayed  during  life  by  any 
appreciable  signs.  Nevertheless,  Virchow  has  observed,  in  some 
Pigs  which  were  affected,  feebleness  or  intermittent  paralysis  of 
the  hind-quarters,  ardent  thirst,  a nodular  exanthem,  transient 

symptoms  of  1 rouget,’  and  in 
one  instance  lachrymation  and 
a dull  appearance  of  the  eyes — 


Fig.  335. — Transverse  section  of  a 
group  of  primary  fasciculi  of  the 
Pig,  one  of  which  is  occupied  by 
a Sarcocyst. — Laulanie. 

a,  section  of  the  parasite  ; b,  its 
contractile  sheath  formed  by  the 
substance  of  the  primary  fasciculus 
pushed  beneath  the  sarcolemma ; 
/,  primary  facsiculus. 


Fig.  336. — Psorospermic  granule  of 
the  muscles  of  the  Pig,  at  its  com- 
mencement. — Laulanie. 

a,  transverse  section  of  the  Psoro- 
sperm  ; b,  purulent  corona ; c,  c, 
atrophied  primary  fasciculus  ; d,  em- 
bryonic infiltration. 


which  might  be  due  to  the  presence  of  the  parasites  in  the  ocular 
muscles. 

The  Sarcocysts  of  Miescher  are  very  frequent — at  least,  in  certain 
countries  and  at  certain  periods.  Herbst  estimates  the  number 
of  instances  in  which  he  has  found  them  as  50  per  cent.,  and  a 
similar  estimate  has  been  made  by  Rupprecht.  Leuckart  has  found 
five  Pigs  affected  out  of  eighteen,  and  Moule  has  seen  about  40  per 
cent. 

The  attempts  at  transmission  made  by  Virchow  and  Manz,  in 
feeding  animals  with  pig-flesh  infested  with  Psorospermiae,  were 
without  result.  Leuckart  appears  to  have  been  more  fortunate, 
for  to  a Pig — the  muscles  of  which  were  free  from  these  parasites 
(as  was  proved  on  examination  of  them  by  means  of  the  harpoon) — 


558 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


he  gave  the  flesh  of  one  that  was  infested.  The  animal  was  killed 
six  weeks  after  receiving  the  first  meal,  and  its  muscles  were  full 
of  very  small-sized  Psorospermiae.  But  it  cannot  be  concluded 
from  this  unique  instance  that  the  Sporozoa  of  the  muscles  can  be 
directly  transmitted  through  the  digestive  organs,  and  that  the 
ingestion  of  infested  flesh  is  dangerous  for  Man.  Lindemann  has, 
however,  published  a case  in  which  Psorospermiae,  developed  in 
the  valves  of  the  heart  of  a Man,  caused  a fatal  dropsy.  But  in 
every  case  in  which  flesh  is  much  infested,  its  use  for  human  food 
should  be  prohibited,  because  of  its  bad  appearance  and  diminished 
nutritive  value — due  to  alterations  which  inflammation  has  pro- 


Fig.  337. — Completely  developed  psorospermic  granule  in  the  Pig’s  muscle, 
the  parasite  having  disappeared  in  the  middle  of  the  degeneration  of  pro- 
ducts.— Laulanie. 

a,  central  zone  represented  by  a small  centre  of  calcareous  degeneration  ; 
b,  peripheral  zone  of  embryonal  proliferation  ; c,  c,  spaces  originally  occupied 
by  the  primary  fasciculi,  and  now  filled  with  cells  ; d,  d,  atrophied  primary 
fasciculi  buried  in  the  proliferation  ; e,  connective  tissue  septum. 


duced  in  it.  Rabe  has  published  a case  of  serious  intestinal  catarrh 
in  a Man,  consequent  on  eating  the  flesh  of  a Pig  that  was  intensely 
affected  with  muscular  psorospermosis. 

Sheep. — Psorospermosis  of  the  muscles  of  the  Sheep  is  produced 
by  the  Sarcocystis  tenella.  It  has  often  been  observed,  and  is  the 
form  best  known,  thanks  to  the  researches  of  Huet  and  Moule. 
It  occupies  in  the  muscles  of  the  Sheep  the  same  situation  that  the 
Sarcocystis  Miescheri  does  in  those  of  the  Pig — that  is,  the  primary 
fasciculi ; but  it  is  distinguished  from  it  by  the  greater  thinness  of 
its  enveloping  membrane,  which  is  otherwise  canaliculated  and 
capable  of  being  reduced  to  pseudo-cilia  by  compression. 

Moule  has  often  found  the  parasites  in  cachectic  Sheep — 98  per 


PSOROSPERMOSIS  OF  THE  MUSCLES,  ETC. 


559 


cent. — and  they  were  usually  numerous  in  proportion  as  the 
cachexia  was  more  accentuated.  Sometimes  there  were  regularly 
five,  six,  and  more  in  the  field  of  the  microscope  in  each  prepara- 
tion ; at  other  times  several  preparations  would  have  to  be  examined 
in  order  to  find  one.  In  ioo  Sheep  in  good  condition,  he  only  met 
with  them  in  44,  and  then  always  in  small  number.  It  was  the  same 
with  a Sheep  which  had  been  affected  with  anthrax,  the  few  which 
were  observed  appearing  deformed. 

They  may  be  found  in  all  the  muscles,  but  they  seem  least 
numerous  in  those  of  the  internal  crural  region.  Von  Hessling, 
Cobbold,  Moule,  and  Sticker  have  seen  them  in  the  myocardium  ; 
Brusaferro  in  the  fibres  of  Purkinje  of  the  heart ; and  Krause  in 
the  ocular  muscles. 

Goat. — Moule  classes  with  the  Sarcocystis  tenella  the  Sarcosporidia  he 
found  in  the  Goat,  which  had  been  already  seen  by  Pagenstecher.  They  are 
less  common,  and  not  so  abundant  as  in  the  Sheep  ; for  the  proportion  of 
cases  has  only  been  46  per  cent,  in  lean  animals,  and  33  per  cent,  in  those 
which  were  fat.  They  are  larger  than  those  of  the  Sheep,  and  may  be  even 
double  their  size. 

Ox. — Sarcosporidia  have  been  seen  in  the  Ox,  in  the  muscular  fibres  of 
the  heart,  by  Von  Hessling,  Cobbold  and  Perroncito  ; in  the  muscles  of  the 
eye  by  Krause  ; in  the  cremaster  of  a Bull  by  Manz  ; and  in  various  muscles 
by  Beale.  Of  100  Oxen  condemned  for  being  in  extremely  bad  condition, 
Moule  found  37  of  them  infested  with  Sarcosporidia  ; he  only  found  them  in 
three  instances  in  Cattle  in  good  condition.  These  were  probably  the  Sarco- 
cystis tenella  ; they  are  of  the  same  dimensions  as  those  of  the  Goat,  but  may 
attain  a centimetre  in  length,  and  have  longer  cilia — Sarcocystis  hirsuta 
Moule. 

Horse. — The  muscle  .Sarcosporidia  of  the  Horse  are,  doubtless,  also  the 
Sarcocystis  tenella.  They  have  been  seen  by  Siedamgrotzky,  Schulze,  Putz 
and  Moule. 

Siedamgrotzky  found  Sarcosporidia  in  thirteen  Horses  killed  for  ana- 
tomical purposes,  or  which  had  died  from  different  diseases.  They  were 
principally  in  the  muscular  layer  of  the  pharynx  and  oesophagus,  in  the 
inferior  cervical  muscles,  and  in  the  diaphragm.  In  the  limbs,  the  infested 
muscles  were  atrophied,  pale,  soft,  and  yet  more  fibrous  than  in  the  normal 
state.  The  nuclei  of  the  sarcolemma  were  multiplied  in  the  primary  fasciculi 
affected,  and  even  in  the  healthy  fasciculi;  they  formed  a kind  of  chaplet 
lying  alongside  the  sarcolemma.  In  addition,  the  interfascicular  connective 
tissue  had  undergone  proliferation,  and  by  compression  had  caused  simple 
atrophy  of  the  contractile  fibre.  These  Sarcosporidia  were  from  3 mm.  to 
4 mm.  long,  and  in  some  points  had  submitted  to  calcareous  degeneration. 

Schulze  has  met  with  these  parasites  in  the  muscles  of  the  forehand  of 
a Horse,  killed  because  of  being  affected  with  paralysis  of  the  anterior  limbs. 
These  muscles  were  degenerated,  and  showed  calcareous  granules  20  mm. 
long  by  3 broad.  Their  elements  had  undergone  alterations  analogous  to 
those  observed  by  Siedamgrotzky. 

In  a Horse  observed  by  Piitz,  the  majority  of  the  muscles  were  more  or 
less  invaded — sometimes  in  a high  degree — by  Psorospermise  of  various  ages. 
They — the  muscles — were  more  voluminous  and  more  rigid  than  in  the 
normal  state,  and  were  of  a yellowish-grey  colour  ; there  was  interstitial 
myositis,  proliferation  of  the  interfascicular  connective  tissue,  increase 
of  the  perimysium,  and  atrophy  of  the  primary  fasciculi,  the  striation  of 
which,  nevertheless,  generally  persisted.  There  was  not  alwa}^  an  exact 
relationship  between  the  muscular  alterations  and  the  topographical  distri- 
bution of  the  Sarcosporidia  ; so  that  there  might  have  existed  doubts  as  to 
these  parasites  being  the  real  cause  of  this  myositis. 


560 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Of  65  Horses  examined  by  Houle,  1 3 showed  the  Sarcosporidia  ; but  only 
one  had  them  as  large  as  those  of  the  Ox  ; in  the  others  they  were  invisible 


to  the  naked  eye. 

Other  Species.  — Sarcosporidia  have  been 
noted  by  Krause  in  the  muscles  of  the  eye  of 
the  Dog  and  Cat  ; by  Manz  in  various  muscles 
of  the  Rabbit ; and  by  Kiihn  in  those  of  the 
Fowl. 


Article  II. — Psorospermosis  of  the 
Connective  Tissue. 

The  Psorospermiae  of  the  connective 
tissue  are  the  Balbiania  gigantea  Raill. 
They  were  first  met  with  in  the  Sheep  by 
Winckler  andLeisering,  then  by  Dammann. 


Fig.  338. — Transverse  section  of  a Balbiania 
gigantea,  enveloped  by  muscular  fibres  of 
the  oesophagus  ; magnified  20  diameters. — 
Railliet. 

Ziirn  and  Brusaferro,  and  have  been  well 
studied  by  Morot  and  Railliet.  VonNieder- 
hoeusern  has  seen  them  in  the  Goat ; and 
Jongh  has  often  observed  them  in  the  Ox, 
Deer,  Goat,  Pig,  and  especially  the  Buffalo, 
at  Java.  According  to  certain  observers, 


Fig.  339. — Falciform  corpuscles  of  the  Bal-  Fig.  340. — Fragment  of  the 
biania  gigantea  ; magnified  850  diameters. — oesophagus  of  the  Sheep 
Railliet.  invaded  by  the  Balbiania 

gigantea  ; natural  size. — 
Railliet. 


PSOROSPERMOSIS  OF  THE  MUSCLES,  ETC.  561 

it  would  appear  that  they  may  also  be  met  with — like  the  preceding 
— in  the  midst  of  the  primary  fasciculi. 

The  size  of  a Balbiania  gigantea  may  vary  frorg.  that  of  a barley- 
grain  to  that  of  a small  hazel-nut.  The  enveloping  membrane  is 
thin  and  structureless,  and  in  the  centre  of  the  largest  specimens 
is  a space  as  large  as  a pin-head.  The  remainder  of  the  cavity 
— which  is  partitioned  into  cells — is  filled  with  very  regular  cres- 
centic-shaped corpuscles,  which  have  no  nuclei  and  do  not  refract 
the  light.  Certain  of  the  Balbianiae  only  show  a few  corpuscles, 
but  have  many  round  bodies,  which  have  a greater  or  less  diameter 
in  proportion  to  the  maximum  thickness  of  the  crescents. 

The  German  authorities,  who  were  the  first  to  observe  these 
Sarcosporidia,  found  them  in  great  numbers  in  the  muscular  layer 
of  the  oesophagus,  and,  secondarily,  at  the  base  of  the  tongue,  in 
the  muscles  of  the  pharynx,  cheeks,  neck,  thorax,  abdomen  and 
thighs.  The  Sheep  which  were  the  bearers  sometimes  died  suddenly, 
at  other  times  after  manifesting  symptoms  of  asphyxia  or  epilepti- 
form seizures.  In  some  instances  the  mortality  was  like  that  of  an 
epizooty,  and  the  losses  were  attributed  to  the  action  of  the  Sar- 
cosporidia, which,  by  their  presence  in  the  vicinity  of  the  larynx, 
caused  oedema  of  the  glottis  and,  consequently,  asphyxia.  Von 
Niederhoeusern,  who  found  them  in  a Goat,  arrived  at  the  same 
conclusion. 

But  the  investigations  of  Morot  certainly  seem  to  establish  that 
there  is  a simple  coincidence  between  the  fatal  issue  and  the  psoro- 
spermosis of  the  oesophagus,  as  he  very  often,  found  these  parasites 
in  Sheep  killed  at  Troyes  abbatoir.  Moule  has  not  met  with  any 
in  Paris,  but  Raillet  has  discovered  them  there  in  a Goat. 

In  about  goo  Sheep,  Morot  found  272  which  had  the  oesophageal 
cysts  of  the  Sarcosporidia.  Neither  the  condition,  age  nor  sex 
appeared  to  have  any  influence  on  their  presence  or  number,  which 
latter  varied  from  1 to  272,  and  averaged  from  10  to  12.  The  same 
Sheep  might  have  them  of  all  sizes,  these  having  no  relation  to  their 
number. 

‘ Among  the  272  Sheep  which  had  the  oesophagus  nodulated, 
6 had  at  the  same  time  psorospermic  cysts  beneath  the  pleura, 
10  beneath  the  peritoneum,  and  27  beneath  the  pleura  and  peri- 
toneum at  the  same  time/  These  subserous  cysts  were  ‘ usually 
in  the  form  of  elongated  patches,  the  dimensions  of  which  varied 
from  that  of  a cabbage-seed  to  that  of  a prune-stone,  and  even 
that  of  an  average  haricot-bean/  They  were  sometimes  more,  at 
other  times  less  numerous,  than  those  of  the  oesophagus. 

A Sheep  of  second  quality  and  in  good  condition  had  a large 
number  in  every  part  of  the  body,  and  especially  in  the  oesophagus, 
which  had  227,  and  the  tongue,  which  harboured  128.  Some  were 
found  in  the  muscles  of  the  subscapular  and  crural  regions. 


36 


CHAPTER  II 


MEASLES 

Definition. — Measles  (French  ladrerie ) consists  in  the  presence  of 
certain  Cysticerci  in  the  muscles  and  connective  tissue,  and  acces- 
sorily  in  other  parts  of  the  organism.  The  Cysticerci  which  con- 
stitute the  disease  are  : the  Cysticercus  cellulosce — the  cystic  form 
of  the  Tcsnia  solium  of  Man  ; the  C.  bovis,  of  the  T.  saginata  of  Man  ; 
the  C.  tenuicollis,  of  the  T.  marginata  of  the  Dog  ; the  C.  tarandi , 
of  the  T.  Krabbei  of  the  Dog. 

The  domesticated  animals  which  may  contract  the  measles  are 
—in  the  first  line — the  Pig  (C.  celluloses),  then  the  Ox  (C.  bovis), 
and  exceptionally  the  Sheep  (C.  tenuicollis),  the  Reindeer  (C. 
tarandi),  and  the  Dog  and  Cat  ( C . celluloses).  Man  himself  is  not 
exempt  from  this  affection  (C.  celluloses). 

Article  I. — Measles  of  the  Pig. 

The  Pig  measles  is  produced  by  the  Cysticercus  celluloses  Rud., 
the  larval  form  of  the  T esnia  solium  of  Man. 

History. — Measles  of  the  Pig  has  been  known  from  the  earliest  times,  and 
its  influence  on  human  health  seems  to  have  inspired  the  Egyptian  priests 
in  the  days  of  the  Pharaohs  and  of  Moses — the  law-maker  of  the  Jews — when 
they  prohibited  the  use  of  the  flesh  of  that  animal  as  food.  But  the  first 
mention  of  this  disease  occurs  in  the  fourth  century  before  our  era,  and  is 
found  in  the  writings  of  Aristophanes  (b.c.  450-380),  where,  in  his  comedy 
of  The  Knights,  it  is  spoken  of  as  being  well  known.  Aristotle  has  described 
it  with  remarkable  precision,  and  his  description  has  been  almost  exactly 
reproduced  by  Rufus — quoted  by  Oribasius  ; then  it  is  mentioned  by  Pliny 
and  Didymseus,  and  again  by  Plutarch,  Aretaeus,  Archigenes  and  Androsthenes. 

Numerous  laws  enacted  during  the  Middle  Ages  prove  that  it  was  also  well 
known  then,  but  there  was  as  little  idea  of  its  parasitic  nature  as  among  the 
ancients,  and  we  must  come  to  the  year  1683  before  an  indication  of  this  is 
found  in  a memoir  by  Redi.  Two  years  afterwards,  Hartmann  found  a 
Cysticercus  in  a Goat,  and  recognised  it  as  a living  animal  ; but  to  Malpighi 
belongs  the  credit  of  giving  the  first  exact  description  of  the  measle  Cysti- 
cercus. These  observations  appear  to  have  been  little  known,  however  ; 
for  it  was  not  until  1760  that  Pallas  attempted  to  establish  a relationship 
between  the  parasite  of  measles  and  the  Tape- worms,  and  named  it  the 
Tcenia  hydatigena.  About  the  same  time,  Fabricius  expressed  the  opinion 
that  the  measle  Cysticerci  were  derived  from  a Tape- worm  ; and  Gceze,  in 
1780,  described  the  bladder-worm  with  much  precision  and  exactitude. 

The  year  1842  marked  an  important  advance,  as  Steenstrup  then  con- 

562 


MEASLES 


563 


sidered  the  cystic  worms  as  the  first  step  in  the  development  of  Helminth.es, 
which,  however,  he  could  not  determine  ; while  Von  Siebold  regarded  them  as 


Fig.  341. — Cysticercus  cellulosce. 


A,  an  entire  vesicle  magnified  ; B,  proboscis  with  hooks  at  its  base  ; C, 
isolated  hooks  ; C',  fragment  of  a Cysticercus  highly  magnified  : the  vesicle 
is  only  represented  by  a segment,  a,  corresponding  to  its  invagination 
orifice,  b. — Robin. 


wandering  Tsenige — an  opinion  also  adopted  bv  Dujardin  m 1845.  But  it 


required  the  experiments  of  Van  E 
migrations  of  the  Cestodes  beyond 
have  been  confirmed,  extended  and 
completed  by  numerous  experi- 
menters to  whom  we  shall  have  to 
refer  hereafter. 


Fig.  342. — Head  of  the  Cysticercus 
cellulosce,  seen  in  front,  the  suckers 
not  being  salient. — Railliet. 


1 and  Kuchenmeister  to  put  the 
and  the  facts  they  established 


Fig.  343. — Hooks  of  the  Tcenia  solium; 
magnified  250  diameters. — Railliet. 
A,  large  hook  ; B and  C,  small  hook 
seen  laterally  and  in  front. 


Pathological  Anatomy. — It  is  more  especially  at  an  autopsy  that 
the  existence  of  measles  is  recognised,  from  the  presence  of  the 

36—2 


564  TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

Cysticercus  cellulosce  Rud.  in  different  parts  of  the  economy.  It 
appears  in  the  form  of  an  elliptical  vesicle  from  6 mm.  to  20  mm. 
long  and  5 mm.  to  10  mm.,  or  even  more,  broad  ; and  showing 
towards  the  middle  of  its  length  a white  spot  provided  with  a 
scarcely  visible  opening,  that  corresponds  to  the  invaginated  head. 
The  latter  has  at  first  the  aspect  of  a white,  opaque,  and  somewhat 
consistent  tubercle,  the  size  of  a millet-seed,  which  adheres  to  the 
wall  and  projects  internally.  By  methodical  pressure  between  the 
thumb  and  forefinger,  it  is  easy  to  extrude  the  head  and  body  of 
the  Cysticercus  from  the  caudal  vesicle,  in  which  they  are  invagi- 
nated ; usually  the  vesicle,  is  ruptured  in  this  operation.  On 
examining  the  evaginated  head  by  a low  magnifying  power,  it  is 
observed  to  be  sensibly  tetragonal,  and  to  measure  *6  mm.  to 
*8  mm.  ; it  is  furnished  with  four  suckers,  and  a double  crown  of 
from  24  to  32  hooks,  the  larger  of  which  are  160  /x  to  180  /x  long,  and 
the  smaller  from  no  /x  to  140  /x.  These  are  absolutely  the  char- 
acters of  the  head  of  the  Tcenia  solium  of  Man. 

Each  Cysticercus  is  enveloped  in  a cyst,  the  dimensions  of  which 
are  scarcely  superior  to  its  own  ; this  cyst  is  formed  at  the  expense 
of  the  tissues  of  its  host,  and  is  composed  of  a thin,  transparent, 
connective- tissue  membrane,  slightly  vascular,  and  destitute  of 
epithelium.  The  cysts  are  lodged  in  depressions — cells  or  alveoli 
excavated  in  the  substance  of  the  organs. 

The  measles  Cysticerci  are  found  almost  exclusively  in  the 
muscular  masses,  the  muscles  most  frequently  invaded  being  those 
of  the  tongue,  the  neck,  and  the  shoulders  ; then  come — in  the 
order  of  frequency — the  intercostal  and  psoas  muscles,  those  of 
the  thigh,  and,  lastly,  those  of  the  posterior  vertebral  region 
(Delpech).  The  measles  is  sometimes  so  generalized  that  Cysti- 
cerci are  met  with  in  all  the  striped  muscles  of  the  body  ; their 
number  may  be  enormous,  and  equal  to  almost  one-half  the  total 
volume  of  the  piece  of  flesh  examined.  Kiichenmeister  has  found 
133  in  a scrap  weighing  17  grammes — which  would  give  about 
8,000  to  the  kilogramme. 

When  the  measles  is  not  very  pronounced,  the  vesicles  are 
scattered,  but  they  have  always  their  privileged  seat  in  the  muscles 
of  the  deeper  surface  of  the  shoulder,  in  those  of  the  neck,  the 
fleshy  portion  of  the  diaphragm,  the  triangularis  stemi,  and  the 
intercostals.  It  is  necessary,  in  some  of  these  discrete  invasions, 
to  make  numerous  sections  in  various  directions,  in  order  to  find 
a single  vesicle.  By  squeezing  the  flesh  between  the  fingers,  we 
may  often  succeed  in  rendering  some  visible,  which  would  other- 
wise remain  unperceived  ; and  frequently,  also,  measly  flesh  may 
be  recognised  by  the  little  cavities  from  which  the  Cysticerci  have 
been  removed. 

Sometimes  the  parasites  are  found  in  the  submucous  connective 
tissue  on  the  inferior  surface  of  the  tongue,  nearly  as  frequently 
as  in  the  above-mentioned  muscles.  Towards  the  base  of  that 
organ  and  the  sides  of  the  fraenum,  they  are  usually  seen  as  opaline, 


MEASLES 


565 


semi-transparent,  globular  or  ovoid  vesicles,  which  raise  the 
mucous  membrane,  and  can  be  felt  by  the  finger. 

The  heart  is  also  very  often  invaded  by  Cysticerci,  and  at  times 
in  such  numbers  that  there  is  reason  for  wonder  that  the  functions 
of  the  organ  are  not  seriously  interfered  with.  When  there  are 
only  a few,  they  are  usually  localized  towards  the  point. 

It  is  rare  to  find  them  in  the  fat,  but  when  the  disease  is 
generalized  they  may  be  met  with  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
muscles,  adhering  to  the  muscular  fibres  that  enter  the  layers 
of  adipose  tissue. 

Otherwise,  the  specks  or 
grains  (as  they  appear  to 
the  naked  eye)  may  be 
found  in  all  the  organs — 
brain,  spinal  cord,  eyes, 
lungs,  liver,  kidneys,  spleen, 
lymphatic  glands,  and 
testicles  (Cobbold)  : but 

they  are  rarely  in  notable 
quantity,  though  Brusaferro 
has  observed  them  in  large 
number  in  the  cerebral 
hemispheres,  but  not  in  any 
other  parts  of  the  organism. 

They  are  exceptional  in  the 
liver,  lungs,  spleen  and 
kidneys  (Hertwig).  In  the 
majority  of  instances  in 
which  they  were  supposed 
to  have  been  seen,  they 
were  really  old  Echinococci, 
and  not  Cysticerci.  In  the 
lungs,  liver  or  spleen,  they 
sometimes  form  grey  or  red- 
dish, caseous,  purulent  or 
calcareous  nodules,  which 
have  some  resemblance  to 
tubercles,  and  in  which  an 

attentive  examination  will  lead  to  the  discovery  of  hooks,  and 
even  of  complete  heads  of  the  Cysticerci  (Gratia). 

The  cysts  containing  the  measles  Cysticerci  are  lodged  either  on 
the  surface  or  in  the  substance  of  muscles,  between  the  secondary 
fasciculi,  and  parallel  to  their  direction. 

Occasionally  the  parasites  have  lost  their  usual  characters,  owing 
to  degeneration,  which  may  occur  at  any  stage  of  their  develop- 
ment ; their  size  is  then  between  that  of  a millet  and  a hemp  seed. 
They  form  elliptical  nodules  of  a yellowish-brown  colour,  filled  with 
yellow  purulent  matter,  in  which  neither  the  scolex  nor  even  the 
hooks  are  to  be  found  (Munkenbeck). 


Fig.  344. — Fragment  of  measly  muscle 
from  the  Pig. — Railliet. 

c,  c,  Cysticerci ; v,  alveolus  from  which 
the  bladder- worm  has  been  removed. 


566 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


It  is  usually  age  that  brings  about  degeneration  of  the  Cysticerci, 
and  their  transformation  into  small,  round,  hard  and  compact 
grains,  impregnated  with  calcareous  matter  and  destitute  of  fluid. 
The  pork-butchers  then  name  the  disease  dry  measles.  It  is  almost 
certain  that,  when  in  this  condition,  the  parasites  are  dead.  This 
form  of  measles  is  rare  in  Pigs  brought  to  the  Paris  market,  but  it 
is  somewhat  common  at  Bordeaux  (L.  Baillet). 

The  degeneration  of  the  Cysticerci  is  centripetal — that  is,  it 
begins  with  the  external  membrane  and  finishes  with  the  scolex  ; 
and  this  is  most  evident  in  the  caseous  or  pseudo-purulent  degenera- 
tion. 

The  pressure  exercised  by  the  cyst  is  frequently  the  beginning  of 
atrophy  in  the  secondary  fasciculi.  Later,  the  interfascicular 
connective  tissue  becomes  thickened,  and  forms  streaks  like  bright 
veins  in  marble,  which  grow  more  and  more  marked  (Trasbot). 

The  muscles  infested  by  measles  are  pale  and  soft,  and  in  cutting 
into  them  the  Cysticerci  are  opened,  which  causes  a copious  flow 
of  limpid,  amber-coloured  serum.  But  if  the  disease  is  of  long 
standing  and  generalized,  the  anaemia  with  which  it  may  then  be 
accompanied  gives  rise  to  a passive  infiltration  into  dependent  parts, 
while  the  muscles  themselves  are  impregnated,  and  often  show, 
in  addition,  the  Sarcocystis  Miescheri. 

There  is,  besides  poverty  of  blood,  tumefaction  and  infiltration 
of  the  lymphatic  glands,  pallor  of  organs,  and  the  lesions  of  con- 
comitant affections  which  have  caused  death. 

The  Cysticerci  will  be  absent  from  the  surface  of  the  muscles 
when  the  pork-butcher  has  scraped  them  off  with  his  knife  ; they 
have  been,  as  it  were,  enucleated,  but  attentive  examination  will 
discover  the  small  cavities  they  occupied,  and  all  doubts  may  be 
removed  by  cutting  into  the  suspected  piece,  for  it  is  rare  not  to 
find  other  vesicles  in  its  substance. 

It  is  very  difficult  to  meet  with  the  Cysticerci  in  chopped-up 
pork,  because  of  the  small  fragments  of  fat  intimately  mixed  up 
with  it.  Schmidt-Mulheim  recommends,  in  such  circumstances, 
a procedure  based  on  the  resistance  of  the  Cysticercus  to  the  gastric 
juice. 

The  gastric  mucous  membrane  of  a Pig  or  Dog  is  chopped  into  small  pieces, 
and  macerated  for  some  hours  in  a 5 per  thousand  solution  of  hydrochloric 
acid  ; then  the  fluid  is  filtered,  and  must  be  used  within  a brief  period.  But 
if  it  is  desired  to  have  a fluid  that  will  keep  for  some  time,  so  as  to  be  ready 
for  any  emergency,  a different  course  will  have  to  be  adopted.  The  chopped 
mucous  membrane  is  steeped  in  glycerin  for  several  days,  and  then  filtered  ; 
this  fluid  will  keep  for  years  at  the  ordinary  temperature.  When  it  is  to  be 
used,  a few  drops  are  thrown  into  a 5 per  1 ,000  solution  of  hydrochloric  acid, 
and  a sufficient  quantity  of  the  suspected  sausage  or  chopped  pork  to  be 
examined  is  digested  for  several  hours  at  a temperature  of  40°  Cent.,  in  six 
to  eight  times  its  volume  of  a mixture  of  pepsinized  glycerin  and  acidulated 
water,  being  shaken  from  time  to  time.  The  flesh  and  fat  are  dissolved,  the 
latter  appearing  as  a more  or  less  thick  layer  on  the  surface  of  the  liquid. 
The  vesicle  of  the  Cysticercus  is  slightly  attacked,  but  the  head  and  suckers, 
and  especially  the  crown  of  hooks,  resist  the  action  of  the  fluid,  fall  to  the 
bottom  of  the  vessel,  and  are  easily  found  in  the  form  of  grains  resembling  rice. 


MEASLES 


5 67 


Symptoms. — The  symptoms  of  measles  are  very  vague  and 
difficult  to  appreciate,  while  they  vary  according  to  the  suscepti- 
bility of  the  animals  and  the  particular  localization  of  the  malady. 
Most  frequently  they  are  null,  and  especially  when  infestation  is 
not  general.  Of  all  those  which  have  been  indicated,  the  only  one 
that  may  be  accepted  as  pathognomonic  is  the  presence  of  the 
Cysticerci  beneath  the  mucous  membranes  accessible  to  explora- 
tion— such  as  the  inferior  surface  of  the  tongue,  and  more  especially 
on  the  sides  of  the  fraenum  ; sometimes  on  the  conjunctivae,  and 
more  rarely  in  the  folds  of  the  rectum.  At  these  points,  their 
presence  may  be  recognised  by  the  unevenness  of  the  surface  of 
the  membrane,  and  the  prominences  more  or  less  marked  which  the 
vesicles  form,  while  their  distinctly  transparent  and  opaline  aspect 
contrasts  with  the  rosy  tint  of  the  adjacent  parts. 

If  vesicles  are  observed  about  the  tongue,  the  existence  of  measles 
is  certain,  though  if  they  are  not  found  there,  the  absence  of  the 
disease  must  not  be  inferred  ; for  of  41  cases  of  measles  discovered 
after  death  during  one  quarter  of  the  year,  L.  Baillet  noted  10  in 
which  there  was  no  trace  of  Cysticerci  in  the  lingual  region.  This 
practical  result  shows  that  in  litigation  between  buyer  and  seller, 
the  fact  that  the  mouth  of  the  animal  had  been  inspected  before 
purchase  would  not  be  a proof  in  favour  of  the  vendor. 

The  vesicles  in  the  mouth,  conjunctivae  and  anus,  may  be  re- 
moved by  a trifling  operation  named  ‘ pricking  ’ ( epinglage ),  which 
consists  of  either  a simple  puncture  that  empties  the  Cysticercus, 
or  an  incision  that  allows  of  its  removal.  There  remains  a small 
wound  which  suppurates  for  a short  time,  and  which  might  be 
ascribed  to  an  injury  caused  by  the  teeth  or  some  hard  body — 
such  as  a bone.  When  these  wounds  are  healed,  they  leave  a 
small  temporary  cicatrix,  which  cannot  serve  as  an  aid  in  ante 
mortem  diagnosis. 

Except  for  the  presence  of  Cysticerci  beneath  the  visible  mucous 
membranes,  there  are  no  other  signs  that  permit  the  disease  to  be 
recognised  in  the  living  animal — though  a good  number  have  been 
mentioned  as  belonging  to  it ; but  they  are  exceptional  or  of  little 
value,  and  are  only  seen  in  animals  which  are  very  largely  infested. 
Such  is  hoarseness,  accompanied  by  a small,  suppressed  husky 
cough,  and  a tendency  to  breathlessness — symptoms  very  probably 
due  to  the  presence  of  numerous  Cysticerci  beneath  the  mucous 
membrane  and  in  the  muscles  of  the  larynx. 

Greve  says  he  has  remarked  in  many  measly  Pigs  an  increased 
sensitiveness  in  the  snout  which  prevents  their  burrowing,  even  in 
soft  ground  ; and  in  eating  grain  off  a hard  floor  they  avoid  contact 
with  that  part  as  much  as  possible,  by  raising  the  nose  and  upper 
lip,  and  seizing  the  food  with  the  tongue.  Tapped  slightly  on  the 
end  of  the  nose  with  a stick,  the  measly  Pig  cries  out  because  of  the 
pain,  while  a healthy  Pig  would  remain  indifferent.  Very  measly 
Pigs  have  the  snout  more  or  less  tumid,  soft  and  flaccid.  But  these 
indications  have  not  been  confirmed  by  other  observers.  It  is 


568 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


the  same  with  regard  to  a certain  degree  of  analgesia  or  anaesthesia 
of  the  skin  of  which  some  writers  have  spoken,  and  also  the  bristles 
being  easily  pulled  out  and  a drop  of  dark  blood  at  their  root — 
symptoms  alluded  to  by  Aristotle. 

Many  pig-dealers  and  butchers  assert  that  measly  Pigs  have  the 
shoulders  high,  whence  results  a cramped  appearance  of  the  neck 
and  stiffness  in  movement  of  the  anterior  limbs  ; this  may  be  due, 
as  Trasbot  remarks,  to  an  abundance  of  Cysticerci  in  the  large 
pectoral  and  great  serratus,  etc.,  muscles,  which  become  relaxed, 
and  allow  the  thorax  to  descend  between  the  shoulders. 

In  a Pig  suffering  from  intense  measles,  Sobotta  observed  com- 
plete paralysis  of  the  tongue,  which  was  invaded  by  Cysticerci  ; 
the  prehension  of  food  was  therefore  impossible,  and  the  animal 
perished  from  inanition. 

When  the  Cysticerci  are  located  in  the  nerve-centres,  the 
symptoms  often  assume  a particular  physiognomy.  Florman  has 
seen  very  manifest  circling  movements  in  such  a case  ; and  Rehrs 
has  witnessed  epileptiform  convulsions,  grinding  of  the  teeth, 
ptyalism,  pleurothotonos  and  opisthotonos,  with  rabiform  vertigo. 
At  the  autopsy,  he  found  in  the  cerebrum  and  cerebellum  an 
enormous  quantity  of  Cysticerci,  several  of  which  were  of  excep- 
tional size.  In  similar  cases,  rabiform  symptoms  have  also  been 
noted  by  Foucher.  Neubert  has  seen  vertigo  and  a kind  of  blind- 
ness*; the  brain  was  softened,  and  contained  more  than  a hundred 
Cysticerci.  In  a case  observed  by  Lippold,  the  Pig  died  after 
presenting  all  the  symptoms  of  encephalitis  ; twelve  Cysticerci 
were  found  in  the  pia-mater. 

When  the  affection  is  chronic,  extensive  and  generalized,  the  Pigs 
are  feeble  and  easily  put  out  of  breath.  They  become  indifferent, 
walk  slowly,  and  have  much  difficulty  in  following  the  herd  ; later 
they  fall  into  such  a state  of  prostration  that  they  will  not  get  up. 
Infiltration  occurs  in  dependent  parts  of  the  body  and  beneath  the 
mucous  membranes  ; the  appetite  diminishes  ; diarrhoea  sets  in  ; 
the  pulse  is  feeble  and  quickened  ; the  mouth  is  pasty  and  foetid  ; 
and  the  gums  are  pale,  spongy  and  bleeding.  The  animals  lose 
condition,  and  become,  as  it  were,  blown  out ; they  appear  para- 
lyzed, and  finish  by  dying,  ‘if,  through  negligence,  they  are  not 
killed  earlier. 

The  progress  of  the  disease  is  subordinate  to  the  number  of 
parasites  lodged  in  the  tissues  of  the  Pig  ; it  is  also  related  more 
especially  to  the  possibility  of  infestation  and  when  the  etiological 
conditions  upon  which  this  depends  persist,  it  may  be  inferred  that 
the  symptoms  will  attain  their  greatest  intensity. 

Diagnosis. — The  disease  may  have  to  be  recognised  in  the  living 
animal,  or  after  its  death.  In  the  first  case,  the  symptoms  above 
enumerated  are  to  be  remembered,  and  especially  the  evidence 
furnished  by  inspection  of  the  tongue. 

The  post  mortem  diagnosis — which  is  the  most  usual — often 
requires  great  attention.  As  Morot  remarks,  the  facility  of  this 


MEASLES 


569 


diagnosis  is  in  direct  relation  to  the  extent  of  the  muscular  surfaces 
examined.  The  measly  Pig  may  only  show  very  few  ‘ grains  ’ — 
perhaps  only  one  ; and  this  may  not  always  be  recognised,  notwith- 
standing the  most  minute  and  complete  examination  practicable 
at  the  abbatoir,  and  this  even  on  animals  passably  measly. 

In  such  a diagnosis,  care  must  be  taken  to  guard  against  mis- 
taking other  alterations  in  the  flesh  for  this  one,  and  what  we  have 
said  with  regard  to  the  Distomes  and  Sarcocysts  of  Miescher  should 
suffice  to  prevent  errors.  It  will  be  seen  hereafter  that  measles 
should  not  be  confounded  with  trichinosis  or  with  muscular  actino- 
mycosis. 

The  Ecchinococci  which  have  remained  small  in  size  have  been 
mistaken  for  Cysticerci ; but  their  presence  in  parenchymatous 
organs  rather  than  in  the  muscles,  and  a microscopical  examina- 
tion, should  lead  to  their  recognition.  We  have  spoken  of  the  re- 
semblances which  Cysticerci  of  the  lungs  have  to  the  lesions  of 
tuberculosis. 

The  Cysticercus  tenuicollis — a parasite  of  the  peritoneum — may 
be  found  fixed  on  the  muscular  portion  of  the  diaphragm,  and  if 
it  be  of  small  size  might  suggest  the  idea  of  measles.  But  an  error 
will  be  avoided  if  the  quite  superficial  situation  of  this  parasite 
is  noted,  as  well  as  its  distinct  prominence,  and  sometimes  the  short 
pedicle  that  sustains  it ; the  measle  Cysticercus  is  always  markedly 
sub-peritoneal,  and  more  or  less  fixed  in  the  muscular  tissue  ; 
large  Cysticerci  accompanying  the  small  ones  (C.  tenuicollis)  show 
their  real  nature  ; there  are  no  measle  vesicles  in  the  muscles,  and, 
lastly,  the  characters  of  their  hooks  differ  from  those  of  C.  celluloscc. 

There  aie  found  in  Pig  flesh,  especially — and  perhaps  exclusively 
— in  that  which  has  been  salted  or  smoked,  small  white  concretions, 
from  the  size  of  a millet-seed  to  that  of  a pea,  round  or  irregular, 
hard,  and  grating  under  the  scalpel.  They  are  composed  of  guanine, 
according  to  Virchow  ; of  tyrosine,  according  to  Voit,  who  is  of 
opinion  that  they  are  formed  during  salting  or  smoking.  They  have 
no  trace  of  parasites — Cysticerci  or  others — and  are  dissolved  in 
hydrochloric  acid  without  disengagement  of  gas,  and  in  sulphuric 
acid  without  formation  of  sulphate  of  lime  ; they  are  dissolved  in 
caustic  potash,  and  fuming  nitric  acid  also  dissolves  them  into  a 
yellow  fluid,  which,  on  the  addition  of  potash  solution,  assumes 
a fine  red  colour  over  heat. 

They  are  also  found  in  smoked  American  hams — whether  tri- 
chinosed or  not — very  refrangent  globular  corpuscles,  of  a radiating 
structure,  and  with  a dark  centre.  They  are  probably  formed  of 
lime  and  a fatty  acid,  and  should  consequent^  become  transparent 
by  the  addition  of  hydrochloric  acid. 

Etiology. — It  is  now  well  established  that  the  essential  and 
exclusive  cause  of  measles,  consists  in  the  ingestion  of  the  ova  of 
the  Tania  solium  by  the  Pig.  It  is  also  proved  by  numerous 
experiments  that  the  Tania  solium , or  solitary  worm  of  Man,  is 
derived  from  the  measle  Cysticercus  taken  with  pig-flesh. 


570  TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

Van  Beneden  was  the  first  to  cause  a Pig  to  swallow  the  ova  of 
T.  solium , and  at  its  autopsy  he  found  a great  number  of  Cysti- 
cerci  in  the  muscles.  Another  Pig  of  the  same  litter,  reared  and 
fed  under  the  same  conditions  as  the  preceding,  but  which  had  not 
received  any  ova  of  the  Taenia,  had  no  Cysticerci. 

Kuchenmeister  and  Haubner  first,  Leuckart  next,  and  C.  Baillet, 
Gerlach,  Mosler,  and  others  afterwards,  repeated  and  varied  these 
experiments,  and  always  had  the  same  results — thus  incontestably 
establishing  the  origin  of  measles  in  the  Pig. 

When  the  ripe  ova  of  the  Tcenia  solium  arrive  in  the  digestive 
canal  of  the  Pig,  their  shell  is  dissolved  by  the  gastric  and  intestinal 
juices,  and  the  embryos  they  contain  are  set  free.  By  means  of 
their  six  hooks,  they  pass  through  the  walls  of  the  stomach  or 
intestine,  and  become  dispersed — probably  through  the  blood 
circulation — into  every  part  of  the  body.  They  are  arrested  in 
the  interfascicular  connective  tissue  of  the  muscles,  in  the  brain, 
spinal  cord,  and,  in  general,  in  all  the  organs  favourable  to  their 
evolution.  Their  presence  causes  a slight 
irritation,  and  the  accumulation  of  ana- 
tomical elements  destined  to  form  the  con- 
nective tissue  of  the  cyst,  as  well  as  to 
furnish  the  Cysticercus  with  the  materials 
necessary  for  its  development.  The  latter 
is  not  completely  achieved  until  about  the 
end  of  three  months,  according  to  the  ex- 
periments of  Gerlach.  Mosler  states  that 
the  Cysticerci  only  measure  at  the  ninth 
day  *033  mm.  in  diameter  ; at  the  twentieth 
day  they  are  the  size  of  a pin's  head,  and 
have  no  cystic  membrane ; at  the  fortieth 
day  they  are  as  big  as  a mustard-seed,  their 
envelope  is  very  thin,  the  head  is  apparent, 
and  the  suckers  and  double  crown  of  hooks  are  recognisable  ; at 
sixty  days  they  are  the  size  of  a pea,  the  suckers  and  hooks  are 
completely  formed,  but  there  is  no  neck.  In  about  three  months, 
their  development  is  accomplished,  but  the  caudal  vesicle  is  still 
capable  of  growth.  At  no  days  the  neck  shows  transverse  stripes.. 

Gerlach  has  remarked  that  the  ingestion  of  too  many  ova  of  the 
Taenia  may  cause  intestinal  irritation  in  the  Pig,  which  will  ter- 
minate in  death. 

The  innumerable  quantity  of  ova  that  a single  proglottis  will 
furnish,  explains  the  generalization  of  infestation,  which  is  facili- 
tated by  their  resistance  to  destructive  influences  ; as  they  can 
remain  intact  for  a long  time  in  the  ground,  manure-pits,  pools  of 
water,  etc.,  and  it  is  in  the  latter  that  the  Pig  may  find  them  when 
they  have  been  washed  therein  by  rain.  The  habits  of  that  animal 
and  those  of  the  rural  population  among  which  it  lives,  are  con- 
ditions eminently  favourable  to  infestation.  In  the  country,  the 
human  ordure  is  usually  deposited  out  of  doors,  especially  in 


Fig.  345. — Ovum  of  the 
Tcenia  solium  ; mag- 
nified 350  diameters. 

Laboulbene. 

A,  ovum  in  glycerin  ; 
B,  the  same  after  being 
treated  with  a concen- 
centrated  solution  of 
potash. 


MEASLES 


57* 


manure-pits,  to  which  the  Pigs  have  free  access,  and  where  they  can 
eat  the  excrements  ; so  that  one  person  infested  by  the  Tape-worm 
is  in  this  way  capable  of  infesting  a whole  herd  of  Swine.  Mosler 
relates  the  history  of  a person  who  infested  15, Pigs,  these  having 
broken  through  a fence  that  enclosed  the  privy. 

All  Pigs  have  not  the  same  aptitude  in  contracting  this  disease. 
Haubner  ascertained  that  measles  infestation  is  very  difficult,  if 
not  impossible,  in  aged  Pigs  ; and  Gerlach  came  to  the  same  con- 
clusion. They  are  most  liable  to  be  infested  when  they  are  under 
six  months  old. 

Breed  cannot  be  considered  as  predisposing  to  the  disease.  If 
the  higher-bred  Pigs  are  less  subject  to  it  than  common-bied  ones, 
this  is  exclusively  due  to  the  different  conditions  under  which  they 
are  respectively  reared.  For  this  reason,  the  Pigs  of  certain 
countries  are  more  exposed  than  others.  Measles  occurs  frequently 
in  Ireland,  Slavonia,  certain  parts  of  North  America,  France  and 
Germany. 

According  to  Kniebusch,  measles  does  not  exist  in  the  Servian 
and  Roumanian  Pigs  known  as  Bakonyer,  which  are  fed  on  maize  ; 
neither  is  it  seen  in  Mecklenburg  Pigs  of  English  stock,  which  are 
reared  on  beans  and  peas.  On  the  contrary,  it  is  very  common  in 
Polish  and  Pomeranian  Pigs  fed  on  house-slops,  scraps  from  the 
table,  and  potatoes  (R.  Blanchard). 

Of  149,500  Pigs  inspected  in  the  district  of  Cassel,  from  1872 
to  1874,  153  were  measly — or  1 in  every  946  (Leuckart).  From 
1876  to  i88t,  of  15,937,000  examined,  48,880  were  measly — or  1 in 
326.  Statistics  show  that  the  disease  is  less  extensive  in  South  than 
in  North  Germany  (Zundel).  In  1876,  it  was  found  in  163  of  10,000 
Pigs — or  1 in  every  307.  On  the  other  hand,  Mosler’s  statistics 
give  9 well-measled  Pigs  in  20,000 — or  1 in  2,222  ; but  one-eighth 
of  these  harboured  some  Cysticerci.  Leuckart — who  furnishes  these 
different  figures — estimates  that  in  certain  parts  of  Germany 
there  is  measles — limited  or  generalized — in  2 or  3 per  cent,  of  the 
Pigs. 

In  Italy,  according  to  Pellizzari,  the  number  of  measly  Pigs  is 
generally  1 in  3,000  to  4,000  ; while  Perroncito  states  that,  from  the 
information  furnished  oy  the  mouth- inspectors,  there  is  at  Turin 
t measly  Pig  in  every  250,  and  at  Milan  1 in  70  (Leuckart). 

All  these  figures  show  that  measles  is  not  rare,  and  that  it  may 
be  found  in  every  country  ; though  it  is  much  less  prevalent  now 
than  formerly,  as  its  nature  is  better  known,  inspection  of  meat 
has  been  instituted,  and  the  rearing  of  Pigs  receives  more  attention. 

Prognosis — Noxiousness  of  the  Flesh  of  Measly  Pigs. — The*  prog- 
nosis of  measles  is  always  serious,  inasmuch  as  no  treatment  can 
be  prescribed  for  its  cure.  But  there  is  no  reason  why  this  should 
be  attempted,  as  it  would  not  be  economical.  So  that  its  prophy- 
laxis is  really  what  ought  to  occupy  attention.  Continual  con- 
finement to  the  sty,  and  feeding  exclusively  with  materials  free 
from  the  ova  or  proglottides  of  the  Taenia — such  are  the  best 


572 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


preventive  means.  But  in  countries  where  agricultural  necessities 
require  that  the  Pigs  be  sent  to  the  pastures,  woods,  marshes,  etc., 
we  must  expect  the  disease  to  be  maintained,  unless  the  rural 
population  is  enlightened  as  to  the  danger  that  results  from  the 
dissemination  of  human  excrement,  and  the  necessity  for  well- 
closed  privies. 

The  gravity  of  the  prognosis  is  subordinate  to  the  degree  of 
infestation,  and  to  the  power  of  resistance  of  the  individuals 
infested.  When  speaking  of  the  symptoms,  it  was  remarked  that 
all  degrees  are  compatible  with  an  appearance  of  perfect  health  to 
the  most  pronounced  cachexia. 

The  real  seriousness  of  the  prognosis  is  allied  with  economic 
considerations — measly  flesh  is  dangerous  to  people  who  consume 
it,  and  its  use  should  therefore  be  prohibited. 

Kiichenmeister  was  the  first  to  publish  an  experiment,  tending 
to  prove  that  the  measles  Cysticercus  of  the  Pig  is  transformed  into 
the  Tcenia  solium  in  the  intestine  of  Man. 


Fig.  346.  — Head  of  the  Tcenia  so- 
lium, seen  three-quarters  face. — 
Laboulbene. 


Fig.  347. — Head  of  the  Tcenia  so- 
lium, seen  in  profile. — Laboul- 
bene. 


In  the  three  days  preceding  the  execution  of  a woman  condemned  to 
death,  she  was  made  to  swallow  at  several  times  75  measles  Cysticerci.  At 
the  autopsy,  made  forty-eight  hours  after  death,  he  found  10  young  Taeniae, 
4 mm.  to  8 mm.  long,  some  of  which  already  carried  several  hooks. 

The  same  authority  had  afterwards  occasion  to  repeat  this  experiment 
under  more  favourable  conditions.  Another  person  condemned  to  death  was, 
at  Kiichenmeister’s  request,  on  two  occasions — one  four  months  and  the 
other  two  and  a half  months — before  execution,  given  20  measles  Cysticerci. 
At  the  autopsy  he  found  19  Taeniae,  11  of  which  had  already  mature  pro- 
glottides. 

On  August  10,  1855.  a young  Man  took  voluntarily,  in  tepid  milk,  four 
completely  developed  Cysticerci,  divested  of  their  bladder.  On  October  25, 
Leuckart,  who  directed  the  experiment,  discovered  the  first  proglottides  in 
the  faeces,  and  on  five  different  occasions  afterwards  they  were  found.  On 
November  26,  a double  dose  of  kousso  caused  the  expulsion  of  two  Taeniae 
about  eight  feet  long. 

Humbert,  of  Geneva — quoted  by  Bertolus — swallowed  14  measles  Cysti- 
cerci ; three  months  afterwards  he  suffered  from  Taeniae,  and  passed  con- 
siderable fragments,  which  Professor  Vogt  recognised  as  belonging  to  the 

Tcenia  solium. 


MEASLES 


573 


Hollenbach — quoted  by  Leuckart — having  taken  some  measles  Cysticerci 
in  a spoonful  of  coffee,  in  five  months  passed  a portion  of  Taenia  five  feet  long, 
with  numerous  segments,  but  no  head.  Although  this  worm  was  said  to  be 
the  Tcenia  serrata,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  it  was  the  Tcenia  solium. 

Heller  relates  that  a phthisical  patient  took  25  measles  Cysticerci.  He  died 
in  about  eighteen  days,  and  at  the  autopsy  there  were  found  twelve  heads 
of  the  Tcenia  solium,  which  were  still  very  small,  and  did  not  present  to  the 
naked  eye  any  traces  of  segmentation. 

These  various  experiments,  so  demonstrative,  are  in  harmony 
with  the  observations  concerning  the  frequency  of  Tcenia  solium 
in  Man,  this  corresponding  to  the  prevalence  of  measles  in  the  Pig. 
This  Taenia  is  not  observed  in  Jews,  Mussulmans,  or  other  people 
who  abstain  from  swine’s  flesh  ; nor  is  it  seen  in  the  torrid  zone, 
where  Pigs  cannot  be  reared.  This  intestinal  parasite  of  Man  is 
otherwise  becoming  more  and  more  rare,  as  the  custom  of  properly 
cooking  the  flesh  of  the  Pig  is  becoming  generalized,  while  it  is  also 
subjected  to  a severe  surveillance  in  the  abbatoirs  and  markets. 
In  France,  the  progressive  diminution  of  cases  of  T.  solium  is  re- 
marked upon  by  numerous  observers — Laboulbene,  Berenger- 
Feraud,  etc. — and  it  is  the  same  elsewhere  in  Europe.  There  is 
another  Taenia — the  T.  saginata — which  is  now  nearly  everywhere 
more  frequent ; though,  according  to  Leuckart,  the  first  still  pre- 
dominates in  some  parts  of  Germany  where  Pig-breeding  flourishes 
and  pork  is  largely , consumed — such  are  Thuringia,  Saxony,  the 
Duchy  of  Brunswick,  Westphalia,  Hesse,  and  Wurtemberg. 

The  T.  solium  is  more  especially  met  with  in  persons  whose 
business  brings  them  in  contact  with  raw  pork — butchers,  cooks, 
sausage-makers,  etc. — as  they  often  hold  the  knife  they  use  in  their 
mouth  ; they  may  in  this  way  receive  the  Cysticerci,  which  are 
reduced  to  small  size  by  rupture  of  their  caudle  vesicle.  Their 
taeniasis  is  also  doubtless  owing  to  their  generally  pronounced  taste 
for  raw  pork. 

The  largest  number  of  cases  of  T cenia  solium  are  found  in  countries 
where  raw  pork  is  eaten.  In  France,  infestation  most  frequently 
occurs  through  insufficient  cooking  of  this  flesh. 

Measly  pork  has  characters  which  should  suffice  to  render  its 
consumption  repugnant.  When  cooked,  it  is  pale,  moist,  and 
irregularly  tinted.  The  Cysticercus,  reduced  to  its  body,  is  the 
size  of  a hemp-seed  ; it  cracks  between  the  teeth,  and  gives  a dis- 
agreeable sensation.  In  roasting  this  flesh,  it  often  crackles,  from 
rupture  of  the  measles  vesicles.  It  has  a sweetish  taste,  which 
renders  it  acceptable  to  certain  persons. 

The  power  of  resistance  of  the  Cysticercus  to  an  elevated  tem- 
perature is  not  considerable  ; but  its  deep  situation  in  the  flesh 
protects  it  during  the  process  of  cooking.  Numerous  experiments 
have  been  made,  with  a view  to  ascertain  the  degree  of  resistance 
of  the  Cysticercus.  The  most  recent  and  precise  are  those  of  Per- 
roncito.  By  means  of  Schultze’s  heating-plate,  he  was  able  to 
recognise  exactly  the  vitality  of  the  parasite  by  the  movements  of 
the  rostellum,  and  to  determine  the  temperature  at  which  death 


574 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


arrives.  He  was  also  able  to  recognise  when  death  occurred,  by 
the  facility  with  which  the  tissues  imbibe  the  neutral  tincture  of 
carmine  and  the  tincture  of  haematoxylin.  Lastly,  he  acquired 
proof  of  death  by  the  voluntary  ingestion  of  these  Cysticerci  by 
his  assistants.  In  this  way  he  was  able  to  ascertain  that  the  d.eath 
of  the  Cysticercus  sometimes  takes  place  at  40°  Cent.,  more  fre- 
quently at  470,  and  usually  at  48°  ; though  it  may  live  at  490, 
and  quite  exceptionally  at  50°.  But  death  is  certain  if  it  is  kept 
for  more  than  a minute  at  the  latter  temperature. 

The  practical  difficulty  is  in  knowing  under  what  conditions  the 
centre  of  the  piece  of  flesh  will  reach  this  destructive  tempera- 
ture. In  cooking  large  pieces  of  meat,  Kuchenmeister  had  noticed 
that  after  half  an  hour,  when  the  external  temperature  was  6o°, 
the  interior  had  reached  550  ; in  about  three-quarters  of  an  hour 
the  exterior  was  77-80°,  and  the  interior  63°.  In  experiments 
made  at  Lille  in  1863,  a ham  cooked  by  boiling  for  two  hours, 
was  58°  in  parts  near  the  surface,  and  only  33°  in  the  central  parts. 
Another  ham  cooked  in  the  same  way  for  six  hours,  was  75°  on  the 
surface  and  65°  in  the  interior. 

Pellizzari,  using  measly  flesh,  put  two  pieces,  weighing  600 
grammes,  and  10  cm.  thick,  in  boiling  water,  one  piece  for  five 
minutes,  the  other  for  half  an  hour.  When  removed,  one  was 
45*5°  in  the  centre,  the  other  8i°  ; taking  into  account  the  loss  of 
heat  by  radiation,  these  two  temperatures  may  be  estimated  at 
51°  and  83°. 

From  these  experiments  and  others  made  by  this  authority,  as 
well  as  those  of  Cobbold,  Lewis  and  Perroncito — besides  those 
which  will  be  alluded  to  when  dealing  with  trichinosis — it  may  be 
concluded  that,  in  a relatively  short  period,  cooking  may  act  on 
different  points  in  a piece  of  meat  at  a temperature  above  50°,  and 
so  destroy  the  vitality  of  the  Cysticerci. 

For  roasted  flesh,  Vallin  has  found  that,  while  its  external  tem- 
perature necessarily  exceeds  ioo°,  beneath  this  superficial  layer 
it  is  ‘ touched  ’ by  cooking,  a layer  beneath  this  again  oscillates 
between  52°  and  53°,  but  in  the  centre  it  does  not  exceed  46°  to 
48°.  In  comparing  these  figures  with  those  Perroncito  gives  for 
the  destruction  of  the  Cysticercus  cellulosce , we  may  conclude  that 
flesh,  even  when  conveniently  roasted,  is  still  likely  to  produce 
tseniasic  infestation ; but  it  is  more  especially  with  underdone  meat 
that  there  is  danger. 

With  regard  to  preserved  pork,  there  is  no  precise  information. 
There  is  reason  to  doubt  the  correctness  of  the  report  by  Weinland, 
that  English  soldiers  during  the  Crimean  War  contracted  Tape- 
worm from  eating  salt  pork.  Perron  cito’s  investigations  show, 
however,  that  the  Cysticercus  may  yet  be  alive  in  flesh  which  has 
not  undergone  putrefaction,  more  than  twenty  days  after  the 
Pig  has  been  killed.  But  it  may  be  generally  admitted  that  proper 
salting  and  prolonged  smoking  will  destroy  the  vitality  of  the 
Cysticerci. 


MEASLES 


575 


In  any  case,  it  is  well  not  to  allow  measly  flesh  to  be  consumed, 
no  matter  what  its  condition  may  be  ; and  it  is  the  duty  of  the 
authorities  to  interdict  its  sale. 


Article  II. — Measles  of  the  Dog. 

It  is  remarkable  that  the  Cysticercus  celluloses  is  capable  of  living  in  the 
Dog,  and  infesting  its  various  organs.  At  least  a dozen  observations  have 
been  published  with  regard  to  this  subject,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
the  number  would  be  considerably  increased  if  the  flesh  of  the  Dog  were  as 
frequently  under  inspection  as  that  of  the  Pig.  Except  in  those  instances 
in  which  the  Cysticerci  are  lodged  in  the  nerve-centres,  they  do  not  appear 
to  disturb  the  health,  and  so  do  not  demand  post  mortem  investigation.  The 
majority  of  the  observations  were  made  on  young  Dogs. 

These  Cysticerci  have  been  found  in  the  muscles,  liver  and  lungs  (Leisering), 
the  liver  and  lungs  (Roloff),  the  liver  (Caparini),  the  muscles  (Cornevin),  and 
the  muscles,  lungs,  heart,  peritoneum,  intestine,  brain  (Rivolta,  Trasbot;  and 
Railliet,  Dufour  and  Gacon).  In  the  observation  of  Trasbot  and  Railliet, 
the  animal  manifested  cutaneous  hypersesthesia  ; it  was  absolutely  immovable, 
the  slightest  movement  appearing  to  cause  it  the  most  acute  pain.  At  the 
autopsy,  all  the  muscles  were  found  to  be  full  of  Cysticerci. 

It  must  be  noted  that,  among  the  published  observations,  eight  refer  to 
localization  in  the  brain  (Dupuy,  Rivolta,  Vogel,  Siedamgrotzky,  Leblanc, 
Lesbre,  Dufour  and  Gacon,  and  Pirl).  Dupuy  gives  no  details  of  his  case. 
Rivolta' s Dog  died  suddenly  from  a violent  attack  of  epilepsy,  without  show- 
ing any  evidence  of  illness  previously.  Vogel’s  Dog  was  blind  and  apathetic. 
That  of  Siedamgrotzky  was  suddenly  seized  with  cramps  and  convulsions — 
especially  of  the  jaws  ; then  it  had  fever,  prostration  accompanied  by  vertigo 
and  delirium,  and  death  occurred  during  the  day  ; 23  Cysticerci  were  found 
lodged  in  the  superficial  part  of  the  two  cerebral  hemispheres,  which  were 
hyperaemic,  as  were  the  cranial  meninges  ; nothing  abnormal  was  observed 
elsewhere.  In  Lesbre’ s case,  the  Dog  had  been  paralyzed  for  two  days,  but 
for  a long  time  previously  it  had  grinding  of  the  teeth,  was  excited,  and  had 
attacks  of  vertigo.  It  was  killed,  when  30  to  40  Cysticerci  were  found  in 
different  parts  of  the  brain,  the  substance  of  which  was  hyperaemic  and 
softened  around  them.  The  Dog  observed  by  Leblanc  had  been  unwell  for 
two  months,  when  it  was  sacrificed.  It  showed  symptoms  of  epilepsy — con- 
vulsions, grinding  of  the  teeth  with  champing  of  the  jaws,  foamy  saliva  at 
the  angles  of  the  mouth,  falling  on  the  ground,  a tendency  to  circle  to  the 
left,  and  stupefaction.  The  liver  and  pancreas  contained  some  Cysticerci; 
there  were  four  of  these  in  the  lateral  and  superior  part  of  the  right  lobe  of 
the  brain,  and  only  one  in  the  left. 

The  Dog  examined  by  Dufour  and  Gacon  had  been  liable  to  fits  of  suffoca- 
tion, followed  by  syncope,  after  running  ; it  died  suddenly. 

We  have  observed  an  instance  of  intense  measles  in  a Dog  that  suddenly 
died,  without  having  ever  shown  any  signs  of  illness  ; the  cysts  were  general- 
ized, but  there  was  special  localization  in  the  brain. 

In  these  observations,  the  Cysticerci  were  reported  as  the  Cysticercus 
celluloses,  the  only  exception  being  Lesbre,  who  believed  that  the  parasite  in 
his  case  was  the  Cysticercus  pisiformis  ; but  he  was  probably  in  error.  Megnin, 
who  had  studied  the  Cysticerci  found  by  Leblanc,  and  Railliet,  who  had 
examined  those  discovered  by  Trasbot,  have  shown  that  the  parasites  were 
identical  with  the  Cysticerci  of  the  Pig. 

The  Dog  is  evidently  infested  by  eating  human  excrement  or  food  soiled 
by  it ; but  there  must  exist  a special  predisposition,  as  Leuckart  and  Railliet 
failed  in  their  attempts  to  produce  measles  experimentally  in  Dogs  to  which 
they  gave  the  ova  of  the  Tesnia  solium.  Of  four  Dogs  which  we  submitted 
to  this  experiment,  only  one  showed — at  its  autopsy — some  Cysticerci  dis- 
seminated in  the  olecranian  and  crural  muscles. 


576 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Auto-infection  cannot  be  said  to  occur  in  the  Dog,  as  it  is  admitted  it  does 
in  Man  ; for  the  reason  that  this  animal  never  harbours  the  Tcenia  solium, 
nor  has  anyone  ever  succeeded  in  infesting  it  with  that  parasite  by  feeding  it 
on  measly  pork. 


Article  III. — Measles  of  the  Ox. 

The  measles  of  bovine  animals  is  produced  by  the  Cysticercus 
bovis,  the  larval  form  of  the  Tcenia  saginata  Gceze  ( Tcenia  medio- 
canellata  Kiichenm.),  or  unarmed  Taenia  of  Man. 

History. — Although  the  existence  of  the  unarmed  Taenia  of  Man  was  noted 
nearly  two  centuries  ago,  and  its  species  was  distinctly  described  by  Goeze  in 
1782,  under  the  name  of  Tania  saginata,  its  origin  was  only  recognised  at  a 
relatively  recent  period.  Following  the  somewhat  general  application  of 
the  treatment  suggested  by  Weisse  of  St.  Petersburg,  in  1847,  °f  giving 
patients  raw  meat,  it  was  often  noticed  that  these  suffered  from  unarmed 
Tape-worm,  and  attention  began  to  be  directed  to  the  measles  of  the  Ox.  The 
Cysticercus  which  caused  it  appears  to  have  been  seen  for  the  first  time  by 
Judas,  in  1854,  in  the  lungs  of  an  Ox  killed  at  Orleansville,  Algeria.  It  was 
subsequently  found  in  the  flesh  of  cattle  by  Knoch  at  St.  Petersburg,  by 
Arnold  and  Cauvert  in  Algeria,  by  Talairach  at  Beyrout,  etc.  In  1861, 
T.euckart  gave  the  first  experimental  proof  that  the  cystic  state  of  the  unarmed 
Taenia  is  passed  in  the  body  of  the  Ox.  These  experiments  were  repeated  by 
numerous  investigators.  Inversely,  the  development  of  the  strobilar  con- 
dition was  obtained  in  Man  by  the  ingestion  of  the  Cysticercus  bovis,  the 
significance  of  which  was  then  distinctly  established.  But  our  knowledge 
of  Ox  measles  is  far  from  being  so  advanced  as  that  of  Pig  measles  ; for  the 
reason  that  the  first  is  rarely  witnessed  over  the  greater  part  of  Europe, 
doubtless  owing  to  the  small  size  of  its  Cysticercus. 

Pathological  Anatomy. — The  Cysticercus  bovis  Cobb. — Cyst, 
medic  can  ellatce  Davaine — presents  itself  in  the  form  of  a spherical 
or  elliptical,  sometimes  irregular,  vesicle,  measuring  *4  mm.  to  3,  4,  or 
6 mm.  long,  or  even  to  a maximum  of  10  to  15  mm.  (Masse,  Alix)  ; 
and  showing  at  one  point  a yellowsh-white  spot  about  the  size  of  a 
millet-seed,  which  is  formed  by  the  invaginated  scolex.  If,  as  in 
the  examination  of  the  Cyst,  cellulosce , it  be  squeezed  out  of  the 
vesicle,  there  is  seen  a markedly  tetragonal  head,  -7  mm.  in  dia- 
meter, provided  with  four  large  suckers,  and  a central  depression 
that  corresponds  to  the  rostellum  of  the  armed  Taenia,  and  according 
to  Cobbold,  is  retractile  and  protractile.  The  head  is  succeeded  by 
a transversely  striped  neck.  The  characters  of  this  scolex  are, 
in  short,  those  of  the  head  of  the  Tcenia  saginata.  Each  Cysti- 
cercus is  enveloped  in  an  adventitious  cyst,  like  the  Cysticercus  of 
the  Pig. 

The  Cysticerci  of  the  Ox  are  found  in  every  organ,  but  more 
especially  in  the  striped  muscles,  and  of  these  they  appear,  according 
to  Hertwig,  to  prefer  those  in  the  masseteric  region— the  internal 
and  external  pterygoids.  In  order  to  discover  them,  that  authority 
makes  a section  of  these  muscles,  parallel  to  the  branch  of  the 
inferior  maxilla,  in  the  direction  of  the  base  of  the  cranium.  Since 
this  procedure  has  been  carried  out  at  the  Beilin  abbatoir,  measles 
has  been  found  in  390  animals  during  the  course  of  the  year.  Except 


RECEIVltU 


MEASLES  NOV  ^ 0 194& 

with  22,  in  which  the  Cysticerci  infested  all  the  muscteAQ|.|^^ft^yj 
they  were  chiefly  met  with  in  the  muscles  of  the  anleci©^' 

360  times  in  the  pterygoids,  exclusively  in  these  in  316  instances  ; 
41  times  in  the  heart,  10  times  in  the  tongue,  3 times  in  the  muscles 
of  the  neck,  and  once  in  those  of  the  chest.  In  the  measles  pro- 
duced experimentally  by  several  investigators,  the  muscles  most 
frequently  invaded  were  those  of  the  shoulder,  thighs,  chest  and 
tongue  ; then  came  the  panniculus  carnosus  and  diaphragm.  A3ix 
gives  the  following  order  of  frequency  : tongue,  entire  surface  of 
the  heart,  muscles  of  the  thigh,  of  the  shoulder — inner  surface 
especially — of  the  croup,  intercostals,  pectorals,  psoas,  etc.  Hewlett 
states  that  the  region  named  the  ‘ rump  ’ is  generally  that  which 
is  the  most  completely  invaded  by  the  Cysticerci. 


Fig.  348.— Head  of  the  Fig.  349. — Head  of  the  Fig.  350. — Fragment  of 
Tania  saginata, seen  Tania  saginata,  seen  muscle  from  a Heifer, 

three-quarters  face.  in  front.  — Laboul-  containing  the  Cysticer - 

— Laboulbene.  bene.  cus  bovis. — Railliet. 

Cobbold  asserts  that  the  Cysticerci  in  the  heart  remain  smaller, 
being  sometimes  incompletely  developed,  owing  to  the  density  of 
the  tissue  of  that  organ.  Alix,  on  the  contrary,  has  not  found  them 
different  from  the  others.  The  Cysticerci  seated  in  the  inter- 
fascicular connective  tissue  of  the  muscles,  have  their  larger  axis 
nearly  always  parallel  with  the  fibres,  like  the  Cysticer  cus  of  the 
Pig.  Leuckart  has  seen  them  in  the  adipose  capsule  of  the  kidneys, 
the  lymphatic  glands,  and  between  the  cerebral  convolutions  ; 
and  Mosler  and  Saint-Cyr  have  observed  them  in  the  sub-mucous, 
and  even  in  the  sub-peritoneal,  connective  tissue.  They  ha^e 
never  been  found  in  the  liver,  spleen,  or  kidneys  at  the  Berlin 
abbatoir. 


37 


578 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  Cysticerci  of  the  Ox  are  generally  few  in  number,  and  thinly 
scattered,  when  compared  with  those  of  the  Pig,  and  this,  together 
with  their  smaller  size,  contributes  to  their  being  passed  unper- 
ceived ; nevertheless,  J.  Fleming  has  counted  in  a pound  of  psoas 
muscle  300  living  Cysticerci.  Mosler  has  seen  the  heart  of  a Calf 
literally  studded  with  vesicles  the  size  of  a pin’s  head  to  that  of  a 
lentil  ; so  that  its  volume  was  increased  by  more  than  one-fourth. 

At  the  end  of  a certain  period — more  frequently  and  quickly  than 
with  the  Pig — the  Cysticerci  of  the  Ox  undergo  caseous  degenera- 
tion, then  calcareous  infiltration.  In  one  of  his  ingestion  experi- 
ments with  the  ova  of  Tania  saginata , Saint-Cyr — at  the  end  of 
244  days — found  only  dead  Cysticerci,  the  majority  of  which  were 
in  a state  of  advanced  calcification.  In  the  muscles  of  a Heifer 
killed  more  than  a year  after  the  first  ingestion  of  proglottides, 
Simonds  and  Cobbold  saw  numerous  yellow  points — chalky  deposits 
— which  were  dead  and  calcified  Cysticerci. 

This  frequent  degeneration,  which  has  been  already  observed  by 
Leuckart,  sometimes  gives  measly  flesh  a certain  resemblance  to 
that  which  is  tuberculosed — the  Cestoden  tuber culose  of  the  Germans. 

When  the  head  is  not  well  preserved,  the  dead  Cysticerci  may — 
because  of  the  absence  of  hooks — be  confounded  with  various 
lesions — such  as  little  intermuscular  abscesses,  small  altered  lym- 
phatic glands,  etc.  Nevertheless,  the  Cysticerci  are  generally 
distinguished  by  the  facility  with  which  they  can  be  enucleated  by 
pressure. 

Ostertag  recommends,  in  order  to  recognise  the  degenerated 
Cysticerci,  seeking  for  the  calcareous  corpuscles  with  which  they 
are  studded,  and  which  resist  degeneration.  They  appear  to  be 
easily  distinguished  in  the  midst  of  the  deposit  of  chalk,  which 
most  frequently  invades  the  parasite. 

The  Cysticerci  are  difficult  to  recognise,  by  reason  of  their  being 
often  of  very  small  size,  and  their  dissemination.  Laboulbene 
has  remarked  that  they  rapidly  lose  their  vesicular  aspect,  shrink, 
and  change  their  character  when  exposed  to  the  air.  But  if  the 
shrunken  vesicle  is  moistened  with  water,  it  soon  becomes  apparent. 

Symptoms. — The  observations  of  Alix  show  that  the  symptoms 
of  bovine  measles  are  most  frequently  nil.  In  many  cases  of 
ordinary  and  not  exceptional  gravity,  as  J.  Fleming  says,  the 
Cysticerci  may  be  recognised  by  examining  the  tongue,  on  the 
lower  surface  and  sides  of  which  they  form  more  or  less  salient  pro- 
jections, which  roll  under  the  finger  when  pressed  upon.  Mosler, 
Masse  and  Pourquier,  Biggs,  and  Laboulbene  have  made  the  same 
remark,  and  Fleming  states  that  he  found  on  the  side  of  a tongue 
the  largest  Cysticercus  he  ever  saw — nearly  4 cm.  long  ! Saint - 
Cyr’s  two  experimental  Calves  had  on  the  inferior  surface  of  the 
tongue,  and  near  the  fraenum,  three  weeks  to  a month  after  ingestion 
of  the  proglottides,  one  or  two  small  submucous  tumours,  in  every 
respect  similar  to,  but  smaller  than,  those  found  in  the  same  region 
in  the  measly  pig. 


MEASLES 


579 


With  the  exception  of  this  sign,  the  little  we  know  of  the 
symptoms  of  bovine  measles  has  been  exclusively  derived  from 
experimental  animals,  several  of  which  have  not  shown  anything 
appreciable — such  were  those  of  Gerlach  and  Laboulbene.  Masse 
and  Pourquier  have  seen  an  experimental  Calf  become  greatly 
emaciated  after  showing  some  signs  of  illness  ; and  Simonds  and 
Cobbold  noted  in  another,  after  some  days,  an  intense  pruritus,  a 
little  depression  and  dulness,  some  indications  of  uneasiness  and 
slight  fever,  trifling  quivering  in  the  muscles  of  the  neck  and 
shoulders,  and  loss  of  condition  for  some  days  ; then  the  health 
became  normal.  Leuckart,  Mosler,  Ziirn,  and  E.  van  Beneden 
have  seen  calves  die  as  a result  of  infestation.  That  of  Ziirn 
became  unwell  on  the  fourth  day  of  the  experiment — the  anal 
temperature  was  40°,  the  pulse  quick,  with  inappetence,  tympanites, 
pain  on  pressure  of  the  sides,  and  staring  coat.  These  symptoms 
at  first  diminished,  but  on  the  ninth  day  the  fever  was  stronger,  the 
animal  becajne  rapidly  emaciated  and  feeble,  kept  the  recumbent 
position,  and  only  got  up  with  difficulty  ; there  was  also  apathy 
and  pain.  It  succumbed  on  the  twenty-third  day,  with  all  the 
signs  of  slow  asphyxia  and  paralysis  of  the  heart.  The  measle 
infestation  was  generalized,  the  heart  being  particularly  invaded. 

From  what  has  been  stated,  it  will  be  seen  that  bovine  measles 
is  difficult  to  detect  in  the  living  animal.  But  trials  might  be  made 
of  the  harpoon,  which  yields  such  good  results  in  trichinosis. 
Leuckart  and  Cobbold  have  employed  it  in  their  experiments,  to 
remove  small  shreds  of  the  sterno-maxillaris  muscle,  in  which  they 
readily  discovered  a certain  number  of  vesicles. 

A diagnosis  post  mortem  is  easier.  But  the  opportunity  for  this 
is  quite  exceptional  in  Europe,  although  the  Tcenia  saginata  is  very 
common  in  Man  ; and  this  is  only  incompletely  explained  by  the 
usually  small  size  of  the  Cysticerci,  and  their  discrete  dissemination 
in  the  muscles.  There  is  need  for  further  persevering  and  atten- 
tive research  in  this  direction. 

Etiology. — There  cannot  remain  a doubt 
that  the  Ox  measles  has  its  origin  in  the 
ova  of  the  Tcenia  saginata  ingested  with 
the  food,  as  experiment  and  observation 
have  fully  proved. 

The  first  experiment  was  made  by 
Leuckart  in  1861 ; in  this  he  gave  two 
Calves  portions  of  the  Tcenia  saginata , 
and  one  died  after  twenty-five  days, 
when  there  were  found  in  it  incompletely- 
Cysticerci  in  immense  numbers 
muscles,  the  adipose  capsule  of 
the  kidneys,  the  lymphatic  glands  and  the 
surface  of  the  brain.  On  the  forty-eighth  day,  a fragment  of  the 
sterno-mastoid  muscle  was  removed  from  the  second  Calf,  and 
a dozen  well-developed  Cysticerci  were  readily  discovered  in  it. 

37—2 


developed 
in  all  the 


A B 


Fio.  351. — Ova  of  the 
Tcenia  saginata  ; magni- 
fied 350  diameters.  — 
Laboulbene. 

A,  seen  in  glycerin  ; 
B after  having  been  treated 
with  a concentrated  solu- 
tion of  potash. 


580 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


These  experiments  were  repeated  a score  of  times  afterwards  by 
Mosler  in  1863,  Cobbold  from  1864  to  1875,  Roll  in  1865,  Gerlach 
in  1870,  Zi irn  in  1872,  Saint-Cyr  in  1873,  Jolicoeur  in  1873,  Masse 
and  Pourquier  in  1878,  Perroncito  in  1876,  Put z in  1885,  Laboul- 
bene  in  1890,  and  Hertwig  in  1891.  All  yielded  positive  xesults, 
except  two  by  Cobbold  and  Simonds,  which  were  doubtful. 

The  mode  of  dissemination  in  the  organism  is  the  same  as  for  the 
Cysticercus  celluloses  of  the  Pig,  and  the  migration  is  probably 
effected  through  the  blood  circulation.  The  abundance  of  Cysti- 
cerci  on  the  course  of  the  vessels  belonging  to  the  heart  in  the 
case  published  by  Jolicoeur,  is  a demonstration  of  the  commence- 
ment of  this.  According  to  Hertwig,  the  Ox  Cysticercus  develops 
more  slowly  than  that  of  the  Pig,  and  the  evolution  of  the  scolex 
is  not  so  rapid  as  that  of  the  vesicle.  Leuckart  has  noted  that, 
at  the  end  of  twenty-five  days,  the  vesicles  are  already  2 mm.  to 
4 mm.  long  by  1*5  mm.  to  3 mm.  broad  ; but  they  are  not  com- 
pletely developed  before  the  fortieth  day.  Their  existence  is 
brief.  In  one  of  Cobbold’s  experiments,  the  parasites  had  dis- 
appeared in  about  a year  ; Saint-Cyr  has  seen  them  completely 
calcified  in  seven  and  a half  months.  It  may  be  concluded  that 
the  Cysticerci  of  the  Ox  do  not  live  longer  than  some  months  ; and 
in  this  they  differ  from  the  Pig  Cysticerci,  which  exist  for  a long 
time.  This  explains  why  in  India,  as  Oliver  states,  the  Cysticerci 
disappear  from  Cattle  a few  months  after  they  receive  well-water. 

The  profusion  of  ova  in  a single  Taenia  also  furnishes  an  explana- 
tion as  to  the  frequency  of  Ox  measles,  and  the  readiness  with  which 
infestation  occurs  is  due  to  the  resistance  of  these  ova  to  causes 
of  destruction.  Davaine  says  he  has  kept  them  for  fifteen  months 
in  water  more  or  less  pure,  without  their  losing  their  vitality.  If 
we  admit,  with  Cobbold,  that  a Man  affected  wdth  Tape-worm 
expels  about  400  proglottides  per  month,  and  that  each  of  these 
may  contain  30,000  ova,  a total  is  reached  of  more  than  140,000,000 
expelled  by  one  person  in  the  course  of  a year.  Fortunately,  an 
immense  proportion  of  these  germs  are  destroyed  by  various  causes  ; 
but  we  can  conceive  how  great  are  the  chances  of  propagation  of 
the  measles. 

People  infested  with  the  Tcenia  saginata  disperse  the  proglot- 
tides with  their  faeces,  and  the  ova  which  escape  from  them  are 
disseminated  by  rain-water,  or  in  other  ways  on  plants,  and  into 
pools  and  ditches.  Uncleanliness  is,  therefore,  one  of  the  con- 
ditions in  the  transmission  of  the  parasite,  and  it  is  in  countries 
where  Cattle  are  reared  that  this  condition  is  realized.  Human 
faeces  are  deposited  everywhere,  and  the  majority  of  privies  are 
situated  on  streams  where  animals  drink,  and  where  everything 
necessary  to  the  perpetuation  of  the  Taeniae  is  to  be  found.  This  is 
why  Ox  measles  is  particularly  observed  in  Syria  and  Algeria,  and 
more  especially  in  the  Punjab,  India,  where  it  is  of  extreme  fre- 
quency. Oliver  examined  the  water  and  mud  of  tanks  by  means 
of  the  microscope,  and  found  ova  of  the  Taenia  ; and  J.  Fleming 


MEASLES 


58i 


remarks  on  the  coprophagous  habits  of  the  Cattle  in  India,  having 
seen  them  devour  fresh  human  excrements  with  avidity,  and  his 
observations  have  been  confirmed  by  various  officers. 

It  would  appear  that  for  measles,  as  for  various  other  parasitic 
affections,  the  youth  of  the  animals  is  a condition  favourable  to 
infestation ; so  that  Calves  are  best  adapted  for  experiment. 
Nevertheless,  J.  Fleming  has  never  observed  that  youth  had  any 
influence  on  the  number  of  Cysticerci  disseminated  in  the  tissues  ; 
and  at  Berlin  a very  great  majority  of  the  cases  of  measles  were 
furnished  by  adults. 

We  have  precise  notions  as  to  the  geographical  distribution  of 
bovine  measles  by  that  of  the  unarmed  Taenia  itself.  This  parasite 
of  Man  is  becoming  more  and  more  frequent,  and  is  everywhere 
supplanting  the  T cenia  solium  ; such  is  the  case  in  France,  Ger- 
many, Austria,  Italy,  Switzerland  and  Denmark.  It  is  paiticularly 
widespread  in  Asia,  where  in  many  regions  it  is  the  only  Tape- worm 
observed.  Africa  is,  perhaps,  the  division  of  the  world  in  which  it 
is  most  common — Algeria,  Egypt,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Senegal, 
and  especially  Tunisia  and  Abyssinia.  ‘ All  the  Abyssinians,’ 
says  Rochet  d’Hericourt,  ‘ are  affected  with  Taenia.’  America  is 
not  exempt  from  it,  as  it  abounds  in  the  Argentine  Republic  and 
Brazil,  and  is  propagated  in  Peru  ; but  it  would  seem  to  be  rare  in 
the  United  States  (Blanchard). 

In  presence  of  this  cosmopolitanism  and  of  this  frequency  of  the 
T cenia  saginata,  we  might  expect  to  find  Ox  measles  everywhere. 
But  it  is  far  from  being  so  ; for  except  at  Berlin,  where,  as  has  been 
said,  it  is  no  longer  rare,  it  is  only  exceptionally  met  with  in  Europe. 
Knoch  was  the  first  to  note  it,  at  St.  Petersburg,  in  1864  ; Siedam- 
grotzky  saw  two  cases  at  Zurich  in  1869  ; Guillebeau  in  1880,  and 
Eichenberger  in  1889,  observed  two  cases  in  the  Canton  of  Berne  ; 
a measly  Ox  was  found  at  Frankfort-on-the-Maine  by  Closs,  and 
three  by  Hengst  at  Leipsic.  Fuchs — quoted  by  Zundel — observed 
measles  in  Hungarian  Cattle  from  the  Danubian  provinces.  It 
has  also  been  many  times  seen  in  various  parts  of  Italy  by  Brusa- 
ferro,  Carita,  Ferranini,  Perrugati,  Bertuetti,  Trevisan,  etc.,  but 
it  has  only  as  yet  been  once  noted  in  France,  and  this  by  Bascou, 
in  a four-years-old  Cow  killed  in  1888,  at  the  Boulogne-sur-Seine 
abbatoir.  It  does  not  appear  that  this  malady  has  been  often 
recognised  in  England. 

In  Africa  and  Asia,  on  the  contrary,  bovine  measles  has  been 
many  times  observed.  Arnould,  in  1864,  and  Cauvet,  in  1874, 
have  found  it  at  Constantine  ; Jaillard  has  often  seen  it  in  Algiers, 
and  Dupy  in  Senegal.  Leuckart  mentions  that  Schimper,  who 
lived  a long  time  in  Abyssinia,  recognised  the  unarmed  Cysticerci 
in  the  Cattle  there  ; and,  according  to  Alix,  it  is  very  frequent  in 
Tunisia,  as  ‘ one-fifth  at  least  of  the  cattle  slaughtered  for  con- 
sumption by  the  troops  of  the  garrison  in  the  place  where  they 
were  detached,  were  measled  more  or  less  extensively.’  In  Asia, 
the  disease  has  been  witnessed  in  Syria  by  Talairach,  and  in  India 


582 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


by  various  observers.  The  number  of  bladder-worms  is  there 
something  like  what  it  is  in  Pig  measles.  In  1869,  of  13,818  cattle 
slaughtered  for  consumption  in  the  Upper  Punjab,  768,  or  5-55  per 
cent.,  were  infested  with  the  Cysticerci.  The  proportion  in  1868 
was  6*12  per  cent.,  The  diminution  in  1869  was  attributed  to  the 
severe  regulations  enforced  (J.  Fleming).  The  extreme  filthiness 
of  the  natives  of  India  is  the  cause  of  this  frequent  infestation  ; 
and  the  camel-drivers  are  most  blamed,  as  they  are  often  affected 
with  taeniasis,  and  deposit  their  excerments  on  the  sides  of  tanks 
and  wells  where  they  halt  to  water  their  animals. 

It  results  from  what  we  have  just  said,  and  especially  with  regard 
to  the  frequency  of  the  unarmed  Taenia  of  Man,  that  bovine  measles 
is  certainly  much  less  rare  in  Europe  than  would  appear  from  the 
small  number  of  observations  reported.  If  it  escapes  the  notice  of 
the  abbatoir  inspectors,  this  is  evidently  because  they  do  not  look 
for  it  with  sufficient  assiduity  in  the  flesh  of  Oxen  and  Calves,  and 
that  they  are  not  sufficiently  cognisant  of  the  small  dimensions  of 
the  Cysticerci  and  the  care  required  to  find  them. 

Prognosis — Noxiousness  of  Measly  Beef, — It  is  only  in  experi- 
ments that  the  symptoms,  more  or  less  serious,  indicating  the 
dissemination  of  the  Cysticerci  in  the  organism  of  the  Ox,  have 
been  observed.  Consequently,  it  cannot  be  said  that,  in  ordinary 
conditions  of  infestation,  measles  has  much  importance  from  a 
sanitary  point  of  view,  with  regard  to  the  affected  animals,  and 
especially  if  the  short  life  of  the  parasites  is  taken  into  considera- 
tion. The  gravity  of  the  prognosis  is  related  to  the  noxiousness 
of  the  flesh  to  the  people  who  consume  it. 

It  has  been  known  for  a long  time,  from  the  reports  of  travellers, 
that  the  non-Mussulman  Abyssinians  nearly  all  suffer  from  taeniasis  ; 
and  their  fondness  for  raw  mashed  flesh,  not  only  of  the  Pig,  but 
also  of  the  Ox,  is  blamed  for  this.  If  the  Mohammedans  are 
exempt,  it  is  because,  from  their  religion,  they  look  upon  raw  flesh 
with  horror.  In  1819,  Knox  witnessed  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
a real  epidemic  of  taeniasis  among  the  English  soldiers,  who  for  the 
most  part  were  fed  on  the  flesh  of  over-driven  cattle.  From  1841, 
on  the  initiative  of  Weisse  of  St.  Petersburg,  raw  flesh  was  given  as 
a remedy  for  infantile  diarrhoea  throughout  Europe.  But  it  was 
soon  discovered — and  Weisse  himself  recognised  it — that  this 
treatment,  though  otherwise  of  undoubted  efficacy,  had  the  incon- 
venience of  inducing  the  appearance  of  Taenia  among  the  young 
patients.  In  1861,  Karschin  reported  that  the  Buratis,  in  the 
region  of  Lake  Baikal — and  who  subsist  on  the  raw  flesh  of  the  Ox, 
Sheep,  Camel,  and  Horse — were  very  often  affected  with  taeniasis. 
It  was  at  this  time  that  Leuckart  made  his  first  experiment,  showing 
that  the  cystic  phase  of  the  Tcenia  saginata  is  effected  in  the 
organism  of  the  Ox. 

The  inverse  proof — that  of  the  origin  of  the  unarmed  Taenia — 
has  been  furnished  experimentally.  In  1869,  Oliver,  a surgeon  in 
the  Indian  army,  stationed  at  Jullundur,  gave  two  natives  some 


MEASLES 


583 


measly  flesh  of  the  Ox.  One  of  these  was  a Mohammedan  Syce 
of  the  lowest  caste,  and  he  developed  a Taenia  in  about  three 
months.  The  other  was  a Hindu,  who  never  ate  flesh,  and  who 
in  about  three  or  four  months  passed  fragments  of  Tape- worm. 
On  his  side,  Perroncito  gave  a person,  who  willingly  swallowed  it, 
a living  Cysticercus  ; in  54  days  segments  began  to  be  eliminated, 
and  on  the  sixty-seventh  day  a dose  of  kousso  and  castor-oil  caused 
the  evacuation  of  a Taenia,  the  total  length  of  which  was  4*83  m. 

The  Cysticercus  bovis  is  less  resistent,  than  even  the  Cysticercus 
celluloses,  to  a slightly  elevated  temperature.  In  repeating  on  the 
former  the  experiments  he  had  made  on  the  latter,  Perroncito  found 
that  the  Cysticercus  of  the  Ox  perished  sometimes  at  440,  often 
at  450  or  46°,  and  that  it  always  occurred  between  470  and  48°. 
Three  of  his  assistants  voluntarily  swallowed  each  a Cysticercus 
which  had  been  heated — one  to  470,  gave  no  sign  of  life  ; another 
to  450,  did  not  move  ; and  the  third  to  440,  moved  very  slightly. 
In  none  of  these  cases  was  the  Taenia  developed. 

It  is  interesting  to  know  in  what  conditions  this  temperature 
is  reached  in  the  centre  of  pieces  of  meat  cooked  in  the  ordinary 
way.  To  solve  this  question,  recourse  may  be  had  to  the  experi- 
ments made  with  regard  to  measles  in  the  Pig.  In  comparing 
the  figures  obtained  by  Vallin  for  the  various  temperatures  of 
roasted  meat,  with  those  given  by  Perroncito  for  the  suppression 
of  the  vitality  of  the  Cysticercus  bovis,  we  may  conclude  that  there 
is  no  danger  to  be  apprehended  from  the  consumption  of  properly 
roasted  flesh  infested  with  Cysticerci.  It  is  only  through  under- 
done meat  that  this  parasite  can  be  introduced,  and  its  increasing 
extension  is  explained  by  the  greater  use  of  flesh  amang  all  classes 
of  people,  and  by  the  more  general  taste  for  insufficiently  cooked 
meat.  There  would  be  little  or  no  danger  if  the  central  portions 
of  the  cooked  flesh  showed,  instead  of  a reddish  tint,  the  charac- 
teristic grey,  rosy  hue  which  indicates  thorough  cooking,  and  which 
testifies  that  it  has  been  submitted  to  a temperature  of  about  70°  ; 
for  Lewis  has  shown  that  at  this  degree  the  red  colouring  matter 
of  flesh  disappears  in  cutlets  and  beefsteaks. 

The  longevity  of  the  Ox  Cysticerci  in  preserved  meat,  or  their 
resistance  to  smoking  and  salting,  is  less  than  that  of  the  Cysticercus 
of  the  Pig.  In  dried  veal  well  preserved,  Perroncito  has  found 
that  the  Cysticercus  died  in  fourteen  days  after  slaughter  of  the 
animal.  In  a putrefying  Calf’s  tongue,  the  number  of  living 
Cysticerci  diminished  with  the  progress  of  change  ; there  were  none 
alive  after  fourteen  days. 

From  all  that  has  been  stated,  the  necessity  will  be  perceived 
for  an  attentive  examination  of  meat,  in  so  far  as  cysticercosis  is 
concerned,  in  the  abbatoirs  ; and  the  need  for  thorough  cooking. 
Not  less  necessary  is  it  that  Cattle  should  be  kept  away  from  human 
excrement. 


5*4 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Article  IV.— Various  Measles. 

Zenker  has  produced  measles  in  three  Goats  by  giving  them  segments  of 
the  Tania  saginata  ; and  Heller  has  also  obtained  positive  results  in  two 
Goats  and  a Sheep.  But  negative  experiments  are  more  numerous  ; they 
have  reference  to  the  Goat  (Zurn),  the  Sheep  (Zurn,  Leuckart,  Masse  and 
Pourquier),  the  Pig  ( Kuchenmeister,  Zenker,  Leuckart,  Schmidt,  Van 
Beneden),  the  Rabbit  (Heller,  Masse  and  Fourquier),  the  Guinea-pig  and 
Monkey  (Heller),  and  the  Dog  (Probstmayer,  Heller,  Masse  and  Pourquier). 

Of  six  Alpacas  which  died  at  Paris  soon  after  their  arrival  from  Peru, 
four  were  measly,  and  contained  an  extraordinary  quantity  of  Cysticerci, 
which,  unfortunately,  were  not  described. 

Among  Reindeer  which  died  at  the  Lille  Zoological  Gardens  in  1878, 
Moniez  found  an  abundance  of  armed  Cysticerci  in  the  muscles,  and  obtained 
their  transformation  in  the  intestine  of  the  Dog  into  a Taenia  which  he  named 
T.  Krabbei.  These  parasites  were  more  especially  found  in  the  spinal  and 
intercostal  muscles,  as  well  as  those  of  the  thigh  ; they  were  smaller  than  the 
Cysticercus  celluloses,  the  caudal  vesicle  was  very  slightly  developed,  and  at 
first  sight  they  might  have  been  mistaken  for  the  Cysticercus  bovis. 

Pseudo-Measles  of  the  Sheep. — Cobbold  found  on  several  occasions,  in  the 
measles  of  Sheep,  an  armed  Cysticercus  smaller  than  that  of  the  Pig,  the 
head  of  which  was  7 mm.  broad  ; it  had  26  hooks,  the  largest  of  which  was 
157  /u.  Cobbold  named  it  the  Cysticercus  ovis,  and  considered  it  as  the  larva 
of  a Taenia  of  Man — the  Tcenia  tenella.  But  the  investigations  of  Chatin 
have  demonstrated  Cobbold’s  error,  and  shown  that  the  pretended  T.  tenella 
is  only  a small-sized  T.  solium.  With  regard  to  the  Cysticercus  ovis,  it  was 
the  Cyst,  tenuicollis  slightly  developed.  On  several  occasions,  Chatin  ingested 
living  Cysticerci — which  corresponded  as  exactly  as  possible  with  those  of 
Cobbold — and  he  never  saw  the  least  indication  of  the  presence  of  Taenia. 
Similar  Cysticerci  given  to  young  Dogs  produced  the  Tania  marginata.  In 
recent  years,  some  military  surgeons  have  attributed  to  these  Cysticerci  of 
the  Sheep  various  cases  of  taeniasis  observed  in  Algeria,  and  Chatin  has  shown 
that  these  were  the  Tania  solium  or  Tania  saginata  on  the  one  hand,  and, 
on  the  other,  the  Cysticercus  tenuicollis . 


CHAPTER  III 

TRICHINOSIS 

Definition. — Trichinosis — or  Trichiniasis — is  a disease  caused  by 
the  presence  of  the  Trichina  ( Trichinella ) spiralis  Owen  in  the 
organism  of  various  animals,  and  particularly  of  Man  and  the  Pig. 

It  is  present  in  two  forms — one,  the  most  important,  is  muscular 
trichinosis , and  is  due  to  the  presence  of  the  larvae  of  the  Trichinae 
in  the  muscles  ; the  other  is  intestinal  trichinosis , caused  by  the 
ingestion  of  trichinosed  flesh — the  larval  Trichinae  acquire  their 
adult  and  sexual  state  in  the  intestine  of  their  host,  couple,  and 
throw  off  a multitude  of  embryos  which  traverse  the  walls  of  the 
digestive  tube,  to  disperse  themselves  throughout  the  muscular 
system. 

Trichina. — The  genus  Trichina  or  Trichinella  comprises  only  one 
well-authenticated  species — the  Trichina  ( Trichinella ) spiralis — a 
Nematode  belonging  to  the  family  of  Trichotrachelidae. 

In  the  adult  state,  the  Trichinae  are  found  exclusively  in  the  intestine,  and 
are  scarcely  visible  to  the  naked  eye.  Their  body  is  capillary,  and  gradually 
tapers  in  front,  commencing  at  the  middle  of  its  length.  The  integument  is 
smooth,  and  has  no  transverse  striae.  The  mouth  is  terminal,  small,  orbicular, 
and  destitute  of  papillae. 

The  digestive  tube  comprises  : (i)  A buccal  intestine,  or  oesophagus,  with 
thin  walls  and  a little  wider  behind  than  in  front,  its  section  being  triquetral ; 
(2)  a middle  intestine  succeeding  the  other,  with  very  apparent  nucleated 
cells  ; (3)  a terminal  intestine  or  rectum,  longer,  narrower,  with  muscular 
wails,  dilated  at  its  origin  and  near  its  termination  in  the  cloaca,  which  is 
altogether  terminal,  and  into  which  opens  — in  the  male  — the  sexual 
apparatus. 

The  male  is  1 *4  mm.  to  1 *6  mm.  long,  and  40  /x  thick.  With  regard  to  form, 
it  is  distinguished  from  the  female  by  the  presence,  at  the  posterior  extremity, 
of  two  digitiform  appendages  situated  on  each  side  of  the  cloaca  ; the  latter 
is  everted  at  the  moment  of  copulation,  and  plays  the  part  of  a copulatorv 
orgaq.  The  reproductive  system  consists  of  a single  testicular  tube,  doubled 
once  on  itself,  and  terminating  in  a long  deferent  canal,  which  opens  into  the 
cloaca  along  with  the  intestine. 

The  female  measures  3 mm.  to  4 mm.  long,  and  60  fx  thick.  It  has  only  a 
single  ovary,  composed  of  a tube  that  arises  as  a caecum  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
anus,  and  extends  almost  directly  to  the  end  of  the  anterior  fifth  of  the  body, 
where  it  opens  at  the  vulva.  The  caecal  portion  acts  as  an  ovary  ; then  comes 
a short  constriction — a kind  of  oviduct  ; then  a long,  wide  dilatation,  or  uterus, 
which  finally  contracts  into  a sort  of  vagina  ending  in  the  vulva. 

The  Trichina  is  ovoviviparous ; the  fecundated  ova  undergo  complete 

585 


586 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


development  in  the  uterus,  and  when  mature  are  20  /x  in  diameter.  When 
hatched,  the  embryos  find  their  way  into  the  vagina,  and  escape  through  the 
vulva  ; they  are  then  90  /x  to  100  /x  long,  by  6 /x  in  diameter  at  their  middle. 

In  the  larval  state,  the  Trichinae  are  found  in  cysts  among  the  primary 
fasciculi  of  the  muscles,  in  the  intermuscular  connective  tissue,  and  excep- 
tionally in  adipose  tissue  and  the  intestinal  walls.  They  are  coiled  up  in  a 
spiral  or  S form,  according  to  whether  they  are  examined  in  muscles  still 
warm  or  quite  cold,  and  measure  *8  mm.  to  1 mm.  long,  by  40  /x  thick.  Their 
body  is  capillary,  tapering  at  both  ends,  and  particularly  so  in  front.  The 
digestive  tube  is  somewhat  the  same  as  in  adults.  The  genital  apparatus 
is  rudimentary,  and  represented  by  a kind  of  sac  situated  in  the  posterior 
third  of  the  body. 

History. — The  first  time  the  muscular  Trichina  was  certainly  observed  was 
in  1828,  when  Peacock  deposited  in  Guy’s  Hospital,  London,  where  it  is 
still  to  be  seen,  a fragment  of  muscle  containing  cysts  of  calcified  Trichinae. 


Fig  352. — Male  intestinal  Trichina.  Fig.  353. — Female  intestinal  Tri- 
— Colin.  china. — Colin. 

In  1832,  Hilton — demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the  same  hospital — found  in 
the  muscles  of  a Man  70  years  old,  and  who  had  died  of  a cancerous  affection, 
several  ovoid  bodies  about  one  millimetre  long,  situated  between  the  muscular 
fibres  and  parallel  to  them.  These  bodies  were  regarded  by  Hilton  as  small 
Cysticerci,  but  were  probably  Trichinae  cysts. 

In  1835,  Wormald — demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  St.  Bartholomew’s 
Hospital — remarked  that  the  muscles  in  certain  cadavers  were  studded  with 
small  white  spots.  James  Paget  soon  after  made  a similar  observation,  and 
noticed  that  these  productions  contained  Nematodes  coiled  up  on  them- 
selves. R.  Owen  having  examined  the  specimens  collected  by  Wormald 
and  Paget,  also  recognised  the  presence  of  helminthes  ; he  studied  their 
organization,  and  gave  them  their  definite  name  of  Trichina  spiralis. 

For  nearly  twenty-five  years  the  knowledge  pertaining  to  this  subject 
remained  almost  stationary.  In  1859,  inspired  by  the  alarm  caused  by  the 
frequency  of  trichinosis  in  Germany,  Virchow  gave  a Dog  some  portions  of 
human  muscle  invaded  by  Trichinae,  and  in  three  and  a half  days  afterwards 
he  found  in  its  small  intestine  worms  similar  to  the  Trichinae,  but  larger  and 


Fig.  354. — Digestive  and  Sexual  Ap- 
paratus of  the  male  Trichina. — Colin. 


Fig.  3 5 5, — Digestive  and  Sexual  Appa- 
ratus of  the  female  Trichina. — Colin. 


ib,  buccal  intestine  or  oesophagus  ; im , middle  ib , buccal  intestine  or  oesophagus  ; zm,  middle 
intestine  ; it,  terminal  intestine  or  rectum  ; t,  tes-  intestine  ; it,  terminal  intestine  or  rectum ; o, 
tide  ; cd,  deferent  canal  cl  cloaca ; p,  copulatory  ovary ; do,  oviduct ; u,  uterine  dilatation  ; va , 
appendages.  vagina  ; vu,  vulva.  , 


588 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


oviferous.  These  he  considered  adult  Trichinae,  and  concluded  that  the 
muscle  Trichina  achieves  its  development  in  the  intestine  of  the  Carnivora. 

Some  months  after,  Leuckart  made  the  same  experiment  on  a Pig,  but  the 
presence  of  a great  number  of  worms — Trichocephalus  crenatus — in  the 
intestine  brought  the  learned  observer  to  an  erroneous  conclusion,  as  he  mis- 
took these  worms  for  adult  Trichinae,  and  described  them  as  such.  Fortu- 
nately, however,  in  the  early  days  of  the  following  year,  Professor  Zenker  of 
Dresden,  in  making  an  autopsy  of  a young  woman  who  had  died  from  a disease, 
the  symptoms  of  which  led  to  the  supposition  that  it  was  typhoid  fever, 
found  quantities  of  Trichinae — encysted  or  free — in  her  muscles  ; there  were 
none  of  the  classical  lesions  of  typhoid  fever,  and — what  was  a most  important 
detail — the  intestinal  mucus  contained  a great  number  of  worms  similar  to 
the  Trichinae,  but  provided  with  completely  developed  genital  organs.  Zenker 
made  inquiry  into  the  history  of  the  case,  and  learned  that  some  days  before 
she  became  ill  this  young  woman  had  eaten  some  raw  pork,  the  consumption 
of  which  had  been  followed  by  morbid  symptoms  in  other  people.  The  flesh 
of  the  Pig,  which  had  been  salted,  was  found  to  be  infested  with  Trichinae 
similar  to  those  in  the  human  muscles.  A portion  of  this  flesh  was  intro- 
duced into  the  food  of  several  mammals,  and  in  each  of  them  trichinosis  was 
distinctly  developed.  Portions  of  the  muscles  of  the  young  woman  were  sent 
by  Zenker  to  Virchow,  Leuckart,  and  Luschka,  and  these  served  for  new 
investigations,  which  elucidated  a great  number  of  questions  relative  to  the 
history  of  the  Trichina.  The  important  share  Zenker  took  in  the  whole  of 
these  discoveries,  explains  why  it  was  proposed  by  Pietra-Santa  to  give 
the  name  of  Zenker’s  disease  to  trichinosis  ; but  the  proposal  was  not 
adopted. 

It  is  well  to  recall  these  facts  to  mind,  as,  if  they  had  been  understood, 
they  would  have  greatly  advanced  the  solution  of  the  whole  subject.  In 
1847,  Leidy  discovered  the  Trichina  in  Pigs  in  America.  In  1850,  Herbst, 
of  Gottingen,  fed  three  dogs,  six  weeks  old,  with  the  flesh  of  a Badger  infested 
■with  Trichinae,  and  when  they  were  killed  some  months  afterwards,  their 
muscles  were  discovered  to  be  invaded  by  encysted  Trichinae. 

But  it  is  only  since  Zenker’s  researches  that  the  evolutive  cycle  of  the 
Trichina  has  been  exactly  known  ; as  it  has  from  that  time  been  the  object  of 
continual  study  with  regard  to  its  anatomy,  biology,  geographical  distribu- 
tion, pathogenic  action,  and  the  sanitary  police  measures  necessary  for 
dealing  with  it.  Among  these  researches  must  be  mentioned  those  of  Virchow, 
Leuckart,  Friederich,  Bohler  and  Konigsdorffer,  Delpech,  Colin,  Chatin,  etc. 

Habitat,  Location,  Migrations. — The  adulc  Trichinae  are  only 
found  in  the  intestines,  and  especially  the  small  intestine,  of 
Mammals  and  Birds  which  have  recently  eaten  trichinous  flesh. 
The  Mammals  in  which  muscular  Trichinosis  has  been  seen,  either 
by  experiment  or  observation,  and  which  are  consequently  liable 
to  intestinal  trichinosis,  are  : Man,  Pig,  Wild  Boar,  Rat,  Norway 
Rat,  Mouse,  Hamster,  Guinea-pig,  Rabbit,  Hippopotamus,  Calf, 
Lamb,  Horse,  Dog,  Fox,  Cat,  Marten,  Stoat,  Badger,  Racoon,  Bear, 
Mole,  and  Hedgehog.  Trichinae  have  been  developed,  experiment- 
ally, in  the  intestines  of  several  Birds,  and  especially  in  the  Gallinae 
and  Passeres  ; but  Birds  are  not  favourable  subjects  for  the  encyst- 
ment  of  the  larval  Trichinae.  In  the  cold-blooded  Vertebrates, 
the  Trichina  cysts  pass  through  the  digestive  canal  without  under- 
going any  change  ; and  the  Invertebrates  are  also  unsuitable  hosts 
for  the  Trichina.  In  the  larvae  deposited  by  Flies  on  trichinous 
flesh,  the  worms  certainly  penetrate  to  the  digestive  canal,  but  they 
do  not  develop  there  (Probstmayer,  Zi irn,  Leuckart).  Chatin  has, 
however,  found  that  sometimes  in  Crayfish,  fed  with  infested  flesh. 


TRICHINOSIS 


58  9 


the  worms  had  reached  a somewhat  advanced  phase  of  develop- 
ment in  the  intestines,  but  the  ovary  had  never  attained  to  the 
formation  of  ovules,  nor  the  testicular  tube  to  that  of  spermatozoa. 

When  trichinous  flesh  has  been  ingested  by  one  of  the  Mammalia 
or  Birds  above-mentioned,  the  cysts  enveloping  the  muscle  Trichinae 
are  dissolved  by  the  gastric  juice  in  about  eighteen  to  twenty  hours, 
and  the  worms  are  set  free.  On  the  second,  third,  or  fourth  day — 
rarely  the  fifth — these  larvae  have  undergone  transformations 
which  bring  them  to  the  adult  form.  In  order  to  observe  them, 
the  intestinal  matters  are  examined  drop  by  drop,  under  a magni- 
fying power  of  150  diameters.  The  males  are  generally  in  smaller 
proportion  than  the  females.  Copulation  takes  place,  and  fre- 
quently on  the  third  day  after  infestation  the  ovary  already  shows 
ova  in  process  of  segmentation.  Ovulation  commences  towards 
the  sixth  or  seventh  day,  and  it  is  then  that  the  first  symptoms  of 
intestinal  trichinosis  are  remarked.  The  females  live  longer  than 
the  males,  the  average  duration  of  their  existence  being  five  or 
six  weeks  ; though  during  the  epidemic  of  trichinosis  at  Heders- 
leben  in  1865,  Kraatz  and  Cohnheim  found  living  Trichinae  in  the 
intestines  at  the  twelfth  week  ; but  this  long  duration  is  exceptional. 
Ovulation  is  particularly  active  during  the  first  week  of  adult  life  ; 
it  begins  to  abate  after  this,  and  only  occurs  periodically  (Cohn- 
heim). It  is  difficult  to  estimate  the  number  of  embryos  a single 
female  will  bring  forth.  Each  may  contain  at  one  time  as  many 
as  1,200,  and  the  total  derived  from  one  individual  may  amount  to 
10,000  or  15,000  ; the  produce  of  250  grammes  of  trichinous  flesh 
may  extend  to  hundreds  of  thousands.  The  search  for  these 
embryos  in  the  intestinal  matters  is  made  by  means  of  a magni- 
fying  power  of  200  or  300  diameters. 

The  embryos,  deposited  in  crowds  in  the  intestines,  only  become 
developed  after  migrating  into  the  striped  muscles  and  connective 
tissue  in  eveiy  part  of  the  body.  Their  tenuity  allows  them  to 
pass  through  the  intestinal  wall,  and  seek  their  distant  location 
either  by  creeping  in  the  connective  tissue,  or  in  utilizing  the  blood 
or  lymph  stream,  though  this  is  hypothetical  ; but  it  is  probable 
that  the  three  modes  of  access  are  made  available.  Askanazy  in 
1896  suggested  that  the  parasites  which  perforated  the  intestinal 
walls  and  thus  reached  the  bloodvessels  were  not  embryos,  but 
fertilized  female  trichinae  which  entered  the  terminal  chyle  vessels 
and  laid  their  eggs  directly  within  the  system  of  intestinal  chyle 
vessels.  The  part  the  blood  current  plays  will  explain  the  rapidity 
with  which  the  embryos  arrive  in  parts  very  remote  from  the 
intestines,  and  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  the  Trichinae  met  with 
in  the  lymphatic  glands  have  been  brought  there  by  the  lymphatic 
vessels ; while  the  embryos  which  are  found  in  a free  state  in  the 
peritoneal,  pleural,  and  pericardial  cavities  towards  the  eighth 
day,  have  probably  got  there  by  burrowing.  The  duration  of 
these  migrations  external  to  the  intestines  is  about  eight  to  ten 
days. 


530 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Trichinous  infestation  is  very  easy  with  the  Rat,  Pig,  and  Man  ; 
it  is  still  more  easy  with  Mice,  the  Guinea-pig,  and  Rabbit  ; less 
constant  with  the  Cat,  and  very  irregular  with  the  Dog,  Horse, 
Ox,  and  other  Mammals,  in  which  it  can  scarcely  be  effected  except 
when  they  are  young.  Perroncito  has,  however,  observed  it  in  an 
Italian  dog,  and  Csokor  has  succeeded  in  producing  it  experimentally 
in  an  eight  years  old  Horse. 

The  larval  and  encysted  Trichinae  have  never  been  observed  in 
Birds  ; the  muscle  Trichinae  they  ingest  acquire  complete  develop- 
ment in  their  intestines,  but  the  embryos  these  bring  forth  are 
expelled  with  the  faeces,  and  do  not  seem  to  have  the  power  to  pierce 
the  intestinal  walls — a fact  brought  to  notice  some  time  ago  by 
Colin.  It  has  been  mentioned  that  other  Nematodes  encysted  in 
the  walls  of  the  stomach  and  intestines  of  the  Fowl,  have  been 
mistaken  for  Trichinae.  It  would  seem  that  the  immunity  of  Birds 
is  partly  owing  to  their  having  so  little  intra-muscular  connective 
tissue,  and  partly — and  more  especially — to  the  thickness  and 
resistance  of  the  epithelial  lining  of  their  digestive  canal. 

We  have  already  spoken  of  the  immunity  Reptiles  and  Bat- 
rachians  enjoy.  Experiments  made  at  first  by  Goujon  and  Legros, 
show  that  this  is  solely  due  to  the  variable  temperature  of  their 
body.  If  Salamanders  are  kept  at  an  artificial  temperature  of 
about  30°  (C),  muscular  infestation  occurs  ; but  as  soon  as  this 
experimental  condition  is  removed,  encystment  ceases,  and  the- 
parasites  soon  perish — all  the  more  rapidly  as  the  season  is  cold. 

Muscular  trichinosis  has  never  been  observed  in  Fishes,  but  the 
Trichinae  may  develop  in  their  intestines.  Colin  assured  himself, 
in  1866,  that  the  excreta  of  Fish  fed  on  trichinous  flesh  was  charged 
with  Trichinae,  and  caused  trichinosis  in  the  Rat,  Rabbit,  and 
Guinea-pig.  Perhaps  this  infestation  was  owing  to  the  parasite- 
cysts  having  passed  intact  through  the  digestive  canal  of  the 
Fish. 

It  has  been  stated  that  all  attempts  at  trichinous  infestation  of 
invertebrates  have  been  negative  in  their  results  ; and  there  is 
nothing  to  show  that  spontaneous  infestation  is  possible. 

The  parasitic  Nematodes  of  certain  vegetables,  which  have  been 
sometimes  supposed  to  be  Trichinae,  are  entirely  different. 

The  larval  Trichinae  are  chiefly  met  with  in  the  muscles  of  animal 
life — even  in  the  midst  of  the  primary  fasciculi  (Virchow,  Gerlach, 
Grancher,  Leuckart,  Piana),  sometimes  in  the  interfascicular  con- 
nective tissue,  or  in  the  adipose  septa  of  the  connective  tissue 
(perimysium)  interposed  between  the  secondary  fasciculi  (Colin, 
Chatin).  The  investigations  of  Chatin,  confirmed  by  several 
observers,  have  demonstrated  that  they  may  also  be  found  in  the 
fat  (lard),  and  in  the  cellular  and  muscular  tunics  of  the  intestine 
of  the  Pig  ; in  these  they  have  the  same  characters  and  the  same 
latent  existence,  or  they  may  preserve  their  embryonic  form. 

When  it  arrives  at  its  definitive  resting-place — which,  according 


TRICHINOSIS 


59i 


to  Piana,  may  be  on  the  sixth  day  after  ingestion — the  larval 
Trichina  is  bent  into  a kind  of  loop,  then  it  assumes  the  figure  3 
shape,  and  at  last  coils  itself  up  into  a wide  spiral — an  appearance 
that  it  generally  maintains  during  all  this  stage.  Its  contact  and 
movements  set  up  an  amount  of  irritation  in  the  elements  of  the 
surrounding  tissues  that  ends  in  the  formation  of  a cyst. 

The  fibres  of  the  interfascicular  connective  tissue,  in  the  midst 
of  which  the  Nematode  sometimes  establishes  itself,  become  hyper- 
trophied and  produce  embryonic  cells,  which  are  irregular  and  sub- 
spheroidal,  nucleated  or  non-nucleated,  and  multiply  rapidly  ; 
at  first,  very  fine  proteic  granules  can  also  be  distinguished,  then 

other  granules  of  glycogenic  matter. 
Soon  after,  the  neoformation  becomes 
indurated  externally,  the  elements  com- 
posing this  soon  constituting  a parietal 
layer,  which  is  at  first  very  thin,  but  is 
not  long  in  growing  to  a considerable 


Fig.  356.  — Trichinae  en- 
cysted in  muscular  tissue. 
The  cyst  on  the  right  con- 
contains  two  Trichinae.  — 
Colin. 


Fig.  357. — Free  larval  Trichina. — Colin. 

thickness.  In  this  case,  the  myolemma 
does  not  appear  to  take  any  part  in  the 
formation  of  the  cyst.  But  under  the 
influence  of  the  inflammatory  process 
induced  by  the  presence  of  the  worm, 
new  vessels  are  formed ; the  connective 
tissue — which  has  become  greatly  altered 
— may  completely  disappear,  and  the 
cyst  then  comes  in  contact  with  the 
primary  muscular  fasciculi,  the  myolemma  of  which  appears  to  form 
an  integral  part  of  its  wall.  The  contractile  substance  of  the  adjacent 
fasciculi  undergoes  granular  or  granulo-adipose  degeneration,  and 
there  appear  indications  of  proliferation  in  the  nuclei  subjacent  to 
the  myolemma  ; then  arise  embryonic  cells,  which  sometimes 
strengthen  the  cystic  tissue,  or  become  new  primary  fasciculi.  In 
the  latter  case,  if  the  irritation  is  slight,,  there  is  real  muscular 
regeneration  (Chatin). 

In  the  majority  of  instances,  the  Trichina  passes  through  the 
softened  myolemma — transforming  it  into  a cellular  sheath — as 
far  as  the  primitive  fibre,  upon  which  it  subsists.  The  myolemma 
is  charged  with  cells,  which  accumulate  at  a point  of  the  fibie,  and 


592 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


assume  the  appearance  of  a fusiform  cylinder  ; the  muscular  fibre 
loses  its  colour  and  striation,  and  in  contact  with  picrocarmine 
absorbs  the  picric  acid  by  preference,  while  the  healthy  fibres  are 
rose-tinted.  The  external  membrane  of  the  cyst  is  formed  at  the 
expense  of  the  outermost  layer  of  cells  that  infiltrate  the  myo- 
lemma  ; at  first  very  thin  and  fasciculated,  it  becomes  thickened, 
homogeneous  and  transparent,  and  its  deeper  layers  are  united  at 
the  two  poles,  by  which  the  ends  of  the  cyst  are  separated  from  the 
muscular  fibre.  Sometimes  the  latter  is  altered  throughout  its 
entire  length,  is  imprisoned  in  a sheath  of  cells,  and  is  gradually 
atrophied  ; at  other  times,  at  some  millimetres  above  and  below 
the  cyst,  it  resumes  its  striation  and  physiological  properties,  and 
the  myolemma  surrounding  it  is  directly  con- 
tinuous with  the  most  external  layer  of  the 
cystic  membrane.  In  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  a cyst,  the  muscular  fasciculi  not  required 
by  the  Trichina  are  crowded  and  deformed  by 
compression  ; but  they  retain  their  striation, 
and  show  no  traces  of  waxy  or  granular  de- 
generation (Grancher). 

In  general,  the  trichinous  cyst  is  ovoid,  and 
more  or  less  drawn  out  at  both  of  its  poles  or 
only  at  one,  which  is  blunt,  and  gives  the  cyst 
the  appearance  of  a lemon.  Its  larger  axis  is 
parallel  with  the  muscular  fibres.  The  pro- 
longations may  be  absent,  and  the  cyst  is  then 
spherical.  Its  average  length  is  -40  mm.,  and 
breadth  -25  mm.,  but  in  consequence,  more 
especially,  of  variations  in  the  thickness  of  its 
wall,  its  length  may  vary  between  *30  mm.  and 
•80  mm.,  and  its  breadth  between  *20  mm.  and 
•40  mm.  Sometimes  two  or  three  similar  cysts 
join  by  their  coi responding  ends,  and  so  give 
rise  to  a moniliform  cavity,  the  dilatations  of 
which  are  occupied  by  the  Trichinae.  Most  fre- 
quently each  unilocular  cyst  only  contains  one 
worm  ; but  it  is  not  rare  to  find  2,  3,  4,  5, 
and  6,  or  even  7 Trichinae  in  one  and  the  same  cyst,  whether  this 
be  unilocular  or  multilocular  (Chatin)  ; this  is  in  accordance  with 
the  inflammatory  process  presiding  at  the  formation  of  the  cyst 
in  the  perimysium. 

In  the  definitely  constituted  cyst,  the  Trichina  is  in  a dormant 
condition  at  first  ; but  soon  regressive  changes  may  be  observed. 
To  the  proteic  and  glycogenic  corpuscles  are  added  pigment 
granules,  which  are  first  yellow,  then  brown,  and  more  or  less 
numerous — they  may  be  in  such  quantity  that  the  whole  cyst 
appears  as  a reddish-brown  spot,  while  the  helminth  is  dried  and 
shrivelled,  sometimes  even  broken  up  (Chatin). 

The  tissue  of  the  cyst  is  capable  of  undergoing  two  other  kinds 


Fig.  358. — Very  old 
trichinous  cyst 
greatly  altered. — 
Colin. 


TRICHINOSIS 


593 


of  degeneration,  more  or  less  important — fatty  and  calcareous. 
The  first  is  manifested  by  the  appearance  of  small  fat  granules  in 
the  interior  of  the  cyst  cells  ; these  granules  rapidly  increase  in 
number,  and  may — though  rarely — completely  fill  the  cell.  Soon 
this  fat  is  set  free,  and  invades  the  whole  of  the  cyst.  Calcareous 
degeneration  follows.  All  nutrition  has  disappeared  from  the  cyst- 
tissue,  and  carbonate  and  phosphate  of  lime — in  relatively  variable 
proportions — are  grouped  in  small  granular  globules,  forming  con- 
centric layers  that  become  multiplied  and  render  the  cyst  opaque. 
This  deposition  occurs  in  the  cyst-membrane  and  in  the  tissues  of 
the  Trichina,  each  of  which  loses  all  organization,  and  appears 
only  as  a whitish  mass.  These  modifications  require  a long  time 
for  their  accomplishment,  and  are  not  often  seen  in  Pigs,  which 
are  most  frequently  killed  for  food  soon  after  the  commencement 
of  the  malady.  In  general,  calcification  does  not  begin  before  the 
seventh  month,  and  it  is  completed  in  about  fifteen  to  eighteen 
months — though  Dammann  has  found  it  very  slight  more  than 
eleven  years  after  infestation,  and  has  noted  that  the  Trichinae 
were  yet  alive,  and  could  give  rise  to  experimental  trichinosis. 
A similar  observation  has  been  made  in  Man,  with  regard  to  Trichinae 
more  than  thirteen  years  old  (Tiingel,  Virchow),  nineteen  years 
(Kolliker,  Middeldorpf),  and  even  twenty-four  years  (Klopsch). 
But  it  has  not  been  demonstrated  that  new  infestations  did  not  take 
place  between  the  first  one  and  the  period  of  observation. 

Piana  has  recognised  bacteria  in  trichinous  muscles,  which  he 
thought  had  been  carried  into  the  intestine  by  the  embryos  in 
their  migrations. 

Pigmentary,  fatty  and  calcareous  degenerations  are  sometimes 
met  with  in  the  infested  muscles. 

The  presence  of  the  cyst,  after  a certain  time,  usually  leads  to 
the  formation  of  abundant  adipose  deposits,  which  begin  to  appear 
at  one  of  the  poles,  and  finish  by  enveloping  all  the  new  formation. 
They  result,  primarily,  from  the  fatty  degeneration  of  the  excess 
of  embryonic  cells  formed  under  inflammatory  influence.  When 
the  mass  of  fat  has  enveloped  all  the  cyst,  this  and  the  Nematode 
usually  undergo  great  alteration. 

Generally,  when  the  Trichina  is  arrested  in  adipose  masses — 
the  cells  of  which  have  little  protoplasm — the  cyst  formation  is  only 
traced  out  by  a granulo-fatty  cluster,  in  which  the  worm  remains 
in  an  embryonic  state  and  soon  perishes  ; though  it  may  happen 
that  embryonic  cells  appear  and  constitute  a normal  cyst. 

Symptoms. — Trichinosis  being  very  much  more  frequent  in  the 
Pig  than  in  any  of  the  other  domesticated  animals,  it  is  to  this 
creature  that  the  symptomatology — which  has  been  more  par- 
ticularly established  by  experimentation — will  apply. 

Symptoms  are  only  exhibited  when  the  quantity  of  Trichinae 
ingested  is  considerable  ; and  in  the  majority  of  cases  they  escape 
observation.  Those  which  are  noted  evidently  vary  with  the 
degree  of  infestation. 


38 


594 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEA SES 


The  first  troubles  are  those  relating  to  intestinal  trichinosis, 
and  they  appear  from  the  third  to  the  tenth  day  after  ingestion  of 
the  infested  flesh.  They  consist  of  more  or  less  complete  inappe- 
tence, thirst,  grinding  of  the  teeth,  dulness  and  fever ; the  head  is 
depressed,  the  conjunctive  infiltrated,  and  the  eye  has  a peculiar 
glassy  appearance  ; the  back  is  arched,  abdomen  retracted  and 
painful  on  pressure,  and  the  tail  flaccid  and  uncurled  ; diarrhoea 
supervenes,  and  persists  for  a long  time.  There  is  nothing  charac- 
teristic in  these  symptoms,  as  they  are  merely  those  of  enteritis 
or  peritonitis  ; they  continue  for  about  a month. 

From  the  eighth  to  the  fifteenth  day,  the  symptoms  of  muscular 
trichinosis  commence  ; they  are  due  to  dissemination  of  the  worms. 
The  appetite  gradually  returns,  but  the  limbs  are  stiff,  the  move- 
ments— especially  of  the  hind  quarters — are  halting  and  uncertain, 
and  there  is  an  appearance  of  paraplegia.  The  articulations  and 
muscular  masses  are  painful  ; the  Pig  lies  extended  on  its  side ; 
sometimes  it  suffers  so  much  that  it  cries  out  ; mastication  and 
deglutition  are  difficult  ; the  voice  is  husky  ; and  alvine  dejections 
are  passed  involuntarily.  Finally,  according  to  Roll,  pruritus  may 
be  developed  in  various  parts  of  the  body,  if  the  Trichinae  have 
invaded  the  panniculus  muscle  abundantly. 

In  the  later  stages  of  the  malady,  oedema  appears  at  different 
parts  of  the  body,  and  is  usually  the  precursor  of  death. 

But  the  symptoms  only  attain  this  gravity  when  the  infestation 
is  extraordinary.  Nearly  always  the  Pigs  gradually  recover  ; 
they  remain  lazy  in  consequence  of  the  alterations  in  the  muscular 
fibres,  but  the  appetite  becomes  normal,  and  the  animals  may  fatten 
to  an  extreme  degree. 

It  results  from  this  description  that  the  diagnosis  of  trichinosis 
is  usually  impossible,  as  the  symptoms  are  equivocal  or  scarcely 
appreciable.  However,  if  there  is  any  doubt,  much  assistance  may 
be  derived  from  harpoonage,  and  for  this  purpose  Duchenne’s 
histological  punch  is  used.  This  is  a fine  trocar  about  two  milli- 
metres in  diameter,  the  cannula  of  which  carries — a little  behind 
the  point — a notch  with  sharp  borders  ; the  central  stem  is  cylin- 
drical ; it  is  pushed  in  such  a way  as  to  temporarily  suppress  the 
notch.  In  this  state  it  is  inserted  into  a mass  of  muscle  known  to 
be  most  probably  infested  ; the  stem  is  withdrawn  about  a centi- 
metre, and  in  withdrawing  the  instrument  there  is  found  a fragment 
of  flesh  in  the  notch  of  the  cannula,  the  microscopical  examination 
of  which  should  settle  the  diagnosis.  Middledorpf’s  trocar  has  its 
notch  on  the  stalk,  a little  behind  its  point ; this  notch  being  con- 
cealed, the  trocar  is  pushed  into  the  muscle,  the  stem  is  pushed 
through  about  a centimetre,  then  drawn  back,  when  it  carries  with 
it  a small  piece  of  muscle. 

But  harpoonage  of  the  Pig  is  difficult,  owing  to  the  thick  layer  of 
fat  between  the  skin  and  the  muscles. 

Pathological  Anatomy. — When  the  animals  die  or  are  killed 
during  the  period  of  intestinal  trichinosis,  there  are  observed  at 


TRICHINOSIS 


595 


their  autopsy  lesions  more  or  less  marked,  of  acute  enteritis  and 
peritonitis.  A microscopical  examination  of  the  fluid  from  the 
intestine  reveals  the  presence  of  adult  or  embryonic  Trichinae. 

At  a later  period,  when  trichinosis  has  become  exclusively 
muscular,  the  lesions  consist  merely  of  cysts  having  the  characters 
already  indicated,  their  dimensions  rendering  them  visible  to  the 
naked  eye.  But  when  the  affection  is  chronic,  and  calcification 
is  complete  and  extensive,  there  will  be  seen  in  the  muscles — 
by  the  naked  eye  or  pocket  lens — very  minute  white  points  formed 
by  the  calcified  cysts  ; these,  on  being  treated  with  a two  to  five 
per  cent,  solution  of  hydrochloric  acid,  have  the  lime  salts  dissolved, 
and  the  Trichinae  are  rendered  apparent  in  their  interior.  These 
white  points  cannot  be  seen  in  lard  or  in  the  intermuscular  connective 
tissue,  where,  nevertheless — according  to  Chatin — the  Trichinae 
may  be  found.  A microscopical  examination  is  therefore  neces- 
sary. 

It  ought  to  be  made  at  those  parts  where  the  Trichinae  are  oftenest  met 
with,  as  will  be  mentioned  hereafter.  A small  piece  of  muscle  is  cut  off 
parallel  to  the  direction  of  the  fibres,  by  means  of  curved  scissors.  After 
steeping  it  in  water,  it  is  placed  on  the  object-glass  and  covered  by  the  cover- 
glass,  which  is  firmly  pressed  upon  it.  The  preparation  is  sufficiently  trans- 
parent to  show  the  trichinous  cysts  by  a magnifying  power  of  ioo  to  150 
diameters.  It  is  better,  however,  first  to  tease  out  the  fibres  under  water  by 
means  of  needles,  and  then  examine  the  preparation  in  a 75  per  cent,  solution 
of  common  salt,  or — which  is  preferable  — 'i  to  7 per  cent,  dilution  of  acetic 
acid. 

Tikhomiroff  has  described  a method  of  disassociating  the  muscular  fibres, 
in  order  to  facilitate  the  search  for  Trichina;.  The  suspected  flesh  is  cut  into 
small  fragments,  which  are  digested  for  half  an  hour  in  a mixture  of  nitric 
acid — 4 parts,  and  chlorate  of  potass — 1 part.  They  are  then  put  into  a glass 
filled  with  distilled  water,  and  well  shaken.  ‘ The  muscle  then  breaks  up 
into  very  fine  fibrillce,  some  of  which  readily  show — even  to  the  naked  eye — • 
fusiform  enlargements  in  their  length,  which,  as  a microscopical  inspection 
will  show,  are  the  encysted  Trichinae.’ 

The  Trichinae  ought  to  be  sought  for  towards  the  extremities 
of  the  muscles  ; they  are,  in  fact,  more  abundant  near  the  liga- 
mentous or  bony  insertions,  where  they  appear  to  be  arrested  in 
their  migrations. 

Kuhn’s  investigations  show  that,  generally,  the  muscles  may  be 
classed — with  regard  to  the  frequency  of  infestation- — in  the  follow- 
ing decreasing  order  : the  diaphragm,  and  especially  its  pillars  ; the 
muscles  of  the  shoulder  ; the  psoas  muscles  ; the  muscles  of  the 
larynx  ; and  those  of  the  internal  crural  region,  neck,  tongue, 
cheeks,  eye,  abdomen,  flexors  of  the  thigh,  neck,  intercostals,  and 
back.  Muller  asserts  that  the  coccygeal  muscles  are  ordinarily 
the  most  infested.  Ziirn  has  several  times  found  Trichinae  in  the 
heart. 

The  quantity  of  parasitic  cysts  one  individual  may  carry  is 
capable  of  attaining  an  extraordinary  high  figure.  In  a gramme 
of  muscle,  Leuckart  has  counted  between  1,200  and  1,500,  which 
would  raise  the  total  number  to  30  or  40  millions.  Colin’s 

38—2 


596 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


estimate  was  5 millions,  in  a case  of  serious  invasion ; and  Fielder 
reckoned  the  number  of  those  found  in  the  body  of  the  young 
woman  examined  by  Zenker  at  94  millions.  Cobbold,  in  one  case, 
carried  it  as  high  as  100  millions.  These  large  numbers — though 
only  approximate — afford  an  idea  of  the  great  intensity  this  infes- 
tation may  reach. 

The  Trichinae  should  not  be  confounded  with  rolled-up  muscular 
nerve  or  tendinous  fibres,  nor  yet  with  other  parasites — Distomes 
or  Sarcocysts — that  may  be  found  in  muscles.  It  is  also  well  to 
be  warned  of  the  presence,  in  the  muscles  of  the  Pig,  of  a Fungus 
belonging  to  the  Schizomycetes,  and  closely  related  in  its  various 
characters  to  the  Actinomyces  bovis,  which  is  so  frequent  in  many 
organs  of  the  Ox,  and  especially  in  the  maxillary  bones. 

Actinomycosic  flesh  is  soft  and  wet,  particularly  when  cold.  At  the 
invaded  points  it  has  a greyish -yellow  tint  six  to  twelve  hours  after  slaughter, 
and  when  there  is  calcification  the  parasites  can  be  recognised  as  yellowish- 
white  points.  With  a magnifying  power  of  40  to  50  diameters,  there  may  be 
observed  among  the  normal  muscular  fibres  others  more  or  less  altered — 
irregularly  broken-up,  undulated,  retracted  at  some  points,  and  dilated  at 
others,  which  have  partly  lost  their  striation,  and  are  darker  tinted,  being 
grey  or  brown.  At  the  interruptions  are  observed,  in  irregular  spaces,  dark 
and  round  or  oval  corpuscles,  well  defined,  their  diameter  being  equal  to,  or 
even  greater  than  that  of  the  primitive  fasciculus. 

It  may  be  sometimes  useful,  in  doubtful  cases  of  trichinosis,  to  resort  to 
staining.  Sections  of  the  flesh  are  allowed  to  steep  for  ten  minutes  in  a solu- 
tion of  methyl  blue — 1 to  30  of  distilled  water  ; they  are  then  carefully  washed 
in  water  and  examined,  when  the  cyst  will  be  of  a dark-blue  tint,  and  the 
intact  worm  can  be  seen  distinctly  through  it,  while  the  remainder  of  the 
preparation  is  uncoloured.  We  may  also  employ,  as  Mazzanti  did,  the 
acid  glycerin-haematoxylin  of  Ehrlich,  leaving  the  fragments  of  flesh,  cut  in 
the  direction  of  the  fibres,  in  it  from  six  to  eighteen  hours.  They  are  then 
washed  in  distilled  water,  and  afterwards  in  alcohol  acidulated  with  hydro- 
chloric acid  *5  per  cent.  The  staining  only  persists  in  the  trichinous  cysts. 

Etiology. — Frequency. — Trichinosis  always  owes  its  origin — no 
matter  in  what  species  of  animal  it  may  appear — to  the  ingestion 
of  flesh  containing  encysted  Trichinae,  or  to  excrements  in  which 
are  the  sexualized  worms  or  their  embryos.  The  chain  of  facts 
establishing  this  circumstance  results  from  the  labours  of  Virchow, 
Zenker,  Leuckart,  Herbst,  Delpech,  Colin,  etc.,  as  stated  at  the 
commencement  of  this  article. 

It  is  in  eating  the  flesh  of  the  Pig  that  Man  contracts  trichinosis. 
The  Pig  is  contaminated  by  the  ingestion  of  trichinosed  meat  or 
animals,  such  as  the  Surmulot,  Rat,  Mouse,  etc.  ; while  its  copro- 
phagus  habits  also  allow  it  to  be  infested  by  devouring  excrements 
containing  adult  or  embryonic  Trichinae. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  insist  on  the  first  source — that  of  trichinous 
flesh — or  yet  on  the  third.  With  regard  to  the  second,  however — 
that  of  the  smaller  Rodents — it  is  known  that  their  bodies,  when 
thrown  into  manure-pits,  are  readily  eaten  by  wandering  Pigs. 
Mice  and  Rats  are  easily  trichinosed  ; but  they  often  resist  the 
initial  period  of  the  disease,  and  may  therefore  disseminate  the 
malady.  It  is  rarely  seen  in  other  Rats  than  those  living  in  con- 


TRICHINOSIS 


597 


tact  with  animals’  debris , but  these  form  a relatively  considerable 
proportion. 

In  72  sewer  Rats  of  Paris,  Goujon  found  5 trichinosed,  or  about 
7 per  cent.  In  Germany,  the  proportion  is  2 or  3 per  cent,  in 
slaughter-house  Rats,  and  22  per  cent,  in  those  of  knackeries.  At 
Bamberg,  of  24  Rats  obtained  from  the  abbatoir  attached  to  the 
meat-market,  12  were  infested  (Fessler).  The  proportion  is  greater 
in  the  United  States  of  America  ; for  of  51  Rats  caught  in  the 
Boston  abbatoir,  39  were  trichinosed,  and  40  captured  in  a large 
exportation  slaughter-house  in  the  same  city  were  as  much  infested. 
Of  60  found  in  various  stables  not  containing  Pigs,  only  6 were 
affected.  In  epidemics  of  trichinosis,  when  the  Rats  in  the  in- 
vaded localities  were  examined,  it  has  been  observed  that  a very 
large  proportion  were  trichinous. 

The  Rats  are  infested  by  eating  the  debris  of  trichinosed  Pigs 
which  is  thrown  away,  though  they  may  also  acquire  the  disease 
by  devouring  the  dead  bodies  of  their  congeners.  It  might  be 
asked,  Which  of  the  two — Pig  or  Rat — is  the  original  host  of  the 
Trichina  ? It  is  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  solve  this  question. 
If,  as  is  very  plausible,  the  Rat,  or  rather  the  Surmulot,  is  the 
primary  host,  then  trichinosis  is  a recent  importation,  and  of  Asiatic 
origin.  The  black  Rat  is  believed  to  have  come  into  Europe  from 
Asia  during  the  Crusades,  but  that  in  a great  number  of  localities 
it  has  been  driven  away  or  destroyed  by  the  Surmulot  (or  brown 
Rat),  which  has  replaced  it.  The  latter  did  not  appear  in  Europe 
until  1727,  when  it  arrived  in  great  crowds,  which  swam  across  the 
Volga.  It  soon  spread  into  every  country  in  this  part  of  the  world, 
and  by  means  of  ships  it  found  its  way  into  Transatlantic  regions  ; 
no  doubt  it  propagated  trichinosis  as  it  extended.  Asiatic  Pigs 
might  also  be  incriminated,  as  they  are  very  liable  to  the  disease, 
and  have  been  introduced  into  Europe  since  the  commencement  of 
this  century,  in  order  to  improve  the  native  breeds. 

Trichinosis  has  been  observed  in  every  European  country,  though 
in  varying  frequency.  Although  trichinosed  Rats  are  not  rare  in 
France,  the  malady  has  never  been  observed  in  the  Pig  ; and  it 
was  only  in  the  small  outbreak  at  Crespy-en-Valois,  Oise,  that  an 
animal  of  this  species  was  believed  to  be  the  cause. 

In  Italy,  the  only  instance  of  indigenous  trichinosis  known,  is 
that  of  a stray  Dog  observed  by  Perroncito,  and  that  of  a Man 
reported  by  Legge. 

In  Spain,  Trichinae  were  found  in  the  Pig,  in  1879,  Villar  del 
Arzobispo,  Seville  and  Barcelona. 

Trichinosis  has  also  been  seen  in  Algeria,  India,  South 
America,  etc. 

But  it  is  more  especially  frequent  in  Holland,  Sweden  and  Den- 
mark, Russia  (12  trichinous  Pigs  in  1,000),  in  Germany,  and  still 
more  so  in  the  United  States  of  America.  At  Copenhagen,  the 
trichinous  Pigs  are  12-15  per  1,000  ; at  Stockholm,  3-76  ; and  at 
Linkeping,  Sweden,  15*89. 


598  TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

In  Prussia,  the  average  proportion  in  1885  was  *54  per  1,000, 
or  1 trichinosed  Pig  in  1,852  ; the  majority  of  the  affected  animals 
came  from  the  duchy  of  Posen,  where  there  was  an  average  of 
5*  18  per  1,000.  In  certain  circles — as  that  of  Schroda,  for  example 
— it  rose  to  1471  per  1,000  ; and  at  Berlin,  in  1889-90,  there  was 
found  1 infested  Pig  in  1,514 — or  -66  per  1,000. 

These  figures  are  greatly  exceeded,  however,  by  those  of  the  Pigs 
sent  to  Europe  from  the  United  States  of  America  in  such  immense 
numbers,  chiefly  from  the  markets  of  Cincinnati  and  Chicago  ; 
this  is  demonstrated  by  the  examinations  made  in  different  parts 
of  Europe,  and  even  in  America.  American  statistics  show  that 
trichinosis  has  been  equally  distributed  throughout  the  States  of 
the  Union.  In  Indiana  the  proportion,  which,  in  1874,  was  16*33 
per  cent.,  fell  afterwards  to  6*5  per  cent.  ; at  Chicago,  in  1878  it 
was  8 per  cent.,  in  1883  it  was  2*4  per  cent.  At  Boston,  from 
1879  1881,  it  was  4 per  cent.  ; at  New  Orleans,  in  1881,  it  was 

•4  per  cent.  The  Agricultural  Department  reported  i*66  per  cent, 
infested  at  one  time  ; at  another  2*7  per  cent. ; and  at  another  it 
had  fallen  to  o per  cent.  One  fact  results  from  the  figures  fur- 
nished by  the  Americans — it  is  that  they  say  much  less  about 
Trichinae,  since  the  European  countries  have  taken  alarm  at  their 
infested  importations.  The  abundance  of  these  worms  in  American 
pork  caused  Roeper  to  assert,  that  the  abbatoirs  in  that  country 
were  the  great  breeding  centres  for  Trichinae. 

Prognosis,  Treatment,  and  Prophylaxis  of  Trichinosis. — As  has 
been  stated  above,  trichinosis  is  rarely  fatal  for  the  Pig  ; fre- 
quently it  does  not  give  rise  to  any  appreciable  disturbance,  but 
in  the  majority  of  cases  it  coincides  with  normal  fattening.  The 
prognosis  is  only  serious,  so  far  as  the  health  of  Man  is  involved, 
through  eating  the  flesh  of  the  affected  animal.  It  is,  therefore, 
of  importance  to  discover  some  means  by  which  the  muscular 
parasites  can  be  destroyed,  and  it  is  most  desirable,  so  far  as  human 
trichinosis  is  concerned  ; but  this  discovery  has  yet  to  be  made. 
It  may  be  compensated  for,  however,  by  prophylactic  measures, 
which  have  a certain  efficacy. 

In  order  to  suppress  trichinosis,  it  suffices  to  institute  and  main- 
tain a rigorous  surveillance  in  the  feeding  of  Pigs — only  allowing 
them  vegetable  food,  preventing  their  indulging  their  coprophagous 
appetites,  and  to  keep  the  dead  bodies  of  black  and  brown  Rats  and 
Mice  away  from  them.  It  is  always  possible  to  maintain  them  in 
such  a condition  that  all  chance  of  infestation  will  be  averted,  and 
particularly  if  care  be  taken  not  to  give  them  raw  slops,  whatever 
may  be  their  composition.  In  places  where  animal  matters  must 
form  part  of  their  rations,  these  should  be  chopped  up  into  very 
small  pieces  before  they  are  cooked,  and  this  process  should  be 
complete. 

Vitality  of  the  Trichinae. — The  encysted  Trichinae  possess  re- 
markable vitality,  which  contributes  to  increase  the  chances  of 
infestation. 


TRICHINOSIS 


599 


It  is  often  necessary  to  know  if  the  muscle  Trichinae  are  alive 
or  dead  ; and  to  ascertain  this,  recourse  may  be  had  to  two  pro- 
cedures. 

In  one,  the  Trichinae  are  placed  on  a platinum  plate,  which  is  heated  to 
a temperature  of  350  to  40°  ; in  a short  time,  if  they  are  alive,  they  will  begin 
to  twist  about  in  a manner  proportionate  to  their  vitality.  These  movements 
are  sometimes  rather  obscure  and  doubtful,  or — if  the  cyst  is  torn — there  is 
a sudden  extension,  which  might  either  be  a spontaneous  motion  or  a mere 
inert  elastic  one.  The  second  procedure  is  very  simple  and  sure,  and  leaves 
no  doubt,  if  carried  out  methodically.  It  consists  in  giving  the  suspected 
flesh  to  an  animal,  in  the  intestines  of  which  the  Trichinae  are  capable  of 
attaining  their  development.  After  one,  two,  three,  or  four  days,  if  the 
animal  is  killed  and  the  contents  of  the  intestines  are  examined,  adult  male 
and  female  Trichinae  and  embryos  will  be  found,  if  the  meat  contained  living 
Nematodes.  If  they  were  dead,  then  they  will  be  discovered  free  from  their 
cysts — which  have  been  dissolved — more  or  less  uncoiled,  but  motionless, 
and  having  no  developed  genital  organs  ; they  are  often  damaged  by  the 
gastric  juice.  It  is  advantageous  to  experiment  upon  a small  animal,  as  there 
is  less  intestinal  fluid  to  examine.  In  this  respect,  small  birds — which  were 
employed  by  Colin — are  very  convenient,  and  have  the  additional  advantage 
of  not  passing  the  newly-hatched  embryos,  which  may  be  found  in  thousands 
in  the  intestines. 

These  tests  may  be  completed  by  staining  with  such  colouring  matters 
as  methylanilin  violet,  picrocarminate  of  ammonia,  anilin  blue,  etc.  The 
living  Trichinae  do  not  stain,  and  therefore  contrast  strongly  with  the  coloured 
muscular  fibres  ; while  the  dead  parasites  readily  become  tinted. 

The  Trichinae  resist  for  months  (a  hundred  days,  it  is  said)  the 
putrefaction  of  the  flesh  in  which  they  are  encysted. 

To  appreciate  the  effects  of  heat , Perroncito  has  heated  the  larval 
Trichinae  on  a Schultze’s  table,  and  noted  that  at  440  to  48°  all 
movement  had  ceased  ; hence  he  concludes  that  they  are  killed 
after  at  least  five  minutes’  exposure  to  the  latter  temperature.  By 
means  of  the  same  table,  modified  and  better  adapted  to  these 
researches,  Piana  found  that  the  degree  of  heat  necessary  to  kill 
the  Trichinae  is  550  ; and  his  experiments  agree  with  those  which 
were  made  with  the  object  of  ascertaining  the  effects  of  cooking. 

Krabbe,  after  cutting  up  trichinous  pork  into  small  pieces, 
plunged  it  into  water  at  various  temperatures,  and  observed  that 
the  Trichinae  ceased  to  move  on  a plate  when  put  into  water  at 
55°  Cent,  for  five  minutes,  at  540  for  ten  to  fifteen  minutes,  and  at 
52*5°  for  twenty  to  thirty  minutes.  Flesh  so  exposed  did  not 
produce  trichinosis  when  given  to  Rabbits.  In  his  experiments, 
Piana  obtained  similar  results. 

The  well-conducted  experiments  of  Fjord,  of  Copenhagen,  show 
that  the  duration  of  cooking  in  water  necessary  to  kill  the  Trichinae 
in  the  centre  of  a piece  of  pork,  is  proportionate  to  its  size  ; but  it 
may  be  estimated  that  thirty  to  thirty-six  minutes  is  needed  for 
each  kilogramme — according  to  whether  it  is  summer  or  winter, 
deducting  from  this  the  half  of  that  required  to  bring  the  water  up 
to  boiling.  A ham  weighing  5 kilogrammes,  with  an  initial  tem- 
perature of  70,  should  therefore  be  boiled  36'x5  = 3 hours  if  put 
into  boiling  water,  and  two  and  a half  hours  only  if  put  into  cold 


6 oo 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


water,  and  if  an  hour  is  required  to  make  it  boil . In  following  this 
rule,  during  cooking,  a temperature  of  at  least  6o°  is  always  obtained, 
and  after  half  an  hour  or  an  hour’s  rest  that  of  70°,  the  peripheral 
heat  continuing  to  penetrate  towards  the  centre. 

The  experiments  of  Perroncito  and  Vallin  fully  confirm  these  ; 
but  those  of  Colin  are  very  much  more  precise,  as  the  flesh  cooked 
by  him  was  given  to  animals,  at  the  autopsy  of  which  it  was  seen 
whether  the  Trichinae  had  been  killed.  In  these  experiments,  a 
piece  of  trichinous  flesh  weighing  2 kilogrammes  was  boiled  for  an 
hour  and  a half,  and  a Dog  and  brown  Rat  fed  on  it  showed  no 
traces  of  living  or  dead  Trichinae  when  their  bodies  were  examined. 
For  a piece  of  3J  to  4 kilogrammes  weight,  the  same  result  required 
four  hours’  continuous  boiling.  An  hour  and  a quarter  sufficed 
for  the  ears,  lips,  cheeks  and  feet.  The  ordinary  duration  of  boiling 
is,  therefore,  a very  sure  means  of  rendering  trichinous  meat  in- 
offensive, provided  it  is  prolonged  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the 
piece. 

Piana  has  also  found  that,  when  the  Trichinae  have  been  exposed 
to  a temperature  of  540,  they  no  longer  develop  in  the  intestines 
of  Rats,  Rabbits  or  Guinea-pigs. 

Hurried  roasting — such  as  is  usually  practised  with  regard  to 
beef  and  mutton — leaves  in  the  centre  of  pieces  raw  or  merely  red 
portions,  and  consequently  does  not  kill  the  Trichinae.  They  are 
certainly  killed  if  the  roasting  is  complete — which  should  be  the 
case  with  pork.  A shoulder  of  pork  roasted  on  the  spit  before  a 
bright  fire  for  only  sixteen  minutes  was  perfectly  cooked,  and 
swallows  which  ate  some  of  the  central  portion  did  not  have  any 
living  Trichinae  in  their  intestine  (Colin). 

The  experiments  instituted  at  the  Imperial  Sanitary  Office  of 
Germany  have  yielded  like  results. 

With  regard  to  the  action  of  cold,  which  is  of  less  practical 
importance,  Leuckart  reports  that  ‘ a mass  of  flesh  was  exposed  in 
the  open  air  for  three  days  to  the  cold  of  a very  severe  winter 
(—20°  to  — 25 0 Cent.).  Completely  frozen,  it  was  given  to  a 
Rabbit,  when  it  was  found  to  have  a noxious  influence.’  This 
observation  does  not  stand  alone,  for  Rupprecht,  Fielder  and  Kuhn 
give  similar  reports.  Fielder  estimates,  however,  that  the  Trichinae 
die  when  the  temperature  descends  below  — 140  Cent.  Kuhn 
states  that  meat  kept  for  seven  weeks  in  an  ice-house  still  had 
living  Trichinae,  and  it  did  not  become  inoffensive  until  after  two 
months. 

But  these  statements  are  contradicted  by  the  experiments 
instituted,  on  the  one  hand,  at  the  Marseilles  School  of  Medicine 
by  Livon,  Bouisson  and  Caillot,  of  Poncy  ; and,  on  the  other,  by 
H.  Bouley  and  Gibier.  The  latter  used  pieces  of  trichinous  meat, 
which  were  placed  for  two  and  a half  hours  in  refrigerating  appa- 
ratus on  the  Carre  system,  and  they  remarked  that  exposure  to 
a temperature  of  - 20°  and  even  of  — 150  was  sufficient  to  kill  the 
Trichinae.  The  differences  between  these  two  series  of  experiments 


TRICHINOSIS 


601 


are  evidently  due  to  the  circumstance,  that  in  the  second  the 
Trichinae  had  been  submitted  to  the  more  or  less  prolonged  action 
of  salt,  as  Gibier  recognised  afterwards. 

The  influence  of  salting  on  the  vitality  of  Trichinae  is  far  from 
being  so  marked  as  is  supposed.  It  requires  a long  time  to  bring 
about  the  death  of  the  parasites.  According  to  Colin’s  experi- 
ments, ‘ incomplete  salting  carried  out  for  six,  eight  or  ten  days 
does  not  kill  the  Trichinae,  nor  in  any  way  hinder  their  power  of 
development  in  the  intestine  . . . complete  salting  promptly  kills 
those  in  the  superficial  parts  of  pieces  placed  in  brine  or  powdered 
with  salt,  but  the  parasites  in  the  deeper  portion,  which  are  slowly 
reached  by  the  pickle,  live  for  a long  time.  ...  In  sausages — even 
those  slightly  pickled — the  Trichinae  are  killed  in  about  fifteen  days, 
throughout,  and  more  certainly  than  in  the  ham,  because  of  the 
more  rapid  and  complete  diffusion  of  the  salt  in  all  parts.  These 
results  prove  that  pickling  rapidly  destroys  the  Trichinae,  and 
that  fifteen  days  suffice  for  those  in  the  superficial  parts,  six  weeks 
for  the  deeper.’ 

In  the  Emersleben  epidemic  of  1883,  it  was  reported  that  the 
ingestion  of  salted,  trichinous  hashed  meat,  eaten  one  day  after 
the  Pig  was  slaughtered,  caused  the  death  of  33  per  cent,  of  those 
who  consumed  it  ; but  in  six  days  it  caused  no  harm. 

At  Paris,  Lyons,  Rouen,  Thionville,  Strasburg,  Munich,  Antwerp, 
Utrecht,  Rotterdam,  Bale,  and  in  Italy,  a number  of  experiments 
have  not  succeeded  in  developing  trichinosis  in  animals  which 
have  been  fed  for  various  periods  on  salted  trichinous  flesh  from 
America. 

But  the  conclusions  to  be  derived  from  these  facts  cannot  be 
accepted  unreservedly.  Girard  and  Pabst  have  noticed  movements 
in  Trichinae  obtained  from  American  salted  pork,  when  they  sub- 
jected them  to  a temperature  of  40°  to  450  ; and  Schmidt  has  made 
similar  observations  with  regard  to  meat  which  had  been  in  pickle 
for  a long  time.  Bouley,  Andre,  Johne,  Meissner,  Duncker,  Neu- 
mann, and  particularly  Chatin,  have  several  times  succeeded  in 
infesting  Guinea-pigs,  Rats  and  Rabbits  by  feeding  them  with 
trichinosed  American  pork. 

It  is  therefore  proved  that  salting  does  not  inevitably  kill  the 
Trichinae  ; though,  from  what  is  known  of  the  effects  of  pickled 
trichinous  flesh,  it  must  be  admitted  that  the  persistence  of  vitality 
in  these  parasites  is  exceptional ; while  the  epidemics  caused  by  it 
have  been  more  benignant  than  those  due  to  fresh  meat,  and  the 
number  of  times  in  which  it  has  been  eaten  raw  without  any  incon- 
venience cannot  be  estimated. 

With  regard  to  smoking , the  experiments  made  by  Kuchenmeister, 
in  concert  with  Haubner  and  Liesering,  show  that  the  hot  smoking 
of  sausages  continued  for  twenty-four  hours,  kills  the  Trichinae  ; 
though  they  resist  cold  smoking  for  three  days,  not  longer.  Leuckart 
is  disposed  to  attribute  to  the  action  of  the  smoke  more  destructive 
power  than  salting.  The  effects  of  smoking  are  due  to  the  pyro- 


602 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


genous  principles  which  impregnate  the  flesh,  and  also  to  the  tem- 
perature— 6o°  to  65° — at  which  hot  smoking  is  conducted.  As  it 
is  most  frequently  carried  on  concurrently  with  salting,  the  Trichinae 
have  little  chance  of  escaping  destruction  in  meat  so  treated.  But 
Benecke  found  them  yet  alive  in  a ham  and  a sausage  which  had 
been  in  brine  for  twelve  days,  then  smoked,  and  which  he  ex- 
amined four  and  nine  months  afterwards. 

These  parasites  resist  agents  which  are  very  toxic  for  other 
Helminthes — the  action  of  a decoction  of  male  fern,  santonin, 
pomegranate-root,  and  oil  of  turpentine  for  more  than  thirty 
hours  ; chloroform  five  hours  ; and  benzine  and  Dippel  animal  oil 
three  hours  (Mosler). 

Danger  of  Trichinous  Flesh — Prophylaxis. — The  ingestion  of 
pork  containing  live  Trichinae  causes  trichinosis  in  Man,  as  it  does 
in  all  animals  capable  of  contracting  it. 

The  intestinal  phase  is  betrayed  by  great  prostration,  fever, 
thirst  and  anorexia  ; then  ensue  heavy  perspirations,  a sensation 
of  malaise  and  fulness  at  the  epigastrium,  sometimes  pharyngeal 
spasm  and  vomiting,  nearly  always  profuse  diarrhoea,  and  there 
may  be  peritonitis. 

The  symptoms  in  the  muscular  phase  are  pufflness  of  the  face 
and  oedema  of  the  limbs,  accompanied  by  pruritus  and  formication, 
or'lmore  or  less  marked  anaesthesia.  Soon  the  muscular  regions 
become  painful  to  the  touch,  are  tumefied,  and  appear  indurated. 
Contractions  supervene,  especially  in  the  flexors,  whence  result 
abnormal  attitudes  of  the  limbs,  and  even  progressive  immobility 
of  the  trunk.  The  local  invasions  give  rise  to  trismus,  disturbance 
of  the  eyes — and  especially  of  the  eyelids — deafness,  aphonia, 
dyspnoea,  and — somewhat  frequently — broncho-pneumonia,  which 
carries  off  the  patient. 

Trichinosis  usually  appears  in  the  form  of  more  or  less  extensive 
epidemics,  and  ninety  of  these  occurred  between  1858  and  1882. 
They  have  been  observed  principally  in  Germany,  less  in  Denmark, 
and  still  less  in  America  and  England.  The  only  cases  remarked 
in  France  were  those  in  the  small  epidemic  at  Crespy-en-Valois, 
Oise,  in  1878,  reported  by  Jolivet  and  Laboulbene,  which  was  due 
to  the  ingestion  of  the  flesh  of  a French  Pig  that  was  afterwards 
discovered  to  have  been  trichinous,  and  which  was  probably  infested 
by  eating  the  body  of  some  Rat  it  had  found  in  its  sty.  Of  twenty 
people  who  partook  of  this  flesh  only  four  escaped,  and  these  alone 
had  consumed  it  well  cooked.  The  other  sixteen  were  more  or  less 
ill,  and  one  died. 

After  what  has  been  said,  trichinosis  can  only  appear  after  eating 
raw  or  insufficiently  cooked  pork.  The  frequency  of  the  disease  in 
Germany — and  especially  in  North  Germany — is  owing  to  the  habit 
the  people  have  of  eating  raw  pork  in  various  forms  ; and  in  the 
United  States  it  is  the  German  colonies  which  have  been  oftenest 
attacked,  as  they  retain  the  customs  of  their  forefathers.  On  the 
contrary,  if  the  disease  is  altogether  exceptional  in  France,  this 


TRICHINOSIS 


603 


must  be  mainly  attributed  to  the  fact  that  pork  is  usually  well 
cooked,  which  renders  it  white  in  the  middle.  A person  must  take 
a notable  quantity  of  Trichinae  to  be  seriously  inconvenienced. 
Belfield,  of  Chicago,  swallowed  a dozen  without  being  in  any  way 
indisposed,  notwithstanding  the  large  number  of  embryos  that  each 
of  them  must  have  produced  in  his  intestines. 

The  preparations  of  the  pork-butcher,  in  which  the  flesh  is  raw 
or  only  slightly  cooked,  do  not  form  a sufficient  portion  of  the  public 
aliment  to  produce  a dangerous  infestation.  It  is  possible  that 
certain  illnesses  might  be  attributed  to  them  ; but  they  are  ephe- 
meral, and  cease  with  the  definitive  encapsulement  of  the  few 
Trichinae  which  gave  rise  to  them.  As  trichinous  Rats  are  not  rare 
in  France,  trichinosis  of  the  Pig  should  be  much  more  frequent 
than  the  few  cases  reported  would  lead  us  to  suppose.  What 
reduces  the  danger  to  narrow  limits  is  the  habit  of  thorough  cooking, 
and  we  have  shown  that  it  is  easy  to  obtain  the  degree  that  will 
render  trichinous  meat  inoffensive.  But  with  regard  to  American 
sausages,  as  these  are  rarely  cooked  by  the  consumers,  the  danger 
remains,  for  they  are  made  en  bloc  with  the  flesh  of  several  dozens 
of  Pigs  ; and  if  among  these  2 to  8 per  cent,  are  trichinous — as  was 
the  case  at  Chicago — the  Trichinae  must  necessarily  be  in  the  sau- 
sages. All  American  sausages  should  therefore  be  regarded  as 
doubtful,  though  the  parasites  may  be  difficult  to  discover.  In 
1879,  more  than  3,600  sausages  examined  at  Hamburg,  Trichinae 
were  found  in  only  nine. 

Taking  into  account  all  that  has  been  stated,  it  will  be  seen  that 
in  France,  at  least,  the  fears  entertained  with  regard  to  the  use  of 
American  pork  have  been  very  exaggerated.  If  it  is  not  innocuous, 
the  danger  incurred  is  exceptional,  as  the  Trichinae  in  it  are  most 
frequently  dead,  have  but  little  vitality,  or  only  a few  are  alive. 
The  danger  is  further  diminished  by  the  culinary  habits  of  the 
people  ; and  if  it  is  present  in  sausages,  etc.,  which  are  little  cooked, 
this  does  not  justify  absolute  prohibition  for  all.  Create  at  the 
port  of  arrival  an  inspection  service,  the  cost  of  which  will  fall 
upon  the  traders  themselves  ; require  that  all  the  pork  imported 
shall  correspond  to  what  is  designated  ‘ fully  cured,’  that  is,  com- 
pletely salted,  grey  externally,  firm  to  the  touch,  healthy,  well 
preserved,  gives  to  the  probe  a pleasant  nutty  smell  ; and  publish 
instructions  for  the  people  with  respect  to  the  utility  of  thorough 
cooking — such  are  the  measures  that  would  greatly  reduce  the 
danger  in  the  use  of  this  flesh,  which  it  would  not  be  wise  to  make 
a pretext  for  absolute  prohibition. 

The  porcine  production  of  the  United  States  is  considerable.  In 
1879,  11,000,000  were  slaughtered  there  ; Chicago  alone  salted 
and  exported  nearly  one-half  of  the  number  (4,805,000),  and  in 
winter  from  20,000  to  60,000  Pigs  are  killed  daily  — slaughter, 
salting,  smoking,  etc.,  are  all  carried  on  by  machinery.  But  these 
operations  are  not  always  conducted  with  the  necessary  care  ; 
for  the  lard  has  sometimes  a bad  taste,  salting  is  not  uniform, 


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TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


and  the  Trichinae  may  maintain,  though  exceptionally,  all  their 
vitality. 

In  the  United  States,  under  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  pork 
is  now  carefully  inspected  and  classified  as  follows  : 

A.  ‘ Samples  in  which  there  are  no  signs  of  Trichinae,  living  or  dead,  calcified 
cysts,  or  other  bodies  or  substances  having  any  resemblance  to  Trichinae  or 
Trichinae  cysts.’  According  to  Law  ( Veterinary  Medicine,  vol.  v.),  98  per 
cent,  of  all  pork  passes  under  this  head,  and  is  labelled  as  sound  and  certified 
for  exportation. 

B.  ‘ Samples  in  which  there  are  disintegrated  Trichinae  or  Trichinae  cysts, 
calcified  Trichinae  or  Trichinae  cysts,  or  bodies  having  any  resemblance 
thereto.’ 

C.  * Samples  in  which  there  are  living  or  dead  Trichinae  bodies,  not  dis- 
integrated.’ 

Together  Classes  B and  C do  not  exceed  2 per  cent. 

‘ All  carcases  coming  within  Class  C are  removed  from  the  cooling  room 
and  disposed  of  by  tanking,  or  they  may  be  rendered  into  edible  lard  at  a 
temperature  of  1 50°  F. , or  made  into  cooked  meat  products  if  the  temperature 
is  raised  to  the  boiling  point  for  a sufficient  time  to  cook  thoroughly  the  interior 
of  the  pieces.  Carcases  belonging  to  Class  B are  rejected  for  shipment  to 
countries  requiring  inspection  and  certification.’ 


CHAPTER  IV 

PARASITES  OF  THE  BONES  (ECHINOCOCCI) 

Owing  to  their  compactness,  bones  oppose  an  almost  insurmountable  obstacle 
to  the  introduction  of  parasites.  These  may,  nevertheless,  penetrate  them 
accidentally,  being  carried  to  them  by  the  blood-stream.  This  explains  the 
presence  of  Echinococci  in  the  cavity  of  long  bones,  and  these  are  the  only 
zoo-parasites  which  have  been  met  with  in  them. 

Only  nine  instances  of  hydatid  cysts  in  the  bones  of  domesticated  animals 
have  been  recorded  up  to  the  present  time  ; two  of  these  concern  the  Horse, 
and  seven  the  Ox. 

Horse. — In  a case  observed  by  Colin,  ‘ the  hydatids  formed  an  enormous 
tumour  situated  in  the  sub-lumbar  region  ; they  had  invaded  the  muscles 
of  that  region.  This  tumour  was  reproduced  after  two  partial  ablations  ; 
it  extended  towards  the  ilium,  and  Echinococci  were  found  in  the  diploe  of 
that  bone.’ 

Vachetta  found  a bony  tumour  filled  with  numerous  Echinococci  vesicles, 
on  the  left  branch  of  the  inferior  maxilla. 

Ox. — The  seven  cases  of  hydatid  cysts  of  the  bones  in  bovine  animals  are 
arranged  according  to  their  seat  as  follows  : one  in  the  humerus  (J.  Hunter), 
one  in  the  ilium  (J.  Hunter),  three  in  the  femur  (Gurlt,  Wulf,  and  Morot), 
one  in  the  tibia  (Perrin),  and  one  in  a dorsal  vertebra  (Railliet  and  Morot). 

We  have  no  information  with  regard  to  four  of  these  cases,  which  are 
limited  to  necroscopic  details,  the  observations  having  been  made  in  abattoirs. 

In  Gurlt’ s case,  the  medullary  canal  of  the  left  femur  of  a fat  Ox  contained 
a great  number  of  hyatids  ; there  were  also  very  many  in  the  liver. 

In  Perrin’s  instances  of  hyatids  in  the  tibia,  nothing  was  observed  ex- 
ternally, but  the  whole  of  the  medullary  canal  was  invaded  by  the  hydatic 
tumour,  the  spongy  part  of  the  bone  having  almost  entirely  disappeared. 
The  Echinococci  belonged  to  the  exogenous  variety  ; the  daughter-vesicles 
had  acquired  great  development,  and  the  scolex  was  readily  recognisable. 

In  Morot’ s case,  the  femur  also  did  not  present  anything  particular  extern- 
ally. The  medulla  had  only  partially  disappeared,  and  the  hydatids  occupied 
the  lower  part  of  the  canal  for  about  5 or  6 cm.  of  its  length.  From  the  little 
that  is  said  of  it,  it  appears  to  have  belonged  to  the  endogenous  type  ; the 
size  of  the  daughter-vesicles  varied  between  that  of  a millet-seed  and  a hemp- 
seed.  No  scolex  was  found. 

In  Railliet  and  Morot’s  observation,  the  body  of  the  seventh  dorsal  vertebra 
was  hollowed  out  into  an  irregular  cavity  communicating  with  the  adjacent 
adipose  mass  by  means  of  an  opening  formed  from  within  to  without.  This 
cavity  contained  the  remains  of  the  Echinococcus. 


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BOOK  VII 

PARASITES  OF  THE  NERVE-CENTRES  AND  SENSORY  ORGANS 


CHAPTER  I 

PARASITES  OF  THE  NERVE-CENTRES 

Notwithstanding  their  being  protected  in  a bony  cavity,  the 
brain  and  spinal  cord  are  not  exempt  from  the  invasion  of  parasites. 
We  are  less  astonished  at  this,  when  we  remember  that  the  medullary 
cavity  of  the  long  bones  may  lodge  Echinoccoci.  Parasites  pene- 
trate to  the  cerebrospinal  cavity  by  means  of  the  blood-stream  ; 
only  the  larvae  of  Gastrophilus,  it  may  be  said,  actively  introduce 
themselves  into  the  cranium  by  one  of  its  openings.  All  the  para- 
sites generally  produce  fatal  lesions.  They  belong  to  a small 
number  of  species,  and,  with  the  exception  of  the  Ccenurus  cerebralis, 
they  are  more  or  less  exceptional.  They  are  the  larvae  of  the 
(Estridae,  the  armed  Sclerostome,  and  the  bladder  worms,  Cysti- 
cercus,  Echinococcus,  and  Ccenurus. 


Article  I. — Erratic  or  Wandering  Helminthas. 

Cysticercus. — Numerous  observations  establish  the  fact  that  in  the  brain 
of  the  Pig  and  Dog  the  Cysticercus  cellulosce — the  parasitic  element  in  measles — 
may  be  found.  This  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  what  has  been  said  on  this 
subject  (see  pp.  562-584). 

Ccenurus. — In  addition  to  the  Ccenurus  cerebralis — the  normal  habitat  of 
which  is  in  the  brain  of  Ruminants,  and  the  study  of  which  will  be  found  in  the 
Article  on  ‘ Gid  ’ — we  have  to  record  two  observations  relative  to  the  Ccenurus 
serialis — a parasite  of  the  connective  tissue  of  the  Rabbit,  which  has  been 
found  on  two  occasions  in  the  spinal  canal  of  that  animal. 

The  first  observation  is  relative  to  a wild  Rabbit ; it  was  made  by  Rousseau, 
and  reported  by  Leblond.  The  second  is  due  to  Railliet,  and  refers  to  a 
domesticated  Rabbit,  affected  to  a severe  degree  with  conjunctival  ccenurosis. 
It  died  paraplegic,  and  in  its  spinal  canal — at  the  commencement  of  the 
lumbar  region — was  found  a very  elongated,  almost  tubular  Ccenurus  serialis, 
which  was  lodged  in  the  arachnoid,  and  made  two  turns  round  the  spinal  cord, 
which  it  had  somewhat  depressed. 

Echinococcus. — The  annals  of  human  medicine  record  a large  number  of 
cases  of  Echinococci  in  the  nerve-centres  ; but  it  is  not  so  with  those  relating 
to  the  domesticated  animals.  We  do  not  know  whether  it  was  not  rather 
to  a Coenurus  than  an  Echinococcus,  that  the  case  observed  by  Woodger  and 

606 


PARASITES  OF  THE  NERVE-CENTRES 


607 


reported  by  Varnell  was  due.  This  was  a Horse  affected  with  a kind  of 
vertigo,  which  inclined  its  head  strongly  to  the  right,  then  turned  in  a circle 
in  the  same  direction.  At  the  autopsy,  there  was  found  in  one  lateral  ven- 
tricle (which  ?)  of  the  brain  a vesicle  the  size  of  an  orange,  which  had  caused 
atrophy  of  the  cerebral  substance,  and  which  was  considered  an  Acephalo- 
cyst.  A similar  lesion  was  described  by  Battledore  in  1830. 

Gerlach  mentions  that  Oeltjen  found  an  Acephalocyst  hyadtid  in  the  brain 
of  a Horse  that  had  been  affected  with  vertigo. 

We  may  here  cite  another  observation  made  by  Kirkman,  relative  to  a Horse 
which  had  a sub-orbital  swelling  on  the  right  side,  with  damaged  vision.  At 
the  autopsy  there  was  discovered,  beneath  the  right  eye  and  in  the  temporal 
fossa,  an  abscess,  the  pus  of  which  contained,  in  suspension,  numerous  endo- 
genous Echinococci,  of  the  size  of  a pea  to  that  of  a cherry.  The  temporal 
and  ocular  muscles  were  flaccid,  pale,  and  enveloped  in  fibrous  tissue.  A tumour 
occupied  the  base  of  the  cranium,  and  the  corresponding  hemisphere  was 
atrophied,  as  well  as  the  first,  second,  third,  fifth,  and  sixth  cerebral  nerves. 

Boschetti  has  described  a case  of  cerebral  echinococcosis  in  a cow. 

Nematodes. — The  young  form  of  the  armed  Sclerostome — the  aneurismal 
Sclerostome — is  found  in  various  arteries  in  the  Horse,  and  those  of  the  brain 
are  not  exempt.  Three  observations  have  been  published. 

Albrecht  reports  the  case  of  a Horse  which,  during  work,  suddenly  began 
to  stagger  ; the  eyes  were  fixed,  and  the  respiration  was  noisy  ; there  were 
remissions  and  relapses.  Three  hours  after  the  first  symptoms  appeared, 
the  head  was  carried  low  and  inclined  to  the  left,  and  there  were  convulsive 
movements  of  the  neck  and  limbs.  Soon  it  fell  on  the  left  side,  became  un- 
conscious, and  manifested  complete  insensibility.  In  this  state  it  was  killed, 
and  at  the  autopsy  there  were  found  diffuse  meningitis,  haemorrhagic  ence- 
phalitis, and  in  the  middle  lobe  of  the  cerebellum  a Sclerostome,  which  had 
probably  arrived  there  when  an  embryo.  Van  Heill  saw  a three  years  old 
Horse  which  was  suddenly  attacked  with  furious  vertigo,  that  lasted  about 
a quarter  of  an  hour.  An  autopsy  revealed  congestion  of  the  brain  and 
choroid  plexus,  while  a free  Sclerostome  was  lodged  in  the  cortical  substance 
of  the  right  hemisphere.  Le  Bihan  found  another  worm  of  this  kind  in  the 
occipital  artery  ; rupture  of  the  aneurism  caused  the  death  of  the  Horse  in 
less  than  ten  minutes. 

Abildgaard  discovered  the  Filaria  equina  between  the  dura-mater  and 
cranial  arachnoid  of  a Horse  (Rudolphi). 

Article  II. — Hydatido-Cephalus  or  ‘ Gid.’ 

This  is  a disease  due  to  the  presence  of  the  Ccenurus  cerebralis  in 
the  nerve-centres,  and  particularly  in  the  brain.  It  is  observed  in 
the  Sheep,  less  frequently  in  the  Goat  and  Ox,  and  altogether  ex- 
ceptionally in  the  Horse. 

' Gid  ’ appears  to  be  less  frequent  in  England  than  formerly, 
though  in  certain  seasons  it  may  cause  considerable  damage,  some- 
times as  many  as  35  per  cent,  of  a flock  being  lost.  It  has  been 
stated  by  Youatt,  that  in  France  a million  of  Sheep  die  from  it 
annually  ; and  Gasparin  puts  the  losses  in  Germany  as  15  per  1,000 
in  the  first  year  of  life — from  eight  to  twelve  months  being  the  most 
critical  time — 5 in  the  second  year,  2 in  the  third  year,  and  1 in  the 
fourth. 

Synonyms. — French  : Tournis  Avertin,  Tournoiement,  Etourdisse- 
ment,  Vertigo,  Lourd , Hydroc'ephale  ; German  : Drehen,  Drehkrank- 
heit ; Italian  : V ertigine  idatiginosa,  Vertigine  per  cenuro ; English  : 
Gid,  Turnsick,  Turnside,  Sturdy,  Goggles,  Turn,  Blobwhirl,  Giddiness, 
Punt,  Hydatid  on  the  brain,  Hydatido-cephalus. 


6o3 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Etiology. — The  sole  cause  of  * Gid  ’ is  the  Ccenurus  cerebralis  Rud.,  the 
cystic  form  of  the  Tcenia  ccenurus  Kuch  (see  p.  375). 

It  is  a vesicle  of  variable  size,  sometimes  attaining  the  volume  of  a hen’s 
egg.  Its  limiting  membrane  is  very  thin,  translucent  and  contractile,  and 

more  or  less  distended  by  a very  limpid, 
colourless  fluid.  On  its  surface  are  white,  un- 
equally grouped  spots,  which  are  agglomerated 
and  pressed  together  at  certain  points  and 
absent  at  others.  These  spots  correspond  to 
as  many  invaginations  of  the  membrane  and 
scolices  of  the  Taenia  that  project  into  the 
interior  of  the  vesicle.  The  proportion  of  the 
scolices  is  very  variable,  and  may,  in  advanced 
cases,  be  as  many  as  400  and  500.  They  are 
not  always  at  the  same  period  of  development, 
some  being  still  rudimentary,  and  others  having 
all  the  characters  of  a scolex  of  the  Tcenia 
ccenurus.  The  latter  may  be  4 mm.  to  5 mm. 
long  when  evaginated,  and  presents  the  head 
of  the  Taenia  followed  by  a constriction — the 
neck — then  by  a body  three  or  four  times  as 
long  as  the  head,  and  studded  with  calcareous 
granules. 

These  scolices  may  voluntarily  become 
evaginated,  as  Davaine  has  observed  ; and  with  this  author  it  might  be 
admitted  that  the  symptoms  of  the  disease  are  not  exclusively  due  to  com- 
pression, but  often  to  direct  irritation  of  the  cerebral  substance  by  these 
heads  armed  with  hooks. 

The  Coenurus  is  almost  exclusively  a parasite  of  Ruminants,  but 
it  is  much  more  frequent  in  the  Sheep  than  the  Goat  or  Ox  ; it  has 
also  been  met  with  in  the  European  MoufLon,  the  Chamois,  Roebucks 
and  Antelope,  Reindeer,  Dromedary,  and  even  in  the  Horse  (and 
Man).  Eichler  has  found  it  in  the  connective  tissue  of  a Sheep, 
Nathusius  beneath  the  skin  of  a Calf,  and  Engelmeyer  has  seen  in 
the  liver  of  a Cat  a Coenurus  of  an  undetermined  species.  Rabe 
says  he  found  vesicles  of  the  Ccenurus  cerebralis  at  the  same  time 
in  the  nerve-centres,  thoracic  and  abdominal  lymphatic  glands,  the 
thyroid  body,  and  the  muscles  of  a Gazelle. 

The  nature  of  ‘ gid  ’ was  for  a long  time  unknown.  It  was  supposed  to 
be  a serous  apoplexy,  a dropsy  of  the  lateral  ventricles,  a serous  engorge- 
ment of  the  brain,  etc.  The  Coenurus  was  considered  to  be  a cyst,  the  result 
of  a metamorphosis  of  the  ova  of  insects  deposited  beneath  the  cranium,  etc. 
The  cause  was  sought  for  in  the  regime,  cold,  heat,  damp,  precocious  obesity, 
contusions,  etc.,  although  it  appeared  under  the  most  diverse  conditions. 
Leshe  was  the  first,  in  1780,  to  recognise  the  watery  bladder  as  a cystic  worm 
always  found  in  animals  affected  with  gid,  and  Gceze  soon  after  made  the 
same  observation.  But  it  was  not  until  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth  century 
that  exact  notions  began  to  prevail  as  to  the  etiological  conditions  of  this  malady. 

The  first  experiments  in  this  direction  are  due  to  Kuchenmeister,  in  1853  ; 
and  they  have  been  many  times  repeated  since,  particularly  by  Haubner, 
May,  Gurlt,  Gerlach,  Leuckart,  Van  Beneden,  Eschricht,  C.  Baillet,  Roll, 
Fiirstenberg,  etc.  They  have  established,  in  the  firmest  manner,  the  etiology 
of  gid,  and  shown  the  ontogenic  relations  of  the  Ccenurus  cerebralis  with  the 
Tcenia  coenurus. 

When  a Lamb  receives  the  mature  segments  or  ova  of  the  Tcenia 
ccenurus , the  shells  of  the  ova  are  soon  dissolved  in  the  gastric 


Fig.  359. — Coenurus  cere- 

bralis, after  being  kept  in 
alcohol. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  NERVE-CENTRES  609 

juice,  and  the  embryos  are  set  free.  By  means  of  their  six  hooks, 
they  pass  through  the  walls  of  the  stomach  or  intestine,  wander 
among  the  tissues,  very  probably  penetrate  some  vessel,  and  are 
cariied  by  the  blood-current  to  various  parts  of  the  organism. 
Those  which  arrive  in  the  nerve-centres  are  almost  the  only  ones 
that  pursue  their  development.  They  then  lose  their  hooks,  and 
are  transformed  into  vesicles  that  gradually  acquire  the  character 
of  the  coenurus. 

If  several  lodge  themselves  at  one  time  in  the  cranial  cavity,  the 
first  symptoms  of  gid  are  usually  observed  in  from  the  eighth  to 
the  twentieth  day  ; but  if  there  are  only  one  or  two,  then,  as  a 
rule,  the  signs  of  the  malady  are  later  in  appearing.  C.  Baillet 
states  that  he  did  not  notice  them  in  two  Lambs  until  68  and  114 
days  after  these  had  ingested  the  proglottides,  and  although  at  the 
autopsies  he  found  in  one  33,  and  in  the  other  5,  cystic  worms  more 
or  less  developed. 

After  the  eighth  day  the  brain  is  extremely  congested,  and  from 
the  fourteenth  to  the  thirty-eighth  day  there  are  seen  on  the  surface 
of  the  cerebrum  sinuous,  superficial  furrows  of  a pale-yellow  tint, 
at  the  termination  or  in  the  neighbourhood  of  which  the  vesicles 
are  met  with.  At  the  end  of  two  or  three  weeks,  the  diameter  of 
these  varies  between  -6  mm.,  -8  mm.,  1,  2 or  3 mm. ; on  the  twenty- 
fourth  day  they  are  the  size  of  a pea,  but  they  do  not  yet  give  any 
indication  of  the  formation  of  scolices.  These  appear  as  opaque 
depressions  on  vesicles  thirty-eight  days  old,  and  are  about  the 
size  of  a cherry.  Those  which  are  fifty  or  fifty-five  days  old,  and 
are  a little  larger,  have  on  their  internal  surface  numerous  charac- 
teristic scolices,  with  hooks  and  suckers  ; but  they  are  still  incom- 
pletely developed,  and  it  is  not  until  the  end  of  two  months  to  two 
and  a half  months  that  perfect  scolices  are  seen.  The  vesicles  do 
not  the  less  continue  to  grow  and  to  throw  out  new  heads,  which 
are  found  in  all  degrees  of  approaching  maturity  (C.  Baillet). 

It  is  not  rare  to  meet  with,  in  an  early  stage  of  the  experiment, 
sinuous  tracks  like  those  on  the  surface  of  the  brain,  beneath  the 
pulmonary  pleurae,  visceral  layer  of  the  pericardium  or  endocardium, 
intestinal  serous  membrane,  between  the  layers  of  the  omentum, 
and  on  the  diaphragm  and  walls  of  the  oesophagus.  C.  Baillet — 
to  whom  we  owe  these  details — has  even  on  one  occasion  found  four 
vesicles  twenty  days  old — two  at  the  apex  of  the  heart  and  two 
on  the  surface  of  the  lungs  ; these  came  from  wandering  pro- 
scolices  which,  later,  had  become  atrophied  and  formed  small 
fibro-calcareous  tumours — such  as  are  sometimes  met  with  in 
animals  that  die  a long  time  after  the  commencement  of  the  experi- 
ment. 

These  diverse  researches  place  beyond  doubt  the  etiology  of  gid  ; 
it  has  its  origin  in  the  Tcenia  ccenurus  of  the  Dog,  the  mature  seg- 
ments of  which — gorged  with  ova — are  expelled  with  the  excre- 
ments, and  fall  upon  the  pastures  where  this  animal  wanders  along 
with  the  ruminants  it  guards.  It  has  been  nowhere  demonstrated 

39 


6io 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


— as  has  been  suggested — that  the  Wolf,  Fox  and  Polecat  may 
harbour  this  Taenia,  and  so  concur  in  this  infestation. 

The  proglottides  of  the  Tania  ccenurus,  dispersed  on  the  ground, 
decompose  there,  allow  their  ova  to  escape,  and  the  rains  disseminate 
these  over  the  grass  or  wash  them  into  ditches  or  ponds  from  which 
animals  drink.  Humidity  is  essentially  favourable  to  the  main- 
tenance of  vitality  in  these  ova  ; so  it  is  that  gid  is  more  common 
in  flocks  that  frequent  damp  pastures,  and  also  when  the  spring 
and  summer  have  been  rainy.  These  two  seasons  constitute  the 
period  in  which  the  malady  generally  appears,  and  coincide  with 
turning  out  to  graze,  and  the  duration  of  the  kind  of  incubation 
that  precedes  the  manifestation  of  the  symptoms. 

In  the  experiments  of  Roll  and  Haubner,  the  proglottides  of  the 
Tania  ccenurus,  after  fourteen  days’  desiccation  in  the  air  had  lost 
their  infesting  power.  On  the  other  hand,  Gerlach  was  able  to 
communicate  the  disease  to  Lambs  by  means  of  proglottides  kept 
for  three  months  on  damp  grass. 

Garcin  has  remarked  that  the  Merinos  and  half-bred  Merinos  of 
Picardy  are  more  readily  infested  than  the  native  Sheep  ; because, 
in  eating  off  the  grass  close  to  the  ground,  they  are  more  certain 
to  take  the  ova  and  proglottides  than  the  latter,  which  do  not 
graze  so  near  the  neck  of  the  grass-roots. 

The  influence  of  the  preceding  etiological  conditions  is  subordinate 
to  the  age  of  the  animals,  for  they  are  nearly  all  Lambs  and  Hoggets 
which  pay  a large  tribute  to  gid — this  disease  being  exceptional  in 
Sheep  more  than  two  years  old.  Cattle  are  longer  exposed  to  it, 
though  after  their  seventh  year  they  certainly  escape.  It  is  difficult 
to  explain,  by  a varied  consistency  of  the  tissues,  this  susceptibility 
of  certain  ages  and  the  relative  immunity  of  others. 

As  in  a large  number  of  other  parasitic  maladies,  so  in  this — 
attempts  have  been  made  to  prove  that  heredity  plays  a part  in 
the  development  of  gid.  With  regard  to  the  cases  of  the  Coenurus 
in  new-born  Lambs — as  those  cited  by  Riem  and  Hering,  they 
might  be  accounted  for  by  intra-uterine  infestation  by  means  of 
the  proscolex,  which,  leaving  the  intestine  of  the  mother,  finds  its 
way  into  the  circulatory  system  of  the  foetus. 

The  Tania  ccenurus — the  cause  of  gid — is  itself  derived  from  the 
Ccenurus  cerebralis,  as  the  above-named  experimenters  have  demon- 
strated. This  is  because  the  heads  of  Sheep  which  have  died  of 
gid,  or  the  bladder-worms  removed  from  the  brain,  are  thrown  to 
the  Sheep-dogs,  which  in  this  wav  a :quire  the  Taenia — each  scolex 
separates  from  the  mother-vesicle  in  their  intestine,  becomes  fixed 
on  the  mucous  membrane,  and  develops  into  a Tania  ccenurus,  the 
ova  of  which,  dispersed  over  the  ground,  become  in  their  turn  cystic 
worms  if  they  find  the  conditions  favourable  to  their  development 
in  a Ruminant. 

Symptoms. — Gid  varies  in  its  external  signs,  according  as  the 
Coenurus  is  lodged  in  the  cranial  cavity  or  in  the  spinal  canal. 

Cephalic  Gid. — The  malady  often  begins  with  signs  of  congestion 


PARASITES  OF  THE  NERVE-CENTRES  611 

or  inflammation  of  the  brain  or  its  membranes  ; though  Moller 
asserts  that  these  early  symptoms  of  brain  invasion  are  absent  in 
four-fifths  of  the  Sheep  which  have  received  the  germ  of  gid.  In 
general,  there  is  at  first  indifference  and  weakness,  an  abnormal 
attitude  of  the  head — which  is  held  low  and  to  one  side,  or  carried 
high,  with  hyperthermia  of  the  cranium  and  vascular  injection  of 
the  sclerotica.  Sometimes  when  there  is  simultaneous  immigra- 
tion of  a great  number  of  young  worms,  these  symptoms  become 
exaggerated,  and  notably  the  higher  temperature  of  the  cranium, 
pressure  on  which  causes  pain  ; the  pulse  is  more  frequent,  and 
acting  under  irresistible  impulse,  the  animal  performs  automatic 
movements  forward  to  the  right  or  left,  in  a circle  or  rotatory  on 
one  spot — pivoting  round  a vertical  axis  passing  between  the 
collected  four  limbs.  In  other  cases,  the  animal  acts  as  if  intoxi- 
cated, and  often  stumbles  and  falls.  At  the  same  time  the  eyes 
are  deviated  inwards  or  outwards,  the  neck  is  contorted,  there  is 
grinding  of  the  teeth,  the  mouth  is  foamy,  and  clonic  contractions 
agitate  the  limbs. 

This  kind  of  vertigo — the  precursor  of  gid — is  rarely  continuous, 
but  most  frequently  intermittent ; in  about  eight  or  ten  days  the 
animals  appear  to  have  recovered  their  health,  and  it  is  altogether 
exceptional  for  Lambs  to  succumb  in  this  first  stage.  There  may 
even  be  a definitive  return  to  health,  in  consequence  of  a regres- 
sion of  the  young  parasites  which  have  invaded  the  brain  ; but  this 
fortunate  termination  occurs  in  scarcely  more  than  2 per  cent,  of 
those  attacked. 

Generally,  the  Cystic  worms  continue  to  grow,  and  during  a 
period  of  from  four  to  six  months  the  attentive  observer  recognises 
from  time  to  time — and  especially  in  stormy  weather — certain  signs 
indicating  an  abnormal  condition  and  permanent  compression, 
though  slight,  of  the  brain.  At  the  end  of  this  period — towards 
the  termination  of  winter,  or  in  the  spring — appear  the  real  symptoms 
of  gid. 

There  are  various  disturbances  in  sensibility,  an  intermittent 
automatism,  and  a special  attitude  of  the  head — which  is  some- 
times depressed,  sometimes  more  or  less  elevated ; the  animal 
pushes  against  walls,  its  eyes  are  haggard  and  fixed,  and  the  pupils 
are  dilated.  By  an  ophthalmoscopic  examination,  Bouchut  noticed 
a neuro-retinitis,  consisting  of  very  marked  oedema  of  the  optic 
nerve  and  retina,  and  an  exudate  that  almost  entirely  masked  the 
papilla  of  the  nerve  or  one  of  its  sides.  The  Sheep  is  feeble  and 
indifferent,  gradually  loses  its  appetite,  lags  behind  the  flock  or 
does  not  follow  at  all.  The  nature  and  direction  of  the  automatic 
movements  it  exhibits  are  determined  by  the  situation  of  the 
Coenurus  scolex. 

When  the  parasite  occupies  the  surface  of  one  of  the  cerebral 
hemispheres,  the  animal  describes  circles  which  become  smaller 
and  smaller,  until  at  last,  pivoting  on  itself,  and  with  the  straw, 
hay  or  grass  twisted  around  its  feet  in  consequence,  it  falls  down. 

39—2 


6 12 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


In  other  instances,  the  circles  become  extended.  As  a rule,  the 
Sheep  turns  towards  the  same  side  as  that  on  which  the  brain  is 
compressed.  If  the  parasite  occupies  a ventricle,  or  if  it  presses 
upon  one  of  the  optic  thalami,  the  Sheep  turns  towards  the  oppo- 
site side  ; but  if  there  are  two  or  more  cysts  infesting  both  hemi- 
spheres, it  moves  sometimes  to  the  right,  sometimes  to  the  left. 

Some  Sheep  go  straight  forward,  lifting  their  feet  high  and  holding 
their  head  low  and  close  to  the  chest — these  are  named  trotteurs  in 
France,  traberen  in  Germany.  The  hydatid  is  then  localized  in  the 
anterior  part  of  the  brain — either  in  the  olfactory  lobes  or  the 
corpora  striata.  If  it  is  seated  in  the  cerebellum,  and  particularly 
in  the  lateral  lobes  or  in  the  posterior  part  of  the  mastoid  lobes,  the 
animals  are  depressed,  can  scarcely  stand,  are  uncertain  in  their 
movements,  fall  frequently,  and  usually  on  the  same  side,  but  get 
up  again  immediately.  If  the  Coenurus  makes  pressure  on  one  of 
the  crura  cerebri,  the  Sheep  often  falls,  and  then  has  convulsions, 
accompanied  by  grinding  of  the  teeth  and  the  ejection  of  foamy 
saliva  from  the  mouth. 

It  sometimes  happens — though  very  rarely — that  the  Sheep 
executes  rapid  rolling  movements  ; then  the  Coenurus  is  lodged 
at  the  base  of  the  cerebellum,  or,  because  of  its  large  size,  it  com- 
presses at  the  same  time  the  corpus  striatum  and  the  posterior 
lobe  of  the  brain.  If  the  pressure  is  exercised  on  the  corpora  quad- 
rigemina,  the  eyes  pirouette  in  the  orbits,  and  the  animal  moves 
about  as  if  blind. 

There  may  be  association  of  several  of  these  movements,  when 
there  are  several  parasites,  or  when  only  one  has  become  consider- 
ably extended.  The  disturbances  are  manifested  by  more  or  less 
repeated  attacks  in  the  course  of  the  day  ; and  the  disease  may 
last  from  four  to  six  weeks.  The  animals  gradually  become  weaker, 
and  succumb  either  to  cerebral  paralysis  or  to  debility  and  exhaus- 
tion. 

Medullary  Gid. — The  Coenurus  maybe  localized  in  the  spinal  cord, 
chiefly  in  the  lumbar  region,  and  its  symptomatic  manifestation  is 
then  designated  lumbar  gid  or  hydatic  paraplegia  (Roll). 

The  first  signs  noticed  are  paresis  of  one  of  the  hind-limbs,  or  a 
particular  weakness  of  the  loins — the  hind-quarters  sway  during 
walking,  and  nearly  descend  to  the  ground  when  the  animal  ascends 
a slope  ; it  staggers  and  rocks  from  right  to  left,  sometimes  con- 
vulsively jerks  up  its  hind-legs  like  a Horse  with  stringhalt,  or 
pushes  them  under  its  body  as  far  as  the  fore-legs,  and  often  ends 
by  tumbling  over.  It  has  much  difficulty  in  following  the  flock, 
and  slight  pressure  on  the  loins  will  cause  it  to  fall.  Gradually  the 
lumbar  weakness  increases,  and  at  last  the  Sheep  sits  down,  and 
in  order  to  move  it  drags  its  body  along  bj  means  of  its  forefeet. 
Complete  paraplegia  at  last  supervenes.  During  this  evolution  of 
the  malady,  paralysis.  of  the  rectum  and  bladder  commences,  and 
all  the  apparent  signs  of  cachexia — paleness  of  the  mucous  mem- 
branes, infiltrations,  shedding  of  the  wool,  and  progressive  emacia- 


PARASITES  OF  THE  NERVE-CENTRES 


613 


tion,  notwithstanding  retention  of  the  appetite  and  the  abnormal 
consumption  of  forage.  The  malady  may  be  prolonged  for  several 
months  if  slaughter  does  not  intervene  to  prevent  death  by 
extreme  exhaustion. 

Gid  in  the  Ox. — Though  much  less  common  in  Cattle  than  in 
Sheep,  gid  appears  in  them  more  particularly  during  the  course 
of  the  first  or  second  year,  and  may — though  less  exceptionally 
than  in  the  ovine  species — be  observed  at  adult  age,  from  four  to 
six  years.  It  is  marked  at  first  by  diminished  appetite,  sluggish- 
ness, by  the  head  being  carried  a little  elevated  and  to  the  right  or 
left,  and  executing  often-repeated  lateral  spasmodic  movements. 
In  certain  Cattle,  the  head  is  kept  constantly  depressed  without 
any  convulsive  jerkings,  and  if  the  animal  is  at  liberty  it  performs 
rotatory  movements,  like  Sheep  affected  with  the  same  malady. 
Or  it  pushes  irresistibly  forward,  pressing  the  head  so  firmly  against 
the  wall  of  the  cow-house  that  it  is  difficult  to  drive  it  back.  The 
forehead  and  base  of  the  horns  are  hot,  the  pupils  are  dilated, 
there  is  photophobia,  and  the  respirations  are  quickened.  The 
creature  is  very  impressionable,  starts  at  a sudden  noise,  tries  to 
run  away,  and  sometimes  falls  to  the  ground.  The  appetite  dis- 
appears altogether,  or  the  animal  only  munches  what  is  put  into 
its  mouth,  or  holds  it  between  its  lips — unconscious  that  anything 
is  there.  Percussion  of  the  cranium  on  the  point  corresponding 
to  the  situation  of  the  Coenurus  causes  pain,  and  elicits  a duller 
sound  than  on  the  healthy  side.  Death  is  the  termination  of  the 
disease,  and  results  from  the  same  causes  as  in  the  Sheep,  though 
generally  in  a shorter  period — sometimes  in  a few  days  (Hering), 
but  ordinarily  two  or  three  weeks,  and  exceptionally  two  or  three 
months  (Maillet),  or  even  eight  months  (Gieres). 

Gid  in  the  Horse. — We  possess  three  observations  with  regard  to  gid  in 
the  Horse.  Frenzel  saw  a Horse,  two  years  old,  which,  for  nearly  a year, 
was  affected  with  a kind  of  intermittent  gid,  with  feebleness,  languor,  anaemia, 
and  dilatation  of  the  pupils.  At  the  autopsy,  there  was  found  between  the 
cerebellum  and  cerebrum  a Coenurus  weighing  about  16  grammes.  The 
second  observation  was  made  by  the  veterinary  surgeons  of  the  Haras  at 
Trakehnen,  on  a thoroughbred  Horse,  ten  years  old.  The  disease  com- 
menced with  double  amaurosis,  with  a greyish  reflection — bordering  on  red — 
at  the  fundus  of  the  eye.  Three  months  afterwards,  the  animal  began  to 
be  unsteady  in  its  gait  during  exercise,  and  sought  to  support  itself  against 
something  by  always  backing,  and  carrying  the  head  spasmodically  to  the 
left.  These  attacks  were  repeated  about  every  eight  days,  and  the  Horse 
could  not  turn  to  the  right.  One  day,  a month  later,  it  fell  suddenly  on  its 
right  side,  inert  and  insensible,  and  died  in  the  evening.  At  the  autopsy 
there  was  discovered,  a little  below  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  right  cerebral 
hemisphere,  a Coenurus  (?)  containing  abont  75  grammes  of  serum.  The 
adjoining  cerebral  substance  was  completely  softened,  the  dura  mater  and 
sphenoid  bone  were  also  absorbed  in  this  situation — the  bone  showing  an 
opening  with  a sharp  border,  closed  only  by  a thin  pellicle.  The  other 
observation — too  briefly  reported — concerns  a carriage  Horse  that  died  sud- 
denly of  acute  vertigo,  and  on  examining  it  after  death  Schwanefeldt  found 
a Coenurus  containing  about  65  grammes  of  serum  ; it  was  situated  on  the 
surface  of  the  brain,  and  was  compressed  by  the  cranial  bones. 

Gid  in  the  Goose. — This  case  was  observed  by  Hering,  the  Goose  presenting 


6 14 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


symptoms  analogous  to  those  noticed  in  Sheep  affected  with  gid — head 
inclined  to  the  left,  and  one  eye  looking  outwards,  the  other  downwards  ; 
later,  the  head  was  so  much  thrown  backwards  that  the  throat  was  directed 
upwards  and  the  forehead  inclined  towards  the  ground  ; finally,  the  head 
was  brought  entirely  beneath  the  left  wing,  the  creature  lost  its  equilibrium, 
and  lay  on  its  back  with  its  feet  in  the  air.  At  the  commencement,  it  moved 
in  a circle  to  the  left ; later,  there  was  complete  immobility,  but  without  loss 
of  consciousness.  On  making  an  autopsy,  a hard,  yellow  tumour,  the  size 
of  a peppercorn,  was  found  on  the  surface  of  the  left  cerebral  lobe  ; it  was 
non-adherent,  had  no  definite  structure,  and  was  considered  a dead  and 
atrophied  hydatid.  The  meninges  and  substance  of  the  brain  were  greatly 
injected  ; but  the  cranial  bones,  as  well  as  the  spinal  cord,  were  healthy. 

Diagnosis. — Gid  in  the  Sheep  offers  symptomatic  resemblances 
to  the  other  affections  of  the  brain  or  neighbouring  parts. 

Vertigo , menin go-cephalitis  due  to  the  influence  of  solar  heat  or 
a prolonged  sojourn  in  the  fold  in  summer,  is  distinguished  from 
gid  by  the  redness  of  the  nasal,  buccal  and  conjunctival  mucous 
membranes,  by  the  heat  of  the  body,  and  rapid  puffing  and  breath- 
ing ; the  animal  rarely  circles  round,  pushes  its  head  against  the 
wall  and  rack,  bleats  almost  continually,  and  soon  dies. 

Epilepsy  is  recognised  by  the  perfect  state  of  health,  except  for 
the  fits,  and  the  absence  of  turning. 

Blindness,  which  is  sometimes  witnessed  in  Lambs,  renders  them 
uncertain  in  their  progression,  and  causes  them  to  run  against  sur- 
rounding objects.  An  examination  of  the  eyes  should  dispel  all 
doubts. 

The  presence  of  the  larvae  of  the  CEstrus  ovis  in  the  frontal  sinus 
has  sometimes  given  rise  to  mistakes,  especially  in  confounding  the 
symptoms  with  those  of  gid.  This  false  gid  is,  however,  rarely 
accompanied  with  circular  movements,  while  the  symptoms  special 
to  it,  and  particularly  the  nasal  discharge,  sneezing,  and  ejection  of 
the  larvae,  are  very  distinctive. 

An  inflammation  of  the  sinuses,  with  purulent  collection  and 
alteration  in  the  bony  walls,  may  react  on  the  cranium,  and  give 
rise  to  symptoms  analogous  to  those  of  gid.  But  the  nasal  dis- 
charge here,  again,  sometimes  the  age  of  the  animal,  and  the  rapid 
manifestation  of  giddiness,  may  serve  as  a differential  diagnostic. 

Pathological  Anatomy. — At  the  autopsy  of  animals  which  have 
died  of  gid,  one  or  more  Cysts  are  found  in  the  cranium,  as  much 
more  developed  as  the  disease  has  been  prolonged.  When  speaking 
of  its  etiology,  and  of  the  experiments  which  have  established  this, 
the  developmental  phases  of  the  parasitic  vesicle  were  described. 
In  practice,  the  number  of  vesicles  is  generally  limited,  though 
Huzard  has  counted  more  than  thirty  in  the  head  of  a Lamb. 
Their  size  and  development  are  generally  in  inverse  proportion  to 
their  number.  Huzard  has  seen  some  which  occupied  nearly  one- 
half  of  the  cranial  cavity. 

These  vesicles  are  found  at  various  parts  of  the  brain.  When 
they  are  small  and  deeply  situated,  they  are  surrounded  by  a 
pseudo-purulent  exudate,  which  is  yellow  and  creamy  in  places. 
If  the  Coenurus  is  voluminous,  the  brain  substance  in  its  vicinity 


PARASITES  OF  THE  NERVE-CENTRES 


615 


is  depressed,  atrophied,  and  forms  a more  or  less  regular  pouch, 
the  wall  of  which  is  formed  of  flexuous,  interrupted,  or  broken 
nerve-tubes,  that  are  less  numerous  than  in  the  normal  substance  ; 
by  nerve-cells  which  are  no  longer  in  communication  with  the  nerve- 
tubes  ; by  a large  quantity  of  amorphous  substance  and  molecular 
granules  ; and,  lastly,  by  calcareous,  crystalline  particles.  Capillary 
vessels  traverse  this  layer,  and  are  continuous  with,  those  of  the 
cerebral  substance  (Robin,  quoted  by  Reynal).  This  pouch  con- 
tains a grumous  purulent  matter,  and  the  peripheral  cerebral  sub- 
stance is  inflamed,  dense,  and  granular. 

When  the  Coenurus  is  in  a ventricle,  the  roof  of  this  is  thinned, 
and  sometimes  reduced  to  its  envelopes  ; the  septum  lucidum, 
posterior  pillar  of  the  fornix  and  the  corpus  callosum  are  also 
thinned,  and  even  perforated,  and  pushed  towards  the  hemisphere, 
or  into  the  opposite  ventricle,  into  which  the  vesicle  sometimes 
protrudes. 

The  old  and  voluminous  Coenurus,  situated  on  the  surface  of 
the  brain,  has — by  compression — caused  absorption  and  attenua- 
tion of  the  roof  of  the  cranium,  which  sometimes  yields  to  pressure 
of  the  fingers. 

In  medullary  gid,  the  Coenurus  is  elongated,  fusiform,  and  from 
3 cm.  to  5 cm.,  and  even  a foot,  long  (Numan).  Usually  there  is 
only  one,  and  it  is  lodged  in  the  lumbar  region  ; it  may,  however, 
occupy  the  cervical  region  (May),  or  the  posterior  part  of  the  medulla 
oblongata  (Storing).  In  some  cases,  it  has  undergone  calcareous 
degeneration,  and  is  only  recognisable  by  its  hooks,  which  have 
persisted  (Roll).  It  sometimes  occupies  only  one-half  of  the  spinal 
cord,  sometimes  the  two  divisions,  or  it  is  intermediate,  and  com- 
pletely separates  them  (Yvart).  It  may  be  situated  deeply,  or 
only  beneath  the  arachnoid.  The  medullary  substance  is  atrophied 
and  hyperaemic  where  it  is  located,  or  it  is  softened.  The  muscles 
of  the  hind-quarters  are  wasted,  and  otherwise  show  the  alterations 
of  cachexia. 

In  a large  number  of  animals,  there  are  found  in  various  organs — 
and  especially  the  heart,  lungs,  liver,  spleen,  mesentery,  and  muscles 
— some  round  or  ovoid  greenish  corpuscles,  from  1 mm.  to  4 mm. 
in  diameter  ; they  are  composed  of  an  enveloping  membrane  and 
granular  contents,  rich  in  fat  globules.  These  are  the  remains  of 
erratic  embryos  which  have  not  met  with  the  conditions  favourable 
for  their  development.  Nathusius  and  Eichler  have  seen  some- 
what large  cysts  in  the  subcutaneous  connective  tissue  of  the  Calf 
and  Sheep. 

The  malady  having  generally  a chronic  course,  there  are  observed 
more  or  less  everywhere  the  lesions  of  pronounced  cachexia. 

Prophylaxis. — It  is  superfluous  to  advise  keeping  Dogs  apart  from 
the  flocks,  as  this  promiscuousness  is  a condition  of  Sheep  and  Cattle 
rearing  ; but  they  ought  to  be  as  few  as  may  be  practicable.  What 
is  possible,  is  to  free  the  Dogs  from  their  Taeniae  by  the  means  already 
indicated  (p.  385).  This  step  should  be  undertaken  at  least  once  a 


6 16 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


year,  at  the  return  of  springtime.  Hager — quoted  by  Ziirn — recom- 
mends, with  this  view,  the  black  oxide  of  calcined  copper,  in  5 centi- 
gramme doses  three  times  a day  for  ten  days  ; it  may  be  given  in 
bread  or  meat,  or  in  the  form  of  pills.  It  is  well,  during  this  anthel- 
mintic treatment,  to  keep  the  Dog  tied  up,  in  order  that  the  expelled 
Taeniae  may  be  collected  and  destroyed  by  fire. 

The  Wolf,  Fox,  and  Pole-cat,  which  have  been  accused  of  also 
harbouring  the  Tcznia  coenurus,  are  already  actively  hunted  down  ; 
so  it  is  needless  to  recommend  this  treatment  for  them. 

The  heads  of  Sheep  which  had  been  affected  with  gid  should  be 
burned  or  boiled,  and  never  left  for  Dogs  to  devour.  If  they  must 
be  buried,  precautions  should  be  taken  against  Dogs  and  Foxes, 
which  are  likely  to  disinter  them. 

It  might  be  also  useful  to  prohibit  the  use  of  certain  wet  pastures, 
where  the  germs  of  gid  are  more  particularly  preserved. 

Lastly,  it  has  been  recommended  to  give  young  animals  of  the 
flock,  from  time  to  time  during  the  summer,  when  the  disease  is 
enzootic,  tonic  or  anthelmintic  preparations.  Those  which  have 
been  recommended  in  distomiasis  will  answer  perfectly  well  for 
this  malady. 

Treatment. — In  consequence  of  the  serious  nature  of  the  disease 
and  the  unsatisfactory  results  of  treatment,  often  nothing  is  done 
to  cure  the  animals,  which  are  generally  sent  to  the  butcher.  This 
is  the  least  expensive  course  to  adopt,  and  it  is  the  only  one  to  follow 
in  lumbar  gid.  But  special  reasons — chiefly  related  to  the  value 
of  individual  animals — may  present  themselves  in  favour  of  attempt- 
ing curative  treatment. 

Many  remedies  have  been  recommended,  but  there  are  none  which 
— administered  internally — can  reach  the  parasite,  and  with  the 
more  energetic  drugs  there  is  risk  of  killing  the  patient ; so  that 
it  is  by  acting  directly  on  the  seat  of  the  disease — on  the  cranium 
— that  beneficial  results  may  be  hoped  for.  Of  the  numerous  modes 
of  treatment  advised,  those  of  trephining  and  continuous  irrigation 
with  cold  water  have  yielded  the  best  results. 

The  object  of  trephining  is  extraction  of  the  bladder- worm. 

Before  operating,  it  should  be  ascertained  whether  the  Ccenurus  is 
single,  as,  if  there  are  several,  the  operation  will  have  no  chance  of 
success,  and  it  is  the  same  if  the  Coenurus  is  deep-seated  in  the  brain 
or  medulla  oblongata.  It  must  be  immediately  beneath  the 
meninges,  and  its  site  must  be  ascertained — this  is  the  first  difficulty, 
and  it  is  a serious  one  ; but  it  may  be  frequently  solved  by  a con- 
sideration of  the  symptoms,  especially  the  turning.  We  have  seen 
that,  generally,  the  side  towards  which  the  Sheep  inclines  is  that 
on  which  the  parasite  is  situated  ; but  this  is  not  always  the  case. 
The  inclination  of  the  summit  of  the  head  is,  according  to  Lafosse, 
an  infallible  guide.  ‘ When  this  summit  inclines  to  one  side  in 
such  a way  that  the  ear  or  horn  of  that  side  is  lower  than  the 
opposite  one,  that  is  the  side  on  which  the  worm  will  be  found. 
This  inclined  position  is  always  observed  when  the  worm  is  lodged 


PARASITES  OF  THE  NERVE-CENTRES 


617 


in  one  side  of  the  cranium,  or  even  when  it  occupies  the  middle 
plane,  but  is  rather  more  prolonged  to  one  side  than  the  other.’ 
Another  sign — which  is  not  constant — is  tumefaction  of  the  cranium 
at  the  part  corresponding  to  the  hydatid.  The  local  thinness  of 
the  bone — which  may  yield  to  pressure  of  the  finger — as  well  as 
the  pain  caused  by  this  pressure,  or  percussion  after  the  skin  has 
been  clipped,  will  sometimes  serve  as  a guide.  When  there  is  no 
reason  for  preferring  one  side  to  the  other,  the  operation  is  performed 
in  the  middle — slightly  to  one  side  of  it,  however,  to  avoid  the  falx 
cerebri  and  its  venous  sinus.  In  the  Sheep  and  Goat,  the  puncture 
should  be  made  at  one  or  two  centimetres  in  front  of  the  imaginary 
transverse  line  drawn  between  the  anterior  part  of  the  base  of  the 
horns  or  the  sinus  that  takes  its  place. 

Perforation  of  the  bone  is  often  made  with  a drill,  a trocar,  etc., 
but  it  is  more  speedy  and  sure  if  effected  by  means  of  a trephine, 
7 mm.  to  8 mm.  in  diameter,  the  point  of  which  is  as  little  salient 
as  possible. 

When  the  opening  has  been  made  at  the  right  spot,  the  Coenurus 
projects  into  it,  and  the  vesicle  should  not  be  punctured  until  move- 
ment has  ceased.  It  is  preferable  to  empty  the  vesicle  at  once  by 
means  of  a syringe,  or  small  pump.  When  this  has  been  done,  the 
Coenurus  is  then  removed  by  seizing  it  with  forceps,  turning  it 
round  and  round  so  as  to  twist  it  into  a kind  of  cord,  and  pulling 
it  gradually  outwards  ; or  a long  goose-quill  may  be  employed — 
the  borders  being  notched  on  the  side  next  the  barbs — and  manipu- 
lated in  the  same  way  as  the  forceps.  The  vesicle  having  been 
extracted,  the  wound  is  closed  and  covered  by  an  antiseptic  dressing 
secured  by  a bandage  or  cap. 

Trephining  only  inspires  a moderate  degree  of  confidence.  This 
is  due  to  the  difficulty  in  fixing  on  the  exact  situation  of  the  parasite, 
and  the  possibility  of  there  being  more  than  one,  as  well  as  the  fre- 
quent complications  that  follow  the  operation,  and — to  sum  up — 
the  small  proportion  of  recoveries  obtained. 

If  the  hopes  entertained  with  regard  to  hydrotherapy  be  realized, 
then  it  should  soon  supplant  the  procedure  just  mentioned.  Harten- 
stein,  of  Charleville,  instituted  the  mode  of  treatment  by  refrigera- 
tion of  the  cranium,  which  had  been  already  indicated  by  Gieres 
for  gid  in  cattle.  It  is  justified  by  what  is  known  as  to  the  influ- 
ence of  cold  in  preventing  the  development  of  inferior  organisms, 
or  in  destroying  them.  By  means  of  it  Hartenstein  has  cured  a foal, 
a heifer,  and  five  Sheep.  Nocard  has  also  been  successful  with 
two  Lambs,  and  the  successes  appear  to  be  more  frequent  than 
the  failures.  What  confirms  the  value  of  this  method  is  the  result 
of  autopsies.  In  one  case  in  which  the  treatment  was  suspended 
before  recovery  was  complete,  and  the  animal  was  slaughtered 
eight  days  afterwards,  the  lateral  ventricles  of  the  brain  were 
found  to  be  very  much  dilated,  and  in  the  left  was  a Coenurus  the 
size  of  a billiard-ball,  having  ten  to  twelve  scolices  still  alive. 

The  application  of  the  treatment  is  very  simple.  A vessel  of 


6 18 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


any  kind  is  filled  with  cold  water,  which  an  indiarubber  tube  conveys 
to  the  head  of  the  Sheep,  the  animal  being  fixed  in  a narrow  box 
from  which  the  head  alone  projects,  so  that  while  the  head  is 
saturated  the  body  is  kept  dry.  At  the  commencement  of  irriga- 
tion the  animal  struggles  violently,  but  it  soon  becomes  calm,  and 
after  fifteen  or  twenty  minutes  may  be  left  to  itself.  This  irriga- 
tion is  continued  without  interruption  for  three  days,  except  during 
feeding.  Then  it  may  be  reduced,  but  the  treatment  should  be 
prolonged.  Frequently  after  the  first  day  there  is  an  amelioration, 
that  becomes  more  and  more  marked.  A cure  is  complete  in  about 
fifteen  to  twenty  days,  and  sooner  if  crushed  ice  in  a cloth  bag 
be  substituted  for  the  irrigation. 


Article  III. — Larvae  of  the  CEstridae. 

Encephalon. — Some  observations  demonstrate  that  the  larvae  of  the 
CEstridae  may  penetrate  to  the  brain  of  Equines. 

The  presence  of  these  parasites  is  betrayed  by  circling  movements  or 
difficulty  in  standing  ; an  abnormal  position  of  the  head,  which  is  carried 
obliquely  ; the  pupils  are  dilated,  there  is  tetanic  contraction  of  one  or  two 
limbs,  convulsive  agitation  of  one  or  two  others,  and  all  the  symptoms  of 
encephalitis.  Sometimes  the  malady  runs  its  course  with  the  rapidity  of 
acute  apoplexy  (Lourdel),  or  almost  acute  (Franchi)  ; in  other  cases,  the 
animal  takes  three  or  four  days  in  dying  (Sirodot,  Siedamgrotzkv). 

The  diagnosis  of  such  a disease  is  always  very  difficult,  and  can  scarcely 
be  established  until  after  death.  It,  fortunately,  has  little  importance,  as  a 
fatal  termination  rapidly  supervenes. 

At  the  autopsy,  the  larvae  of  the  (Estridae  are  found,  not  only  in  the  stomach, 
but  also  in  the  pharyngeal  opening  of  the  Eustacnian  tubes,  in  the  nasal 
cavities,  and  in  the  cranium  (Franchi).  The  brain  is  lacerated,  and  is  also 
the  seat  of  active  inflammation  that  extends  some  distance  beyond  the  point 
occupied  by  the  parasite  ; there  is  likewise  violent  meningitis.  A single 
larva  has  usually  entered  the  cranium  ; but  Bruckmuller  has  seen  two,  and 
Franchi  several,  which  were  at  various  depths.  In  all  these  instances,  the 
lower  surface  of  the  medulla  oblongata  was  attacked,  with  the  exception  of 
Franchi’s  case,  in  which  the  base  of  the  cerebrum  and  cerebellum  were 
involved  ; and  in  that  of  Boas,  in  which  the  larva  was  between  the  left  anterior 
corpus  quadrigeminus  and  the  corresponding  cerebral  hemisphere.  It  was 
the  left  side  of  the  pons  Varolii  in  Bruckmiiller’s  case  ; the  left  lateral  fasciculus 
of  the  medulla  oblongata,  behind  the  calamus  scriptorius,  in  that  of  Sirodot  ; 
the  anterior  part  of  the  right  restiform  body  in  that  of  Siedamgrotzky ; the 
crura  cerebri  in  that  of  Lourdel ; and  the  medulla  oblongata  and  pons  Varolii 
in  that  of  Dieckerhoff. 

The  species  of  CEstridae,  the  larva  of  which  may  thus  penetrate,  is  still  very 
uncertain.  A priori,  it  is  natural  to  suppose  that  it  is  the  Gastrophilus 
hcemorrhoidalis , which,  more  than  any  other,  sometimes  remains  fixed  in 
the  post-buccal  regions.  Nevertheless,  Bruckmuller  thought  he  had  to  do 
with  the  Gastrophilus  nasalis,  Boas  the  Hypoderma  bovis  ; Megnin  states 
the  larva  found  by  Lourdel  belonged  to  the  latter  species  ; while  the  descrip- 
tion Siedamgrotzky  gives  of  the  one  he  discovered  does  not  appear  to  be  that 
of  one  of  the  (Estridae. 

The  situation  occupied  by  the  parasite  allows  of  the  course  it  followed 
to  the  interior  of  the  cranium  being  traced.  It  is  probable  that  the  larva, 
on  arriving  in  the  guttural  pouch  from  the  pharynx,  passes  through  the 
walls  of  the  pouch  to  pass  into  the  foramen  lacerum  at  the  base  of  the  cranium, 
and  so  finds  itself  at  the  under  surface  of  the  brain. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  NERVE-CENTRES  619 

The  larvae  collected  by  Rose  in  the  brain  of  a foal  in  1828,  doubtless 
belonged  to  the  CEstridae. 

Spinal  Cord. — In  1827,  Tombs  found  a larva — belonging  to  the  CEstridae, 
no  doubt — in  the  spinal  cord  of  a pony. 

In  14  cattle — generally  young — of  39  he  examined,  Hinsrichen  saw  larvae 
lodged  in  the  fat  between  the  spinal  canal  and  dura  mater.  Their  number 
varied  from  one  to  twenty,  and  they  were  from  8 mm.  to  13  mm.  long,  by 
1 mm.  to  2 mm.  in  diameter.  Their  presence  was  not  revealed  during  life, 
nor  at  the  autopsy,  by  any  appreciable  sign. 

Hinrichsen  was  inclined  to  consider  them — though  without  sufficient 
reason — as  larvae  of  the  Hypoderma  bovis  in  the  first  stage. 


CHAPTER  II 

PARASITES  OF  THE  SENSORY  ORGANS 

Parasitism  of  the  organs  of  taste  and  smell  is  naturally  that  of  the 
mouth  and  nasal  cavities.  This  chapter  will,  therefore,  only  com- 
prise the  parasites  of  the  ear  and  eye. 


Article  I. — Parasites  of  the  Ear. 

Parasitism  of  the  ear  commences  with  the  external  ear.  The 
only  exception  to  this  rule  that  we  know  of  is  the  observation  of 
Gelle.  At  the  autopsy  of  a Dog,  he  found  Linguatula  tcenioides  in 
the  middle  ear,  the  mucous  membrane  of  which  was  red,  thickened, 
and  covered  with  pus.  The  parasite  was  supposed  to  have  pene- 
trated by  the  Eustachian  tube,  as  another  individual  of  the  same 
species  occupied  the  corresponding  nasal  cavity. 

All  the  parasites  of  the  skin  may  attack  the  external  ear,  as  they 
do  the  other  parts  of  the  integument.  Some  of  them  localize 
themselves  voluntarily  there — such  as  Simulium  on  Horses,  the 
larvae  of  Sarcophaga  magnified  on  Dogs.  Pradal  says  that  when 
Pigs  are  exposed  to  the  hot  sun,  their  ears  become  cracked  and  the 
larvae  of  Flies  soon  burrow  in  the  wounds  thus  formed.  In  the 
larger  Herbivora,  Lice  often  seek  the  downy  interior  of  the  concha. 

Among  the  Acarina,  the  Ixodinae,  Argasincz , and  Harvest  Bugs  are 
frequent  in  the  ears  of  Dogs  and  Cattle  (pp.  98-100). 

They  were  also  probably  Harvest  Bugs  which  Zundel  states  he  met  with 
in  the  ear  of  a badly-kept  Heifer  belonging  to  a wood-keeper,  as  Acari  visible 
to  the  naked  eye  and  agglomerated  in  small  yellowish  patches. 

Troltsch,  reported  by  Gassner,  found  in  the  external  auditory  canal  and 
near  the  tympanum  of  an  Ox  a great  number  of  Dermanyssus  species  mixed 
up  with  the  secretions  ; the  mucous  and  tympanic  membranes  were  red  and 
tumefied.  A similar  case  relating  to  a Cow  was  published  by  Schumacher. 
The  symptoms  were  : violent  agitation  of  the  head,  pruritus  of  the  right  side 
of  the  head,  and  madness.  The  animal  had  to  be  killed.  At  the  autopsy, 
nothing  was  found  except  a great  quantity  of  Acari,  which  were  described 
as  Dermanyssus  galling.  They  covered  the  external  surface  of  the  tympanum 
of  the  right  ear,  and  had  invaded  the  neighbouring  parts  and  the  mastoid 
cells.  A perforation  of  about  *5  mm.  traversed  the  membrane,  and  through 
this  the  Acari  had  passed  to  the  internal  ear,  where  they  had  set  up  inflamma- 
tion. The  shed  in  which  this  Cow  was  kept  was  only  separated  from  a hen- 

620 


PARASITES  OF  THE  SENSORY  ORGANS 


621 


roost  by  a plank  partition.  Ostertag  made  an  analogous  observation  on  a 
Cow,  in  the  two  auditory  canals  of  which  were  Acari — probably  species  of 
Dermanyssus.  The  animal  showed  no  other  symptoms  than  frequent 
shaking  of  the  head,  which  would  sometimes  continue  for  more  than  an  hour. 

Leidy  has  described  by  the  name  of  Gamasus  auris,  Acari  found  on  several 
occasions,  and  in  great  numbers,  by  Turnbull,  in  the  external  auditory  canal 
of  the  Ox,  and  particularly  on  the  tympanum.  Their  body  was  white,  trans- 
parent, smooth,  shining,  and  oval  ; legs  and  abdomen  brown  and  provided 
with  bristles;  palps  with  six  joints  ; mandibles  terminating  in  a didactylous 
forceps,  the  movable  branch  of  which  was  bi-dented  at  the  extremity,  the 
other  being  small  and  hooked  ; tarsi  ending  in  a pair  of  claws,  and  a five- 
lobed  caruncle.  They  were  about  1 mm.  long  by  -8  mm.  wide.  According 
to  Pagenstecher,  this  Acarus  is  really  a species  of  Gamasidse,  and  perhaps 
it  was  some  wanderer  of  this  family  derived  from  forage. 

In  those  forms  of  scabies  which  develop  more  particularly  on  the 
head — as  the  sarcoptic  scabies  of  the  Sheep,  Goat,  Pig,  Rabbit,  and 
Cat,  the  ears  are  often  invaded.  The  follicular  scabies  of  the  Dog 
may  also  extend  to  the  ears,  an  occurrence  witnessed  in  two  Cats 
by  Megnin,  in  which  Demodex  folliculorum  was  found.  Favus  in 
the  Dog,  Cat,  and  Rabbit  often  commences  at  the  ears. 

Parasitic  otitis  caused  by  various  fungi,  but  especially  by  the 
Aspergillus,  has  often  been  noticed  in  Man. 

So  long  as  the  parasites  of  the  ear  are  limited  to  the  concha  and 
auditory  canal,  they  only  produce  local  inflammatory  phenomena. 
But  if  they  come  in  contact  with  the  membrane  of  the  tympanum, 
or  if  the  cerumen  or  the  pathological  product  which  they  cause  to 
be  formed  presses  on  the  tympanum,  and  pushes  this  inwards, 
epileptiform  symptoms  often  appear.  The  pathology  of  this 
otopiesis  has  been  particularly  studied  by  Boucheron.  ‘ The 
auricular  epilepsies  observed  in  Man  and  Animals,’  he  says,  ‘ should 
be  classed  with  Brown-Sequard’s  epilepsy,  produced  by  stimula- 
tion of  a cutaneous  sensitive  nerve.  They  are  caused  by  direct 
or  reflex  stimulation  of  the  auricular  nerves,  either  at  their  termina- 
tion in  the  ear,  along  their  intra-cranial  course,  at  their  bulbar 
origin,  or  perhaps  in  their  intra-cerebral  track,  in  predisposed 
individuals  and  under  certain  conditions.  Stimulation  of  the  sen- 
sorial nerves  of  the  ear  is  transmitted  to  the  mesocephalon,  and 
acts  upon  the  motor  centres  of  this  region — thus  producing  the 
convulsive  epileptifoim  crisis.’ 

The  parasites  special  to  the  ear  are  Acari.  These  Otacariases , or 
auricular  acariases,  are  due  to  Psoroptes  communis  (var.  cuniculi 
and  caprce),  and  to  Chorioptes  auricularum  (var.  cams,  felis  and 
furonis). 


1. — Psoroptic  Otacariases. 

These  auricular  acariases  are  generally  troublesome,  but  are 
scarcely  manifested  by  other  than  local  symptoms.  They  have 
only  been  observed  in  the  Rabbit  and  Goat. 


622 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


A. — Psoroptic  Otacariasis  of  the  Rabbit. 

This  affection  was  reported  for  the  first  time  by  Delafond,  at  a meeting 
of  the  Societe  Centrale  de  Medecine  Veterinaire,  on  December  9,  1858.  On 
this  discovery,  he  made  inquiry  among  the  rabbit-dealers  in  Paris,  who 
informed  him  that  the  affection  was  frequent,  and  interfered  with  the  growth 
of  the  animals.  It  is,  in  fact,  very  common,  and  nearly  all  those  who  have 
perseveringly  looked  for  it  have  found  it. 

Symptoms. — The  malady  is  exclusively  localized  in  the  interior 
of  the  ear.  It  commences  at  the  bottom  of  the  concha,  and  first 
manifests  itself  by  pruritus — the  animal  vigorously  tosses  its  head, 
shakes  its  ears  from  before  to  behind,  and  scratches  them  with 
its  hind-feet.  It  betrays  pain  when  the  ears  are  squeezed.  In 
fifteen  to  thirty  days  there  is  seen  at  the  bottom  of  the  concha  a 
yellowish,  thick,  soft  matter,  in  which  Psoroptes  can  be  seen  with 
the  naked  eye,  by  means  of  the  pocket-lens,  or,  better,  the  micro- 
scope. Later,  the  bottom  of  the  ear  is  full  of  a morbid,  yellow, 
and  foetid  product,  rich  in  parasites.  At  its  base  the  organ  is 
swollen,  hard,  and  painful.  The  Rabbit  keeps  its  ears  back  or  low, 
and  shakes  and  often  scratches  them. 

If  the  ear  is  cleared  of  the  morbid  matter,  the  skin  lining  it  is 
found  to  be  red,  painful,  thickened,  denuded  of  its  epithelium,  and 
slightly  ulcerated,  while  a red,  irregular  border  limits  the  diseased 
and  the  healthy  parts. 

When  this  acariasis  goes  on  for  two  or  three  months,  it  has 
invaded  the  inferior  third,  and  even  the  half  of  the  interior  of  the 
ear,  which  is  then  occupied  by  a yellow,  foetid,  half-dried  matter 
in  layers,  or  a more  or  less  dense  mass,  which  contains  very  numerous 
Psoroptes.  This  matter  is,  in  addition,  composed  of  epidermic 
cells,  fat  granules,  old  and  recent  pus  corpuscles,  and  various  foreign 
bodies. 

The  parasites  are  never  installed  elsewhere  than  in  the  concha, 
nor  do  they  cause  scabies  in  the  neighbouring  parts. 

When  the  malady  is  chronic,  the  Rabbits  become  emaciated, 
although  they  continue  to  eat ; then  the  appetite  diminishes.  The 
females  abort,  or  do  not  again  come  in  heat ; the  limbs  become 
infiltrated,  and  a profound  cachexia  slowly  declares  itself  ; a serous 
diarrhoea  appears,  and  the  Rabbits  finally  die  in  a state  of  emacia- 
tion bordering  on  marasmus. 

A possible  termination  observed  by  Moller,  then  by  Ziirn,  is  due 
to  the  penetration  of  the  Psoroptes  to  the  internal  ear.  The 
auricular  muscles  are  partially  paralyzed,  and  the  ears  hang  pen- 
dulous on  each  side  ; symptoms  of  vertigo  appear  chiefly  when  the 
affection  extends  to  the  meninges  or  the  brain.  Railliet  has  seen 
Rabbits  in  which  this  form  of  scabies  caused  such  a degree  of 
torsion  of  the  head  on  the  neck,  that  the  lower  jaw  was  uppermost  ; 
yet  the  animal  lived  for  some  months.  We  have  made  a similar 
observation  on  a Rabbit,  in  the  mastoid  cells  of  which  there  were 
numerous  Psoroptes  ; the  brain  and  its  meninges  were  intact. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  SENSORY  ORGANS 


623 


Etiology,  Contagion. — The  unique  cause  of  this  disease  is  the 
presence  of  the  Psoroptes  communis  var.  cuniculi.  The  male  is 
520  p to  620  p long,  by  310  p to  400  p broad.  The  ovigerous  female 
measures  670  p to  780  p long,  and  400  p to  480  p broad. 

Among  155  tame  Rabbits  of  different  ages,  and  in  very  variable 
degrees  of  fatness,  Delafond  found  45  affected  with  auricular  scabies 


Fig.  360. — Psoroptes  communis,  var.  equi,  male  and  female  coupled,  dorsal 
surface  ; magnified  100  diameters. — Delafond. 

— or  25  per  cent.  This  high  proportion  was  no  doubt  due  to  the 
animals  living  in  contaminated  quarters,  like  the  hutches  of  dealers, 
or  the  cages  in  which  those  intended  for  experiment  are  kept. 

He  always  succeeded  in  transmitting  the  disease  to  healthy 
Rabbits,  and  so  placed  its  contagiousness  beyond  doubt.  From  a 
fact  mentioned  by  Lucet,  it  would  appear,  however,  that  certain 


624 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


individuals  or  families  offer  a special  resistance  to  the  transmission 
of  this  acariasis. 

Hosgeus  unsuccessfully  attempted  to  transmit  the  Psoropt  of  the 
Rabbit  to  Dogs,  Cats,  Sheep,  and  Horses.  Mathieu,  however,  saw 
pimples  similar  to  those  observed  at  the  commencement  of  psoroptic 
scabies,  produced  by  depositing  the  Rabbit  Psoroptes  on  a Horse. 

The  facts  published  by  Cagny  are  more  demonstrative.  A Horse 
contracted  very  extensive  scabies  in  a stable  where  there  was  a 
hutch  full  of  Rabbits  ; these  were  removed,  and  the  disease  dis- 
appeared after  a few  days’  treatment.  With  another  Horse,  the 
affection  was  localized  on  the  points  where  the  pad  and  other  articles 
of  harness  rested  on  the  skin  ; there  were  also  some  disseminated 
patches.  The  harness  in  question  was  usually  laid  on  a hutch  con- 
taining Rabbits  affected  with  psoroptic  scabies.  When  the  latter 
were  taken  away  and  the  stable  was  disinfected,  the  malady  was 
speedily  cured.  Cadeac  remarked  at  the  Toulouse  Veterinary 
School,  that  Rabbits  became  affected  with  auricular  scabies  when 
Horses  suffering  from  psoroptic  scabies  were  introduced  into  the 
stable  in  which  their  cage  was  kept. 

These  few  facts,  notwithstanding  the  absence  of  precision  in 
their  details,  seem  to  prove  that  the  Psoropt  of  the  Rabbit  and 
that  of  the  Horse  are  identical,  as  might  have  been  predicted  from 
their  external  characters.  Ziirn  says  he  has  also  met  with  Chorioptes 
in  the  otacariasis  of  the  Rabbit ; but  he  does  not  give  a description 
of  them. 

Treatment. — Clean  the  ear  thoroughly  and  deeply  at  several 
times,  with  soap  and  water  ; after  each  washing  soften  the  morbid 
products  by  dropping  a little  olive-oil  into  the  concha.  Then 
scoop  out  the  matter  with  a small  curette,  and  cleanse  the  cavity 
carefully  by  means  of  cotton-wool  attached  to  the  end  of  a stick. 
This  cotton-wool  will  also  serve  to  spread  over  the  diseased  part 
either  Helmerich’s  ointment,  or  a liniment  composed  of  benzine 
and  oil  in  equal  parts. 

Andree,  of  Fleurus,  has  successfully  employed  a liniment  com- 
posed of  : 


Glycerin  . 

Crystallized  carbolic  acid  . 
Oii  of  turpentine 
Laudanum 


ioo  grammes. 
2 

‘ j of  each  i gramme. 


B. — Psoroptic  Otacariasis  of  the  Goat. 

This  acariasis  should  be  more  frequent  than  the  published  observations 
would  lead  us  to  suppose.  These  observations  were  quite  fortuitous,  so  that 
it  might  be  concluded  that  the  affection  is  very  benign  and  may  pass  unper- 
ceived. The  two  Goats  in  which  it  was  seen  formed  part  of  a wandering 
flock  from  the  Western  Pyrenees.  By  chance,  Pesas  and  Morot  examined 
the  cerumen  from  the  ears  and  found  the  Psoroptes  in  it.  There  was  no  local 
irritation. 

The  Psoroptes  communis  var.  caprce  of  this  acariasis  measures — the  male 
470  jit  to  640  ju  long,  by  270  /a  to  400  j u broad  ; the  ovigerous  female  is  680  fi  to 
850  n,  by  390  j^  to  550  jit. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  SENSORY  ORGANS 


625 


2. — Chorioptic  Otacariases. 

These  otacariases  are  special  to  the  Dog,  Cat,  and  Ferret,  and  are 
caused  by  the  Chorioptes  auricularum. 

They  are  more  serious  than  the  psoroptic  otacariases. 


A. — Chorioptic  Otacariasis  of  the  Dog. 

Synonyms. — Auricular  scabies,  Chorioptic  scabies,  Chorioptic  auricular  pru- 
rigo, Parasitic  otitis,  Epileptiform  disease  of  sporting  Dogs. 

History. — Hering,  of  Stuttgart,  was  the  first — in  1834 — to  remark  a para- 
sitic disease  in  the  ear  of  the 
Dog  ; in  an  ulcer  he  found 
among  the  pus  an  Acarus  which 
he  named  Sarcoptes  cynotis.  In 
1849,  the  same  parasite  was 
again  found  in  the  ear  of  a Dog 
by  Salle,  and  described  by 
Lucas,  assistant  naturalist  to 
the  Paris  Museum ; the  drawing 
of  the  female,  made  by  Nicolet, 
shows  that  it  was  a Choriopt. 

Lucas  and  Nicolet  named 
it  Sarcoptes  auricularum.  In 
1862,  Bendz,  of  Copenhagen, 
described  and  figured  this 
parasite  of  the  Dog’s  ear,  and 
distinctly  recognised  its  zoo- 
logical place,  as  he  named  it 
Chorioptes  canis.  In  1874, 

Schirmer,  of  Potsdam,  also 
observed  this  parasitic  otitis, 
the  Choriopt  of  which  was  de- 
scribed by  Ziirn.  The  malady 
has  been  more  particularly 
studied  by  Guzzoni,  then  by 
Megnin  and  Nocard,  who  have 
clearly  shown  the  relation- 
ship between  the  presence  of 
the  Chorioptes  in  the  ear,  and 
the  epileptiform  symptoms  with 
which  packs  of  Dogs  are  often 
attacked. 

In  1891,  A.  J.  Sewell,  of 
London,  described  this  ota- 
cariasis, though  he  attri- 
buted it  to  a Psoropt — the 
Psoroptes  auricularis  canis. 

He  found  the  same  parasite 
in  the  ears  of  Cats. 

Etiology. — The  sole  cause  of  this  affection  is  the  Chorioptes 
auricularum  var.  canis.  The  male  is  350  p to  380  p long  by  250  p 
to  280  p broad  ; the  ovigerous  female  is  460  p to  530  p long  by 
280-  p to  350  p broad. 

Although  this  otacariasis  has  been  more  particularly  observed  in 

40 


Fig.  361. — Chorioptes  auricularum  of  the  Dog, 
ventral  surface  ; magnified  100  diameters. 
— Railliet. 


626 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


packs  of  Hounds,  yet  breed  does  not  predispose  to  it  ; for  it  has 
also  been  seen  in  setters  (Weber),  pointers  (Megnin),  terriers, 
Maltese  terriers,  and  poodles  (Guzzoni). 

The  experiments  of  Guzzoni  and  Nocard  demonstrate  the  part 
played  by  contagion,  irrespective  of  age  and  sex,  and  explain  the  fre- 
quency of  the  disease  in  kennels.  There  is  nothing  to  prove  that 
Chorioptes  auricularum  can  live  elsewhere  than  in  the  ear  of  the  Dog. 

In  1892  Railliet  and  Cadiot  recorded  some  important  observa- 
tions on  chorioptic  otacariasis  in  carnivora,  as  the  result  of  experi- 
ments. They  show  that  epileptic  convulsions  of  auricular  origin 
in  the  Dog  and  Cat  are  manifested  independently  of  a direct  stimula- 
tion of  the  sensory  nerves  of  the  ear,  as  the  internal,  and  even  the 
middle,  ear  may  remain  unaltered.  Such  cases,  they  think,  are 
allied  to  the  epilepsy  of  Brown-Sequard.  The  results  of  their 
experiments,  with  those  of  Nocard,  tend  to  show  : (1)  That  ota- 
cariasis is  readily  transmissible  from  an  affected  animal  to  healthy 
animals  of  the  same  species  ; (2)  that  transmission  is  more  difficult 
between  the  Cat  and  Dog  ; (3)  that  it  does  not  take  place  between 
the]-  Ferret  and  Dog.  These  results  are  in  conformity  with  the 
morphological  data  pertaining  to  chorioptic  otacariasis,  as  will  be 
seen  by  the  following  table,  which  gives  the  respective  dimensions 
of  the  chorioptes — Cynotis  auricularum — of  the  Dog,  Cat,  and 
Ferret,  in  micro-millimetres. 


Var.  Canis. 

Var. 

Cati. 

Var.  Furonis. 

Length. 

Breadth. 

Length. 

Breadth. 

Length. 

Breadth. 

Male  

350-380 

250-280 

320-350 

230-250 

270-340 

210-250 

Egg-laying  Female 

460-530 

280-350 

430-480 

260-290 

380-450 

240-280 

Sexual  Female  ... 

340-380 

210-260 

310-360 

200-250 

300-330 

180-230 

Egg  

200-210 

90-120 

160-190 

80-120 

160-200 

80-120 

Now,  if  one  compares  the  parasite  of  the  Dog  with  that  of  the 
Cat,  and  that  of  the  Cat  with  that  of  the  Ferret,  it  will  be  observed 
that  nearly  all  these  dimensions  overlap  one  another ; so  that 
certain  species  taken  from  the  Cat  may  be  of  the  same  size  as  others 
taken  from  the  Dog,  and  similarly  with  the  chorioptes  of  the  Ferret 
and  Cat. 

However,  the  differences  in  size  between  the  parasite  of  the 
Ferret  and  that  of  the  Dog  are  always  very  distinct  and  well  marked. 

According  to  this  distinction,  it  is  very  easy  to  understand  that 
the  species  proper  to  the  Cat  could  live  on  the  Dog,  whilst  that  of 
the  Ferret  ought  only  to  very  slightly  accustom  itself  to  its  new 
habitat  on  that  animal.  It  is  probable,  also,  that  transmission  is 
possible  from  the  Ferret  to  the  Cat. 

Symptoms. — Hering  found  this  parasite  in  an  ulcer  of  the  concha 
of  a Dog  brought  under  his  observation  ; this  ulcer  coincided,  no 


PARASITES  OF  THE  SENSORY  ORGANS 


627 


doubt,  with  deep-seated  otitis  which  remained  unperceived.  Bendz 
only  noticed  an  abundance  of  a brownish,  flaky  matter  at  the 
bottom  of  the  aural  cavity  ; and  Schirmer  has  strongly  insisted 
on  the  connection  that  exists  between  the  presence  of  the  Choriopt 
and  auricular  catarrh.  It  is  probable  that  Chorioptic  acariasis, 
by  the  local  irritation  with  which  it  is  accompanied,  facilitates  the 
development  and  extension  of  chancre  and  catarrh  of  the  ear  which 
so  often  attack  sporting  Dogs  ; but  the  symptoms  of  the  parasitic 
affection  are  of  another  kind,  and  to  Guzzoni,  Megnin,  and  Nocard 
we  are  indebted  for  the  knowledge  we  possess  on  this  point. 

They  have  observed  the  disease  chiefly  in  packs,  among  which, 
by  reason  of  its  contagiousness,  it  sometimes  prevails  as  an  epi- 
zooty.  According  to  Nocard,  when  in  the  kennel  at  rest,  as  well 
as  during  the  first  few  minutes  in  hunting,  there  is  nothing  to  indi- 
cate the  existence  of  the  disease.  Guzzoni  and  Megnin  assert  that 
the  animals  often  flap  their  ears,  and  sometimes  the  only  symptom 
is  that  of  itching.  But,  as  a general  rule,  attention  is  attracted 
by  the  epileptiform  fits  that  usually  occur  after  a walk,  says 
Megnin — exclusively  during  hunting,  asserts  Nocard.  ‘ The  Hound 
attacked,’  says  the  latter,  ‘ goes  away  with  as  much  vigour  and 
eagerness  as  usual  ; then  in  about  half  an  hour,  or  sometimes  less, 
all  at  once  it  utters  a violent  cry,  most  husky  and  acute  ; it  bounds 
across  the  furrows  as  if  mad,  the  eyes  haggard  and  mouth  full  of 
foam,  howling  every  time  it  runs  against  an  obstacle  ; then,  after 
turning  two  or  three  times  in  a circle,  it  falls  down  in  a fit  of  epilepsy. 
Soon  it  gets  up  stupefied  and  exhausted  from  fatigue,  and  if  the  attack 
has  not  been  too  violent  and  the  disease  not  too  chronic,  it  may — 
after  fifteen  to  thirty  minutes’  rest  — emerge  from  its  apathy, 
and  start  off  hunting  with  as  much  ardour  as  if  nothing  had 
occurred.’ 

For  a long  time  there  is  nothing  to  distinguish  the  diseased  from 
the  healthy  animals  in  the  kennel  ; then,  as  the  disease  becomes 
more  chronic,  and  the  epileptiform  seizures  are  more  frequent, 
intense  and  long,  the  affected  animals  grow  sullen,  cowardly  and 
savage  ; later  still,  the  attacks  are  so  grave  and  so  numerous,  that 
the  Hounds  have  scarcely  begun  to  run  when  they  are  seized,  and 
when  the  fit  is  over  they  obstinately  refuse  to  resume  hunting. 
They  become  unfit  for  service,  stupid,  and  sometimes  completely 
deaf.  They  may  die  during  an  attack,  though  they  have  rarely 
one  in  the  kennel. 

The  auditory  canal  is  found  to  be  lined  with  an  abundant  cover- 
ing of  soot-  or  chocolate-coloured,  and  slightly  foetid,  cerumen,  the 
consistency  of  mastic,  which  obstructs  the  opening.  A micro- 
scopical examination  of  it  reveals  a multitude  of  Chorioptes  auricu - 
larum.  By  its  abundance,  this  substance  compresses  and  pushes 
back  the  membrane  of  the  tympanum,  which  projects  into  the 
middle  ear. 

In  some  cases,  according  to  Sewell,  who  has  had  a large  experi- 
ence among  all  kinds  of  Dogs,  there  is  little  to  be  seen,  the  ear 

40 — 2 


628 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


looking  merely  as  if  slightly  dirty.  ‘ If,  instead  of  giving  a hurried 
look  into  the  ear  in  these  cases,  the  parts  are  well  examined,  and 
the  canal  leading  into  the  ear  is  carefully  watched,  tiny  white 
specks — oval  in  shape,  and  about  the  size  of  the  head  of  an  ordinary 
small  sewing-needle — will  be  observed.  These  are  parasites,  and 
are  in  my  opinion  the  cause  of  that  disease  called  “ canker  ” of 
the  ear.  . . . These  parasites  . . . are  extremely  active  in  their 
movements,  and  if  the  ear  be  carefully  watched  for  a few  moments, 
they  may  be  seen  running  about  the  skin,  and  also  along  the  hairs 
in  the  ear,  at  a fairly  rapid  rate,  considering  their  minute  size  ; 
and  the  irritation  they  cause  is  due  in  a measure,  I believe,  to  the 
tickling  sensation  caused  by  their  movements,  and  partly  the  result 


Fig.  362. — Chorioptes  auricularum  ; magnified  about  70  diameters. — 

Sewell. 

A,  larval  forms  ; B3  young  Acarus  ; C,  male  ; D,  female. 

of  their  biting.  . . . The  skin  lining  the  ear  is  thin  and  soft,  and 
here,  I believe,  the  mites  do  bite,  and,  as  a result,  there  is  an  exuda- 
tion which,  I consider,  accounts  for  that  somewhat  dry  discharge 
so  often  seen  in  some  ordinary  cases  of  canker.’ 

The  convulsive  epileptiform  seizure  is  caused  by  the  ceruminous 
plug  which  * is  carried  against  the  tympanic  membrane  by  the 
pressure  and  scratching  on  the  cartilage  of  the  ear  when  the  Dog 
is  at  rest  ; or  when  the  animal  is  running,  by  the  violent  movements,, 
and  the  beating  and  slipping  about  of  the  ceruminous  mass.  For 
Nocard,  the  cerebro-spinal  excitement  of  the  hunting  animal  will 
be  a predisposing  cause  of  the  convulsive  crisis.  The  stimulation 
of  the  filaments  of  the  trigeminal  and  pneumogastric  nerves  in  the 
external  auditory  canal  by  the  Acari,  may  also  be  brought  into 


PARASITES  OF  THE  SENSORY  ORGANS  629 

operation,  and  there  will  then  be  established  a cutaneous  epilepto- 
genous zone  ’ (Boucheron). 

Diagnosis. — Auricular  acariasis  can  only  be  mistaken  for  epilepsy  ; 
it  is  distinguished  from  it,  however,  by  its  disappearance  on  the 
adoption  of  an  acaricide  treatment,  by  the  deafness  that  often 
accompanies  it,  but  which  can  only  be  ascertained  if  it  is  bilateral. 
Besides,  the  acarian  crisis  is  ushered  in  by  some  plaintive  cries* 
which  are  not  heard  in  epilepsy,  and  it  is  not  accompanied  by 
emission  of  urine  or  involuntary  defecation,  which  nearly  always 
occur  in  real  epileptic  seizures.  The  presence  of  the  Choriopt  in 
the  cerumen,  when  this  is  not  deeply  lodged,  also  fixes  the  diagnosis  ; 
while  the  contagious  properties  of  the  disease  contribute  to  remove 
all  doubts. 

The  epileptiform  attacks  of  verminous  origin  are  seldom  seen  in 
other  than  young  Dogs,  but  this  disease  attacks  those  of  all  ages. 

Some  sportsmen  have  mistaken  the  malady  for  rabies  ; but  it  is 
not  accompanied  by  the  mental  prodroma  of  the  latter,  and  its 
attacks  are  essentially  transitory  ; while  there  is  not  the  furious 
madness  and  viciousness  of  rabies. 

Lastly,  auricular  catarrh  and  chancre  of  the  ear  have  nothing 
more  in  common  with  acarian  epilepsy  than  their  seat,  though  they 
may  coincide  with  it. 

Prognosis. — Parasitic  otitis  has  only  serious  consequences  when 
it  is  not  properly  treated  ; it  yields  readily,  in  fact,  to  parasiticide 
agents,  and  ignorance  as  to  its  nature  often  leads  to  aggravation 
of  its  effects  and  death.  Its  contagiousness  gives  a serious  character 
to  the  prognosis  ; but  here,  again,  it  is  sufficient  to  know  this  to  be 
able  to  prevent  its  propagation. 

Treatment. — Avert  contagion  by  carefully  disinfecting  the  kennels, 
etc.,  where  the  disease  has  appeared. 

Curative  treatment  consists  in  keeping  the  ears  very  clean,  in 
removing  all  visible  cerumen,  and  in  using  tepid  detersive  injec- 
tions. Guzzoni  has  obtained  a good  result  with  the  formula  of 
Andree,  for  auricular  acariasis  of  the  Rabbit  (see  p.  624).  Megnin 
recommends  repeated  injections  of  sulphuret  of  potass,  1 to  20, 
twice  a day  for  three  days  ; and  Nocard  has  had  numerous  suc- 
cesses— even  in  very  advanced  and  serious  cases — with  the  following : 


Olive-oil 100  grantmes. 

Naphthol  .......  10  ,, 

Ether  ........  30  ,, 

Keep  in  a well-stoppered  bottle. 


Every  day  inject  some  of  this  liniment  into  the  external  auditory  canal, 
which  is  then  closed  for  ten  to  fifteen  minutes  by  a pledget  of  cotton  wool 
to  prevent  the  evaporation  of  the  ether. , 

Of  all  the  acaricides,  naphthol  is  the  one  which  has  given  Nocard 
the  best  results ; it  is  very  soluble  in  oil,  and  more  efficacious,  less 
irritating,  and  much  less  odorous  than  carbolic  acid.  Ether  added 
to  the  oily  solution  causes  the  liniment  to  penetrate  the  mass 


630 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


of  cerumen  — often  thick  and  consistent  — which  contains  the 
Chorioptes. 

Sewell  remarks  that,  when  the  acari  are  destroyed,  the  irritation 
at  once  ceases.  He  found  the  following  liniment  to  answer  the 
purpose  admirably  both  in  Dogs  and  Cats  : 


Ointment  of  the  nitrate  of  mercury  . . i drachm. 

Olive-oil  ........  i ounce. 

Mix  well. 


This  should  be  applied  all  over  the  internal  surface  of  the  ear  daily  with 
a camel’s  hair  brush,  or  a few  drops  may  be  poured  into  the  ear.  After  a 
week  the  ear  should  be  syringed  out  with  tepid  water  and  methylated  spirit, 
about  i to  io. 


B. — Chorioptic  Otacariasis  of  the  Cat. 

This  acariasis — also  named  auricular  scabies — was  observed  for  the  first 
time  in  i860,  by  Huber  of  Memmingen,  who  recognised  the  Choriopt  as  the 
cause.  This  was  again  observed  in  1876,  by  Broquet,  and  particularly 
studied  by  Megnin,  who  distinguished  this  Choriopt  from  the  common  Choriopt 
by  the  name  of  Chorioptes  ecaudatus.  It  is  the  Ch.  auricularum  var.  cati. 
Sewell  found  the  same  parasite  he  described  as  infesting  the  ear  of  the  Dog, 
in  that  of  the  Cat.  * I have  also  frequently  found  these  same  parasites  in 
Cats’  ears,  and  in  some  cases  they  induce  rather  extraordinary  symptoms, 
the  Cat  being  almost  unable  to  walk  ; in  fact,  when  it  attempts  to  do  so  it 
rolls  about  as  if  intoxicated,  frequently  falling  over  on  its  side.  I have  never 
seen  the  Acarus  cause  the  same  symptoms  in  the  Dog.’ 

The  male  is  300  n to  320  fx  long,  by  200  /.i  to  250  /x  broad  ; the  ovigerous 
female  is  450  n to  475  (.1  long,  and  250  fi  to  300  n broad. 

The  two  Cats  Megnin  observed  were  ‘ the  victims  of  such  a degree  of  itching 
that  they  could  not  rest,  and  had  even  attacks  of  frenzy.  There  were  only 
some  superficial  excoriations — the  result  of  scratching  with  the  hind-feet 
on  the  posterior  surface  of  the  concha.  On  examining  the  interior  of  the  ear, 
we  could  find  no  wound  or  ulcer,  but  the  cerumen  was  very  abundant,  and 
showed  on  its  surface  small,  white,  moving  spots,’  which  were  the  Chorioptes. 

We  have  found  these  Chorioptes  in  abundance  in  the  ears  of  a Cat  that  had 
been  killed  as  rabid.  Two  Dogs  were  inoculated  with  its  medulla  oblongata, 
with  a negative  result  ; thus  proving  it  had  not  been  affected  with  rabies. 

This  otitis  is  in  every  respect  analogous  to  the  parasitic  otitis  of  the  Dog. 
We  therefore  refer  to  what  has  been  already  said  as  to  the  pathology  and 
treatment  of  the  latter. 


C. — Chorioptic  Otacariasis  of  the  Ferret. 

This  affection — which  is  also  designated  auricular  scabies  and  parasitic 
otitis — as  well  as  the  parasite  causing  it,  has  been  described  by  Megnin.  It 
is  due  to  the  Chorioptes  auricularum  var.  f uronis. 

The  male  is  270  /.i  to  340  /x  long,  and  210  /.  1 to  250  n broad  ; the  ovigerous 
female  is  380  /t  to  450  n long,  by  240  /i  to  280  broad. 

In  1884  this  otacariasis  prevailed  in  a serious  epizootic  form  in  the  North 
of  France,  and  particularly  in  the  environs  of  Calais. 

By  multiplying  in  the  external  auditory  canal  of  the  Ferret,  the  Chorioptes 
cause  the  destruction  of  the  tympanic  membrane,  give  rise  to  violent  inflam- 
mation of  the  middle  ear,  then  caries  of  the  petrous  temporal  bone,  and  death 
not  only  from  extension  of  the  inflammation  to  the  brain,  but  also  from  the 
pain  and  abstinence  from  food. 

The  malady  is  not  accompanied  by  the  epileptiform  symptoms  or  fits  of 


PARASITES  OF  THE  SENSORY  ORGANS 


63  f 

frenzy  witnessed  in  the  Dog  and  Cat.  The  Ferret  suffers  silently,  and  there 
is  only  observed  a stupefaction,  interrupted  moments  of  wakening  up,  during 
which  the  animal  tries  to  scratch  its  ears  ; it  dies  without  exhibiting  any  very 
characteristic  symptoms. 

At  the  autopsy  there  is  found  an  abundance  of  brown  cerumen  in  the  ears, 
which  obstructs  the  auditory  canal  and  encloses  the  numerous  male  and 
female  Chorioptes,  isolated  or  coupled.  The  tympanum  is  destroyed,  the 
middle  ear  full  of  pus,  and  its  essential  portions  more  or  less  altered. 

This  disease  is  very  contagious  among  Ferrets,  and  may  last  three  or  four 
weeks  before  causing  death. 

By  reason  of  its  tranquil  course,  it  often  passes  unperceived  ; for  it  i& 
scarcely  discoverable  by  an  examination  of  the  ears,  and  attention  is  not 
attracted  to  it  until  it  has  caused  some  loss.  A cure  is  then  effected  by  the- 
same  means  that  are  successful  in  the  parasitic  otitis  of  the  Dog  and  Cat- 
The  places  in  which  the  Ferrets  are  kept  should  also  be  disinfected,  as  some' 
stray  Chorioptes  may  be  lingering  about  them. 


Article  II. — Parasites  of  the  Eye. 

All  the  parasites  of  the  skin  which  have  no  strictly  limited  localiza- 
tion may  lodge  in  or  on,  or  extend  themselves  to,  the  eyelids — 
such  are  the  Diptera  (and  especially  the  Chrysops  ccecutiens ),  the 
Pediculidae,  Ixodinae,  Sarcoptes,  and  Demodex.  We  have  seen 
elsewhere  that  the  Demodex  jolliculorum  has  been  found  by  Wilson 
in  the  Meibomian  glands  of  the  Horse,  and  by  Oschatz  exclusively 
in  those  of  the  Sheep. 

Van  Setten  extracted  from  the  anterior  chamber  of  a Horse — 
by  keratotomy — a parasite  which  Numan  described  under  the 
name  of  Monostomum  Setteni,  and  which  Diesing,  with  doubt, 
classed  among  the  Pentastomes  ( Pentastoma  Setteni).  The  Horse 
from  which  this  parasite  was  obtained  had  the  right  eye  very 
sensitive  to  the  light,  the  eyelids  were  tumefied,  conjunctiva  in- 
jected, and  the  cornea  almost  opaque.  After  the  operation,  the 
condition  of  the  eye  became  satisfactory.  In  interpreting  the 
erroneous  and  incomplete  description  given  by  Numan,  Blanchard 
and  Railliet  only  see  in  this  pretended  Monostomum  Setteni  a larva 
of  the  GEstridae,  probably  of  Hypoderma. 

The  Hcemopis  sanguisuga  has  been  met  with  by  Bizard  on  the 
conjunctiva  of  a Horse  in  Algiers. 

Trichinae  may  lodge  themselves  in  the  ocular  muscles,  as  in  the 
striped  muscles  generally ; it  is  the  same  with  the  Sarcosporidia, 
which  have  been  seen  by  Krause,  in  1863,  in  the  Ox,  Dog,  and  Cat. 

All  the  other  parasites  of  the  eye  are  Cestodes  in  the  cystic  form, 
or  Nematodes  of  the  genus  Filaria.  Their  presence  is  always  more 
or  less  exceptional. 


1. — Ocular  Cysticercosis. 

The  principal,  if  not  the  only  one  of  the  cystic  worms  observed  in  the  eye 
of  the  domesticated  animals,  is  the  Cysticercus  celluloses — the  parasite  of  Pig 
measles,  and  otherwise  the  only  one  met  with  in  the  eye  of  this  animal.  The 
first  and,  perhaps,  almost  the  only  observations  published  are  due  to  Van  der 


632 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Hoeven,  Nordmann,  and  Gescheidt.  ‘ Nordmann,’  says  Davaine,  * on  four 
occasions  met  with  the  Cysticercus  in  eighteen  eyes  he  examined  ; Gescheidt 
twice  in  forty-six  eyes.  In  each  animal  only  one  eye  was  invaded.  At  Paris, 
Rayer  found  none  in  the  forty-five  eyes  he  examined.  Of  the  four  cases 
observed  by  Nordmann,  in  two  the  worm  was  in  the  anterior  chamber,  in 
another  it  was  in  the  posterior  chamber,  the  crystalline  lens  being  affected 
with  cataract  in  the  fourth  case  there  were  six  Cysticerci  in  the  vitreous 
humour,  which  was  marked  by  irregular  brownish  bodies  formed  of  coagu- 
lated blood,  while  the  sclerotic  was  ossified  on  its  inner  surface,  which  was 
in  contact  with  six  other  Cysticerci.  * In  Gescheidt’s  two  cases,  the  Cysti- 
cercus was  in  the  anterior  chamber  of  one,  and  in  the  other  between  the 
choroid  and  retina.’  In  the  latter,  it  was  surrounded  by  a trifling  exudate, 
which  was  slightly  vascularized. 

In  the  Pig,  the  measles  Cysticercus  is  frequently  seen  in  the  muscles  of  the 
eye,  beneath  the  conjunctiva,  etc. 

Cunier  once  met  with  it  beneath  the  conjunctiva  of  a Dog,  at  the  external 
angle  of  the  eye.  Heincke  also  found  a Cysticercus  lodged  in  the  orbit  of 
a foal  fourteen  days  old,  the  eye  being  atrophied. 


2. — Intra-Ocular  Filariasis. 

This  affection,  which  is  most  frequently  named  Verminous 
ophthalmia , is  due  to  the  presence  of  Filariae  in  the  globe  of  the  eye, 
and  is  observed  more  particularly  in  Equines  and  Bovines.  Some 
very  exceptional  instances  have  been  recorded  as  occurring  in  the 
Sheep,  Dog,  Fowl,  and  Goose. 

A.  Equim:. — This  helminthiasis  is  somewhat  frequent  in  horses 
in  India,  but  is  exceptionally  seen  in  Europe  and  America.  We 
are  inclined  to  consider  these  worms  as  a young  form  of  Filar ia 
papillosa  Rud.,  and  not  as  a distinct  species — the  F.  pellucida 
Kennedy.  Davaine,  who  received  specimens  from  the  Madras 
Presidency,  gives  them  the  following  characters  : 

Body  capillary,  reddish- white  or  chestnut  in  colour,  and  a little  expanded 
towards  the  first  quarter  of  its  length  ; integument  smooth  ; mouth  provided 
with  three  (?)  salient,  triangular  lips  ; tail  acute,  with  two  long  and  strong 
papillae  at  the  sides,  a little  in  advance  of  the  end,  and  directed  backwards. 
Male  : 30  mm.  to  35  mm.  long,  tail  spiral,  and  having,  between  the  two 
caudal  papillae,  six  papillae  on  each  side — three  pre-anal  and  three  post-anal ; 
two  short  spicules,  with  an  accessory  piece.  Female  : 22  mm.  to  32  mm.  long, 
genital  tube  still  destitute  of  ova. 

The  presence  of  a worm  in  the  interior  of  the  eye  of  a Horse  was  reported 
for  the  first  time  in  1622,  by  Spigel.  A century  and  a half  later,  in  1773, 
a letter  from  a Spanish  veterinary  surgeon,  Domingo  Rayo,  mentions  such 
an  occurrence  in  a Mule  and  a Horse.  Morgan  and  Hopkinson  state  that, 
in  1782,  there  was  exhibited  at  Philadelphia  a Horse  which  had,  it  was 
reported,  ‘ a living  serpent  ’ in  its  eye.  In  1804,  Sick  made  a similar  observa- 
tion at  Vienna  ; and  since  then,  intra-ocular  helminthiasis  has  been  noted 
on  several  occasions  in  various  parts  of  Europe  and  North  America. 

The  first  mention  of  worm  in  the  eyes  of  Horses  in  India,  is  due  to  Kennedy. 
It  has  been  very  often  observed  more  recently,  and  details  as  to  the  ophthalmia 
it  occasions  have  been  furnished  by  Atkinson,  Breton,  Grelies,  Twining  and 
Gibb,  Percivall,  Molyneux,  Macnamara,  Adams,  etc. 

These  worms  are  known  in  Bengal  as  sanp , or  serpent  of  the  eye. 
They  are  common  there,  as  well  as  in  Upper  India,  at  Madras, 
Ceylon,  etc.,  and  up  to  the  borders  of  Burma.  They  are  observed 


PARASITES  OF  THE  SENSORY  ORGANS 


633 


mostly  during  the  cold  season,  and  when  the  r«.ins  have  been 
abundant  ; they  are  also  more  frequent  in  certain  localities  than 
others,  and  in  young  than  adult  Horses. 

Usually  only  one  eye  is  affected,  and  there  may  be  one,  two,  or 
even  three  worms  in  the  anterior  chamber — swimming  about  freely 
in  the  aqueous  humour,  where  they  can  be  seen  through  the  cornea, 
moving  more  or  less  rapidly.  It  may  happen  that  the  worm  will 
die  there,  and  be  absorbed  ; but  usually  its  presence  produces  much 
irritation — epiphora,  photophobia,  and  conjunctivitis  ; the  iris  is 
inflamed,  the  aqueous  humour  loses  its  transparency  and  assumes 
a milky  tint,  the  cornea  becomes  thickened  and  gradually  opaque  ; 
then  the  inflammatory  phenomena  subside,  but  vision  is  destroyed. 
There  has  often  been  remarked  in  India,  in  Horses  so  affected,  a 
peculiar  weakness  of  the  loins  called  kumree  and  ah-drung  by  the 
natives,  which  appears  after  the  commencement  of  the  ophthalmia  ; 
its  nature  is  not  known,  and  several  veterinary  surgeons  see  in  it 
a mere  coincidence,  having  no  relation  to  ocular  filariasis.  This 
loin  weakness  has  never  been  seen  anywhere  else  than  in 
India. 

Nearly  all  who  have  had  to  do  with  this  parasitic  ophthalmia 
of  the  Horse,  have  treated  it  by  puncturing  the  cornea  ; and  they 
recommend  this  operation  being  performed  at  the  commencement, 
in  order  to  avert  opacity.  Some  operate  upon  the  Horse  in  a 
standing  position,  and  apply  a 4 per  cent,  solution  of  cocaine  to 
the  eye  before  operation  ; others  lay  the  animal  down,  and  employ 
a local  or  a general  anaesthetic.  The  keratotomy  is  made  with  a 
cataract-needle  or  a small  lancet,  at  the  inferior  part  of  the  cornea. 
The  sudden  expulsion  of  the  aqueous  humour  carries  the  worm 
outside  or  towards  the  wound,  where  it  is  seized  the  moment  it 
appears.  After  the  operation  cold  dressings  are  applied,  and,  if 
necessary,  a dose  of  purgative  medicine  is  given. 

An  observation  by  Paszotta  proves  that  the  eye  Filaria  may  die 
sar  place , and  be  absorbed  in  five  or  six  weeks.  Jimenez  Alberca 
has  published  a case  of  recovery  through  the  use  of  an  ointment 
of  the  red  oxide  of  mercury — eight  parts,  to  lard  ten  parts.  He 
placed  a piece  about  the  size  of  a pea  beneath  the  eyelid,  twice  in 
the  course  of  eight  days. 

Ox. — The  intra-ocular  Filaria  of  the  Ox  was  observed  by  Grisoni 
in  1429  (Ercolani)  ; but  the  affection  to  which  it  gives  rise  was  first 
described  by  Deguilleme  in  1812,  then  some  years  afterwards  by 
Santin,  of  Dorgue,  Tarn.  In  1827,  Chaignaud  published  an  inter- 
esting work  on  the  subject,  based  on  more  than  150  observations, 
and  since  that  time  many  practitioners  have  had  to  deal  with  the 
affection. 

The  worm  which  produces  it  is  capillary,  and  from  2 cm.  to  3 cm. 
long.  It  has  not  yet  been  studied  by  a helminthologist,  and  pro- 
visionally it  might  be  considered  as  a larval  form  of  Filaria  cervina 
which,  in  the  adult  state,  infests  the  serous  membranes  of  the  Ox. 

This  verminous  ophthalmia  may  prevail  in  an  epizootic  form. 


634 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


Chaignaud  has  only  seen  it  from  June  to  November  ; but  Durre- 
chou  has  observed  it  in  March,  and  Faure  in  April. 

Usually  only  one  eye  is  affected,  and  it  is  exceptional  for  both 
to  be  involved  at  one  time.  There  is  one  worm,  rarely  two  or 
three  ; but  Roche -Lubin  has  extracted  seven,  which  were  inter- 
twined in  a bundle.  They  are  situated  in  the  anterior  chamber, 
and  swim  about  in  the  aqueous  humour.  Chaignaud  states,  that 
in  the  three  to  ten  first  days  they  are  coiled  upon  themselves,  im- 
movable, and  appear  as  whitish-red  bodies  the  size  of  a vetch-seed 
to  that  of  a pea,  lying  in  the  lower  part  of  the  anterior  chamber. 
Later,  they  are  seen  to  move  behind  the  cornea.  The  signs  of 
inflammation  of  the  eye  are  the  same  as  in  the  Horse. 

Keratotomy,  which  has  succeeded  in  some  hands,  is  rejected  by 
others  as  dangerous.  Bleeding,  emollients,  and  anodynes  have  not 
yielded  satisfactory  results  ; Chaignaud  employed  tincture  of  aloes 
diluted  with  an  equal  weight  of  water,  and  instilled  between  the 
eyelids  three  times  a day.  After  three  or  four  days,  and  sometimes 
from  the  first  day,  the  worm  ceases  to  move  about,  ‘ falls  to  the 
bottom  of  the  anterior  chamber  of  the  eye,’  and  is  absorbed  at  a 
period  more  or  less  remote.  When  the  alterations  in  the  media 
are  advanced,  the  progress  towards  formation  of  cataract  cannot 
be  checked. 

The  disease  may  last  from  two  to  four  months,  with  long  inter- 
missions (Durrechou).  Anceze  has  seen  it  coincide  with  verminous 
conjunctivitis,  without  remarking  any  differences  between  the 
external  and  internal  worms.  Claes  and  Brouwier  have  seen,  in 
two  localities  in  Belgium,  an  epizooty  of  verminous  ophthalmia 
that  attacked  nearly  all  the  animals  on  a farm,  and  was  followed 
soon  after  by  an  attack  of  bronchial  strongylosis. 

Sheep. — Haselback  has  observed,  in  the  eye  of  a Ram,  a filiform  worm 
that  gave  rise  to  internal  ophthalmia,  and  disappeared — perhaps  under  the 
influence  of  treatment. 

Dog. — Gescheidt  on  one  occasion  found,  in  the  vitreous  humour  of  a Dog, 
a female  worm  about  7 mm.  long,  with  an  orbicular  mouth  surrounded  with 
three  small  round  papillae.  This  was  the  Filaria  trispinulosa  Diesing. 
Cobbold  considered  it  to  be  a larva. 

Fowl. — Cobbold  mentions  the  existence  of  a Filaria  Mansoni  in  the  eyes 
of  Poultry  in  China.  The  Filariae  of  the  blood  are  otherwise  very  common 
in  the  Ravens  and  Magpies  of  Eastern  Asia. 

Goose. — Small  has  witnessed,  in  a large  number  of  Geese  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Dublin,  a unilateral  ophthalmia,  with  opacity  of  the  cornea  and 
increase  in  volume  of  the  eye.  Incision  of  the  cornea  in  one  of  them  allowed 
the  escape  of  a black  filiform  worm,  resembling  a young  Leech,  which  was 
perhaps  a Filaria. 


3. — Extra-Ocular  Filariasis. 

Filariae  have  been  seen  several  times  beneath  the  eyelids  of  the 
Horse  and  Ox,  and  even  in  the  lachrymal  canal  of  the  Horse.  They 
often  cause  conjunctivitis. 

According  to  Ercolani,  those  of  the  Ox  were  observed  in  1429,  as 


PARASITES  OF  THE  SENSORY  ORGANS 


<535 


well  as  the  intra-ocular  Filariae  of  this  species  of  animal,  by  Barto- 
lomeo Grisoni,  who,  in  an  unpublished  manuscript,  speaks  of  the 
diseases  of  the  Ox.  The  first  description  of  them  we  owe  to  Gurlt, 
in  1831,  who  named  them  Filaria  lachrymalis.  C.  Baillet  has  recog- 
nised that  the  Filaria  of  the  eyelids  of  the  Horse  differs  somewhat 
from  that  of  the  Ox.  The  latter  should  therefore  retain  the  name 
of  F.  lachrymalis , that  of  the  Horse  being  designated  F.  palpebralis 
Wilson. 

A.  Horse. — The  Filaria  of  the  Horse’s  eyelids  has  rarely  been 
seen,  and  Gurlt,  Kleim,  Goubaux,  Baillet  and  Railliet  have  fur- 
nished the  principal  contributions  to  its  history. 

Filaria  palpebralis  (Wilson). — Body  filiform,  white,  attenuated  at  both 
ends.  Mouth  terminal  and  nude.  Male  8 mm.  long,  tail  turned  crossways  ; 
two  unequal  spicules  120  //  to  170  jx  long.  Female  14  mm.  to  16  mm.  long  ; 
tail  straight ; ovo viviparous. 

Gurlt  often  saw  the  worm,  either  beneath  the  eyelids,  or  more 
especially  in  the  lachrymal  canals  of  Horses  which  were  being  dis- 
sected ; its  presence  had  not  been  suspected  during  life.  It  was 
also  in  the  dissecting-room  that  Goubaux  met  with  54  of  these 
worms  in  the  two  eyes  of  a Horse,  though  these  organs  were  quite 
healthy.  Kleim,  howevei,  saw  a Horse  suffering  from  epiphora, 
photophobia,  and  great  tenderness — verminous  conjunctivitis — with 
persistent  opacity  of  the  cornea.  There  were  five  Filariae  beneath 
the  eyelid  of  the  affected  eye.  In  the  case  observed  by  Railliet, 
the  conjunctivitis  was  accompanied  by  slight  decortication  of  the 
cornea.  Goubaux  has  noticed  a dilatation  of  the  lachrymal  canals. 

The  origin  of  these  Filariae  is  unknown.  Railliet  deposited  on 
the  surface  of  the  healthy  eye  of  a Horse,  a female  full  of  embryos, 
but  these  did  not  develop  into  adult  worms. 

The  treatment  of  this  verminous  conjunctivitis  evidently  consists 
in  removal  of  the  worms. 

B.  Ox. — The  Filaria  lachrymalis  of  the  Ox  (Gurlt)  appears  to 
have  been  first  seen  by  Rhodes,  of  Plaisance,  Gers  ; it  was  after- 
wards referred  to  by  Coulom,  Anceze,  Serres,  C.  Baillet,  Randanne, 
etc.  It  is  more  common  than  that  of  the  Horse — at  least,  in  the 
South  of  France  ; in  summer  and  autumn  it  is  most  frequently 
met  with. 

It  differs  from  that  of  the  Horse  more  especially  by  its  length, 
which  is  in  the  male  from  10  mm.  to  14  mm.,  and  in  the  female 
20  mm.  to  24  mm.,  as  well  as  by  the  dimensions  of  the  spicules  of 
the  male,  one  of  which  measures  115  /x  long  by  10  /x  in  diameter, 
the  other  750  /x  by  4 /x. 

The  symptoms  of  this  conjunctivitis  are  the  same  as  in  the  Horse. 
We  can  see  where  the  worms  crawl  on  the  surface  of  the  globe  of 
the  eye,  and  glide  between  the  folds  of  mucous  membrane,  nearly 
always  towards  the  inner  angle  of  the  eyelids  ; often  they  interlace 
with  each  other  into  a small  bundle,  which  is  usually  lodged  beneath 
the  membrana  nictitans.  If  the  inflammation  extend  to  the  cornea, 
it  may  result  in  more  or  less  deep  and  dangerous  ulceration. 


636  TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 

When  the  worms  are  numerous — and  Guittard  says  he  has  seen 
more  than  100  in  one  case — there  is  difficulty  in  extracting  them 
all  with  the  finger.  We  may  then  proceed  after  the  manner  of 
Randanne  and  separate  the  eyelids  by  means  of  flat  retractors 
or  a blepharostat,  then  inject,  on  the  cornea  and  beneath  the 
membrana  nictitans,  a watery  dilution  of  tincture  of  camphor. 
The  worms  are  in  this  way  washed  out  of  the  eye,  and  a few 
applications  of  astringent  lotion  complete  the  cure.  It  may  be 
useful  to  apply  a solution  of  nitrate  of  silver  to  the  corneal 
ulcerations. 


BOOK  VIII 

PARASITES  OF  THE  GENITO-URINARY  ORGANS 


CHAPTER  I 

PARASITES  OF  THE  URINARY  ORGANS 

The  kidneys  and  bladder  are  the  only  organs  of  the  urinary  system 
in  which  parasitism  is  manifested.  It  is  furnished  by  very  varied 
groups. 

COCCI  DI A. — Pachinger  found  on  three  occasions,  in  the  kidneys  of  the 
Horse,  Coccidia  which  he  considered  identical  with  the  Eimeria  falciformis 
of  the  intestinal  epithelium  of  the  Mouse.  In  each  case  the  alterations  in 
the  kidney  were  such  that  death  could  evidently  be  attributed  to  them. 

In  the  oesophagus,  stomach  and  entire  intestinal  canal  of  a Cat,  and  in  the 
kidneys  of  a Dog,  the  same  authority  observed  a new  Coccidium,  distinct 
from  the  Orthospora  of  the  Triton,  but,  like  it,  belonging  to  the  monosporean 
Coccidia,  with  four  falciform  corpuscles. 

Railliet  and  Lucet  have  described  by  the  name  of  renal  Coccidiosis,  a 
parasitic  affection  of  the  Goose,  which  first  shows  itself  by  progressive 
wasting  without  any  apparent  cause.  After  a somewhat  long  period,  the 
Geese  are  almost  incapable  of  walking,  stand  with  difficulty,  and  generally 
lie  immovable  on  their  abdomen  ; some  lie  on  their  back  with  the  legs  apart, 
and  if  put  on  their  feet  they  make  some  steps,  fall,  and  resume  this  singular 
position.  In  every  case  they  cease  to  eat,  and  soon  thereafter  die. 

At  the  autopsy  the  kidneys  are  found  full  of  small  whitish  nodules,  about 
the  size  of  a pin’s  head  ; more  rarely  the  lesions  are  diffused. 

These  nodules  are  formed  of  a considerable  mass  of  Coccidia,  Coccidium 
truncatum  (Raill.  and  Lucet),  some  of  which  are  free,  others  encysted,  and 
have  much  analogy  with  the  oviform  Coccidium  of  the  Rabbit’s  liver.  They 
are,  however,  a little  rounder  and  smaller — being  20  n to  22  n in  their  greatest 
diameter,  and  13  /z  to  16  n in  their  smallest.  At  the  narrowest  pole  there  is 
a very  apparent  micropyle.  A certain  number  of  these  Coccidia  contain  a 
uniformly  granular  mass  throughout  the  cyst ; in  others,  the  contents  are 
gathered  into  a ball  towards  the  centre. 

Thin  sections  of  the  invaded  kidneys  show  that  these  Coccidia  are  developed 
in  the  uriniferous  tubes,  and  allow  of  their  evolution  being  followed.  They 
appear  at  first  as  round,  granular,  nucleated  bodies,  situated  in  the  epithelial 
cells,  the  nuclei  of  which  they  push  towards  the  base.  Sometimes  only  one 
of  these  bodies  occupies  a cell,  but  most  frequently  two  or  three,  or  even  more, 
are  observed  at  the  same  time.  In  the  latter  case,  it  seems  that  a multiplica- 
tion of  the  Coccidium — by  schizogenesis — occurs  in  the  same  situation  ; and 
these  multiple  bodies,  often  rendered  polyhedral  by  reciprocal  compression, 

637 


633 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


form  ray-like  series.  When  accidentally  removed,  there  is  left  an  alveolus 
limited  by  a kind  of  granular  matrix,  which  might  be  taken  for  a cell  proper  ; 
but  a nucleus  is  never  observed.  At  other  points,  the  epithelium  of  the 
uriniferous  tube  has  disappeared,  and  in  its  place  are  Coccidia,  which  are 
already  surrounded  by  a double-contoured  envelope.  Elsewhere  also,  well- 
formed  Coccidia  are  observed  in  the  cavity  of  the  tubes,  where  the  epithelium 
is  still  intact ; these  are  evidently  parasites  which  have  been  developed  higher 
up,  and  are  being  thrown  out. 

Railliet  and  Lucet  have  assured  themselves  that  these  Coccidia  follow  the 
course  of  the  urine,  and  are  expelled  with  it,  to  continue  their  evolution.  By 
keeping  them  a certain  time  in  water,  they  remarked  that  the  protoplasmic 
mass  divides  into  four  round  sporoblasts,  like  the  species  of  the  genus  Coc - 
cidium. 

CESTODES. — The  Cysticercus  celluloses  may  be  found  in  the 
kidneys  of  the  measly  Pig,  or  in  Dogs  suffering  from  the  same 
malady.  It  is  only  met  with  in  small  number,  and  then  only  when 
the  disease  is  localized. 

The  Echinococci  may  also  develop  in  the  kidneys  of  the  Pig  and 
Ruminants,  and  especially  in  the  Sheep,  though  they  are  less  common 
than  in  the  liver  and  lungs.  The  internal  surface  of  the  cyst  is  often 
corrugated,  and  its  cavity  traversed  by  bands  that  render  it  multi- 
locular.  The  wall  is  frequently  calcified  on  its  surface  or  in  its 
substance,  and  sometimes  it  appears  to  be  ossified  to  a variable 
extent.  Atheromatous  deposits  compress  the  hydatid,  which  is 
flaccid  and  wrinkled.  The  cyst  may  open  by  fissures  on  the  surface, 
or  into  the  pelvis  of  the  kidney  (Rayer). 

Perroncito  has  observed  a hydatic  cyst  in  the  right  kidney  of  a 
Zebu  bull,  and  Ostertag  has  found  three  small  multilocular  Echino- 
cocci in  the  left  kidney  of  a Bull ; while  Dupuy  has  seen  them  in 
the  kidneys  of  a sow.  Cadeac  and  Malet  have  published  a remark- 
able case  of  Echinococcus  in  the  kidney  of  a Horse  ; they  classed 
it  with  both  the  exogenous  and  endogenous  types  ; the  renal  tissue 
had  disappeared  at  different  points,  where  the  cyst  was  confounded 
with  the  enveloping  tunic.  Perroncito  met  with  an  Echinococcus 
cyst,  the  size  of  a large  nut,  in  a Dog’s  kidney. 

In  a Dog,  killed  after  showing  rabiform  symptoms,  Wolpert 
found  a Taenia  in  the  oesophagus,  several  in  the  intestines,  another 
coiled  around  the  left  kidney,  and  adherent  to  its  surface ; and  in 
the  pelvis  of  each  kidney  a coiled  up  Taenia  io  to  12  cm.  long.  The 
organs  were  almost  double  their  normal  volume,  and  nearly  all  the 
medullary  layer  of  the  renal  substance  was  destroyed  and  reduced 
into  a magma  of  blood  and  pus,  in  the  midst  of  which  was  found 
the  parasite  and  the  debris  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  pelvis. 
The  Taeniae  in  the  kidneys  were  the  T.  serrata. 

TREMATODES. — We  have  seen  (p.  532)  that  the  ova  of  the  Bilharzia 
crassa,  found  in  an  Ox  and  Sheep  in  Egypt,  may  be  carried  by  the  vessels 
into  the  bladder,  whence  they  are  expelled  along  with  the  urine. 

NEMATODES. — Among  the  Nematodes  of  the  urinary  pas- 
sages, some  have  their  normal  habitat  there,  while  others  are  only 
present  by  accident.  Some  which  are  only  met  with  in  the  larval 
form  are,  consequently,  undetermined. 


PARASITES  OF  THE  URINARY  ORGANS 


639 


I.  Eustrongylus  visceralis  (Gmelin,  Strongylus  gigas  Rud.). — The 
giant  Eustrongyle  is,  in  the  domesticated  animals,  the  only  repre- 
sentative of  the  genus  Eustrongylus  in  the  family  of  Strongylidae. 
Its  name  is  given  to  it  because  of  its  really  gigantic  dimensions. 


It  is  generally  a blood-red  worm,  slightly  tapering 
at  the  extremities,  and  finely  striped  transversely ; 
the  mouth  is  triangular,  and  surrounded  by  six 
small  papillae.  Male,  13  cm.  to  40  cm.  long,  and 
4 mm.  to  6 mm.  broad ; tail  obtuse,  terminated  by 
a patelliform,  membranous,  entire  pouch  without 
rays,  and  traversed  by  a very  slender,  single  spicule. 
Female,  20  cm.  to  1 m.  long,  and  5 mm.  to  12  111m. 
broad  ; tail  obtuse  and  slightly  curved  ; a single 
ovary  ; vulva  very  near  the  mouth.  Oviparous. 
Ova  ovoid  and  brownish,  68  jw  to  80  /x  long,  and 
40  /x  to  43  n broad. 

The  giant  Eustrongyle,  the  largest  of  the 
Nematodes,  is  a parasite  of  the  kidneys, 
and  is  met  with  in  Man,  and  in  the  Horse,  Ox, 


Fig.'363. — Giant  Eustron-  Fig.  364. — Ova  and  embryo  of  a giant  Eustron- 

■ ■ gyle,  male ; natural  size.  gyle* — After  Balbiani.* 

* A,  mature  ovum,  from  the  interior  of  a fecundated  female  ; magnified  400 
diameters.  Its  surface  shows  numerous  openings  of  canals  that  traverse 
the  shell  from  one  part  to  another.  B,  ovum  containing  an  embryo  still 
cellular.  -C,  embryo  extracted  from  the  shell ; magnified  250  diameters. 


Dog,  Wolf,  Mink,  Marten,  Otter,  Seal,  etc.  It  is  much  more  fre- 
qeunt  in  the  Carnivora,  and  especially  in  the  Dog  ; but  it  is  only 
exceptionally  met  with,  though  Silvestrini  observed  it  very  often 
at  Pistoja,  Tuscany,  and  environs,  principally  in  sporting  Dogs — 
setters,  retrievers,  pointers,  spaniels,  or  mongrels. 


640 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


The  phases  of  its  existence  are  not  yet  known.  As  it  is  perhaps 
not  so  rare  among  the  ichthyophagous  mammals,  it  is  possible  that 
it  lives  in  Fish  during  the  early  period  of  its  life.  This  opinion  is 
rendered  more  probable  by  the  discovery  of  Schneider,  who  has 
found  in  exotic  fishes  the  encysted  Nematodes  already  described 
by  Rudolphi  by  the  name  of  Filaria  cystica,  which  are  the  larvae 
of  a Eustrongylus.  Schneider  inclines  to  class  it  with  E.  gigas, 
though  without  sufficient  reason,  according  to  Leuckart. 

Balbiani  has  recognised  that  the  development  of  the  ovum  com- 
mences in  the  uterus  of  the  female,  but  is  soon  arrested,  and  cannot 
be  completed  until  after  the  egg  has  been  expelled  from  the  body 
of  the  host,  and  brought  in  contact  with  water  or  damp  soil.  Be- 
tween this  later  period  and  the  appearance  of  the  embryo,  there 
elapse  five  or  six  months  if  winter  intervenes,  but  it  is  probably 
shorter  if  summer  is  included.  The  embryo  may  remain  for  more 
than  a year  without  perishing.  When  put  into  pure  water  and 
hatched  artificially,  this  embryo  rapidly  undergoes  change  ; as  it 
does  not  thrive  well  except  in  albuminous  fluids,  and  will  not  resist 
more  than  a few  days’  desicca'tion.  It  is  240  /u  long  and  14  broad, 
cylindrical,  and  gradually  tapering  posteriorly  ; the  head  is  pointed, 
mouth  terminal  and  having  no  papillae,  but  it  is  provided  (?)  with 
a small  protractile  chitinous  dart,  which  doubtless  serves  the  young 
worm  as  an  organ  of  penetration.  Balbiani  has  not  succeeded  in 
hatching  these  ova  in  the  digestive  canal  of  the  Dog,  various  Fishes, 
Snakes  and  Tritons,  nor  in  river  Prawns. 

The  Dog,  Horse,  and  Ox  are  the  only  domesticated  animals  in 
which  the  giant  Eustrongyle  has  been  found.  The  majority  of 
observations  have  reference  to  the  Dog. 

Dog. — It  might  be  supposed  that  the  presence  of  a giant  Eus- 
trongyle in  the  urinary  passages  would  cause  acute  pain,  but  in 
many  of  the  observations  this  parasitism  was  not  revealed  by  any 
symptom  during  the  life  of  the  animal,  and  was  a surprise  at  the 
autopsy.  In  other  instances,  however,  the  parasite  has  often 
caused  grave  disturbance  in  the  health  of  its  host.  Sometimes  it 
has  been  a continued  wasting,  terminating  in  consumption  (Caesalpin, 
De  Sillol)  ; at  other  times  the  suffering  has  been  betrayed  by  cries 
and  howls  uttered  night  and  day  (Kerckring,  Boirel,  Liefmann, 
Heucher,  Van  Swieten)  ; or  the  Dog  has  walked  with  its  body 
curved  to  one  side — that  corresponding  to  the  invaded  kidney. 
It  is  probable  that,  at  a certain  period,  the  urine  is  sanguinolent 
or  purulent.  When  the  worm  is  in  the  ureter,  it  causes  retention 
of  the  urine  and  distension  of  the  kidney  (Redi)  ; when  in  the 
bladder,  it  acts  as  a foreign  body,  and  micturition  is  effected  drop 
by  drop  (Fr.  Franck)  ; and  when  it  has  penetrated  to  the  peritoneal 
cavity,  there  are  indications  of  peritonitis.  In  a case  reported  by 
Magnie,  the  only  symptoms  were  vomiting  and  asphyxia,  five 
minutes  before  death  ; the  worm  was  in  the  left  pleura. 

It  is  not  possible  to  foretell  what  may  be  the  result  of  renal 
eustrongylosis,  but  it  would  appear  to  be  the  tendency  of  the  worm 


PARASITES  OF  THE  URINARY  ORGANS  641 

to  quit  the  kidney  when  it  has  destroyed  its  substance — as  with 
those  which  have  been  found  in  the  peritoneal  and  pleural  cavities, 
or  lodged  in  the  ureter  or  bladder.  The  worm  may  pass  into  the 
urethra,  but  there  it  is  stopped  by  the  penial  bone  ; it  then 
perforates  the  canal,  and  locates  itself  in  the  connective  tissue. 
U.  Leblanc  has  observed  three  cases  of  this  kind,  in  which  the  worm 
was  not  manifested  by  any  other  symptom  than  the  rapid  forma- 
tion of  a tumour  the  size  of  the  fist  in  the  perineal  region,  close 
to,  but  behind,  the  testicle.  The  obstacle  offered  by  the  constric- 
tion of  the  urethra  is  not  absolutely  insurmountable,  as  Lacoste 


surface  of  the  kidney  has  been  excised  ; natural  size. — Railliet. 

has  seen  a Dog  evacuate  a giant  Eustrongyle  by  this  canal — the 
expulsion  being  preceded  and  accompanied  by  acute  pain,  and 
followed  by  the  discharge  of  * about  two  spoonfuls  of  blood.’  Re- 
covery ensued  almost  immediately. 

Megnin  has  witnessed  an  exceptional  mode  of  expulsion.  A 
Bitch  presented  a mammary  tumour  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
umbilicus,  which,  on  being  incised,  gave  exit  to  a giant  Eustrongyle. 
Recovery  in  this  case  was  also  rapid. 

The  giant  Eustrongyle  is  developed  in  the  kidney,  and  its  presence 
there  causes  grave  disorders.  The  tissues  of  the  organ  are  gradually 
destroyed  ; the  vessels — which  resist  for  a long  time — are  damaged, 

4i 


642 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


and  this  leads  to  frequent  haemorrhages,  and  the  worm  is  usually 
immersed  in  a sanguinolent  fluid.  At  last  the  vessels  disappear, 
and  the  enveloping  tunic  of  the  kidney  forms  the  only  wall  of  the 
tumour,  which  has  acquired  a varied,  but  always  considerable, 
volume,  and  contains  much  blood.  This  tunic  of  the  kidney,  in 
being  distended,  becomes  thickened,  and  assumes  the  appearance 
of  the  perinephritic  fat.  Partial  ossification  of  the  internal  mem- 
brane of  the  renal  pouch  has  been  twice  noted  by  Miller,  in  the 
Mink  of  America.  The  pelvis  undergoes  the  same  dilatation  as 
the  kidney,  as  may  also  the  ureter  ; though  Drel  incourt  and 
Sperling  have  found  that  canal  obliterated.  In  a case  described 
by  Ruysch,  besides  two  Eustron gyles,  there  was  a calculus  that 
completely  closed  up  the  pelvis. 

It  has  never  happened,  says  Davaine,  that  more  than  one  kidney 
has  been  invaded,  and  the  size  of  the  healthy  one  is  usually  more 
considerable  than  in  the  normal  state. 

Most  frequently  there  is  only  one  Eustrongyle — rarely  are  there 
two.  Verney,  however,  has  found  four  in  a Dog,  and  Klein  eight 
— six  males  and  two  females — in  a Wolf. 

• The  Eustrongyle  may  be  met  with  elsewhere  than  in  the  kidney, 
as  has  been  said  when  dealing  with  the  symptoms.  Redi  has  found 
one  occupying  the  kidney  and  part  of  the  ureter  ; Kerckring, 
another  extending  the  whole  length  of  the  ureter  ; and  Franck, 
one  lodged  in  the  bladder.  When  met  with  outside  these  organs, 
it  has  been  generally  in  their  vicinity,  and  it  is  probable  that  the 
worm  has  primarily  developed  in  the  urinary  passages.  Such  was 
Megnin’s  case  and  the  three  cases  of  U.  Leblanc  already  referred 
to.  In  one  of  the  latter  the  verminous  tumour  had  a pedicle, 
manifestly  indicating  a previous  communication  of  its  cavity  with 
the  ureter.  Plasse  found  three  giant  Eustrongyles  which  had  found 
their  way  into  the  peritoneal  cavity,  after  breaking  through  the 
shell  of  the  kidney,  which  still  partly  enveloped  that  organ  ; the 
other  two  remained  in  the  kidney — or  rather  in  the  place  of  that 
organ — as  it  had  completely  disappeared.  Stratton,  in  Canada, 
had  already  observed  a similar  case  ; as  had  Peuch,  Mathis,  and 
Megnin.  In  the  case  of  the  latter,  it  was  remarkable  that  the 
kidneys  were  still  healthy.  There  are  also  the  cases  observed  by 
Rivolta  (giant  Eustrongyles  on  the  surface  of  the  liver),  Lissizin 
(Eustrongyle  in  the  left  lobe  of  the  liver),  Magnie  (Eustrongyle  in 
the  pleurae),  Grehant,  quoted  by  Balbiani  (three  Eustrongyles  in 
the  peritoneum).  In  a case  reported  by  Silvestrini,  two  Eustrongyles 
were  developed  in  the  abdominal  cavity,  but  they  had  caused  in- 
tense hyperaemia  of  the  kidneys,  which  they  appear  to  have  sucked 
by  fixing  themselves  on  their  surface. 

The  diagnosis  of  the  giant  Eustrongyle  in  the  urinary  apparatus 
offers  great  difficulties,  generally.  Suspicion  should  be  aroused, 
however,  by  the  emission  of  blood-coloured  urine  or  blood-clots, 
coincidently  with  the  manifestation  of  rabiform  symptoms  ; and 
the  suspicion  would  be  confirmed  if,  on  a microscopical  examina- 


PARASITES  OF  THE  URINARY  ORGANS  643 

tion  of  the  urine,  the  ova  of  the  Eustrongyle,  with  all  their  essential 
characteristics,  were  found  in  it. 

If  the  diagnosis  were  established,  then  perhaps  the  administra- 
tion of  oil  of  turpentine  would  cause  the  worm  to  emigrate.  Sil- 
vestrini  thought  extirpation  of  the  worm  might  be  attempted. 
If  it  were  decided  that  the  parasite  was  located  in  the  bladder, 
then  urethrotomy  could  be  practised.  Finally,  if  it  caused  the 
formation  of  perineal  or  mammary  tumours — as  in  the  cases  of 
Leblanc  and  Megnin — nothing  could  be  simpler  than  puncturing 
them  and  extracting  the  Eustrongyle. 

Horse  and  Ox. — Chabert  describes  having  found  a giant  Eustrongyle  in 
the  left  kidney  of  a Mare  ; the  gland  was  very  voluminous,  full  of  a purulent 
fluid,  and  the  worm  was  white.  Rudolphi  also  had  a specimen  obtained 
from  a Horse  ; U.  Leblanc  met  with  one  in  the  kidney  of  a Horse,  and  Labat 
discovered  another  in  the  kidney  of  a Mare,  which  had  not  shown  any  symp- 
toms during  life  that  could  lead  to  a suspicion  of  its  presence. 

Rudolphi  says  he  had  a giant  Eustrongyle  that  came  from  an  Ox.  Diesing 
alludes  to  a specimen  in  the  Museum  of  the  Alfort  Veterinary  School,  which 
had  the  same  origin.  Greve  observed  a Bull  which,  for  nearly  a year,  had 
suffered  from  dysuria,  and  later  the  urine  was  mixed  with  flakes  of  mucus  ; 
the  left  kidney  of  this  animal  was  transformed  into  an  enormous  cyst  filled 
with  a foetid  purulent  fluid,  in  which  was  a giant  Eustrongyle. 

II.  Armed  Sclerostome  ( Sclerostomum  equinum  Mull.,  Strongylus  armatus, 
Rud.). — The  agamous  form  of  this  worm,  which  lives  in  the  branches  of  the 
posterior  aorta  in  the  Equidae,  may  be  found  in  the  renal  arteries.  The 
verminous  aneurisms  of  these  arteries  or  of  the  aorta  may,  according  to 
Lustig,  be  the  starting-point  of  nephritis  by  embolism. 

Sclerostomes  may  also  be  met  with  even  in  the  kidney.  Walters  found 
two  in  each  kidney  of  a paraplegic  Mare,  and  Bowler  has  made  several  observa- 
tions of  the  same  kind  in  Mules.  These  worms  may  be  likewise  encountered 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  kidneys,  in  the  adipose  mass  surrounding  them, 
where  they  are  sometimes  in  large  quantity  (Harvey,  Couchman,  Meyrick, 
Lienaux,  and  Colson,  who  found  them  at  the  same  time  in  the  pelvis  of  the 
kidney). 

III.  Stephanurus  dentatus  (Dies.). — This  worm,  already  described  as  a 
parasite  of  the  peritoneum  of  the  Pig  (p.  469),  and  especially  in  America, 
where  it  infests  the  adipose  tissue  around  the  kidneys,  may  enter  these 
organs  and  the  supra-renal  capsules,  and  produce  purulent  cavities  in 
them. 

IV.  Trichosomum  plica  (Rud.). — This  lives  in  the  urinary  bladder  of  the 
Fox  and  Wolf  ; and  Bellingham  has  also  found  it  in  the  Dog  in  Ireland.  It 
is  probably  the  same  worm  that  Beorchia-Nigris  encountered,  to  the  number 
of  fifty,  fixed  on  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  bladder  of  an  experi- 
mental Dog,  which  during  life  passed  a sedimentous  urine  that  contained 
numerous  ova  of  the  Trichotrachelidae.  Besides  the  characters  of  the  genus, 
the  Trichosomum  plica  shows  the  following  : the  male  is  13  mm.  to  30  mm.  long, 
scarcely  tapers  behind,  where  it  terminates  in  a point,  and  has  a very  long 
spicule  in  a sheath  that  is  transversely  ridged.  The  female  is  30  mm.  to  60  mm. 
long,  has  an  obtuse  tail,  the  anus  is  terminal,  and  the  vulva  is  situated  in  the 
anterior  part  of  the  body. 

V.  Trichosomum  Felis  Cati  (Belling). — This  Trichosome  was  discovered 
by  Bellingham  in  the  bladder  of  a wild  Cat.  Wedl  has  met  with  it  in  a domesti- 
cated Cat  ; only  females  were  found,  and  they  were  from  14  mm.  to  16  mm. 
long,  scarcely  tapering  behind  ; the  majority  of  them  were  coiled  in  a spiral 
manner,  and  were  difficult  to  recognise  without  the  aid  of  a pocket-lens. 

VI.  Larvae  of  Undetermined  Nematodes. — These  larvae  of  Nematodes  were 
observed  for  the  first  time  by  Vulpian  in  1856,  and  again  studied  by  Boche- 
fontaine.  In  the  kidneys  of  the  Dog  they  cause  the  formation  of  small 

41 — 2 


644 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


pearly-white  tumours  about  the  size  of  a tobacco-seed  to  that  of  a hemp- 
seed,  which  are  spherical  or  flattened.  They  are  situated  beneath  the  proper 
capsule  of  the  kidney,  in  the  cortical  substance,  and  do  not  usually  project 
beyond  the  surface.  In  Vulpian’s  case  there  were  from  80  to  ioo  of  these 
tumours  in  each  kidney  ; and  Bochefontaine  found  them  in  ten  of  thirteen 
Dogs,  in  numbers  varying  from  4 to  38.  They  were  formed  of  a small  hollow 
sphere,  the  wall  of  which  was  made  up  of  concentric  layers  of  connective 
tissue,  and  was  generally  surrounded  by  the  uriniferous  tubes  and  glomeruli  ; 
the  latter  were  dragged  away  with  the  small  tumours  when  these  were 
enucleated,  which  was  otherwise  easy.  In  only  a small  number  of  the  tumours 
was  found  a Nematode  about  *3  mm.  long  (Vulpian),  140  /x  to  210  /x  long, 
by  10  n to  15  fi  broad  (Bochefontaine).  Cylindrical  in  its  anterior  moiety, 
tapering  for  a long  distance  posteriorly,  and  the  mouth  surrounded  by  mam- 
millated  prominences,  this  was  twisted  in  a ring-like  form,  and  was  destitute 
of  sexual  organs.  It  had  certainly  been  destroyed  in  the  majority  of  the 
nodules,  by  regressive  phenomena. 

Ebstein  and  Nicolaier  have  made  a more  complete  study  of  these  granules. 
The  worms  extracted  from  them  had  very  distinct  movements,  they  were 
363  /i  long  and  16  //  in  diameter  at  their  anterior  extremity. 

The  situation  of  the  nodules  in  the  cortical  substance  compels  us  to  admit, 
along  with  Bochefontaine,  that  the  parasites  had  been  brought  there  by  the 
blood,  as  it  is  not  the  ordinary  seat  of  small  infarcts  caused  by  emboli.  The 
genus  to  which  larvae  of  these  Nematodes  belonged  could  not  be  determined. 

The  other  larval  Nematodes  found  by  Ebertz  in  the  muscles,  kidneys,  and 
lungs  of  a Sheep  may  here  be  recalled  to  memory  (see  p.  498). 

ACARI.  — Mention  has  been  made  of  the  nodules  of  Cytodites  nudus 
found  by  Holzendorff  in  the  kidneys,  at  the  same  time  as  in  the  lungs, 
liver,  etc.,  of  diseased  Fowls. 

LARVA2  OF  THE  CESTRID./E.  — At  the  autopsy  of  a Norman  Stallion, 
which  died  in  thirty-two  hours  from  violent  colic,  Pagliero  found  nothing 
abnormal  except  thickening  of  the  parietes  of  the  bladder  near  the  cervix  ; 
two  larvae  were  deeply  implanted  in  the  mucous  membrane  which  was  injected 
in  red  streaks.  These  larvae  were  stated  to  be  those  of  the  Gastrophiliis 
hcemorrhoidalis  Linn.,  which,  in  its  primary  state,  is  parasitic  in  the  gastro- 
intestinal canal.  To  explain  the  very  unusual  situation  of  these  two  larvae, 
it  would  be  necessary  to  admit  that  they  must  have  crawled  from  the  anus, 
while  the  Horse  was  lying  down,  to  the  urethral  opening,  and,  wandering 
along  that  tube,  have  reached  the  bladder. 


CHAPTER  II 

PARASITES  OF  THE  GENERATIVE  ORGANS 


We  have  here  only  to  notice  some  cases  of  accidental  parasitism. 

Mammalia. — A.  Males. — Sclerostomum  armatum  Rud. — The  agamous  form 
of  this  worm  has  been  encountered  more  frequently  in  the  spermatic  than 
in  the  renal  arteries  of  the  Horse.  Gurlt  had  already  noticed  the  presence 
of  these  worms  in  the  vaginal  sheath.  Aitken  once  saw  an  armed  Sclerostome 
in  the  spermatic  artery  of  a Foal,  and  Baird  found  one  in  the  testicle  of  a 
Horse.  Clancy  met  with  thirteen  on  the  surface  of  the  testicle  of  a three- 
years-old  Horse  ; the  gland  was  indurated,  and  the  envelopes  infiltrated. 
Brodie  published  a similar  case.  At  the  London  Veterinary  College  one  worm 
was  found  in  the  spermatic  artery  of  an  Ass,  and  another  in  a funiculitis 
consecutive  to  castration. . It  is  remarkable  the  frequency  with  which  these 
worms  occur  in  the  abnormal  testicles  of  Horses  affected  with  abdominal 
cryptorchidism.  We  met  with  a case  of  this  kind  in  May,  1883  ; and  Simonin 
and  Jacoulet  encountered  three  in  the  space  of  two  months,  the  testicles 
having  undergone  fibrous  degeneration.  On  incising  the  testicle  of  a crypt- 
orchid  which  was  normal  in  structure.  Degive  met  with  an  armed  Sclerostome. 
It  would  be  interesting  to  ascertain  the  relation  in  frequency  between  crypt- 
orchidism and  testicular  parasitism.  What  is  certain,  is  that  the  concealed 
testicles  of  Horses  affected  with  abdominal  cryptorchidism  often  exhibit 
such  alterations  as  fibrous  tumours  or  serous  cysts. 

Filaria  equina  Abild.  ( F . papillosa  Rud.). — In  Stallions  affected  with 
hydrocele,  Schmidt  and  Pottinger  have  remarked  one  or  two  specimens  of 
this  worm  in  the  vaginal  sheath.  Their  presence  is  easily  explained  by  the 
communication  that  exists  between  the  abdominal  cavity  and  that  sheath. 

B.  Females. — The  Murcorymyces  of  Rivolta  is  found  in  the  uterus,  kidneys, 
spleen,  and  lungs  of  the  Bitch. 

There  was  probably  some  mistake  or  insufficiency  in  Girard’s  observation 
of  a case,  in  which  undetermined  Taeniae  were  found  in  the  uterine  cavity  of 
a Mare  affected  with  metritis. 

During  the  summer  we  may  find  in  the  orifice  of  the  prepuce,  or  in  the 
labia  of  the  vulva — even  without  a wound — lavva  which  have  been  deposited 
by  species  of  Diptera  capable  of  developing  cutaneous  myiosis,  which  has 
been  already  noticed  (p.  36).  This  occurrence  is  frequent  at  the  Chalons 
camp  in  Horses  and  Mares,  but  the  species  which  is  thus  provisionally  para- 
sitic has  not  been  determined.  In  a pregnant  Cow,  Awde  found  in  the  walls 
of  the  vagina,  about  8 cm.  from  the  vulva,  asperities  due  to  a quantity  of 
larvae  which  were  imbedded  as  deeply  as  the  muscular  layer. 

Birds. — The  Distomum  cuneatum,  Rud.,  which  is  a parasite  of  the  intestine 
of  the  Bustard,  has  been  found  in  the  oviduct  of  the  Peacock  by  Gurlt 
(Diesing).  It  is  a white  worm  with  brown  spots,  from  3 mm.  to  7 mm.  long, 
tapering  in  front  in  the  form  of  a cone,  and  the  ventral  sucker  is  nearly  twice 
as  wide  as  the  oral  one.  Rudolphi  saw  in  this  worm  a great  affinity  to  the 
Distomum  ovatum. 

Parasitism  of  the  oviduct,  which  is  quite  accidental,  more  particularly 

645 


646 


TREATISE  ON  PARASITIC  DISEASES 


leads  to  the  presence  of  vegetable  or  animal  parasites  in  the  interior  of  the 
ovum  ; but  for  details  on  this  subject  we  must  refer  to  the  special  memoirs 
which  have  been  published  with  regard  to  it,  and  in  which  all  the  facts  are 
enumerated  and  analyzed. 

Suffice  it  to  say  here,  that  on  many  occasions  there  have  been  found  in  the 
air-chamber  and  even  in  the  albumen  of  Fowls’  eggs,  various  of.  the  low'er 
Fungi  more  or  less  closely  related  to  the  Aspergillus  glaucus,  Penicillum 
glaucum,  Mucor  stolonifev,  Botrytis,  Stysanus,  Macrosporium,  Leptomitus, 
Sporotrichum,  Dactylinm,  Hcetophora,  etc.  There  they  form  various  coloured 
groups,  and  produce  an  alteration  in  the  substance  of  the  egg.  They  may 
gain  admission  to  it  through  the  pores  of  the  shell,  but  more  probably  they 
are  there  before  the  shell  is  formed,  having  passed  from  the  rectum  into  the 
oviduct. 

Fragments  of  Taenia  (Noll,  quoted  by  Zurn),  the  Distomum  ovatum  (Hanow, 
Purkinje,  Escholtz,  Shelling,  etc.),  and  the  Heterakis  perspicillum  (Krabbe, 
Ziirn,  Zeinbelli,  Benci,  Grosoli,  Meloni,  etc.),  have  been  found  under  the 
same  conditions. 

Bonnet  has  on  two  occasions  remarked  on  the  presence  of  the  ova  of  a 
Distome  in  the  albumen  of  Fowls’  eggs,  without  the  parasite  being  found  in 
the  oviduct. 

Podwyssozki  has  often  seen  in  the  white  of  the  Fowl’s  eggs,  after  being 
cooked,  small  grey  or  black  spots,  composed  of  masses  of  encysted  Coccidia, 
or  of  their  free  spores.  He  has  noticed  them  more  in  eggs  produced  in 
summer,  and  in  certain  localities.  These  parasites  may  cause  eggs  which 
have  been  kept  for  a long  time  to  appear  as  if  rotten.  It  is  not  known  if  they 
are  due  to  a coccidiosis  of  the  oviduct,  where  they  incorporate  themselves 
with  the  albumen,  or  if  they  originate  from  intestinal  Coccidia  which  have 
ascended  by  the  cloaca. 

Podwyssozki  believes  them  to  be  identical  with  the  Coccidia  which  are  found 
in  the  hepatic  cells  of  Man,  and  which  he  has  described  under  the  designation 
of  Kariophagus  hominis.  Human  infestation  is  due  to  eating  such  eggs 
insufficiently  cooked,  as  the  gastric  juice  only  dissolves  the  capsule  of  the 
Coccidia,  setting  the  spores  at  liberty.  But,  very  probably  there  is  no  con- 
nection between  the  hepatic  coccidia  of  Man  and  those  which  may  be  found 
in  the  eggs  of  the  Fowl  ; the  latter  most  often  belong,  as  Eckardt  has  dis- 
covered, to  Coccidium  avium. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


GENERAL— pp.  1-21. 

Ch.  Robin  : Des  V&gttaux  Parasites  qui  croissent  sur  V Homme  et  sur 
les  Animaux  Vivants.  Paris,  1847.  2nd  edition,  Hist.  Natur.  des 
Vegetaux  Parasites  qui  croissent  sur  I’Homme,  etc.  Paris,  1853.  Avec 
Atlas  de  xv.  Planches. — Davaine  : Art.  Parasites,  Dictionnaire  Encycl. 
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Role  of  Insects,  Arachnids , and  Myriapods  as  Carriers  in  the  Spread  of 
Bacterial  and  Parasitic  Diseases  of  Man  and  Animals,  1899.— Sidney 
Martin:  Manual  of  General  Pathology,  1904.  — Moniez  : Traits  de 

Parasitologie,  Animate  et  Vegetcile.  Paris,  1896. 

DIPTERA— pp.  22-35. 

Guillard : Art.  Laponie,  Diet.  Encycl.  des  Sc.  Med.,  2nd  series,  I.  Paris, 
1868. — Laboulbene  : Art.  Simulie,  Diet.  Encycl.  des  Sc.  Med.,  3rd  series, 
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Therapie  fur  Thierartze.  2te  Auflage,  Berlin,  1863,  Band  II. — Megnin  : 
Les  Parasites  et  les  Maladies  Parasitaircs.  Paris,  1880. — Tisserant  : 
Piqilres  de  Moucherons,  Journal  de  Med.  Vet.  Lyons,  1863. — Railliet  : 
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Mucken.  Wien,  1795.  Cited  by  Ziirn. — Ed.  Tomosvary  : Die  Colum- 
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bene : Sur  une  Mouche  Tse-tsS  de  V Afrique  australe.  Bull.  Acad,  de  Med., 
3rd  series,  XIX.  1888. — Kay  Lees  : Glossina  Morsiians,  or  Ts£-tse  Fly. 
The  Veterinary  Journal,  XXVI.  1888. — C.  Rondani  : Hippoboscita 
italica  in  familias  et  genera  distributa.  Bull,  della  Soc.  Entom.  Italiana, 
XI.  1879. 

DIPTEROUS  LARVAE— pp.  36-51. 

J.  Portchinsky  : Krankheiten,  welche  in  Mohilew’schen  Gouvernement  von 
den  Larven  der  Sarcophila  Wohlfarti  entstehen,  und  deren  Biologie.  Horse 
Societatis  Entomologicae  Russicae,  XI.  Saint  Petersburg,  1875-1876. — 
Bouman,  translated  by  Demarbaix.  Annales  de  Med.  Vet.,  1863. — 
Gerlach  : Allgemeine  Therapie  d.  Hausthierkrankheiten,  cited  by  Ziirn. — 
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les  larves  de  la  Lucilia  sericata.  Journal  de  Med.  Vet.  et  de  l’Eleve  du 
Betail,  1864  ; et  Annales  de  Med.  Vet.,  Bruxelles,  1867. — Liguistin. 
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1882  ; Rec.  de  Med.  Veterinaire,  1887. — Caparini  : Revue  Veterinaire, 

1887.  — Dufour  and  Gacon  : Journ.  de  Med.  Veter,  et  de  Zootechnie. 
Lyons,  1889. — Pirl  : Archiv.  f.  Wissensch.  u.  Prakt.  Thierheilkunde, 
XVI.,  1890. — Railliet : La  Ladrerie  des  Betes  Bovines.  Archives  Veteri- 
naire, 1876. — Idem  : Le  Custicerque  du  Tenia  Inerme.  Ibid.,  1881. — 
Trasbot : Art.  Ladrerie.  Nouv.  Diet,  de  Med.,  Chir.  et  d’Hyg.  Veterinaire, 
XI.,  1880. — Alix  : La  Ladrerie  des  Betes  Bovines  en  Tunisie.  Rec.  de 
Mem.  et  Observ.  sur  l’Hyg.  et  la  Med.  Veter.  Militaire  (2),  1887. — Kall- 
mann : Wochenschrift  f.  Thierheilkunde  u.  Viehzucht,  XXXII.,  1888,  and 
Monatsschr.  d.  Vereines  d.  Thierarzte  in  CEsterreich,  1889. — Hertwig  : 
Archiv  f.  Animalische  Nahrungsmittelkunde,  1891. — Guillebeau  : Archiv 
f.  Pathol.  Anatomie  u.  Physiologie,  CXIX.,  1890. — Ostertag  : Monat- 
shefte  f.  Prakt.  Thierheilkunde,  I.,  1889. — Laboulbene  : Bull,  de  l’Acad. 
de  Medecine  (3),  XXIV.,  1890. — Sappey  : Comp.  Rend,  de  la  Soc.  de 
Biologie,  i860. — Chatin  : Bull,  de  l’Acad.  de  Medecine  (2),  XVI.,  1886. 
— Idem  : Mem.  de  la  Soc.  Nation.  d’Agric.  de  France,  CXXX.,  1866. 

TRICHINOSIS— pp.  585-604. 

Chatin  : La  Trichine  et  la  Trichinose.  Paris,  1883. — Piana  : Studio 
sulla  Trichina  Spirale  e sulla  Trichinosi.  La  Clinica  Veterinaria.  Milan, 

1888.  — Blanchard  : Art.  Trichine.  Diet.  Encyclopedique  des  Sc.  Medi- 
cales  (3),  1887. — For  the  bibliography,  in  addition  to  the  works  of  Chatin 
and  Blanchard  just  mentioned,  see  D’Arcy  W.  Thompson  : A Biblio- 
graphy of  Protozoa,  Sponges,  Ccelenterata  and  Worms.  Cambridge,  1885  ; 
and  Taschenberg:  Bibliotheca  Zoologica,  III.,  1887. — Perroncito  : Annali. 
della  R.  Accad.  di  Agric.  di  Torino,  1877. — Csokor  : Allgem.  Wien. 
Medic.  Zeitung,  1884. — Colin:  Bull,  de  la  Soc.  Centr.  de  Med.  Veterinaire, 
1866. — Goujon  : Experiences  sur  la  Trichina  Spiralis  Owen.  These  de 
Paris,  1866. — Colin  : Bull,  de  l’Acad.  de  Medecine  (2),  1881. — Grancher  : 
Bull,  de  l’Acad.  de  Medecine  (2),  1884. — Piana  : La  Veterinaria,  II.,  1881. 
— Tikhomiroff,  quoted  by  Bouley  and  No  card  : Memoir  lu  au  Congres 


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675 


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BONES— p.  605. 

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NERVE-CENTRES  AND  SENSORY  ORGANS— pp.  606-619. 

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43—2 


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EAR— pp.  620-631. 

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EYE— pp.  631-636. 

Railliet  : Art.  Parasites  de  VCEil.  Nouv.  Diet.  Prat,  de  Med.,  de  Chir., 
et  d’Hyg.  Veterinaire,  1887.  This  very  complete  article  gives  an 
excellent  bibliography  of  the  parasitism  of  the  eye.  We  have  only  to 
add  some  indications,  and  at  first  the  following,  taken  from  Gurlt’s 
Lehrbuch  Patholog.  Anatomie,  I.,  1831. — Frenzel  : Bemerkungen  ii.  d. 
Thierspital  in  Wien. — Hanyet,  in  Wolstein  : Das  Buck  v.  d.  Innerl. 
Krankheiten  d.  Fallen. — Leuckart  : Versuch  einer  naturgem.  Einth.  d. 

Helminthen. — Anonymous  : Medic.  Jahrb.  d.  K.  K.  CEsterreich.  Staats., 
II.  Cysticercus. — Heincke  : Blasenwurm  in  dev  Augenhohle  eines  Fallens. 
Mittheil.  a.  d.  Thierarztl.  Praxis  im  Preuss.  Staate,  1880- 1881  ; and  Zeit.  f. 
Vergl.  Augenheilkunde,  1883.  Intra-ocular  Filarice  of  the  Horse. — Ken- 
nedy and  Brown  : On  a Nondescript  Worm  (Ascaris  pellucida)  found  in 
the  Eyes  of  Horses  in  India.  Trans,  of  the  Roy.  Soc.  of  Edinburgh,  1821. 
— Lafon  : Mem.  de  la  Soc.  de  Med.  Veter,  de  l’Herault  ; Journ.  des  Veter, 
du  Midi,  1840. — Smith  : The  Veterinarian,  1868. — Brennekam  : Gurlt 
and  Hertwig’s  Magazin  ; Journ.  de  Med.  Veter.  Militaire,  June,  1868. — 
Kipp  : A Filaria  in  the  Eye  of  a Horse.  New  York  Med.  Record,  1879. 
— Turnbull  : Filaria  in  the  Eye.  The  Veterinarian,  1879. — Brandi : 
Ein  Fadenwurm  im  Auge  eines  Pferde.  Monatsschr.  d.  Ver.  d.  Thier- 
arzte  in  CEsterreich,  1879,  No.  6. — Adams  : Filaria  Oculi  vel  Filaria 
Papillosa  of  the  Horse.  Quarterly  Journ.  of  Veter.  Science  in  India, 
V.,  1886. — Symonds  : Veeartsenijkundige  Bladen  Uitgegeven  in  Neder- 
landsch-Indie,  V.,  1887  ; Annal.  de  Med.  Veterinaire,  1887. — Paszotta  : 
Thiermed.  Rundschau,  I.,  1886-1887  ; Rec.  de  M6d.  Veterinaire,  1888. — 
Grassi  : Filaria  inermis  {mihi)  ein  Parasit  des  Menschen,  des  Pferdes  und 
des  Esels.  Centralbl.  f.  Bakter.  u.  Parasitenkunde,  I.,  1887. — Marriott: 
The  Veterinary  Journal,  1890. — Jimenez  Alberca  : La  Veter.  Espanola, 
1891.  Intra-ocular  Filarice  of  the  Ox. — Durrechou  : Ophthalmie  Parasi- 
taire  du  Bceuf.  Journ.  des  Veter,  du  Midi,  1864. — -Claes  and  Brouwier  : 
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naire, 1888.  Filaria  in  the  Eye  of  the  Fowl. — Cobbold  : Journal  of  the 
Quekett  Micros.  Club,  London,  1880.  Circum-ocular  Filarice  of  the  Ox. 
— Perdan  : Filaria  lacrymalis,  als  Ursache  d.  Conj onctivitis  bei  einer  Kuh. 
Monatsschr.  d.  Ver.  d.  Thierarzte  in  CEsterreich,  1880,  No.  11. — Piot  : 
Bull,  de  l’lnstitut  Egyptien  (2),  1885,  No.  6. — Guittard  : Progres  Veteri- 
naire, 1888. — Bulletin  Soc.  Zool.  de  France,  XVI.,  1891. 


URINARY  APPARATUS— pp.  637-644. 

Railliet  : Art.  Reins — Parasites  des.  Nouv.  Diet.  Prat,  de  Med.,  de  Chir., 
et  d’Hyg.  Veterinaire,  XIX.,  1891. — Pachinger  : Zoolog.  Anzeiger,  IX., 
1886. — Railliet  and  Lucet : Une  Nouvelle  Maladie  Parasitaire  de  VOie 
Domestique,  determine  par  des  Coccidies.  Comp.  Rend.  Soc.  de  Biologie 
(q),  II.,  1890. — Rayer  : Tr.  des  Maladies  des  Reins.  Paris,  1841. — 
Trasbot  and  Railliet  : Rec.  de  Med.  Veterinaire,  1887  ; Ladrerie  du  Chien. 
— Perroncito  : Gli  Echinococchi  e la  Tenia  Echinococco.  Annali  della  R. 
Accad.  de  Agric.  di  Torino,  XXII..  1879  (Zebu). — Idem  : Trattato  Teorico- 
pratico  sulle  Malatie  pin  Communi  degli  Animali  Domestici.  Turin,  1886. 
— Dupuy : Journ.  de  Med.  de  Sedillot,  1825. — Ostertag  : Ueber  den 
Echinococcus  Multilocularis  bei  Rindern  und  Schweinen.  Deutsche 
Zeitsch.  f.  Thiermedicin,  XVII.,  1890. — Cadeac  and  Malet  : Revue 
Veterinaire,  1884. — Wolpert  : Ibid.,  1888. — Balbiani : Rech.  sur  le 
D6veloppement  et  le  mode  de  Propagation  du  Strongle  GSant  (Eustrongylus 
gigas  Dies.).  Journ.  de  l’Anat.  et  de  la  Physiologie,  VII.,  1870-1871. — 
Silvestrini  : Dello  Eustrongylus  gigas  nel  Cane.  Giornale  di  Anat., 
Fisiol.  e Patologie,  XX.,  1888. — Davaine  : Tr.  des  Entozoaires,  2nd 
edition,  1877. — Magnie  : Recueil  de  Med.  Veterinaire,  1870. — Mathis: 
Soc.  des  Sc.  Med.  de  Lyon  ; Lyon  Medical,  1881. — Cusa  : Giorn.  de  Med. 


678 


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nella  Vesica  Urinaria  di  un  Cane.  Giornale  di  Med.  Veter.  Pratica, 
1888. — Vulpian,  quoted  by  Davaine  : Tr.  des  Entozoaires.  Paris,  i860. 
— Bochefontaine  : Comp.  Rend.  Soc.  de  Biologie  (6),  I.,  1874  ; Ibid.  (6), 
II.,  1875. — Ebstein  and  Nicolaier  : Beitrage  zur  Lehre  von  der  Zoopara- 
sitaren  Tuberculose.  Archiv  f.  Pathol.  Anatomie,  1889. — L.  Tayler: 
Our  present  knowledge  of  the  Kidney  worm  ( Scl . pinguicola)  of  Swine. 
ILS.  Depart,  of  Agricul.,  1899. 

GENERATIVE  ORGANS— pp.  645-646. 

Aitken  : The  Veterinarian,  1855. — Baird  : Proceedings  Zoological  Society, 
1861. — Clancy  : The  Veterinarian,  1865  ; Rec.  de  Med.  Veterinaire,  1868. 
— Simonin  and  Jacoulet,  quoted  by  Railliet  : Bull.  Soc.  Centr.  de 
Med.  Veterinaire,  1884. — Brodie  : The  Veterinary  Journal,  1886. — 
Degive  : Annales  de  Med.  Veterinaire,  1887. — Schmidt : Jahresber.  d. 
K.  Central-Thierarzneischule  in  Miinchen,  1884. — Pottinger  : The 

Quarterly  Journ.  of  Veter.  Science  in  India,  V.,  1886. — Girard  : Mem. 
de  la  Soc.  Veter,  du  Calvados  et  de  la  Manche,  1831-1832. — -Awde  : 
The  Veterinary  Journal,  1878. — Robin:  Hist.  Nat.  des  Vegttaux 

Parasites.  Paris,  1853. — Panceri  : Dei  Crittogami  che  Nascono  nelle 
Uova.  Atti  de  la  Soc.  Ital.  di  Sc.  Naturali.  Milan,  II.,  1861. — Gayon  : 
Alteration  SpontanSe  des  CEufs.  These  de  la  Fac.  des  Sciences.  Paris, 
1875. — Zimmermann  : Ueber  die  Organismen,  welche  die  V erderbniss  der 
Eier  V eranlassen.  Ber.  der  Naturw’.  Gesellsch.  zu  Chemnitz,  1878. — 
Caruccio  : Sur  deux  Cas  d' inclusion  de  Parasites  N ematoides  dans  les 
CEufs  de  Poule.  Journ.  de  Micrographie,  1887  ; Boll,  della  R.  Accad. 
Medica  di  Roma. — Taruffi  : Monstruositd  delle  Uova  d’Uccelli.  Giorn. 
di  Anat.,  Fisiol.  e Patol.  degli  Animali,  1886  and  1887. — Bonnet  : Trema- 
todeneier  in  Huhnereiern.  Jahresber.  d.  K.  Central  Thieraznei-Schule 
in  Miinchen,  1881-1882. — Podwyssozki  : Vorkommen  der  Coccidien  in 

Huhnereiern  und  AEtiologie  der  Psorospermosis.  Centralb.  f.  Allg.  Pathol, 
u.  Pathol.  Anatomie,  I.,  1890,  No.  5 ; Gaz.  Hebd.  de  Med.  et  de  Chirurgie, 
1890. 


GENERAL  INDEX 


A 

Acanthia  columbaria,  81 
lectularia,  81 

Acanthocephales,  272,  325,  365,  403, 
416,  419,  420 

Acari,  483,  620,  644  ; psoric,  5 
Acariases  of  Domesticated  Birds,  202 
Mammalia,  86 
Acariases,  21,  83 
auricular,  621 

dermanyssic,  100,  135,  205,  208, 
621 

non-psoric,  86,  202,  203 
psoric,  105,  202,  219 
trombidian,  100,  101,  102,  184 
Acaricides,  95,  126 
Acarina,  5,  20,  83,  105,  202,  478, 
490 

Acarus  folhculorum,  19 1 
nigua,  98 
Acephalocyst,  432 
A chorion,  241,  242 
keratophagus,  270 
quinckeanum,  262,  264,  265 
Schonleinii,  261,  264,  266,  267, 
269 

Acnea  sebacea,  191 
Simonea,  193 
Actinomyces  bovis,  2,  596 
Age,  influence  of,  1 1 
Ah-dhrung,  632 
Alakurt,  57 

Albuminiferous  canals,  273 
Allobophora  fcetida,  406 
Alternate  generation,  7 
Amarpattee,  237 
Amblyomma,  87,  88,  97 
cajennense,  97 
americanum,  98^ 
maculatum,  98 
variegatum,  98 
Ambulacra,  83 
Ambulacrum,  109 
Amoeba  meleagridis,  41 1 


Amphibious  leeches,  282 
Amphistomum,  275,  277,  288,  301, 
404 

Collinsi,  336 
var.  Stanleyi,  336 
conicum,  301 
crumeniferum,  301 
explanatum,  425,  426 
Hawkesii,  404 
tuberculatum,  350 
Anaemia,  essential,  of  Dogs,  392 
intertropical,  392 
miners,  392 
pernicious,  28 
of  Cats,  400 
of  Dogs,  392 
of  Sheep,  304,  453 
Analgesce,  21 1,  212 
Analgesinae,  103,  211,  212,  214 
Analges  minor,  213,  214 
Anchylostomum,  279,  326,  494 
cernuum,  361,  363,  365 
trigonocephalum,  392,  396,  400 
stenocephalum,  394,  396 
radiatum,  553 
Anders,  Anderses,  255 
Aneurisms,  verminous,  525 
Angiostomidae,  278,  280,  326,  328 
Anguillula,  328,  329,  364 
intestinalis,  328 
stercoralis,  328 

Anguillulidae.  See  Angiostomidae 
Animal  Parasites,  3 
Annelida,  3,  272 
Ankylostomiasis,  392 
Ankylomostomum,  279,  326,  327 
duodenale,  392,  400 
Anopheles  claviger,  22 
Anoplocephala  mamillana,  335 
perfoliata,  335,  348 
plicata,  335 

Anoplocephalince , 323,  324,  334,  349, 
355.  403 

Anoplotenians,  324 
Antagonistic  symbiosis,  1 


68o 


GENERAL  INDEX 


Antennal  sinus,  60 
bands,  59 
Anthelmintics,  17 
Antipsoric  charge,  138 
Antipsorics,  164 
Aphaniptera,  20,  52 
Apoblema,  276 
Aponomma,  87,  88 
Aptera,  20 

Aqueous  cachexia,  440 
ictero-verminous,  440 
Aquiferous  vessels,  277,  321 
Arachnida,  4,  83,  476 
Argas,  87,  98 

miniaius,  203 
persicus,  98,  203 
reflexus,  203 
Argasina,  87,  98 
Aricia,  31 
Avion  rufus,  368 
Arthropodes,  4 
Ascaridce,  278,  326 
of  the  Cat,  400 
Calf,  350 
Dog,  391 
Horse,  337 
Pig,  368 
Sheep,  360 

Ascarides,  288,  312,  314,  391,  425 
Ascavis,  278,  326 
cvassa,  417 
equovum,  337,  348 
lumbricoides,  330,  368 
mavginata,  330,  391 
megalocephala,  337,  342,  348, 

425,  426,  465 
mystax,  391,  400 
ovis,  360 

suis,  368,  425,  465 
vitulorum,  350 
Ascomycetes,  239 
Ascus,  239 
Asilides,  29 
Asilus,  29 

Aspergillar  pneumomycosis,  521 
Aspergillus,  515,  521,  621 
candidus,  521 
fumigatus,  348,  521 
glaucus,  241,  521,  645 
nigrescens,  521 
Astacus  fluviatilis,  417 
Aulastoma  Gulo,  283 
Auricular  scabies,  621,  625,  629 
Aviarian  phthiriasis,  67,  208 


B 

Bacteria,  2 
Bacteriacece,  2 
Bakonyer,  571 


1 Balancers,  20 
Balantidium  coli,  365 
Balbiania,  555 

gigantea,  555,  560 
Bands  of  Ricinidae,  59 
Bandwurmseuche,  358 
Barrelled  pupa,  36 
Baths,  antipsoric,  164 
arsenical,  165,  167 
Clement’s,  164 
codex,  138 
creolin,  168 
Matthieu’s,  164 
Scheuerle’s,  167 
Tessier’s.  164 
Trasbot’s,  165 
Walz’s,  168 
Zundel’s,  169 
! Bdellidce,  84 
1 Bearer,  2 
Becqueriau,  152 
I Be/e  rouge,  102 
pouvne,  440 
| Bicho  Colorado,  100 
| Bilharzia,  275,  350,  532,  533 
bovis,  532 

crassa,  532,  533,  637 
hamatobia,  532,  533 
| Biliary  cirrhosis,  428 
Birds,  scabies  of,  219 
Bisciuola,  440 
Biseriated  Menopon,  71 
j Black  mange,  193 
Black-mouthed  Menopon,  70 
Bladdery  Rabbits,  549 
; Blanc,  220 
I Blastogene,  324 
j Blinding  Chrysops,  2 
! Blue-fly,  36 
Bonnet,  35 
i BoopJiilus  bovis,  92 
i Bordered  Argas,  203 
Bothriocephalida,  321,  325,  386,  405 
Bothriocephalus,  325,  371,  386,  397, 
47i 

cordatus,  388 
decipiens,  399 
dubius,  389 
felis,  399 
fuscus,  388 
latus,  386,  388,  399 
reticulatus,  389 
Bothriotcenia  longicollis,  407 
Botrytis,  646 
, Boule,  440,  454 
Boule  d’eau,  423,  454,  468 
i Bourse,  454 
Bouteille,  440,  454 
Bovine  hypoderma,  43 
Brachycera,  20,  22,  26 
j Brachyccelium,  276 


GENERAL  INDEX 


68 1 


Breeze-flies,  27 

autumnal,  27 
black,  27 

blinding,  small,  28 
noisy,  28 
Ox,  27 

rain,  small,  28 
rustic,  28 
tawny,  28 
white-footed,  28 
Brillants,  255 
Broad  Menopon,  71 
Bronchial  strongylosis,  494 
Bronchitis,  verminous,  of  bovines, 
503 

Camel,  506 
Dog,  509,  510 
Equidse,  507 
Goat,  496,  498 

Pig.  507 

Rabbit,  509 
Sheep,  496,  498 
Bronchomycoses,  521 
Broncho-pneumonia,  verminous,  496, 

509 

Broom,  487 
Brulots,  23 
Bugs,  5,  81 
bed,  81 
dove-cot,  81 
May,  367 
miana,  98 
Sheep,  98 
Buphaga,  51 
Buratis,  439 


C 

Cachexia  aquosa  verminosa,  440 
Ccepophagus,  104 
Cafard,  314 
Calf  ascarid,  350 
Calliphora  vomitoria,  36 
Calodium  tenue,  414 
Camel  Bot,  489 
oestrus  of,  488 
scabies  of  the,  180 
strongyle,  506 
Camerostoma,  83,  109 
Canal  gyncecophoric,  532 
Cancrelat,  314 
Candona  rostrata,  415 
Cavapa  Guianensis,  56 
Carapatos,  97 
Carceag,  98 
Carpoglyphus,  104 
Cat,  ringworm  of  the,  263 
scabies  of  the,  187 

Catarrhal  Fever,  Malignant,  of 
Rabbits,  475 


Caudal  foramen,  273,  321 
pouch,  278 
vesicle,  322 
I Cayor-fly,  39 
! Cephalogonimus,  27 7,  288 
ovatus,  408,  419 
Cephalomyia  ovis,  483,  488 
• Cere  avia  brunnea,  389 
cystophora,  452 
echinatoides,  389 
echinifera,  389 
longicandata,  452 
spinifera,  389 
1 Cercarice,  274,  450 
: Cercarigerous  sac,  274,  445 
germinative,  274 

I Cercocystis  Drep.  tenuirostris,  418 
I Cestoda,  4,  272,  320,  334,  349,  355, 
364.  370,  397.  403.  405.  412,  415, 
417,  422,  466,  470 
I Cestoden  tuberculosis,  578 
Cetonia  aurata,  368 
! Cevadille  pomade,  139 
J Cheeks  of  sarcoptinaj,  109 
| Cheese  Mite,  107 
j Cheir acanthus,  279 
j Chelicerae,  83,  109 
j Cheyletiella,  103,  210 
eruditis,  103 
heteropalp  a,  210 
parasitivorax,  133,  179,  210 
Cheyletince,  100,  103,  209,  210 
j Chicken  Tick,  203 
Chigoe,  5,  56 
Chlorosis,  Egyptian,  392 
Choantcenia,  406 

infundibuliformis,  406,  412,  415 
j Chorioptes,  113,  118 
j Chorioptes  canis,  625 
symbiotes,  1 19 

var.  bovis,  119,  150 
var.  caprce,  119,  176 
var.  cuniculi,  1 1 9 
var.  eqv.i,  119,  143 
var.  ovis,  119,  173 
cynotis,  120,  182,  187,  190 
auricularum,  625 
var.  canis,  625 
var.  cati,  629 
var.  furonis,  629 
ecaudatus,  629 
Choriopt  Symbiot,  119 
auricular,  120,  621 
Chorioptic  auricular  prurigo,  625 
Otacariasis,  625 
of  Cat,  629 
of  Dog,  625 
of  Ferret,  629 
Scabies,  Bovine,  150 
Canine,  182 
Caprine,  176 


682 


GENERAL  INDEX 


Chorioptic  Scabies,  Equine,  143 
Feline,  187 
Ovine,  173 
Chrysops,  28,  630 
Chyluria,  541 
Circinated  psoriasis,  250 
Cirons,  106 
Cirrus,  273 

pouch,  273,  321 
Cittotcp.nice , 403 
Ctenoides,  403 
Cladoccelium , 276,  441 
Clypeus,  60 

Coccidia,  3,  272,  301,  348,  335,  363, 
370,  397,  401,  404,  41 412,  4i7> 
422,  475,  636,  646 
Coccidiosis,  hepatic,  426,  430 
intestinal  of  the  Calf,  349 
Dog,  370 
Duck,  415 
Fowl,  404,  646 
Goose,  417 
Ox,  349 
Pheasant,  41 1 
Pigeon,  412 

Pig.  365 

Rabbit,  401 
Sheep,  355 
Turkey,  41 1 
of  eggs,  646 
nasal  of  Rabbit,  475 
renal,  636 

Coccidium  bigeminum,  370 
var.  canis,  370,  397 
var.  cati,  370,  397 
var.  putorii,  370 
avium,  404,  41 1,  412,  415,  417, 
645 

cuniculi,  401,  405,  426,  428, 

475 

Faurei,  301,  355 
oviforme,  422,  426,  427,  428 
perforans,  401,  404 
Pfeifferi,  412 
Rivoltce,  397 
tenellum,  404 
truncatum,  636 
Zurni,  348,  365 
Cochin-China,  diarrhoea  328 
Ccenurus,  323,  426,  547 

cerebralis,  375,  486,  547,  606, 
607 

serialis,  376,  547,  606 
undetermined,  426 
Colpocephalum,  61 
longicaudatus,  71 
Columbatczense,  25 
Comb  disease,  267 
Commensalism,  1 
Common  Fly,  29 
Tick,  90 


Companion  Gonicote,  71 
Conidia,  239 
Conjugation,  3 

Conjunctivitis,  verminous,  634 
Constant  parasitism,  5 
Constitution,  11 
Corps  oviformes,  427 
Corpuscles  of  Laveran,  546 
of  Rainey,  555 
Countries,  influence  of,  1 1 
Coxae  of  Acari,  109 
Creole  Tick,  97 
Creolin,  168 
Crinons,  525 
Crustacea,  4 

Cryptococcus  guttulatus,  348 
Cryptocystis,  324 
trichodectis,  378 
Culex,  22 

equinus,  23 
mosquito,  541 
pipiens,  23 
Culicidce,  22 

Cultures  of  dermatophytes,  241 
Cuniculus,  123 
Cup  of  Favus,  262 

Cutaneous  Filariasis,  Indigenous,  of 
P>o g,  237 

helminthiases,  227 
myiosis,  36,  645 
Cuterebra,  41 
Cyclops  agilis,  418 
pulchellus,  418 
Cynorhcestes,  88 
Cysticerci,  323,  465,  473,  490 
Cysticercoides,  324 
Cysticercosis,  422,  631 
Cysticercus,  323,  547,  562 
Bailleti,  471 

bovis,  490,  533,  562,  576 
cellulosce,  426,  469,  490,  533,  562, 
576,  606,  631,  637 
elongatus,  470 
fasciolaris,  397 
fistularis,  348,  466 
mediocanellata,  576 
ovis,  584 

pisiformis,  373,  423,  425,  426, 
469,  470.  575 
tarandi,  562 

tenuicollis,  373,  422,  423,  426, 
467,  469,  490.  533.  562’  569 
Cystisus  scoparius,  487 
Cystogeneous  cells,  450 
Cystoidotaenians,  323 
Cystotaenians,  323,  371 
Cysts,  hydatid,  of  bones,  605 
muscles,  549 
Cytodites,  216 

nudus,  216,  644 

[ Cytoditince,  103,  211,  216,  515 


GENERAL  INDEX 


683 


Cytoleichus,  216 

sarcoptoides,  21 6 
Cytomycoses,  521 


D 

Dactylium,  646 
Dark  Menopon,  73 
Dart,  maxillo, -labial,  84 
Dartres,  240,  257 
Dartre  croCiteuse,  255 
furfuracee,  256 
tondante,  240 
Davainea  cesticillus,  406 
crassula,  412 
echinobothrida,  406 
Friedbergeri,  412 
pyoglottina,  406 
tetragona,  407 
Daughter  Rediae,  450 
Bladder,  433 
Debane,  28 
Definitive  host,  6 
Degrees  of  parasitism,  5 
Demodecic  scabies,  105,  184,  191 
of  the  Cat,  193 
Dog,  193 
Goat,  193,  202 
Horse,  193 
Han,  192 
Ox,  193,  202 
Pig,  193,  201 
Sheep,  193 

Demodecidce,  84,  85,  105,  191 
Demodex,  191 

folliculorum,  19 1,  192,  196,  201, 
621,  630 

phylloides,  193,  201 
Dermacentor,  87,  88 
reticulatus,  97 
Dermanyssic  acariasis,  208 
Dermanyssus  of  Birds,  205 
of  the  Fowl,  205 
of  Swallows,  205 
Dermanyssus,  99,  100,  205,  621 
avium,  205 

gallince,  103,  205,  620 
gallopavonis,  205 
hirundinis,  205 
Dermatitis,  follicular,  198 
Dermatobia,  50 
Dermatodectes,  113 
Dermatokoptes,  113 
Dermatomycoses,  19,  239 
Dermatophagus , 113 
Dermatophytes,  21,  239 
Dermatorrhagia,  226,  227 
Dermatozoa,  20 
Dermatozoonoses,  19 
Dermestes  lardarius,  81 


Dermitis,  granular,  229 
Dermofilaria  irritans,  231 
Dermoglyphus,  elongatus,  213,  214 
minor,  212,  213,  214 
varians,  214 
Dermophytes,  239 
Deutoscoles,  322 

Diagnosis  of  parasitic  diseases,  14 
Diarrhoea,  Cochin-China,  328 
Dicotyles  torquatus,  365 
Dicranotcenia  coronula,  415 
sphenoides,  406 
Dicroccelium,  276,  441,  464 
Digenesis,  heterogeneous,  7 
Digestive  apparatus,  Parasites  of, 
271 

Dipping  of  Sheep,  170 
Diptera,  19,  630 
Dipterous  parasites,  22 
Dipylidians,  372,  397 
Dipylidinae,  372 
Dipylidium,  324 

caninum,  324,  372,  378,  379,  399 
Disease  of  Oxen,  236 
Dispharagus,  279,  288,  316 
hamulosus,  317 
nasutus,  317 
spiralis,  316,  410 
uncinatus,  318,  319 
Distomata,  273,  422,  440,  490,  493 
Distomatosis,  440 
Distomiasis,  422,  440 

hepatic,  422,  425,  440 
muscular,  550 
pulmonary,  493 
of  the  Carnivora,  441,  464 
Herbivora,  440 
Ass,  44  T 
Camel,  463 
Cattle,  463 
Elephant,  463 
Guinea-pig,  463 
Horse,  441,  444 

Pig.  550 

Distomea,  4 
Distomes,  440 
Distomidce,  275,  532 
Distomum,  275,  288 
armatum,  408 
campanulatum,  464 
cavice,  463 
columbce,  413 
conjunctum,  464 
conus,  464 
cuneatum,  645 
dilatatum,  408 
echinatum,  408,  416,  418 
felineum,  464 
hcematobium,  532 
hepaticum,  365,  422,  425,  426, 
440,  441,  463,  465,  468,  550 


684  GENERAL  INDEX 


Distomum  lanceolatum,  365,  422,  425, 
426,  440,  441,  464 
line  are,  408 
ovatum,  645,  646 
ovocaudatum,  452 
oxycephalum,  408,  416,  419 
pellucidum,  316 
sinense,  425,  426,  464 
spathulatum,  464 
sp-  (?).  547 

truncatum,  425,  426,  464 
Dithyridium  elongatum,  471 
Dochmius.  See  Anchylostomum 
Balsami,  400 
trigonocephalus , 392 
Docophorus,  60,  72,  77 
Adustus,  72 
icterodes,  72,  77 
Dog,  ringworm  of  the,  260 
scabies  of  the,  182,  193 
Tick,  90 

Douve,  douvette,  440 
Dracontiasis,  234 
Dracunculus  Persarum,  234 
Drepanidotcenia,  415,  417 
anatina,  415 
fasciata,  418 
gracilis,  415 
lanceolata,  417,  419 
setigera,  418,  419 
sinuosa,  415,  417 
tenuirostris,  418 
Dromedary,  scabies  of  the,  180 
Dry  eczema,  184 
Dry  mange,  128 
Dry  measles,  566 
Duck,  acariasis  of,  214 

intestinal  parasites  of,  414,  417 
Dysenterie  rouge,  349 


E 

Echinococci,  323,  422,  431,  440, 
465,  469,  471,  472,  490,  523, 

524 

in  the  aorta,  533 
bones,  605 
brain,  606 
Dog,  555 
heart,  533 
kidneys,  637 
liver,  431,  440 
lungs,  490,  492 
muscles,  549 
pancreas,  465 

serous  membranes,  4 66,  467, 
469,  472 
spleen,  465 


| Echinococci  multilocular,  434 
Echinococcosis  of  the  liver,  431,  440 
lungs,  490 

Echinococcus,  323,  422,  431,  440 
altricipariens,  433 
alveolaris,  434 
gallopavonis,  515 
granulosus,  433 
hydatidosus,  433 
multilocularis , 434 
polymorphus,  431 
scolecipariens,  433 
simplex,  433 
veterinorum,  377,  431 
Echinorhynchus,  4,  325,  417 
cuniculis,  403 
filicollis,  417 
gigas,  365,  368,  370 
miliar  is,  417 

polymorphus,  416,  417,  419, 

420 

sphcerocephalus,  417 
Echinostomum,  276,  389 
echinatum,  389 
Ectoparasites,  5 
Ectoparasiticides,  17 
Ectophytes,  239 
Ectozoa,  5 
Eczema,  dry,  184 
Egyptian  Chlorosis,  392 
Ixode,  96 
Eidamella,  242 

Spinosa  of  Dog,  239,  260,  261 
Eimeria  falciformis,  426,  636 
Elephant,  parasites  in  stomach  and 
intestines  of,  297,  403 
Endoparasiticides,  17 
Entero-hepatitis,  infectious,  41 1 
Entozoa,  5 

Entozoon  folliculorum,  191 
Entropion,  194 
Epidermophytes,  239 
Epidermoptes,  214 
bifurcatus,  215 
bilobatus,  214,  215,  216 
Epidermoptince , 21 1,  214 
Epilepsy,  pseudo  or  false,  382,  481, 
614 

Epileptiform  disease  of  Sporting 
Dogs,  625 
Epinglage,  567 
Epiphytes,  239 
Epistoma,  83 
Epizoa,  5 

Epizootic  mange,  128 
Equidae,  scabies  of  the,  127 
Erratic  parasites,  8,  606 
Estival  sores,  229 
Etiology  of  parasitic  diseases,  8 
I Eucoleus  zErophilum,  514 
| Eustrongy lines,  279 


GENERAL  INDEX  685 


Eustrongylus  gigas,  426,' 471,  639, 
. 643 

visceralis,  638 
Exogenous  vesicles,  433 


F 

Facultative  parasitism,  5 
Falciger,  212 

ro stratus,  214 
False  ‘ gid,’  486,  614 
Farcy  of  the  Ox,  97 
Fasciola  hepatica,  440 
Jacksoni,  463 
Fascioliasis,  440,  463 
Fat  eye,  454 
Favus,  241,  261 
of  the  Cat,  264 
Dog,  261 
Ear,  621 
Fowl,  267 
Horse,  254 
Mouse,  265 
Rabbit,  266 
lycoperdold,  266 
Ferret,  scabies  of  the,  190 
Filament  of  mycelium,  240 
Filaria,  226,  279,  326,  328,  509,  532, 
537,  630 
anatis,  546 
cervina,  468,  632 
clava,  414,  546,  551 
cygni,  420,  473 
cystica,  639 
equina,  4 66,  607,  645 
Evansi,  532 

hcemorrhagica,  228,  229 
hepatica,  397,  426 
immitis,  510,  535,  537,  551 
irritans,  231 
labiato-papillosa,  468 
lachrymalis,  634 
Mansoni,  633 
Medinensis,  234,  237 
multipapillosa,  228,  229 
nasuta,  317 
Osleri,  510 
palpebralis,  634 

papillosa,  233,  348,  354,  426,  466, 
524.  55C  631,  645 
pellucida,  631 
recondita,  535,  537 
sanguinis  equi,  524 
sanguinis  hominis,  524,  536, 

539 

terebra,  468 
tracheo-bronchial,  509 
trispinulosa,  633 
undetermined,  426 


Filariasis,  cutaneous^  indigenous  of 
Dog,  237 
Extra-ocular,  634 
of  Horse,  634 
Ox,  634 

Intra-ocular,  631 
of  Bo  vines,  632 
Dog,  633 
Equidae,  631 
Fowl,  633 
Goose,  633 
Sheep,  633 

Filariidae,  278,  279,  326 
Flagellata,  3,  273 
Flat-fly,  33 
Fleas,  52 

of  Bird,  53 
Cat,  53,  54 
Dog,  54 
Hare,  541 
Leporides,  54 
Man,  53 
Red,  100 
Sand,  56 
Flies,  22,  27,  36 
black,  23 
bovine,  29 
blue,  36 
breeze,  26 
Cayor,  39 
common,  29  ] 
cow,  29 
crow,  29 
executioner,  29] 
flat,  33 
grey,  36 
Kolumbatz,  25 
meteoric,  31 
saw,  31 
spider,  33 
stinging,  29 
tsetse,  31 
vagabond,  29 
vitripene,  29 
warble,  48 
Fluke,  440 
Fluke  disease,  440 
Follicular  dermatitis,  198 
mange,  193 
scabies,  194 

I Foot-rot,  Verminous,  of  Sheep,  238 
Forked  worm,  516 
1 Founza  in  ngdmbe,  51 
. Fowl,  entozoa  of,  404,  517 
sarcoptidae  of,  213 
tinea  of,  267  j 
Frey  ana,  212 
anatina,  214 
Chayana,  213 

[ Fungi,  239,  348,  355,  422,  521,  646 
! Fussraude,  143 


686 


GENERAL  INDEX 


G 

Gale,  epizootique,  154 
des  pattes,  220 
du  pied,  143 

Gamasidce,  84,  85,  99,  202,  205 
Gamasus,  99,  100 
auris,  621 

pteroptoides,  99,  179 
Gammarus  pulex,  417,  418 
Gapes,  517 
Garapattes,  97 
Gastrodiscus,  275,  277,  337 
TEgyptiacus , 336 
Gastrophilus,  291,  312,  475,  484 
elephantis,  297 

292,  295,  297,  298,  314 
fiavipes,  292,  297 
hcemorrhoidalis,  292,  295,  296, 
297,  300,  618,  644 
inermis,  292 
lativentris,  292 
nasalis,  292,  296,  299,  618 
nigricornis,  292 
pecovum,  292,  296,  300 
salutaris,  296 
salutiferus,  296 
Generation,  alternate,  7 
spontaneous,  8 
Germiduct,  273 
Germigen,  273 
Germinal  membrane,  432 
Germinative  cercarigerous  sac,  274 
Gid,  371,  486,  607 
false,  486 

encephalic,  607,  610 
in  the  Goose,  613 
Horse,  613 
Ox,  613 
Sheep,  607 
lumbar,  612 
medullary,  612 
Globidium  Leuckarti,  333 
Globocephalus,  279,  326,  327 
longemucronaius , 369 
Glossina  morsitans,  31 
Glyciphagus,  104 
domesticus,  104 
Gnathastomum,  288 
hispidium,  31 1 
Gnathobdellidae,  281 
Gncithostomidce , 278,  279,  288 
Gnats,  22 

common,  22 

Goat,  scabies  of  the,  174 
Gongylonema  scutatum,  291,  308, 

310 

Goniocotes,  60 

chrysocephalus,  70,  71 
compar,  71 
gfgas,  68 


Goniocotes  hologaster,  68 

rectangulatus,  69,  70,  77 
Goniodes,  60 

Burnetti,  6 7 
colchicus,  70 
dissimilis,  67,  70 
falcicornis,  70 
minor,  71 
numidianus,  69 
parviceps,  70 
stylifer,  69 
truncatus,  70 
Granular  dermatitis,  229 
Granular  sores,  229 
Grappe,  220 

Grater  of  Daubenton,  163 
Gregarina,  3 
Grey  Simulium,  24 
Grind,  154 

Grub  in  the  head,  485 
Guadeloupe  farcy,  97 
Guinea-fowl,  Analgesinae  of,  214 
Goniodes,  69 
Guinea  worm,  234 

in  the  Dog,  234,  235 
Horse,  235 
Ox,  236 

Gymnoascea,  239 
Gy r opus,  61 

gracilis,  66 
ovalis,  67 


H 

Habitat  of  the  parasites,  5 
Hcemadipsa  Ceylonica,  286 
Hcemaphysalis,  87,  88 
punctata,  97, 
concinna,  97 
Leachi,  97 

Haemathydrosis,  226 
Haematic  filariasis,  537 
Hcematobia,  30 
Haemato-chyluria,  541 
H&matopinus,  59 
C.ameli,  65 
colorata,  62 
eurysternus,  63 
macrocephalus,  61,  209 
piliferus,  65,  78,  537 
stenopsis,  64 
suis,  65 
tenuirostris,  63 
urius,  65 
ventricosis,  66 
vituli,  63 

Haematozoa,  14,  523 
of  Birds,  546 
Dogs,  535 
Horses,  524 


GENERAL  INDEX 


6S7 


Haematozoa  of  Lewis,  535 
Ruminants,  532 
Hamatozoon  Lewisi,  535 
Hcemopis  sanguisuga,  3,  281,  282, 
283,  284,  475,  630 
Haemorrhagic  pimples,  227 
Halacavidce , 84 
Hanging  Helophilus,  348 
Harpoonage,  594 
Harvest  Bug,  100 
Haunch  of  Sarcoptina-,  109 
Helix  carthusiana,  452 
hortensis,  368 
pomatia,  368 
Helminthes,  3 

Helminthiases,  cutaneous,  226 
intestinal,  321 
of  air-passages  of  Cat,  5 1 3 
£>og,  509 

Helophilus  pendulinus,  348 
Hematopota,  28 
pluvialis,  28 
Hemiptera,  20 
Hemistomum,  275,  389 
alatum,  389 

Hepatic  coccidiosis,  426,  430 
cysticercosis,  422 
distomatosis,  440 
echinococcosis,  431 
Hepatitis,  traumatic,  456 
Herpes  circinatus,  259,  247 
tonsurans,  241 
of  strangles,  251 
Heterakis,  278,  326 
columbce,  413 
compressa,  409 
differens,  409 
dispar,  419 
lineata,  417 
maculosa,  413 

papillosa,  315,  408,  41 1,  417, 
419 

per  spirillum,  409,  41 1, 

646 

vesicularis,  412 
Heterogeneous  digenesis,  7 
Heteroptera,  20 
Heterotricha,  273,  365 
Heteroxenous,  parasites,  6 
Hexacanthus  embryo,  322 
Hippobosca  canina,  34 
equina , 33 
taurina,  34 
Hippoboscidce,  32 
Hirudinea,  3,  281 
Hirudo,  281 

Ceylonica,  286 
medicinalis,  282,  286 
officinalis,  286 
tagalla,  286 
troctina,  284 


Holostomum,  275 
Holotricha,  273,  300 
Homopterce,  20 
Horse  hypoderma,  50 
Horse  Leech,  281 
Host,  2 

accidental,  8 
definitive,  7 
foreign,  8 
intermediate,  7 
transitory,  7 
Hyalomma,  87,  88,  96 
Egyptium,  96 
Hydatic  membrane,  431 
paraplegia,  612 

Hydatido-cephalus,  607.  See  Gid 
Hydatids,  431 

of  the  circulation,  533 
Hydrachnidce , 84 
Hydrocephalus,  607 
Hydrophoria,  31 
Hydrotcea,  31 
Hyphomycetes,  239 
Hypodectes,  214 
columbce,  214 
Hypoderma,  43,  630 
Actceon,  45 

bovis,  43,  308,  618,  619 
Diana,  46 
equi,  50 
lineata,  43 
Silenus,  50 
tarandi,  43 
Hypomochlion,  372 
Hvpophus  nymph,  214 
Hypotricha,  273 
Hystrichis,  279,  288,  316,  319 
cygni,  319 
elegans,  319 
tricolor,  319 


Icthyosis  pilaris,  269 
Imago,  295 

Indigestion,  ingluvial,  318 
Infectious  entero-hepatitis,  41 1 
Infusoria,  272,  273,  288,  300,  355, 
37°>  397 > 401,  404.  412,  414,  417, 
422 

Infusoriform  embryos,  274 
I Ingluvial  indigestion,  318 
| Insecta,  4,  5,  272 
! Intermediate  host,  6 
Intermittent  parasitism,  6 
Intestinal  helminthiasis,  321 
Ixodes,  5,  86,  87 
.Egyptium,  86 
bovis,  92 


412, 


688 


GENERAL  INDEX 


Ixodes  hexagonus , 86,  91 
ricinus,  86,  90 
Ixodidce,  84,  86,  87,  202,  203 
Ixodince,  87,  88,  90 


K 

Kariophagus  hominis,  646 
Kene,  98 

Knemidokoptes,  114,  219 
viviparus,  220 
Kolumbatz-fly,  25 
Krabbe’s  Taenia,  372,  374 
Kratze,  106,  154 
Kumree,  633 


L 

Ladrerie,  562 
Lamblia,  273 

intestinalis , 355,  370,  397,  403 
Laminosioptes,  216,  218 
cysticola,  218 
Land  leeches,  286 

Larvae  of  the  Diptera,  36,  348,618,645 
CEstrida^,  40,  618,  630,  643 
in  the  encephalon,  618 
spinal  cord,  619 
eye,  630 

CEstrus,  291,  314,  348,  475,  483, 
606,  614 
Muscidae,  36 

Nematodes  (undetermined),  643 
Laurer,  vesicle  of,  273 
Laveran’s  corpuscles  or  bodies,  546 
Leeches,  281 
black,  283 
dragon,  286 
green,  286 
grey,  286 
Horse,  281,  282 
land,  286 
medicinal,  282 
of  Ceylon,  286 
trout,  286 

I, eg  of  Sarcoptidae,  109 
Leptus  autumnalis,  100,  209 
Lice,  58 

Limax  maximus,  368 
agrestis,  406 
cinerus,  406 
variegatus,  406 
Limncea  Jtumilis,  448 
nrinuta,  447 
palustris,  460 
peregra,  448 

trunculata,  447,  448,  450 
viator,  448 

Lingnatula,  421,  465,  471,  473,  476, 
490 


Linguatula  denticulatum,  421,  426, 
473,  479,  483,  513 
rhinaria,  476 

tcenioides,  421,  476,  483,  490,  620 
Linguatules  in  the  Cat,  483,  513 
Dog,  465,  475,  476 
Goat,  480 
Horse,  480,  483 
Man,  481 
Mule,  480 
Ox,  482 

Sheep,  482,  480 
Linguatulida,  476 
Liotheince,  60 
Lipeurus,  60 
anseris,  72 
baculus,  7 1 
heteragrophus,  68,  71 
jejunus,  72 
numidce,  69 
poly  trapezius,  69 
squalidus,  72 
variabilis,  68,  71 
Listrophorince,  103,  104 
Listrophorus,  104,  190 
gibbus,  105,  179 
mustelce,  105 
Liver-rot,  440 
Long  Menopon,  71 
Long-tailed  Colpocephalus,  71 
Oxyuris,  341 
Lophophyton,  242 
gallince,  267 
Lophophytosis,  267 
Lousiness,  58 
Lucilia,  38 
Lumbar  gid,  612 
Lumbrici,  326 
Lycoperdoid  favus,  266 
Lycoperdon,  2 66 


M 

Macaw  Fly,  50 
Macrogametes,  272,  429 
! Macrogaster  platypus,  191 
I Magenwurmseuche,  304 
I Maggot,  38 
I Mal-de-foie,  440 
I Mange,  106 

black,  193 
epizootic,  128 
follicular,  193 
red,  184,  193 

j Margaritiferi,  Taeniae,  380 
Maxillo-labial  spoon  of  Sarcoptid ce , 

; 109 

! May  Bug,  367 
1 Measles,  490,  533,  547,  562 
| Dry,  566 


GENERAL  INDEX 


689 


Measles  of  Dog,  562,  575,  584 
Goat,  584 
Guinea-pig,  584 
Ox,  490,  562,  576 
Pig,  562,  631 
Sheep,  584 

Pseudo,  of  Sheep,  584 
Megninia,  212 

asternalis,  213,  214 
cubitalis,  213 
ginglymura,  213 
velata,  214 

Melolontha  vulgaris,  367 
Melophagus  ovinus,  63,  73,  78 
Menopon,  61 

biseriatum,  69,  71,  77 
extraneum,  67 
latum,  71 
numidce,  70 
obscurum,  73 
pallidum,  68 
phceostomum,  70,  71 
productum,  71 
stramineum,  69 
Merozoites,  272,  429 
Mesocestoides  lineatus,  372,  379,  399 
imbutif,ormis,  415 
Mesocestoidince,  380,  397 
Mesogonimus,  275,  277 

dimorphus,  408,  41 1,  413 
pellucidus,  316 
Meteoric  Fly,  31 
Miana  Bug,  98 
Microbes,  2 
Micrococcus,  2 
Microgametes,  272 
Microgametocytes,  272 
Microsporidia,  3 
Microsporosis  of  Ass,  245 
Cat,  264 
Dog,  261 
Horse,  245 

Microsporum,  240,  242,  245,  252,  262, 
264 

Audouini,  245,  260,  261,  262 
Miescheria,  555 
Migration  of  Distomes,  452 
Miniatus,  203 
Mite,  83 

of  cheese,  107 
red,  100 

Modes,  of  parasitism  5 
Monas  anatis,  414 
Moniezia,  349,  355,  356,  403 
alba,  349,  355,  358 
Benedeni,  356,  358 
expansa,  349,  355,  358,  364 
Neumanni,  356 
nullicollis,  356 
planissima,  350,  355 
trigonophora,  355 


Monocercomonas,  273 
anatis,  41 
hepatica,  422,  426 
Monostomidce,  275 
Monostomum,  275 

caryophyllinum,  416 
leporis,  470 
mutabile,  275,  515 
Setteni,  630 

Monoxenous  Parasites,  6 
Morpion,  59 
Morula,  448,  450 
Mosquitoes,  23,  541 
Mother- vesicle,  431 
Moulds,  239,  521 
Moyoquil  worm,  50 
Mucedince,  239,  521 
Mucorymyces,  645 
Musarail,  152 
Musca,  29 

bovina,  29 
carnifex,  29 
corvina,  29 
domestica,  29 
hortorum,  29 
stimulans,  29 
vaccina,  29 
vagatovia,  29 
vitripennis,  29 
Muscidce,  29 

Muscular  distomatosis,  550 
psorospermosis,  547 
Mutualism,  1 
Mutualistic  symbiosis,  r 
Mycelian  spores,  240 
tubes,  240,  268 
Mycelium,  239 

Mycosis  of  the  Air-passages,  521 
in  Birds,  521 
Myiosis,  36,  645 
Myocoptes,  104 
Myxosporidia,  3,  427 


N 

Necrophorus,  81 
Nemathelminthes,  4 
Nematoda,  4,  272,  277,  288,  289,  310, 
326,  337,  348,  350.  3<55>  403, 
408,  413,  417,  419,  425,  466, 
490.  532 

embryos  of,  524,  546 
undetermined,  of  Dog,  510,  642 
Nematoideum  equi  caballi,  348 
ovis  pulmonale,  494 
Nemocera,  22 
Nirmus  numidce,  70 
Nits,  58 

Noir-museau,  152,  175 
I Nomenclature  of  parasitic  diseases,  1 5 

44 


690 


GENERAL  INDEX 


Norwegian  itch,  116,  183 
Notcedves,  114,  117 
Notocotyle  verrtwosum,  407,  416,  418 
Nympha,  adventive,  214 
hypopial,  214 
of  the  Sarcoptinae,  112 


O 

Obligatory  parasitism,  5 
Occasional  parasitism,  5 
Occipital  bands,  59 
Ocelli,  58 

Ochromyia  anthropophaga,  39 
Ocular  cysticercosis,  631 
(Edemagena,  43 

CEsophagostomum,  279,  326,  353 
columbianum,  361,  465 
dentatum,  362,  368,  370,  425,  426 
inflatum,  352 
sublatum,  368 
venulosum,  361,  365 
(Estral  vertigo,  486 
(Estridse,  5,  10,  40,  288,  291,  483 
in  the  brain,  618 
bladder,  643 
nose,  483 
CEstromyia,  41 
CEstrus  cameli,  488 
cuticole,  41 
equi,  292 
ovis,  483,  488 
Oidium,  281 
lactis,  241 
Schonleinii,  240 

Ointment  of  Helmerich,  138,  154 
sulphur,  138 
Ollulaniasis,  314,  513 
Ollulanus,  279,  288,  326,  327 

tricuspis,  7,  314,  315.  401,  426, 

5I3>  S5i 

Onchocer a reticulata,  552 
Onglee  of  Chabert,  163 
Onychomycosis  of  Equidae,  269 
Oocyst,  272,  428,  429 
Oospora,  242 

canina,  243,  260,  261,  262 
Ophthalmia,  verminous,  631 
OrbatidcB,  84 
Orbital  sinus,  60 
Ornithobus,  60 

bucephalus,  73 
Ornithodoros,  87,  98 
Megnini,  99 
Savignyi,  87,  98 
Talaje,  87,  99 
Tholozani,  98,  203,  87 
turicata,  99 
Orthospora,  636 
Otacariases,  621,  625 


j Otitis,  parasitic,  of  the  Dog,  625,  629 
Otopiesis,  621 
Oval  gyropus,  67 
Oviform  corpuscles,  427 
Ovine  piroplasmosis,  98 
Oviscapt  of  CEstrus,  44 
Ovulating  vulva,  no 
Ox  hypoderma,  43 

scabies  of  the,  146 
Oxyuridce,  278,  326 
Oxyuris,  279,  326 
ambigua,  403 
compar,  392,  400 
curvula,  232,  339,  348, 
equi,  339 
mastigodes,  341 
vermicularis,  340,  392 
vivipara,  341,  348 

P 

Pale  trinoton,  73 
Palisade  worm,  342 
Pangonia,  29 
Paraplegia,  hydatic,  612 
Parasitic  otitis,  625 
Parasites  of  the  bones,  547,  605 
bronchi,  490 

circulatory  apparatus,  523 
connective  tissue,  547 
digestive  apparatus,  271 
ear,  620 
eye,  630 

generative  organs,  645 
intestines,  320 
larynx,  475 
liver,  421 
lungs,  490 
mouth,  281 
muscles,  547 
nasal  cavities,  475 
nerve  centres,  606 
oesophagus,  288 
pancreas,  465 
pharynx,  281 

respiratory  apparatus,  474-522 
sensory  organs,  606,  620 
serous  membranes,  466 
skin,  19,  36 
spleen,  465 
stomach,  288 
trachea,  490 
urinary  organs,  636 
Parasiticides,  17 
Parasitism,  1,  2,  5 
Parthenogenesis,  328 
Passalurus  ambiguus,  403 
Pathogenic  microbes,  2 
Pedicular  disease,  58 
Pediculinse,  58 
Pediculus,  58 


GENERAL  INDEX 


691 


Pediculus  vituli,  63 
Pelodera  Axei,  234 
Pennivores,  60 
Pentastoma,  471,  473,  476 
monoliforme,  473 
Setteni,  630 
tcenioides,  476 
undetermined,  471 
Periplaneta  orientalis,  314,  536 
Perithecium,  239 
Peritricha,  273,  300 
Perityphlo-hepatitis,  41 1 
Permanent  parasitism,  6 
Pharyngobolus  Afvicanus,  297 
Philopterince , 60 

Phthiriases,  21,  58,  73,  209,  135,  148 
of  the  Ass,  62,  74 
Camel,  65,  76 
Cat,  66,  76 
Dog,  65,  76 
Ferret,  66,  76 
Goat,  64,  76 
Guinea-pig,  66,  76 
Horse,  61,  74 
Ox,  62,  74 
Pig.  65,  75 
Rabbit,  66,  76 
Sheep,  63,  74 
of  Birds,  67,  76 
Duck,  72 
Fowls,  67 
Goose,  72 
Guinea-fowl,  69 
Peacock,  70 
Pheasant,  70 
Pigeon,  71 
Swan,  73 
Turkey,  69 
Phthirius,  59 

Physaloptera,  279,  288,  315,  316,  317 
digit  at  a,  315 
truncata,  317 
Phytoparasites,  2 
Phytoptidce,  84 
Piestocystis,  471 
martis,  471 
ta;w,  471 
Pigeon,  214 
Pig  measles,  562,  575 

scabies  of  the,  177,  201 
demodecic,  201 
Piguris  reticulata,  348 
Pilivores,  60 
Piroplasmata,  524,  532 
Piro plasma  bigeminum,  k 32 
canis,  535 
equi,  524 
parvum,  532 
Pityriases,  142,  184,  241 
Planorbis  marginatus,  452 
Plasmodium  malarice,  546 


Platyhelminth.es,  4 
Plerocercoides,  388,  471 
Bailleti,  471 
Pneumomycoses,  521 
Pneumonia,  verminous,  499 
Poacre,  152 
Podocotyle,  276 
Poikilocytosis,  304 
Pomade  of  Helmerich,  138,  154 
Porrigo  asbestinea,  255 
Poultry  Louse,  208 
Proctophyllodce,  212 
Prognosis  of  parasitic  diseases,  15 
Proligerous  vesicle,  323,  432 
Prophylaxis  of  parasitic  diseases,  16 
Proscolex,  322 
Protozoa,  3,  365,  41 1,  546 
Prurigo,  auricular,  625 
of  the  Ox,  148 

Pseudalius  ovis  pulmonalis,  494,  499 

Pseudo  Measles  of  Sheep,  468,  584 

Pseudo-follicles,  512 

Psora,  85,  104 

Psoriasis  circinata,  250 

Psoric  acariases,  219 

Psoroptes,  113,  117 

auricularis  canis,  625 
communis,  117,  621 
bovis,  1 18 

caprce,  118,  621,  624 
cuniculi,  118,  490,  621,  623 
equi,  1 1 8 
ovis,  1 18 
longirostris,  117 
Psoroptic  scabies,  140 
of  Bovines,  146 
Equines,  140 
Sheep,  154 
otacariases,  621 

of  the  Goat,  624 
Rabbit,  622 

Psoroptinic  scabies,  117 
Psorospermiae,  272,  412,  556 
of  the  Arthropodes,  3 
Fish,  3 

oviformes,  427 
utriculiformes,  3,  555 
Psorospermic  catarrh,  475 
Psorospermosis,  connective  tissue, 
555.  56o 
hepatic,  426 
muscular,  555 

muscular  system  of  Goat,  559 
Horse,  559 
°x.  559 
Pig.  555 
Sheep,  558 
other  species,  560 
nasal,  of  Rabbits,  475 
Pterolichce,  212 
Pterolichus,  212,  215 


44—2 


GENERAL  INDEX 


692 

Pterolichus  obtusus,  213 
uncinatus,  213 
Pterophagus,  212 
strictis,  214 
Pteronyssus,  215 
Pulex,  53 

avium,  54 
goniocephalus , 54 
irritans,  53,  379,  537 
penetrans,  56 
serraticeps,  54,  378,  536,  537 
Pulmonary  echinococcosis,  490 
distomatosis,  493 
strongylosis,  494,  542 
Pupipara,  32 

R 

Rabbit,  ringworm  of  the,  266 
scabies  of  the,  179 
Rabies,  pseudo,  314,  382,  481,  628 
Rainey’s  corpuscles,  555 
Rain-rot,  158 
Red  flea,  100 
Red ’mange,  193 
Red  mite,  100 
Red  worm,  516 
Redia,  449 

of  Filippi,  274 
Reindeer  hypoderma.,  43 
Remittent  parasitism,  6 
Rhabditiform  generation,  346 
Rhinitis,  475 
Rhipiceplialus , 87,  88 

annulatus , 92,  94,  97 
var.  decolor atus,  93 
appendiculatus , 98 
bursa,  98 
capensis,  98 
Evert  si,  98 
sanguineus,  92,  98 
siculus,  537 
simus,  98 

Rhizoglyphus  echinopus,  270 
Rhyncotes,  58 
Ricinidce,  5,  59,  73 
Ringworm,  240 
Ass,  245 
Cat,  263 
Dog,  260 
Goat,  259 
Horse,  245 
Ox,  25  q 
Pig,  259 
Rabbit,  266 
Sheep,  259 

Rod-shaped  Lipeurus,  71 
Rot,  440 

ictero-verminous,  440 
Rouge,  rouget,  mal,  184,  188 
Ron  get,  Acarian,  100,  196 


S 

Saccharomyces  albicans,  272,  281 
guttulatus,  348,  355,  422,  426 
Saccharomycetes,  272 
Salving  of  Sheep,  170 
Sanp,  632 
Sarcina,  2 
Sarcophaga,  36 
carnaria,  36 
magnifica,  37,  620 
Sarcophila,  37 

Wohlfarti,  37 
Sarcopsylla,  56 
galUnacea,  56 
penetrans,  56 
Sarcopt,  1 1 3 

notcedra,  117 
of  the  Camel,  116 
Capybara,  116 
Dog,  1 16 
Goat,  1 15 
Horse,  1 1 5 
Pig,  1 16 
Sheep,  1 15 
Wolf,  1 16 
Sarcoptes,  113,  114 

auricular um,  120,  625 
avicoles,  219 
cameli,  116,  180 
canis,  116,  182 
caprce,  115,  174 
cati,  11 7,  187 
communis,  114 
cuniculi,  179 
cynotis,  625 
equi,  1 1 5 
Gerlachi,  216 
hippopodos,  104 
hydrochceri,  1 16,  190 
Icevis,  216,  219,  220 
var.  columbce,  220 
var.  gallince,  220 
lupi,  1 16,  183 

minor,  117,  179,  185,  187,  190 
mutans,  180,  208,  219,  220,  222 
notcsdra,  117 
ovis,  1 1 5 

scabiei,  in,  1 14, 1 15, 177,  178, 190 
scabiei  crustoses,  183 
squamiferus,  115,  177.  17  4 
suis,  1 16 
Sarcopterus,  210 
nidulans,  210 

Sarcoptic  scabies  of  Bo  vines,  146 
Camel,  180 
Cat,  187 
Dog,  182 
Dromedary,  180 
Equines,  127,  128 
Ferret,  190 


GENERAL  INDEX  693 


Sarcoptic  scabies  of  the  Goat,  174 
Pig,  177 
Rabbit,  179 
Sheep,  152 

Sarcoptidce,  84,  85,  103,  104,  202, 
211 

avicoles,  219 
cysticoles,  103,  21 1,  216 
detriticoles,  103 
epidevmicoles,  103,  21 1 
gliricoles,  103,  104 
insecticoles,  104 
plumicoles,  103,  21 1,  216 
psovica,  103,  219 
Sarcoptince,  103,  104 
Savcocystis,  555 
hirsuta,  559 

Miescheri,  555,  558,  566 
tenella,  555,  558,  559 
Sarcosporidia,  427,  547,  555,  630 
Scab,  154 
Scabbia,  106,  154 
Scabies,  85,  106,  220 

auricular,  of  the  Cat,  187,  629 
Dog,  625 
Ferret,  629 
Goat,  624 
Rabbit,  622 
black,  193 
of  body,  223 
Bovines,  146 
Camel,  180 
by  acari,  105 

Chorioptic.,  of  the  Cat,  629 
Dog,  625 
Equidae,  143 
Ferret,  62g 
Goat,  176 
Ox,  150 
Sheep,  173 
Demodecic,  105,  191 
of  the  Dog,  193 
Goat,  202 
Ox,  202 
Pig,  201 
depluming,  223 
dermatophagic,  150 
Dog,  of  the,  182 
Dromedary,  180 
dry,  128,  184 
epizootic,  154 
Equines,  of,  127 
feet,  of  the,  143 
follicular,  193 
Goat,  174 
head,  of  the,  152 
of  the  body  of  Poultry,  223 
legs  of  Fowls,  220 
Norwegian,  183 
Ox,  146 

Pig.  177 


Scabies,  Psoroptic,  of  Equines,  140 
of  the  Goat,  624 
Ox,  146 
Rabbit,  622 
Sheep,  154 
Rabbit,  179 
red,  184 

Sarcoptic,  of  Birds,  209 
of  the  Cat,  187 
Camel,  180 
Dog,  182 
Dromedary,  180 
Equidae,  127,  128 
Ferret,  190 
Goat,  174 
Horse,  127,  128 
Ox,  146 
Pig,  1 77 
Rabbit,  179 
Sheep,  152 
of  Sheep,  151 
Symptomatic,  128 
Scald,  106 
Schizogenesis,  427 
Schizogony,  272 
Schizomycetes,  272 
Schizont,  272,  429 
Sclerostomines,  279,  516 
Sclerostomum,  279,  326,  327-,  341,  494, 
5°7 

armatum,  equmum,  341,  342,  348, 
425,  426,  465,  466,  507,  520, 
524,  551,  607,  643,  645 
hypostomum,  361,  363,  365 
pinguicola,  469 
tetracanthum,  341,  347,  348 
tr  ache  ale,  520 
Seolex,  322 

Scouring  in  Lambs,  358 
Seasons,  influence  of,  11 
Sebaceous  glands,  inflammation  of, 
158 

Secondary  vesicles,  433 
Seedy  toe,  270 
Seminal  receptacle,  321 
Senegal  Tick,  97 
Serrator,  104 
Sheep  Bug,  98 
Sheep-dipping,  170 
Sheep,  scabies  of  the,  151 
Shell  gland,  274 
Silpha,  81 

Simondsia  paradoxa,  31 1 
Simonea  folliculorum,  19 1 
Simuliidce , 22 
Simulium,  23,  620 
boreale,  23 
cinereum,  24 
Columbatczense,  25 
maculatum,  24 
mevidionale , 23 


GENERAL  INDEX 


Simulium  molestum,  23 
pecuarium,  23 
Skin,  parasites  of,  19 
Small-headed  Goniodes,  70 
Smearing  of  Sheep,  170 
Soab,  106 
Sous-brilliants,  255 
Spermiduct,  321 

Spirochaete  disease  of  Poultry,  87 
Spirochcete  Marchouxi,  546 
Spiroptera,  279,  288,  317,  326,  328 
cincinnata,  552 
leporum,  316 
megastoma,  289 
microstoma,  291 
reticulata,  531,  551,  552 
sanguinolenta , 312,  314,  328,  401, 
5io,  535,  536,  544 

scutata  cesophagea  bovis,  308 
strongylina,  310 
Spontaneous  generation,  8 
Spoon  or  pinion,  20 
Spores  of  Dermatophytes,  240 
Sporiferous  tubes,  240 
Sporoblast,  272,  427,  428 
Sporoblasts,  428 
Sporocyst,  272,  274,  428,  448 
Sporogenesis,  427 
Sporont,  428 

Sporozoa,  272,  426,  427,  555 
vSporozoites,  272,  427,  428 
Spotted  Simulium,  24 
Steatozoon  folliculorum,  191 
Stephanurus,  279 

dentatus,  469,  643 
Stickleback,  416 
Stilesia,  355,  356 

globipunctata,  356 
centripunctata,  357 
Stomoxys,  29,  30 
Strangles  herpes,  251 
Striped  Hypoderma,  43 
Strobila,  323 
Strongyle,  giant,  426 
Strongyles,  279,  494 
Strongylidae,  278,  288,  314,  326,  355, 

5i6 

Strongylines,  279 
Strongyloides,  280,  326,  328,  341 
internalis,  328,  364 
longus,  363,  403 
suis,  369 

Strongylosis,  494 

bronchial,  494,  496 
of  abomasum,  301,  310 
vessels,  542 
pulmonary,  494 

Strongylus,  279,  288,  316,  326,  353, 
494 

armatus,  342,  524,  643 
Arnfieldi,  495,  507 


Strongylus  Axei,  289 

bronchialis  canis,  510 
cervicornis,  301,  303 
commutatus,  496,  509 
contortus,  303,  361 
convolutus,  306,  309 
elongatus,  495 
plaria,  494,  498,  505,  506 
filicollis,  306,  360,  365 
gigas,  638 
gracilis,  309 

micrurus,  494,  505,  507,  532 
minutissimus , 494 
nodularis,  319 
Ostertagi,  306 
ovis  pulmonalis,  494 
paradoxus,  495,  498,  507 
pulmonaris,  495,  505 
pusillus,  496,  513 
quadriradiatus,  414 
retortceformis,  403 
rufescens,  494,  498,  499,  508 
species  (?),  308 
strigosus,  315,  403 
tenuis,  419 
tenuissimus,  289 
tetracanthus,  347 
tubceformis,  400 
vasorum,  511,  513,  535,  542 
ventricosus,  352,  361 
vicarius,  306 
Sturdy,  607 
Suctorians,  52 

Summer-sores  of  Horses,  229 
Symptomatic  mange,  128 
Symptoms  of  parasitism,  12 
Svngamosis,  516 
Syngamus,  279,  515,  516 
bronchialis,  519,  520 
primitivus,  516 
Sclerostomum,  520 
trachealis,  516,  519 
Syringophilus,  210 

bipectinatus,  210,  21 1 
uncinatus,  210,  21 1 

T 

T abanidce , 26,  27 
Tabanus,  28 

albi facies,  28 
albipes,  28 
autumnalis,  27 
bovinus,  27 
bromius,  28 
fulvus,  28 
morio,  27 
rustic  as,  28 
Tcenia,  288,  314,  349 
aculeata,  358 
alba,  349,  355 


GENERAL  INDEX 


695 


Tcenia  anatina,  415 
Benedeni,  356 
canina,  378 
canis  lagopodis,  379 
cantaniana,  41 1,  412 
caprce,  364 
centripunctata,  357 
cesticillus,  406,  412 
ccenurus,  372,  375,  547,  608 
coronula,  415 

crassicollis,  314,  397,  399,  400 
crassula,  412 

cucumerina,  324,  372,  378,  380 
cysticerci  tenuicollis,  373 
echinobothrida,  406 
echinococcus , 372,  376,  431,  473 
elliptica,  399 
exilis,  407 

expansa,  349,  355,  364 
fasciata,  418 
Friedbergeri,  412 
Giardi,  356 
globipunctata,  356 
gracilis,  415 
hydatigena,  562 
imbutiformis,  415 
infundibuliformis,  406 
Krabbei,  372,  374,  562,  584 
lanceolata,  417 
line  at  a,  380 
litterata,  324,  379,  399 
malleus,  407,  415 
mamillana,  335 
margaritiferi,  380 
marginata,  372,  373,  375,  422, 
467,  490,  562 
mediocanellata,  576 
megalops,  415 
murina,  334 
Neumanni,  356 
nullicollis,  356 
ovilla,  358 
ovipunctata,  358 
pectinata,  470 
perfoliata,  335,  348 
planissima,  350,  355 
plicata,  335 
proglottina,  406 
pseudo-cucumerina,  379,  399 
elliptica,  399 

saginata,  388,  562,  576,  584 
semiteres,  399 
serialis,  372,  376,  547 
serrata,  330,  371,  373,  423,  469, 
637  ' 

setigera,  418 
sinuosa,  415,  417 
solium,  330,  562,  584 
tenella,  584 
tetragona,  407 
Vogti,  355,  358 


Taeniadae,  321 
Tcenice,  321,  322,  370 
Tape-worms,  320 
of  Cat,  397 

Dog,  370,  380,  389,  422 
Fowl,  405 
Horse,  334 
Ox,  349 
Rabbit,  403 
Sheep,  355 
Tavins,  27 
Teigne,  scabies,  152 
Tenebrio  molitor,  81 
Tetranychus,  100 

molestissimus,  100 
Tetranycidce,  100 
Tetter,  154,  184 
Texas  Fever,  87,  95 
Thallus,  239 
Thrush,  241 

Thysanosomum,  355,  356 
ac-tinioides,  356 
Giardi,  356 
Tick,  88,  97 

common,  90 
Creole,  97 
Dog,  90 
Lone  Star,  98 
of  Senegal,  97 
Tineae,  239 

favosa,  240 
tondante,  255 
tonsurans,  241 

contagiousness  of,  251,  254,  257, 
259,  262,  265,  269 
of  the  Cat,  263 
Dog,  260 
Fowl,  267 
Goat,  259 
Horse,  245 
Ox,  255 
Pig,  259,  260 
Sheep,  259 
Tlalsahuate,  102 
Tocostoma,  no 
Tournis,  607 

Tracheo-bronchitis,  verminous,  516 
Transitory  host,  5 
Transmigration,  7 
Treatment  of  parasitic  diseases,  17 
Trematoda,  4,  272,  273,  301,  336, 
350,  389,  407.  412,  415,  418,  425. 
4 66 

Trephining,  488,  616 
Trichina,  279,  317,  326,  547,  585 
papillosa,  316 

spiralis,  7,  327,  354,  369,  551, 

585 

Trichinosis,  369,  547,  585 
intestinal,  354,  369,  585 
muscular,  585 


GENERAL  INDEX 


696 

Trichocephalus,  279,  318,  326,  327 
affinis,  353,  363,  365,  369,  397 
crenatus,  369,  397,  588 
depressiusculus,  396 
dispar,  353  369 
unguiculatus , 403 

Trichodectes,  60,  74 
cams,  378 
caprce,  65 
climax,  64,  65 
crassipes,  65 
/a*ws,  66,  78,  378,  537 
limbatus,  65 
mambricus,  65 
parumpilosus,  62 
penicillatus,  65 
pilosus,  62,  77 
pubescens,  62 
scalaris,  63 
solidus,  65 
sphcerocephalus,  63 
subrostratus,  66 

Trichomonas,  273,  365,  404 
columbce,  412 
Eberthi,  404,  414,  417 
SMW,  365 

Trichonema  Arcuata,  348 

Trichophyta,  239 

Trichophyton,  196,  242,  245,  269 
caninum,  260,  261 
depilans,  245 
ectothrix,  242 
endothrix,  242 
endoectothrix,  242 
equinum,  245,  248,  253 
felineum,  254,  264 
flavum,  245,  248,  253 
MSgnini,  267 

mentagrophytes,  245,  249,  250, 
252,  253,  255>  260,  264 
Sabouraudi,  255 
tonsurans,  240,  264 
verrucosum,  245,  246,  248,  249, 
254,  255 

Trichosomum,  279,  288,  316,  317,  326, 
327 

cerophilum,  513,  514 
annulatum,  316,  *410 
brevicolle,  420 
collar e,  410 
columbce,  414 
contortum,  317,  318 
Cati,  643 
line  are,  401 
papillosum,  361  < 

plica,  643 
retusum,  410,  412 
tenuissimum,  414 

Tricho-trachelidce,  278,  279,  288,  316, 
326,  585 

Tricoloured  worm,  3 1 1 


Trinoton,  61 

conspurcatum,  72,  73,  77 
continuum,  72 
luridum,  73 

Trombidian  acariasis,  100,  102,  184 
Trombidiidce,  84,  85,  100,  202,  209 
Trombidinae,  100,  209 
Trombidium,  too,  209 

holosericeum,  100,  184,  188,  209 
Tropisurus,  279,  288,  316,  319 
flssispinus,  319 
in  flatus,  319 
Trypanosoma,  524 
Brucei,  524 
equinum,  524 
equiperdum,  524 
Evansi,  524 
sanguinis  avium,  546 
Trypanosomes,  524 
of  Birds,  546 
Dourine,  524 
Mai  de  Caderas,  524 
Nagana,  524 
Surra,  524 
Tsetse,  524 
Tsaltsaya,  31 
Tsetse  Fly,  31 

Tuberculosis,  pseudo-hepatic,  437 
pulmonary,  492,  512 
Turbellaria,  4 
Turicatas,  99 
Turkey,  sarcoptidae,  21 1 
Turnsick,  607 
Tyroglyphina;,  103,  104 
Tyroglyphus,  104 
Tyrosine,  569 

U 

Uncinaria  ( anchylostomum ),  327 
Uncinariosis  (anchylostomiasis),  392 
Utricules  of  Miescher,  427,  555 

V 

Vegetable  parasites,  2 
Vermicides,  332 

Verminous  broncho-pneumonia  of 
Bovines,  503 
of  Camel,  506 
Cat,  513 
Dog,  509 
Equines,  507 
Goats,  496 
Pig,  507 
Rabbit,  509 
Sheep,  496 

Verminous  foot-rot  of  Sheep,  238 
conjunctivitis,  634 
liver,  440 
ophthalmia,  631 


GENERAL  INDEX 


697 


Verminous  pneumonia,  496,  499 
trachea-bronchitis,  516 
Vermipsylla,  57 
Alakurt,  57 
Vertigo,  607,  614 

caused  by  the  coenurus,  607 
oestrus  larvae,  618 
Vesicle,  daughter,  433  434 
endogenous,  433 
exogenous,  433 
grand-daughter,  434 
Laurer,  of,  273 
mother,  433 
proligerous,  432 
secondary,  433 
Vitelloducts,  273,  321 
Vitellogenous  glands,  273,  321 
Vorax,  281 

Aulastoma,  283 
Vulva,  ovulatory,  no 
Vulvo-anal  slit,  no 


W 

Walz’s  bath,  168 
Wandering  parasites,  8,  606 
Helminthes,  606 
Taeniae,  563 
Warble  Fly,  48 


Water-ball,  468 
Watery  poke,  454 
White  comb,  267 
Wood-mites,  88 
Wool  with  two  ends,  160 
Worm  aneurisms,  525,  526 
Worms,  3 

forked,  516 
intestinal,  4 
palisade,  342 
ribbon,  320 
red,  516 
round,  4 
tape,  4,  320 
tricoloured,  31 1 
white,  367 


Y 

Yolk-glands,  321 
Yuck,  106 


Z 

Zenker  disease,  588 
Zimb,  31 
Zooparasites,  2 
Z undeT s bath,  169 


THE  END 


Bailliere , Tindall  and  Cox , 3 Henrietta  Street , Covent  Garden , London 


CATALOGUE  OF 

WILLIAM  R.  JENKINS’ 

Works  Concerning 

HORSES,  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  SWINE,  Etc. 

1905 

(*)  Single  asterisk  designates  New  "Books. 

(**)  Double  asterisk  designates  Recent  Publications 


ANDERSON,  “Tice  in  the  Horse”  and  other  papers 
on  Horses  and  Riding.  By  E.  L.  Anderson.  Size, 
6x9,  cloth,  illustrated 1 75 

ARMSTEAD.  “The  Artistic  Anatomy  of  the  Horse.” 

A brief  description  of  the  various  Anatomical  Struc- 
tures which  may  be  distinguished  during  Life  through 
the  Skin,  By  Hugh  W.  Armstead,  M.D.,  F.R.C.S. 
With  illustrations  from  drawings  by  the  author. 
Cloth  oblong,  10  x 12£ 3 75 

BACII.  “How  to  Judge  a Horse.”  A concise  treatise 
as  to  its  Qualities  and  Soundness ; Including  Bits  and 
. Bitting,  Saddles  and  Saddling,  Stable  Drainage,  Driv- 
ing One  Horse,  a Pair,  Four-in-hand,  or  Tandem,  etc. 
By  Capt.  F. W.  Bach.  Size,  5 x 7^  clo.,  fully  illus . 1 00 

(*)BANHAM.  “Anatomical  and  Physiological  Model  of 
• the  Cow.”  Half  life  size.  Composed  of  superposed 
plates,  colored  to  nature,  showing  internal  organs, 
muscles,  skeleton,  etc.,  mounted  on  strong  boards, 
with  explanatory  text.  Size  of  Model  opened, 
10  ft.  x 3 ft.,  closed  3 ft.  x 1J  ft 7 50 

— “Anatomical  and  Physiological  Model  of  the  Horse.” 

Half  life  size.  By  George  A.  Banham,  F.R.C.V.S. 
Size  of  Model  38  x 41  in 7 50 


2 


Veterinary  Catalogue  of  William  R.  Jenkins 


BANHAM  (continued) 

— “ Tables  of  Veterinary  Posology  and  Therapeutics,”  with 
weights,  measures,  etc.  By  Geo.  A.  Banham, 
F.R.C.V.S.  New  edition.  Cloth,  size  4 x 5 1-2,  192 
pages 1 00 


BAUCHER . “Method  of  Horsemanship.”  Including 

the  Breaking  and  Training  of  Horses.  By 
F.  Baucher 1 00 

(*)BELL.  “The  Veterinarian’s  Call  Book  (Perpetual).” 

By  Boscoe  R.  Bell,  D.V.S.,  editor  of  the  American 
Veterinary  Review.  Revised  every  year. 

A visiting  list,  that  can  be  commenced  at  any  time 
and  used  until  full,  containing  much  useful  informa- 
tion for  the  student  and  the  busy  practitioner. 
Among  contents  are  items  concerning:  Veterinary 
Drugs ; Poisons ; Solubility  of  Drugs ; Composition  of 
Milk, Bile,  Blood,  Gastric  Juice,  Urine,  Saliva;  Respi- 
ration; Dentition;  Temperature,  etc.,  etc.  Bound  in 
flexible  leather,  with  flap  and  pocket 1 25 


BITTING . “ Cadiot’s  Exercises  in  Equine  Surgery.” 

See  “ Cadiot .” 

I 

BRADLEY.  “ Outlines  of  Veterinary  Anatomy.” 

By  O.  Charnock  Bradley,  Member  of  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Veterinary  Surgeons;  Professor  of  Anatomy 
in  the  New  Veterinary  College,  Edinburgh. 

The  author  presents  the  most  important  facts  of 
veterinary  anatomy  in  as  condensed  a form  as  possible, 


consistent  with  lucidity.  12mo. 

Complete  in  three  parts. 

Part  I. : The,  Limbs  (cloth) 1 25 

Part  II. : The  Trunk  (paper) 1 25 

Part  III. : The  Head  and  Neck  (paper) 1 25 

The  Set  complete 3 25 


851-853  Sixth  Avenue  {cor.  48 th  St.),  New  York. 


3 


CADIOT.  “ Exercises  in  Equine  Surgery.”  By  P.  J. 

Cadiot.  Translated  by  Prof.  A.  W.  Bitting,  D.V.M. 
Edited  by  Prof.  A.  Liautard,  M. D.V.M.  Size,  6 x 9^, 
cloth,  illustrated 2 50 

— “ Roaring  in  Horses.”  Its  Pathology  and  Treatment. 

This  work  represents  the  latest  development  in  oper- 
. ative  methods  for  the  alleviation  of  roaring.  Each 

step  is  most  clearly  defined  by  excellent  full-page 
illustrations.  By  P.  J.  Cadiot,  Professor  at  the 
Veterinary  School,  Alfort.  Translated  by  Thos.  J. 
Watt  Dollar,  M.R.C.V.S.,  etc.  Cloth,  size  5 1-4x71-8, 
77  pages,  illustrated 75 

— “Studies  in  Clinical  Veterinary  Medicine  and  Surgery.” 

By  P.  J.  Cadiot.  Translated,  edited,  and  supplemented 
with  49  new  articles  and  34  illustrations  by  Jno.  A.  W. 
Dollar,  M.R.C.V.S.  Cloth,  size  7x9  3-4,  619  pages, 
94  black  and  white  illustrations 5 25 

(*)—“  A Treatise  on  Surgical  Therapeutics  of  the  Domestic 
Animals.”  By  P.  J.  Cadiot  and  J.  Almy.  Translated 
by  Prof.  A.  Liautard,  M.D.,V.M. 

Part  I. — Restraint  of  horses,  cattle,  etc. ; general 
anaesthesia ; surgical  antisepsis  and  asepsis  ; hemo- 
stasis and  cauterization  ; firing.  45  illus 1 00 

Part  II. — Inflammations,  gangrene,  foreign  bodies, 
traumatic  lesions,  chilblains,  frost  bites,  congela- 
tions!, complications  of  traumatic  lesions,  etc. ..1  00 
Part  III,— Granulations,  cicatrices,  mycosis,  virulent 
diseases,  tumors,  diseases  of  skin  and  cellular 

tissue,  tendons,  etc 1 00 

Part  IV.  (completing  the  volume)  nearly  ready. 

CHAPMAN.  “Manual  of  the  Pathological  Treatment 
of  Lameness  in  the  Horse,”  treated  solely  by 
mechanical  means.  By  George  T.  Chapman.  Cloth, 
size  6x9,  124  pages  with  portrait 2 00 

CHAUVEAU.  “The  Comparative  Anatomy  of  the 
Domesticated  Animals.”  By  A.  Chauveau.  Revised 
by  G.  Fleming,  F.R.C.V.S.  8vo,  cloth,  585  illus.. 6 25 


4 


Veterinary  Catalogue  of  William  R.  Jenkins 


CLARKE.  “Chart  of  the  Feet  and  Teeth  of  Fossil 
Horses.”  By  W.  H.  Clarke.  Card,  size  9 1-2  x 12. . 25 

— ‘ 6 Horses’  Teeth. ” Fourth  edition,  re-revised,  with  second 
appendix.  Cloth,  size  5 1-4  x 7 1-2,  322  pp.,  illus.  .2  50 

CLEAVELANL.  “Pronouncing  Medical  Lexicon.” 
Pocket  edition.  By  C.  H.  Cleveland,  M.D.  Cloth, 
size  3 1-4  x 4 1-2,  302  pages 75 

CLEMENT.  u Veterinary  Post  Mortem  Examina- 
tions.” By  A.  W.  Clement,  V.S.  The  absence  in  the 
English  language  of  any  guide  in  making  autopsies 
upon  the  lower  animals,  induced  Dr.  Clement  to 
write  this  book,  trusting  that  it  would  prove  of  prac- 
tical value  to  the  profession.  Cloth,  size  5x7  1-2,  64 
pages,  illustrated 75 

(**)  CO  URTENA  Y.  “ Manual  of  the  Practice  of  Veterinary 
Medicine.”  By  Edward  Courtenay,  V.  S.  Revised  by 
Frederick  T.  G.  Hobday,  FR.C.'V.S.  Second  edition. 


Cloth,  size  5 1-4  x 7 1-2,  573  pages  2 75 

COX.  “ Horses  : In  Accident  and  Disease.”  The 


sketches  introduced  embrace  various  attitudes  which 
have  been  observed,  such  as  in  choking ; the  disorders 
and  accidents  occurring  to  the  stomach  and  intestines ; 
affection  of  the  brain  ; and  some  special  forms  of  lame- 
ness, etc.  By  J.  Roalfe  Cox,  F.R.C.V.S.  Cloth,  size 
6 x 9,  28  full  page  illustrations 1 50 

CURTIS.  “Horses,  Cattle,  Sheep  and  Swine.”  By 
Geo.  W.  Curtis,  M.S.A.  Cloth,  size  7 1-4  x 10,  343 
pages,  117  illustrations 2 50 

( **)DALRYMTLE . “Veterinary  Obstetrics.”  A compen- 
dium for  the  use  of  advanced  students  and  Practi- 
tioners. By  W.  H.  Dairy mple,  M.  R.  C.  V.  S., 
principal  of  the  Department  of  Veterinary  Science  in 
the  Louisiana  State  University  and  A.  & M.  College; 
Veterinarian  to  the  Louisiana  State  Bureau  of 
Agriculture,  and  Agricultural  Experiment  Stations. 
Cloth,  size  6x9  1-4,  162  pages,  51  illustrations. . .2  50 


851-853  Sixth  Avenue  (cor.  48 th  St.),  New  York 


5 


DALZIEL.  “ Breaking'  and  Training  Dogs.”  Part  I,  by 
Pathfinder.  Part  II,  by  Hugh  Dalziel.  Cloth, 
illustrated 2 50 

— “The  Collie.”  By  Hugh  Dalziel.  Paper,  illustrated 40 

— “The  Diseases  of  Dogs.”  -Causes,  symptoms  and  treatment. 


By  Hugh  Dalziel.  Cloth,  illustrated 1 CO 

— “Diseases  of  Horses.”  Paper 40 

— “ The  Fox  Terrier.”  By  Hugh  Dalziel.  Paper,  40;  clo.l  00 

— “The  Greyhound.”  Cloth,  illus 1 00 

— “ The  St.  Bernard.”  Cloth,  illustrated 1 00 

DANA . “Tables  in  Comparative  Physiology.”  By  Prof. 

C.  L.  Dana,  M.D.  Chart,  17  x 17 25 


DANCE . “ Veterinary  Tablet.”  By  A.  A.  Dance.  Chart, 

17  x 24,  mounted  on  linen,  folded  in  a cloth  case  for 
the  pocket,  size  3 3-4  x 6 1-2.  Shows  at  a glance  the 
synopsis  of  the  diseases  of  horses,  cattle  and  dogs ; 
with  their  cause,  symptoms  and  cure 75 

(*)DE  BRUIN.  66 Bovine  Obstetrics.”  By  M.  G.  De  Bruin 
Instructor  of  Obstetrics  at  the  State  Veterinary 
School  in  Utrecht.  Translated  by  W.  E.  A.  Wyman, 
formerly  Professor  of  Veterinary  Science  at  Clemson 
A.  & M.  College,  and  Veterinarian  to  the  South 
Carolina  Experiment  Station.  Cloth,  size  6x9,  382 
pages,  77  illustrations 5 00 

Synopsis  of  the  Essential  Features  of  the  Work 

1.  Authorized  translation. 

2.  The  only  obstetrical  work  which  is  up  date. 

3.  Written  by  Europe’s  leading  authority  on  |the  subject. 

4.  Written  by  a man  who  has  practiced  the  art  a lifetime  . 

5.  Written  by  a man  who,  on  account  of  his  eminence  as 
bovine  practitioner  and  teacher  of  obstetrics,  was  selected 
by  Prof.  Dr.  Frohner  and  Prof.  Dr.  Bayer  (Berlin  and 
Vienna),  to  discuss  bovine  obstetrics  both  practically  and 
scientifically. 

6.  The  only  work  containing  a thorouh  differential  diag- 
nosis of  ante  and  post  partum  diseases. 


6 


Veterinary  Catalogue  of  William  R.  Jenkins 


DE  BRUIN,  “ Bovine  Obstetrics  ” (continued) 

7.  The  only  work  doing  justice  to  modern  obstetrical 
surgery  and  therapeutics. 

8.  Written  by  a man  whose  practical  suggestions  revolu- 
tionized the  teaching  of  veterinary  obstetrics  even  in  the 
great  schools  of  Europe. 

9.  The  only  work  dealing  fully  with  the  now  no  longer 
obscure  contagious  and  infectious  diseases  of  calves. 

10.  Absolutely  original  and  no  compilation. 

11.  The  only  work  dealing  fully  with  the  difficult  problem 
of  teaching  obstetrics  in  the  colleges. 

12.  The  only  work  where  the  practical  part  is  not  over- 
shadowed by  theory. 

...  A veterinarian,  particularly  if  his  location  brings  him  in 
contact  with  obstetrical  practice,  who  makes  any  pretence  toward 
being  scientific  and  in  possession  of  modern  knowledge  upon  this 
subject,  will  not  be  without  this  excellent  work,  as  it  is  really  a very 
valuable  treatise.— Prof.  Roscoe  R.  Bell , in  the  American  Veterinary 
Review. 

In  translating  into  English  Professor  De  Bruin’s  excellent  text- 
book on  Bovine  Obstetrics,  Dr.  Wyman  has  laid  British  and  American 
veterinary  surgeons  and  students  under  a debt  of  gratitude.  The 
works  represents  the  happy  medium  between  the  booklets  which  are 
adapted  for  cramming  purposes  by  the  student,  and  the  ponderous 
tomes  which,  although  useful  to  the  teacher,  are  not  exactly  suited  to 
the  requirements  of  the  everyday  practitioner  . . . We  can  strongly 
recommend  the  work  to  veterinary  students  and  practitioners.- -The 
Journal  of  Comparative  Pathology  and  Therapeutics. 


( *)DOLLAR . “Diseases  of  Cattle,  Sheep,  Goats  and 

Swine.”  By  G.  Moussu  and  Jno.  A,  W.  Dollar, 
M.R.C.V.S.  Size  6x9  1-2,  735  pages,  329  illustrations 
in  the  text  anJ  4 full  page  plates  in  colors 8 75 


(**)—  “A  Hand-book  of  Horse-Slioeing,”  with  introductory 
chapters  on  the  anatomy  and  physiology  of  the 
horse’s  foot.  By  Jno.  A.  W.  Dollar,  M.R.C.Y.S., 
with  the  collaboration  of  Albert  Wheatley,  F.R.C.V.S. 
Cloth,  size  6 x 8 1-2,  433  pages,  406  illustrations  . .4  75 


— “ Operative  Technique.  V Volume  1 of  “The  Practice  of 
Veterinary  Surgery.”  Cloth,  size  6 3-4  x 10,  264 pages, 
272  illustrations 3 75 


— “ General  S 'rgery.”  Volume  2 of  “ The  Practice  of  Veter- 
inary Surgery.”  In  preparation. 

(*)--“ Regional  Veterinary  Surgery.”  Volume  3 of  “The 
Practice  of  Veterinary  Surgery.”  By  Drs.  Jno.  A. 
W.  Dollar  and  H.  Mo  mr.  Cloth,  size  6 1-2  x 10  853 
and  xvi  pages,  315  illustrations 6 25 


851-853  Sixth  Avenue  (cor.  ASth  St.),  New  York. 


7 


DOLLAR— (continued) 

— “Caliot’s  Clinical  Veterinary  Medicine  and  Surgery,” 

See  “ Cadiot." 

— “Cadiot’s  Roaring  in  Horses.” 

See.“  Cadiot ." 

DUN.  “ Veterinary  Medicines,  their  Actions  and  Uses.” 
By  Finlay  Dun,  V.S.,  late  lecturer  on  Materia 
Medica  and  Dietetics  at  the  Edinburgh  Veterinary 
College,  and  Examiner  in  Chemistry  to  the  Royal 
College  of  Veterinary  Surgeons.  Edited  by  James 
Macqueen,  F.R.C.  V.S.  Tenth  revised  English  edition. 
Cloth,  size  6x9 3 75 

DWYER.  ‘‘On  Seats  and  Saddles.”  Bits  and  Bitting, 
Draught  and  Harness  and  the  Prevention  and  Cure  of 
Restiveness  in  Horses.  By  Francis  Dwyer.  Cloth, 
size  5 x 7,  304  pages,  gilt,  illustrated 1 50 

FLEMING.  “Animal  Plagues.”  Their  History,  Nature, 
and  Prevention.  By  Geo.  Fleming,  F.R.C.V.S.,  etc. 
First  Series.  Chronological  History  from  B.C.  1490 

to  A.D.  1800.  Cloth,  size  6 x 9,  548  pages 6 00 

Second  Series.  Chronological  History  from  A.D. 
1800  to  1844.  Cloth,  size  6 x 9,  539  pages 3 00 

— “The  Comparative  Anatomy  of  the  Domesticated  Animals.” 

By  A.  Chauveau.  Translated  by  Dr.  Fleming. 

See  “ Chauveau." 

— “ The  Contagious  Diseases  of  Animals.”  Their  influence  on 

the  wealth  and  health  of  nations  and  how  they  are  to 
be  combated.  Paper,  size  5x7  1-2,  30  pages 26 

— “Human  and  Animal  Variolae.”  A Study  in  Comparative 

Pathology.  Paper,  size  5 1-2x8  1-2,  61  pages 25 

— “Parasites  and  Parasitic  Eiseases  of  the  Domesticated 

Animals.”  By  L.  G.  Neumann.  Translated  by 
Dr.  Fleming. 


See  “ Neumann" 


8 Veterinary  Catalogue  of  William  R.  Jenkins 

FLEMING  (continued) 

— “Operative  Veterinary  Surgery.”  Vol.  I,  by  Dr.  Geo. 

Fleming,  M.R. C.V.S.  This  valuable  work,  one  of  the 
most  practical  treatises  yet  issued  on  the  subject  in 
the  English  language,  is  devoted  to  the  common  opera- 
tions of  Veterinary  Surgery;  and  the  concise  descrip- 
tions and  directions  of  the  text  are  illustrated  with 
numerous  wood  engravings.  Cloth,  size  6x9  1-4,  285 
and  xviii  pages,  343  illustrations .2  75 

(*)Vol.  II,  edited  and  passed  through  the  press  by 
W.  Owen  Williams,  F.R. C.V.S.  Cloth,  size  6x9  1-4, 

430  and  xxxvii  pages,  314  illustrations 3 25 

Both  volumes  bound  in  one 5 25 

— “ Roaring  in  Horses.”  By  Dr.  George  Fleming, 

F.R  C.V.S.  Its  history,  nature,  causes,  prevention 
and  treatment.  Cloth,  size  5 1-2  x 8 3-4, 160  pages,  21 
engravings,  1 coloied  plate 1 50 

— “Tuberculosis.”  From  a Sanitary  and  Pathological  Point 

of  View.  By  Geo.  Fleming,  F.R. C.V.S.  Paper,  size 
5 1-2x8  1-2,  39  pages 25 

— “ Veterinary  Obstetrics.”  Including  the  Accidents  and  Dis- 

eases incident  to  Pregnancy^  Parturition,  and  the  Early 
Age  in  Domesticated  Animals.  By  Geo.  Fleming, 
F.R. C.V.S.  Cloth,  size  6 x 8 3-4,  758  pages,  illus.6  25 

(*)Gr OTTHIEL.  “A  Manual  of  General  Histology.” 

By  Wm.  S.  Gottheil,  M.D.,  Professor  of  Pathology  in 
the  American  Veterinary  College,  New  York;  etc.,  etc. 

Histology  is  the  basis  of  the  physician’s  art,  as 
Anatomy  is  the  foundation  of  the  surgeon’s  science. 
Only  by  knowing  the  processes  of  life  can  we  under- 
stand the  changes  of  disease  and  the  action  of 
remedies ; as  the  architect  must  know  his  building 
materials,  so  must  the  practitioner  of  medicine  know 
the  intimate  structure  of  the  body.  To  present  this 
knowledge  in  an  accessible  and  simple  form  has 
been  the  author’s  task.  Second  edition  revised. 
Cloth,  size  5 i-2  x 8,  152  pages,  68  illustrations. . .1  00 


851-853  Sixth  Avenue  (cor.  4 8th  St.),  New  York. 


9 


GRES  SWELL.  “The  Bovine  Prescribe!’.”  For  the  use 

of  Veterinarians  and  Veterinary  Students.  Second 
* edition  revised  and  enlarged,  by  James  B.  and  Albert 

Gress well,  M.R.C.V.S.  Cloth,  size,  5x7  1-2,  102 
pages 75 

— “The  Equine  Hospital  Prescribes ” For  the  use  of  Vet ei- 

inary  Practitioners  and  Students.  Third  edition  ie- 
vised  and  enlarged,  by  Drs.  James  B.  and  Albert 
Gresswell,  M.It.C.V.S.  Cloth,  size  5 x 7 1-2,  105 
pages 75 

— “Diseases  and  Disorders  of  the  Horse.”  A Treatise  on 

Equine  Medicine  and  Surgery,  being  a contribution  to 
the  science  of  comparative  pathology.  By  Albert, 
Jas.  B.  and  Geo.  Gresswell.  Cloth,  size  5 3-4x  8 3 4, 
227  pages,  illustrated 1 75 

— Manual  of  “The  Theory  and  Practice  of  Equine  Medicine.” 

By  James  B.  Gresswell,  F.R  C.V.S.,  and  Albert 
Gresswell,  M.R.C.V.S.  Second  edition  revised. 
Cloth,  size  5 1-1  x 7 1-2,  539  pages 2 75 

— “Veterinary  Pharmacopoeia  and  Manual  of  Comparative 

Therapy.”  By  George  and  Charles  Gresswell,  with 
descriptions  and  physiological  actions  of  medicines, 
by  Albert  Gresswell.  Second  edition  revised  and 
enlarged.  Cloth,  6 x 8 3-4,  457  pages 3 50 

HASSLOCH.  “ A Compend  of  Veterinary  Materia  Medica 
and  Therapeutics.”  By  A.  C.  Hassloch,  V.S., 
Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics,  and 
Professor  of  Veterinary  Dentistry  at  the  New  York 
College  of  Veterinary  Surgeons  and  School  of  Compa" 
rative  Medicine,  N.  Y.  Cloth,  size  5 1-4  x 7 1-2,  225 
pages 1 50 

HEATLEY.  66  The  Stock  Owner’s  Guide.”  A handy  Medi- 
cal Treatise  for  every  man  who  owns  an  ox  or  cow. 
By  George  S.  Heatley,  M.R  C.V.S.  Cloth,  size 
5 1-1  x 8,  172  pages 1 25 


10 


Veterinary  Catalogue  of  William  R.  Jenkins 


“ The  Diseases  of  the  Cat.”  By  J.  Woodroffe 
Hill,  F.R.C.V.S.  Cloth,  size  5 1-4x7  1-2,  123  pages, 

illustrated 1 25 

Written  from  the  experience  of  many  years’  prac- 
tice and  close  pathological  research  into  the  maladies 
to  which  our  domesticated  feline  friends  are  liable — a 
subject  which  it  must  be  admitted  has  not  found  the 
prominence  in  veterinary  literature  to  which  it  is 
undoubtedly  entitled. 

— “The  Management  and  Diseases  of  the  Dog.”  By  J. 

Woodroffe  Hill,  F.R.C.V.S.  Cloth,  size  5x7  1-2, 
extra  fully  illustrated 2 00 

HINEBATJCH.  “Veterinary  Dental  Surgery.”  By  T.  D. 

Hinebauch,  M.S.V.S.  For  the  use  of  Students,  Prac- 
titioners and  Stockmen.  Cloth,  size  5 1-4  x 8,  256 
pages,  illustrated 2 00 

HO  ARE.  “A  Manual  of  Veterinary  Therapeutics  and 
Pharmacology.”  By  E.  Wallis  Hoare,  F.R.C.V.S. 
Cloth,  size  5 1-4x7  1-4,  560  pages 2 75 

( *)HOBDAY . u Canine  and  Feline  Surgery.”  By  Frederick 
T.  G-.  Hobday,  F.R.C.V.S.  Cloth,  5 3-4  x 8 3-4,  152 
pages,  76  illustrations 2 00 

(*)—  “The  Castration  of  Cryptorchid  Horses  and 

the  Ovariotomy  of  Troublesome  Mares.”  By 
Frederick  T.  G.  Hobday,  F.R.C.V.S.  Cloth,  size 
5 3-4  x 8 3-4,  106  pages,  34  illustrations 1 75 

( **)HUNTING . The  Art  of  Horse-shoeing.  A manual 

for  Horseshoers.  By  William  Hunting,  F.R.C.V.S., 
ex-President  of  the  Royal  College  of  Veterinary  Sur- 
geons. One  of  the  most  up-to-date,  concise  books  of 
its  kind  in  the  English  language.  Cloth,  size  6x9  1-4, 
126  pages,  96  illustrations 1 00 

(**)  JENKINS.  “ Model  of  the  Horse  ” and  “ Model  of  the 
Cow.” 


See  “ Banham .” 


851-853  Sixth  Avenue  (cor.  48 th  St.),  New  York. 


11 


KEATING . “A  New  Unabridged  Pronouncing  Diction- 
• ary  of  Medicine.”  By  John  M.  Keating,  M.D.,  LL.D., 

Henry  Hamilton  and  others.  A voluminous  and 
exhaustive  hand-book  of  Medical  and  scientific 
terminology  with  Phonetic  Pronunciation,  Accentu- 
ation, Etymology,  etc.  With  an  appendix  containing 
important  tables  of  Bacilli,  Micrococci,  Leucomaines, 
Ptomaines;  Drugs  and  Materials  used  in  Antiseptic 
Surgery;  Poisons  and  their  antidotes;  Weights  and 
Measures;  Themometer  Scales;  New  Officinal  and 
Unofficinal  Drugs,  etc.,  etc.  Cloth,  818  pages  . . .5  00 

(**)KOBERT.  66  Practical  Toxicology  for  Physicians  and 
Students.”  By  Professor  Dr.  Kudolph  Robert, 
Medical  Director  of  Dr.  Brehmer’s  Sanitarium  for 
Pulmonary  Diseases  at  Goerbersdorf  in  Silesia  (Prus- 
sia), late  Director  of  the  Pharmacological  Institute, 
Dorpat,  Russia.  Translated  and  edited  by  L.  H. 
Friedburg,  Ph.D.  Authorized  Edition.  Practical 
knowledge  by  means  of  tables  which  occupy  little 
space,  but  show  at  a glance  similarities  and  differ- 
ences between  poisons  of  the  same  group.  Also  rules 
for  the  Spelling  and  Pronunciation  of  Chemical  Terms, 
as  adopted  by  the  American  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science.  Cloth,  6 1-2  x 10,  201  pp..2  60 

KOCH.  “^Etiology  of  Tuberculosis.”  By  Dr.  R.  Koch. 

Translated  by  T.  Saure.  Cloth,  size  6x9  1-4,  97 
pages 1 00 

LAMBERT.  “The  Germ  Theory  of  Disease.” 

Bearing  upon  the  health  and  welfare  of  man  and  the 
domesticated  animals.  By  James  Lambert,  F.R.C.V.S. 
Paper,  size  5 1-4x8  1-4,  26  pages,  illustrated 25 

LAW.  “Farmers’  Veterinary  Adviser.”  A Guide  to  the 
Prevention  and  Treatment  of  Disease  in  Domestic 
Animals.  By  Prof.  James  Law.  Cloth,  size 
5 1-4x7  1-2,  illustrated 3 00 


12  Veterinary  Catalogue  of  William  R.  Jenkins 


( **)LEGGE . “Cattle  Tuberculosis.”  A Practical  Guide 
to  the  Farmer,  Butcher  and  Meat  Inspector.  By  T.M. 
Legge,  M.A.,  M.D.,  D.P.H.,  and  Harold  Sessions, 
F.E.C.V.S.  Cloth,  size  5 1-2x8  1-2,  77  pages. . . .1  00 

(**)  LIAUTARD,  “Animal  Castration.”  A concise  and 
practical  Treatise  on  the  Castration  of  the  Domestic 
Animals.  The  only  work  on  the  subject  in  the 
English  language.  By  Alexander  Liautard,  M.D.,V.S. 
Having  a fine  portrait  of  the  author.  Tenth  edition 
revised  and  enlarged.  Cloth,  size  5 1-4x7  1-2,  165 
pages,  45  illustrations 2 00 

. , . The  most  complete  and  comprehensive  work  on  the 
subject  in  English  veterinary  literature.— American  Agri- 
culturist. 

— “Cadiot’s  Exercises  in  Equine  Surgery.”  Translated  by 

Prof.  Bitting  and  edited  by  Dr.  Liautard. 

See  Cadiot .” 

— “A  Treatise  on  Surgical  Therapeutics  of  the  Domestic 

Animals.”  By  Prof.  Dr.  P.  J.  Cadiot  and  J.  Almy. 
Translated  by  Prof.  Liautard. 

See  “ Cadiot .” 

— “ How  to  Tell  the  Age  of  the  Domestic  Animal.”  By 

Dr.  A.  Liautard,  M.D.,  V.S.  Standard  work  upon 
this  subject,  concise,  helpful  and  containing  many 
illustrations.  Cloth,  size  5x7  1-2,  35  pages,  42 
illustrations 60 

— “Lameness  of  Horses  and  Diseases  of  the  Locomotory 

Apparatus.”  By  A.  Liautard,  M.D.,V.S.  This  work 
is  the  result  of  Dr.  Liautard’s  many  years  of  experi- 
ence. Cloth,  size  5 1-4x7  1-2,  314  pages . .2  50 

— “Manual  of  Operative  Veterinary  Surgery”  By  A. 

Liautard,  M.D.,  V.M.  Engaged  for  years  in  the  work 
of  teaching  this  special  department  of  veterinary 
medicine,  and  having  abundant  opportunities  of 
realizing  the  difficulties  which  the  student  who 
earnestly  strives  to  peifect  himself  in  his  calling  is 
obliged  to  encounter,  the  author  formed  the  deter- 


851-853  Sixth  Avenue  {cor.  48 th  St.),  New  York. 


13 


LIAUTARD  (continued). 

mination  to  facilitate  his  acquisition  of  knowledge, 
and  began  the  accumulation  of  material  by  the  com- 
pilation of  data  and  arrangement  of  memorandum, 
with  the  recorded  notes  of  his  own  experience,  the 
fruit  of  a long  and  extended  practice  and  a careful 
study  of  the  various'authorities  who  have  illustrated 
and  organized  veterinary  literature.  Cloth,  size 
6 1-4  x 9,  786  pages,  563  illustrations 5 00 

— “Pellerin’s  Median  Neurotomy  in  the  Treatment  of 

Chronic  Tendinitis  and  Periostosis  of  the  Fetlock.” 

Translated  by  Dr.  A.  Liautard. 

See  “ Pellerin,” 

— 44Yade  Mecum  of  Equine  Anatomy.”  By  A.  Liautard, 

M.D.V.S.  For  the  use  of  advanced  stu  lents  and 
veterinary  surgeons.  Third  edition.  Cloth,  size 
5x7  1-2,  30  pages  and  10  full  page  illustrations  of 
the  arteries 2 00 

— ZundePs  44  The  Horse’s  Foot  and  Its  Diseases.” 

See  “ Zundel.” 

LONG . “Book  of  the  Pig1.”  Its  selection,  Breeding, 
Feeding  and  Management.  Cloth 4 00 

{**)LOWE.  “Breeding  Racehorses  by  the  Figure 
System.”  Compiled  by  the  late  C.  Bruce  Lowe. 
Edited  by  William  Allison,  “ The  Special  Commis- 
sioner,” London  Sportsman , Hon.  Secretary  Sporting 
League,  and  Manager  of  the  International  Horse 
Agency  and  Exchange.  With  numerous  fine  illustra- 
tions of  celebrated  horses.  Cloth,  size  8 x 10,  262 
pages * 7 50 

LUDLOW.  “Science  in  the  Stable”;  or  How  a Horse 
can  be  Kept  in  Perfect  Health  and  be  Used  Without 
Shoes,  in  Harness  or  under  the  Saddle.  With  the 
Reason  Why,  Second  Edition.  By  Jacob  R.  Ludlow, 
M.D.  Late  Staff  Surgeon,  U.  S.  Army.  Paper,  size 
4 1-2  x 5 3-4,  166  pages 50 


14 


Veterinary  Catalogue  of  William  R.  Jenkins 


LUPTON.  “ Horses : Sound  and  Unsound,”  with 

Law  relating  to  Sales  and  Warranty.  By  J.  Irvine 
Lupton,  F.lt.C.V.S.  Cloth,  size  5 3-4  x 7 1-2,  217 
pages,  23  illustrations 1 25 

MAGNER.  “Standard  Horse  and  Stock  Book.”  By 

D.  Magner.  Comprising  over  1,000  pages,  illustrated 
with  1756  engravings.  Leather  binding 6 CO 

McBRIDE.  “Anatomical  Outlines  of  the  Horse.”  By 

J.  A.  McBride,  M E C.V.S.  Second  edition  revised 
and  enlarged.  Cloth,  size  5 1-4x7  1-4,  illus 2 50 

(*)M’EAD YEAN.  “Anatomy  of  the  Horse.”  Second 

edition  completely  revised.  A Dissection  Guide. 
By  John  M’Fadyean,  M.B.,  B.Sc.,  F.R.S.E.  Cloth, 

size  6 x 8 3 4,  388  pages,  illustrated 5 50 

This  book  is  intended  for  Veterinary  students,  and 
offers  to  them  in  its  48  full-page  colored  plates, 
54  illustrations  and  excellent  text,  a valuable  and 
practical  aid  in  the  study  of  Veterinary  Anatomy, 
especially  in  the  dissecting  room. 

— “ Comparative  Anatomy  of  the  Domesticated  Animals.” 

By  J.  M’Fadyean.  Profusely  illustrated,  and  to  be 
issued  in  two  parts. 

Part  I — Osteology,  ready.  Size  5 1-2x8  1-2,  166 

pages,  132  illustrations.  Paper,  2 50;  cloth 2 75 

(Part  II  in  preparation;) 

MILLS . “How  to  Keep  a Dog  in  the  City.”  By 

Wesley  Mills,  M.D.,  D.V.S.  It  tells  howto  choose, 
manage,  house,  feed,  educate  the  pup,  how  to  keep  him 
clean  and  teach  him  cleanliness.  Paper,  size  5x7  1-2, 
40  pages 25 

(*)MOLLER  — DOLLAR.  “Regional  Veterinary 
Surgery.”  See  “ Dollar." 

MOHLER.  “ Handbook  of  Meat  Inspection.”  By  Robert 
Ostertag,  M.D.  Translated  by  Earley  Vernon 
Wilcox,  A.M.,  Ph.D.  With  an  introduction  by 
John  R.  Mohler,  V.M.D.,  A.M.  See  “ Ostertag .” 


851-853  Sixth  Avenue  {cor.  48 th  St.),  New  York. 


15 


MOSSEEMAN-L1ENAUX.  “ Manual  of  Veterinary 
Microbiology.”  By  Professors  Mosselman  and 
Lienaux,  Nat.  Veterinary  College,  Cureghem,  Belgium. 
Translated  and  edited  by  R.  R.  Dinwiddie,  Professor 
of  Veterinary  Science,  College  of  Agriculture,  Arkansas 
State  University.  Cloth,  size  5 1 2 x 8,  342  pages, 
illustrated 2 00 

(' *)MOUSSU . 66  Diseases  of  Cattle,  Sheep,  Coats  and 

Swine.”  By  G.  Moussu  and  Jno.  A.  W.  Dollar, 
M.R.C.V.S. 

See  “ Dollar .” 

NEUMANN,  “A  Treatise  on  Parasites  and  Parasitic 
Diseases  of  the  Domesticated  Animals.”  A work 
to  which  the  students  of  human  or  veterinary  medi- 
cine, the  sanitarian,  agriculturist  or  breeder  or  rearer 
of  animals,  may  refer  for  full  information  regarding 
the  external  and  internal  Parasites — vegetable  and 
animal — which  attack  various  species  of  Domestic 
Animals.  A Treatise  by  L.  G.  Neumann,  Professor 
at  the  National  Veterinary  School  of  Toulouse, 
Translated  and  edited  by  George  Fleming,  C.  B.,  L.L. 
D..F.R  C.V.S.  Cloth,  size  6 3 4 x 10,  873  pages,  365 
illustrations 7 60 

NOCARD,  “ The  Animal  Tuberculoses,  and  their  Relation 
to  Human  Tuberculosis.”  By  Ed.  Nocard,  Prof,  of  the 
Alfort  Veterinary  College.  Translated  by  H.  Scurfield, 
M. D.  Ed.,  Ph.  Camb.  Cloth,  5x7  1-2, 143  pages . . 1 00 
Perhaps  the  chief  interest  to  doctors  of  human 
medicine  in  Professor  Nocard’s  book  lies  in  the 
demonstration  of  the  small  part  played  by  heredity, 
and  the  great  part  played  by  contagion  in  the  propa- 
gation of  bovine  tuberculosis.  It  seems  not  unreason- 
able to  suppose  that  the  same  is  the  case  for  human 
tuberculosis,  and  that,  if  the  children  of  tuberculous 
parents  were  protected  from  infection  by  cohabitation 
or  ingestion,  the  importance  of  heredity  as  a cause  of 
the  disease,  or  even  of  the  predisposition  to  it,  would 
dwindle  away  into  insignificance. 


16 


Veterinary  Catalogue  of  William  R.  Jenkins 


( *)OSTERTAG . “ Handbook  of  Meat  Inspect  ion.”  By 

Robert  Ostertag,  M D.  Authorized  Translation  by 
Earley  Vernon  Wilcox.  A.M.,  Ph.D.  With  an  intro- 
duction by  John  R.  Mohler,  V.M.D.,  A.M.  The  work 
is  exhaustive  and  authorative  and  has  at  once  become 
the  standard  authority  upon  the  subject  Second 
edition,  revised  1905.  Cloth,  size  6 3-4  x 9 3-4,  920 
pages,  260  illustrations  and  1 colored  plate 7 50 

P ALLIN,  “A  Treatise  on  Epizootic  Lymphangitis.  ” By 
Capt.  W.  A.  Pallin,  F.R,C.V.S.  In  this  work  the 
author  has  endeavored  to  combine  his  own  experience 
with  that  of  other  writers  and  so  attempts  to  give  a 
clear  and  complete  account  of  a subject  about  which 
there  is  little  at  present  in  English  veterinary  litera- 
ture. Cloth,  size  5 3-4  x 8 1-2,  90  pages,  with  17  fine 
full  page  illustrations 1 25 

PEGLER.  “The  Book  of  the  Goat.”  Third  edition  re- 
written and  enlarged.  Cloth,  223  pages,  illus 1 75 

PELEERIN.  “Median  Neurotomy  in  the  Treatment 
of  Chronic  Tendinitis  and  Periostosis  of  the  Fetlock.” 

By  C.  Pellerin,  late  repetitor  of  Clinic  and  Surgery  to 
the  Alfort  Veterinary  School.  Translated,  with  Addi- 
tional Facts  Relating  to  It,  by  Prof.  A.  Liautard,  M.D., 
V.M.  Having  rendered  good  results  when  performed 
by  himself,  the  author  believes  the  operation,  which 
consists  in  dividing  the  cubito-plantar  nerve  and  in 
excising  a portion  of  the  peripherical  end,  the  means 
of  improving  the  conditions,  and  consequently  the 
values. of  many  apparently  doomed  animals.  Agricul- 
ture in  particular  will  be  benefited. 

The  work  is  divided  into  two  parts.  The  first  covers 
the  study  of  Median  Neurotomy  itself;  the  second, 
the  exact  relations  of  the  facts  as  observed  by  the 
author.  Boards,  6x9  1-2,  61  pages,  illustrated.  .1  00 

PETERS.  “ A Tuberculous  Herd— Test  with  Tuber- 
culin.” By  Austin  Peters,  M.  R.  C.  V.  S.,  Chief 
Inspector  of  Cattle  for  the  New  York  State  Board  of 
Health  during  the  winter  of  1892-93.  Pamphlet 25 


851-853  Sixth  Avenue  (cor.  48th  St.),  New  York. 


1? 


REYNOLDS.  “An  Essay  on  the  Breeding  and  Manage- 
ment of  Draught  Horses.”  By  R.  S.  Reynolds, 
M.R.C.V.S.  Cloth,  size  5 1-2x8  3*4,  1C4  pages.  .1  40 

ROBERGE.  “The  Foot  of  the  Horse,”  or  Lameness 
and  all  Diseases  of  the  Feet  traced  to  an  Unbalanced 
Foot  Bone,  prevented  or  cured  by  balancing  the  foot. 
By  David  Roberge.  Cloth,  size  6 x 9 1-4,  308  pages, 
illustrated 6 00 

SEWELL.  “ The  Examination  of  Horses  as  to  Sound- 
ness and  Selection  as  to  Purchase.”  By  Edward 
Sewell,  M.R.C.V.S.  Paper,  size  51-2x8  1-2,  86  pages, 
illustrated  with  8 plates  in  color 1 60 

It  is  a great  advantage  to  the  business  man  to 

know  something  of  the  elements  of  law,  and  nobody 
ought  either  to  buy  or  own  a horse  who  does  not  know 
something  about  the  animal.  That  something  this  book 
gives,  and  gives  in  a thoroughly  excellent  way. . . 

—Our  Animal  Friends. 

SMITH.  “ A Manual  of  Veterinary  Physiology.”  By 
Col.  F.  Smith,  C.M.S.,  F.R.C.V.S.,  F.I.C.,  author  of 
“A  Manual  of  Veterinary  Hygiene.” 

Throughout  this  manual  the  object  has  been  to  con- 
dense the  information  as  much  as  possible.  The 
broad  facts  of  the  sciences  are  stated  so  as  to  render 
them  of  use  to  the  student  and  practitioner.  In  this 
second  edition — rewritten — the  whole  of  the  Nervous 
System  has  been  revised,  a new  chapter  dealing  with 
the  Development  of  the  Ovum  has  been  added  together 
with  many  additional  facts  and  illustrations.  About 
one  hundred  additional  pages  are  given.  Second 
edition,  revised  and  enlarged.  Cloth,  size  6x8  3-4, 
573  pages,  102  illustrations 3 75 

— (*)“  Manual  of  Veterinary  Hygiene.”  Third  edition  revised. 

Cloth,  size  5 1-4  x 7 1-2,  xx  + 1036  pages,  with  255 

illustrations 4 75 

Recognizing  the  rapid  advance  and  extended  field 
of  the  subject  since  the  previous  issue,  the  author 
has  entirely  re-written  the  work  and  enlarged  its 
scope,  which  is  brought  thoroughly  up  to  date.  Con- 
tains over  500  more  pages  than  the  second  edition. (**) 

(**)  STRANGE  WAY.  “Veterinary  Anatomy.”  Edited  by 
I,  Vaughan,  F.L.S.,  M.R.C.V.S.  New  edition  revised. 
Cloth,  size  6 1.4  x 9 1-2,  625  pages,  224  illus 5 00 


18 


Veterinary  Catalogue  of  William  R.  Jenkins 


SUSSDORF.  “Six  Large  Colored  Wall  Diagrams.”  By 

Prof.  Sussdorf,  M.D.  (of  Gottingen).  Text  translated 
by  Prof.  W.  Owen  Williams,  of  the  New  Veterinary 
College,  Edinburgh.  Size,  44  inches  by  30  inches. 

1. — Horse.  4.— Ox. 

2.  —Mare.  5.— Boar  and  Sow. 

3. — Cow.  6.— Dog  and  Bitch* 

The  above  are  printed  in  eight  or  nine  colors. 
Showing  the  position  of  the  viscera  in  the  large 


cavities  of  the  body. 

Price,  unmounted 1 75  each 

“ mounted  on  linen,  with  roller 3 50  “ 


( **)THOMPSON . “Elementary  Lectures  on  Veterinary 
Science.”  For  agricultural  students,  farmers  and 
stock  keepers.  By  Henry  Thompson,  M.R.C.V.S., 
lecturer  on  Veterinary  Science  at  the  Aspatria  Agri- 
cultural College,  England.  It  is  complete  yet  concise 
and  an  up-to-date  book.  Cloth,  397  pp.,  51  illus..3  75 

VAN  MATER.  “A  Text  Book  of  Veterinary  Oph- 
thalmology.” By  George  G.  Van  Mater,  M.D., 
D.V.S.,  Professor  of  Ophthalmology  in  the  American 
Veterinary  College;  Oculist  and  Auristto  St.  Martha’s 
Sanitarium  and  Dispensary;  Consulting  Eye  and  Ear 
Surgeon  to  the  Twenty-sixth  Ward  Dispensary ; Eye 
and  Ear  Surgeon,  Brooklyn  Eastern  District  Dispen- 
sary, etc.  Illustrated  by  one  chromo  lithograph  plate 
and  71  engravings.  Cloth,  6x9  1-4,  151  pages.. .3  00 

...  We  intend  to  adopt  this  valuable  work  as  a text 
book.—®.  J.  Creely , D.F.S.,  Dean  of  the  San  Francisco 
Veterinary  College. 

VETERINARY  DIAGRAMS  in  Tabular  Form. 

Size,  28|  in.  x 22  inches.  Price  per  set  of  five. . . 4 00 


Mounted  and  folded  in  case 7 ®0 

Mounted  on  roller  and  varnished 10  00 


No.  1.  “The  External  Form  and  Elementary  Ana- 
tomy of  the  Horse.”  Eight  colored  illustrations — 
1.  External  regions;  2.  Skeleton  ; 3.  Muscles  (Superior 
Layer) ; 4.  Muscles  (Deep  Layer) ; 5.  Respiratory  Ap- 


851-8"3  Sixth  Avenue  (cor.  48 th  St.),  New  York. 


19 


VETERINARY  DIAGRAMS  ('continued). 

paratus;  6.  Digestive  Apparatus;  7.  Circulatory  Ap- 
paratus ; 8.  Nerve  Apparatus  ; with  letter-press  descrip- 


tion   1 25 

Mounted  on  roller  and  varnished 2 25 


No.  2.  “The  Age  of  Domestic  Animals.”  Forty-two 
figures  illustrating  the  structure  of  the  teeth,  indicat- 
ing the  Age  of  the  Horse,  Ox,  Sheep,  and  Dog,  with 


full  description 75 

Mounted  on  roller  and  varnished 2 00 


No.  3.  “The  Unsoundness  and  Defects  of  the  Horse.” 
Fifty  figures  illustrating — 1.  The  Defects  of  Confor- 
mation ; 2.  Defects  of  Position  ; 3.  Infirmities  or  Signs 
of  Disease ; 4.  Unsoundnesses ; 5.  Defects  of  the  Foot ; 


with  full  description 75 

Mounted  on  roller  and  varnished 2 00 


No.  4.  “jThe  Shoeing  of  the  Horse,  Mule  and  Ox.” 

Fifty  figures  descriptive  of  the  Anatomy  and  Physio- 


logy of  the  Foot  and  of  Horse-shoeing 75 

Mounted  on  roller  and  varnished 2 00 


No.  5.  “The  Elementary  Anatomy,  Points,  and  But- 
cher’s Joints  of  the  Ox.”  Ten  colored  illustrations 
— 1.  Skeleton;  2.  Nervous  System:  3.  Digestive 
System  (Right  Side);  4.  Respiratory  System  ; 5.  Points 
of  a Fat  Ox ; 6.  Muscular  System  ; 7.  Vascular  System; 
8.  Digestive  System  (Left  Side) ; 9.  Butcher’s  Sections 
of  a Calf ; 10.  Butcher’s  Sections  of  an  Ox ; with  full 


description^ ...1  25 

Mounted  on  roller  and  varnished 2 25 


WALLEY.  “Four  Bovine  Scourges.”  (Pleuro-Pneumonia, 
Foot  and  Mouth  Disease,  Cattle  Plague  and 
Tubercle).  By  Thomas  Walley,  M.R.C.V.S.  With 
an  Appendix  on  the  Inspection  of  Live  Animals  and 
Meat.  Quarto,  cloth 6 40 


20 


Veterinary  Catalogue  of  William  R.  Jenkins 


W ALLEY  (continued). 

(*)—  “A  Practical  Guide  to  Meat  Inspection.”  By 
Thomas  Walley,  M.R.C.V.S.,  late  principal  of  the 
Edinburgh  Royal  (Dick)  Veterinary  College;  Pro- 
fessor of  Veterinary  Medicine  and  Surgery,  etc. 
Fourth  Edition,  thoroughly  revised  and  enlarged 
by  Stewart  Stockman,  M.R.C.V.S.,  Professor  of 
Pathology,  Lecturer  on  Hygiene  and  Meat  Inspection 
at  Dick  Veterinary  College,  Edinburgh.  Cloth,  size 

5 1-2x8  1-4,  with  45  colored  illus.,  295  pages 3 00 

An  experience  of  over  30  years  in  his  profession 
and  a long  official  connection  (some  sixteen  years) 
with  Edinburgh  Abattoirs  have  enabled  the  author  to 
gather  a large  store  of  information  on  the  subject, 
which  he  has  embodied  in  his  book. 

While  Dr.  Stockman  is  indeed  indebted  to  the 
old  for  much  useful  information,  this  up-to- 
date  work  will  hardly  be  recognized  as  the  old 
“ Walley’s  Meat  Inspection.” 


WILCOX.  6 4 Handbook  of  Meat  Inspection.”  By  Robert 
Ostertag,  M.D. 

See  “ Ostertag.” 


WILLIAMS . “Principles  and  Practice  of  Veterinary 

Medicine.”  Author’s  edition,  entirely  revised  and 
illustrated  with  numerous  plain  and  colored  plates. 
By  W.  Williams,  M.R.C.V.S.  Cloth,  size  5 3-4  x 8 3-4, 
865  pages 7 50 


— “ Principles  and  Practice  of  Veterinary  Surgery.” 

Author’s  edition,  entirely  revised  and  illustrated 
with  numerous  plain  and  colored  plates.  By  W. 
Williams,  M.R.C.V.S.  Cloth,  size  6 1-2x9  1-4,  756 
pages 7 50 


851-853  Sixth  Avenue  (cor.  48th  St.),  New  York 


21 


THE  MOST  COMPLETE,  PROGRESSIVE  AND 
SCIENTIFIC  BOOK  ON  THE  SUBJECT  IN 
THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE 

(*) WINSLOW,  “Veterinary  Materia  Mediea  and  Therapeu- 
tics.” By  Kenelm  Winslow,  B.A.S.,  M.D.V.,  M.D., 
(Haiv.) ; formerly  Assistant  Professor  of  Therapeutics 
in  the  Veterinary  School  of  Harvard  University; 
Fellow  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society  ; Surgeon 
to  the  Newton  Hospital,  etc. 

Third  Edition,  Revised  i90s 

Cloth,  size  6 1-4x9  1-4,  viii  + 804  pages 6 00 

Your  letter  received  and  I am  pleased  to  know  that  we  are  to 
have  an  American  Materia  Mediea.— J.  H.  Wattles,  Sr.,  M.D.,  D.V.S., 
The  Western  Veterinary  College,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

. . . Am  delighted  with  it.  It  is  remarkably  correct,  complete 
and  up-to-daie  and  is  hound  to  supersede  any  other  work  on  the  same 
subject  heretofore  before  the  profession. 

No  practitioner’s  library  is  complete  without  it  and  it  will  be 
indispensable  for  students,  as  it  does  away  with  the  necessity  of  their 
having  a number  of  collateral  books  on  the  subject. 

It  will  be  adopted  as  the  text  book  in  the  Chicago  Veterinary 
College.— Dr.  E.  L.  Quitman,  Chicago  Veterinary  College. 

. . . The  book  is  of  admirable  merit  and  full  of  valuable  informa- 
tion from  beginning  to  end,  very  explicit,  rich  and  interesting,  and 
should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  student  as  well  as  practitioner  of  the 
art  of  Veterinary  Medicine.— Thurston  Miller , M.D. , Professor  of 
Materia  Mediea,  Therapeutics  and  Chemistry,  San  Francisco  Veteri- 
nary College. 

I consider  it  the  only  work  on  materia  mediea  and  therapeutics 
suitable  to  the  American  veterinary  practitioner.  It  deserves  a wide 
distribution  among  veterinarians.  I have  recommended  it  to  my 
students.—  John  J.  Repp,  V.M.D.,  Iowa  State  College,  Ames,  Iowa. 


22 


Veterinary  Catalogue  of  William  R.  Jenkins. 


If)  WYMAN.  “ Bovine  Obstetrics.”  By  M.  G.  De  Bruin. 
Translated  by  W.  E.  A.  Wyman,  MD.V.,V.S. 

See  also  “ De  Bruin.” 

(•) — “Catechism  of  the  Principles  of  Veterinary  Surgery.” 
By  W.  E.  A.  Wyman,  M.D.V..V.S.  Cloth,  size  6x9, 
321  pages 3 50 

Concerning  this  new  work  attention  is  called  to  the 
following  points: 

1. — It  discusses  the  subject  upon  the  basis  of  veterinary  investigations. 

2. — It  does  away  with  works  on  human  pathology,  histology,  etc. 

3. — It  explains  each  question  thoroughly  both  from  a scientific  as  well 

as  a practical  point  of  view. 

4. — It  is  writen  by  one  knowing  the  needs  of  the  student. 

6.— It  deals  exhaustively  with  a chapter  on  tumors,  heretofore  utterly 

neglected  in  veterinary  pathology. 

6. — The  only  work  in  English  specializing  the  subject. 

7. — The  only  work  thoroughly  taking  into  consideration  American  as 

well  as  European  investigations. 

8. — Offering  practical  hints  which  have  not  appeared  in  print,  the 

result  of  large  city  and  country  practice. 

(••)—  “The  Clinical  Diagnosis  of  Lameness  in  the  Horse.” 
By  W.  E.  A.  Wyman,  D.V.S.,  formerly  Professor  of 
Veterinary  Science,  Clemson  A.  & M.  College,  and 
Veterinarian  to  the  South  Carolina  Experiment 
Station.  Cloth,  size  6x9  1-2,  182  pp.,  32  illus 2 50 

(•)—  “ Tibio-peroneal  Neurectomy  for  the  Relief  of  Spavin 
Lameness.”  By  W.  E.  A.  Wyman,  M.D.V.,  V.S. 

Boards,  size  6 x 9,  30  pages,  illustrated  ...; 50 

Anyone  wanting  to  perform  this  operation  should  procure 
this  little  treatise ; he  will  find  it  of  considerable  help.— The 
Veterinary  Journal. 

ZUNDEL.  “The  Horse’s  Foot  and  Its  Diseases.”  By 
A.  Zundel,  Principal  Veterinarian  of  Alsace  Lorraine. 


Translated  by  Dr.  A.  Liautard,  V.S.  Cloth,  size 
5x7  3-4,  248  pages,  illustrated v .2  00 

ZUILL . “Typhoid  Fever;  or  Contagious  Influenza 
in  the  Horse.”  By  Prof.  W.  L.  Zuill,  M.D.,D.V.S. 
Pamphlet,  size  6x9  1-4,  29  pages 25 


Any  boolc  sent  prepaid  for  the  price 

WILLI Afl  R.  JENKINS, 


851  and  853  Sixth  Avenue,  NEW  YORK. 


